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EMC 2410Intro to Electronic Media
Edward Bowen
Lecture Nine
Radio After “The Golden Age”
So, What’s On AM Radio Today?
• News and News Talk• Political Talk• Religion and Religious Talk• Sports and Sports Talk• Classic Country• Gospel Music• Spanish Language• Adult Contemporary (Easy Listening)• Public Radio
So, What’s On AM Radio Today?
At 1020 KDKA-FM in Pittsburgh …
“We broadcast news and talk programming 24 hours a day over a 50,000-watt signal that at night reaches 38 states and several Canadian provinces. In the Pittsburgh area, listen to us crystal-clear on your HD radio at 1020 AM and on the HD-3 channel of our sister station: KDKA-FM (93.7).”
So, What’s On FM Radio Today?
• Music• (with a little talk and public radio in assigned
frequencies)
So, What’s On FM Radio Today?
At Sportsradio 93.7 The Fan KDKA-FM in Pittsburgh
“…local sports programming 24 hours a day, 7 days a week … with unbiased and unfiltered opinions on Pittsburgh sports, 93-7 The Fan’s most important voice is its listeners, THE FANS.”
KDKA Pittsburgh
• "This is KDKA, of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. We shall now broadcast the election returns.” - Leo Rosenburg, on the very first radio broadcast by KDKA, November 2, 1920.
KDKA Pittsburgh
• "This is KDKA, of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. We shall now broadcast the election returns.” - Leo Rosenburg, on the very first radio broadcast by KDKA, November 2, 1920.
KDKA Pittsburgh
November 2, 1920 - The First broadcast by a commercially licensed radio station
• "This is KDKA, of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company, in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. We shall now broadcast the election returns.” - Leo Rosenburg, on the very first radio broadcast by KDKA, November 2, 1920.
KDKA Pittsburgh
January, 1921 - First full-time radio announcer hired: Harold W. Arlin. Arlin introduced such celebrities as William Jennings Bryan, Will Rogers, Babe Ruth and Herbert Hoover over the KDKA airwaves.
KDKA Pittsburgh
November 2, 1921 - First broadcast of a regularly scheduled church service: Calvary Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh.
KDKA Pittsburgh
March 4, 1921 - First broadcast of a presidential inaugural address: Warren G. Harding, the 28th President of the United States.
KDKA Pittsburgh
April 11, 1921 - First broadcast of a sporting event: a 10-round, no decision fight between Johnny Ray and Johnny Dundee in Pittsburgh’s Motor Square Garden.
http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2010/04/01/kdka-firsts/
KDKA Pittsburgh
September 20, 1921 - World’s first radio newsroom, with remote pick-up facilities at the Pittsburgh Post.
December 4, 1922 - First musical group established exclusively for radio broadcast: The KDKA Little Symphony.
http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2010/04/01/kdka-firsts/
KDKA Pittsburgh
The Golden Age – 1930s and 1940s
NBC affiliate
The Uncle Ed Schaughency Show
1936 St. Patrick’s Day Flood
Popular Big Band and Jazz
The KDKA Farm Hour
Buzz and Bill
What Ended Radio’s Golden Age?
• A return to competition for profit after World War II, ending artificial wartime support for culture.
What Ended Radio Golden Age?
• A return to competition after World War II, ending artificial wartime support for culture.
• Television leaves only recorded music to radio.
Radio After World War II
• 95% of homes had radios• Television arrives and siphons off programming,
stars, and advertisers …• …leaving recorded music to the radio.• Radio begins to localize.
Radio After World War IIThe Fate of FM
• After World War II the FCC moved FM to the frequencies between 88 and 108 MHz, making all previous FM equipment obsolete.
• As late as 1947, in Detroit as an example, there were only 3,000 FM receivers in use for the new band, and 21,000 obsolete ones for the old band.
• On March 1, 1941 W47NV (later WSM) began operations in Nashville, Tennessee, becoming the first modern, post-war, new frequency band, commercial FM radio station. They shut down in 1951 due to lack of commercial viability.
The 1950s• Harry S. Truman and Dwight David Eisenhower are presidents.• The Korean War• The Cuban Revolution• Joseph Stalin dies, is succeeded as leader of the Soviet Union by Nikita
Khrushchev• Sputnik, first artificial satellite to orbit the earth, launched by the Soviet
Union• The transistor is invented• Movies experiment with 3-D• Construction begins on the Interstate Highway System• McCarthyism• Brown vs. the Board of Education outlaws segregation in public schools
and launches the civil rights movement• The structure of DNA is discovered• The first organ transplants are performed• Resurgence of evangelical Christianity• “Playboy” magazine premieres.• Frisbees, Barbies, Slinkies, Hula-Hoops and Mr. Potato Head are
introduced.
The 1950s
• Rock and Roll emerges.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OS6jrs7LE3E
The 1950s
• Rock and Roll emerges.• 45s, inexpensive records with one song per side,
become popular.
The 1950s
• Rock and Roll emerges.• 45s, inexpensive records with one song per side,
become popular.• The Jukebox reaches the height of its popularity.
The 1950s
• “Top 40” radio, short play lists repeated, is created at KOWH in Omaha, Nebraska by Todd Storz, inspired by the jukebox.
The 1950s
• The format is perfected by Gordon McLendon at KLAF in Dallas, Texas, with the addition of jingles, contests, and DJ “patter.”
Audio: sampler4.mp3
The 1950s
The Payola Scandal
1958 - Alan Freed, possibly the most famous disc jockey in the world at the time, having coined the phrase “Rock and Roll,” was accused of accepting payola (bribes) from record companies to play specific records, and of taking songwriting co-credits (most notably on Chuck Berry's "Maybellene"), which entitled him to receive part of a song's royalties. Freed could help increase these royalties by heavily promoting the record on his own popular radio show. Freed lost his own show on the radio station WINS; then he was fired from the station altogether. In 1960, payola was made illegal. In 1962, Freed pleaded guilty to two charges of commercial bribery, for which he received a fine and a suspended sentence.
This leads to the creation of the position of Program Director
The 1950s
At KDKA-AM Pittsburgh
• Shift to local programming• There’s a morning show with music, skits,
and characters• DJs play Rock ‘n Roll and popular
vocalists - Bill Haley, the Everly Brothers, Fats Domino, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Peggy Lee.
• There’s a call-in talk show• And a popular award-winning news
program• More conservative sound than most Top
40 Stations.
The 1960s• The Vietnam War and the anti-war movement.• The Stonewall Riots and other events spotlight gay rights• The Cuban Missile Crisis• Decolonization of Africa accelerates• John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon are
presidents.• The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act are signed into law• Construction begins on the Berlin Wall• Medgar Evers, John Kennedy, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King and
Robert Kennedy are all assassinated• The “Space Race” between the US and the Soviet Union is at full
tilt, and man walks on the moon• First trans-Atlantic satellite broadcast via the Telstar satellite• The first computer video game, Spacewar!, is invented• Touch-Tone telephones introduced• Hispanic - Chicano movement• “The Sound of Music” is the highest grossing movie of the decade• “Star Trek” debuts on NBC
The 1960s• Top 40 AM continues to dominate, now specifically
targeted to 12-35 year olds, based on demographic research into spending habits and the influence of “baby boomers” and the new middle class.
• The format is enlivened by the “British Invasion.”
• The FCC enacts a non-duplication rule prohibiting AM stations simulcasting on FM counterparts.
The 1960s
• Transistor radios hit the market.
http://youtu.be/5KnxSE09EnQ
The 1960s• Tom Donahue at KMPX-FM in San Francisco instigates the
Album-Oriented Rock (AOR), or Progressive Rock format, reflecting the popular shift from singles to albums.
• The format aids FM radio’s rapid growth, as does a demand for broadcasting quality to rival home audio systems.
http://www.bayarearadio.org/audio/kmpx/1967/kmpx-fm-107_may-5-1967.shtml
The 1960s
At KDKA-AM Pittsburgh
• Shift to local programming• There’s a morning show with music, skits,
and characters• DJs play Rock ‘n Roll and popular
vocalists - Bill Haley, the Everly Brothers, Fats Domino, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Peggy Lee.
• There’s a call-in talk show• And a popular award-winning news
program• More conservative sound than most Top
40 Stations.
The 1970s• The Vietnam War ends; the Cold War continues• The Iranian Revolution• Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter are
presidents• The Camp David Accords lead to a peace treaty
between Israel and Egypt• Nixon visits China• Oil and Energy crises lead to ecological awareness• Microwave ovens and video tape recorders become
commercially viable• The Feminist Movement peaks• “Star Wars” is the highest grossing film of the decade• The World Trade Center towers are constructed• Disco
The 1970s• FM overtakes AM as a format of choice.• Advertising revenues are high.• New more precisely targeted formats emerge - Soft
Hits, Classic Rock, Disco, Soul, Latino.
The 1970s• There are still stations finding their way in the new
marketplace.
http://www.hulu.com/watch/308/wkrp-in-cincinnati-pilot-part-1
The 1970sAt KDKA –AM Pittsburgh
• They’re playing Adult Contemporary - America, The Carpenters, Doobie Brothers, Paul Simon, Dawn, and Neil Diamond
• Their morning show adds more news and commercial content
The 1980s• Ronald Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush are
presidents• American and French military barracks are targeted by suicide
bombers in Beirut• The Tiananmen Square protests in China• Mikhail Gorbachev initiates détente• The Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after launch• The Exxon Valdese oil spill off the coast of Alaska• Graphical user interface and mouse interface become accepted
features in computers• Nintendo begins to dominate the computer game market• The AIDS pandemic begins• “E.T. - The Extraterrestrial” is the highest grossing movie of the
decade.
The 1980s• De-Regulation gives stations more freedom.
Requirements that stations broadcast news as part of their daily programming are removed.
• Emphasis on profits leads to cutbacks, more automation, less news and public affairs.
• Almost half of the radio stations in the U.S. change ownership during the 1980s.
• Number of stations swells to 12,000, leading to niche programming and the fragmentation of the listening audience.
• AM tries a comeback, with the help of the FCC• Satellite technology leads to live syndication.
The 1980s• An emphasis on capturing the “Drive Time”
demographic leads to the “Morning Zoo” phenomenon.
http://youtu.be/m2EtfXPI7i0
The 1980s• An emphasis on capturing the “Drive Time”
demographic leads to the “Morning Zoo” phenomenon.
http://youtu.be/AJkxBLgd5Hs
The 1980s• An emphasis on capturing the “Drive Time”
demographic leads to the “Morning Zoo” phenomenon.
http://www.filmhouse.com/flv_viewer/viewer.php?vid=WSIX_SPK_106-16.flv
The 1980s• Migration of listenership to the FM bands leads AM
stations to experiment with the highly-charged talk radio format.
• The FCC repeals “The Fairness Doctrine” (adequate coverage to public issues and that coverage must be fair in reflecting opposing views, 1949) in 1987, opening the door for politically partisan programming.
The 1980sAt KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh• They commit to news and information• They reduce their music to four to six songs per hour
at drive time and 10-12 songs per hour middays and weekends
• At night – it’s all talk
The 1990s• The first Gulf War, as well as war in Yugoslavia and
Kosovo• Genocide in Rwanda• Oklahoma City and World Trade Center bombings• The end of Apartheid in South Africa• German reunification• First Mp3 player released• Popularity of e-mail, internet, instant messaging,
web-based commerce• Digital cameras become commercially available• The Columbine High School massacre• The O.J. Simpson trial• “Titanic” is the highest grossing movie of the decade.• Sony's PlayStation becomes the top selling game
console
The 1990s• Talk Radio, Shock Talk, and Hot Talk become thriving
formats.
• Howard Stern• Rush Limbaugh
• FCC cracks down on over-the-air hoaxes.
• Digital Audio Radio Service (DARS) was established by the FCC in 1992 by establishing certain segments of radio frequency for satellite broadcast on radio.
Classic-Howard-Stern--Amazing-Radio-Breakthrough.mp3
The 1990sAt KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh
• They switch to an all news/talk format• In 1992, they play their last song on the air -
American Pie • Rush Limbaugh added at noon• Infinity Broadcasting is acquired by Westinghouse.
Westinghouse merges with CBS.
The 2000s• XM and Sirius launch (literally) their satellite radio
services.
http://youtu.be/gpSjfVleYKo
The 2000s• XM and Sirius launch (literally) their satellite radio
services.
http://youtu.be/WcosTyZD6ls
The 2000s• XM and Sirius launch (literally) their satellite radio
services.• 2004 - Howard Stern signed exclusively to Sirius
radio.• 2008 - Sirius acquires XM.
http://youtu.be/EcZOu3PoLh4
The 2000sAt KDKA-AM Pittsburgh• Overnight America with John Grayson, 5:00-9:00 am• KDKA Morning News with Larry Richert and John
Shumway, 9:00-12:00 pm• The Inside Story with Marty Griffin, 12:00-3:00 pm• The Mike Pintek Show, 3:00-6:00 pm• KDKA Afternoon News with Paul Rasmussen and
Rose Ryan-Douglas, 6:00-10:00 pm• The Robert Mangino Show, 10:00-12:00 am• The Jim Bohannon Show, 12:00-5:00 am
Radio Programming Today - FormatsMusic• Formats determined by:• Budget• Local Audience Characteristics and Size• Number and Strength of Competing Stations• Potential Advertising Revenue
Radio Programming Today - FormatsMusic• Formats (Top 20 in U.S and Canada:• Country• Adult Contemporary• Christian• News/Talk• Sports• Oldies• Religious• Talk• Spanish• News
• Classic Rock• Gospel• Variety/Diverse/Diversified• Contemporary Hits / Top 40• Rock / Album-Oriented-Rock• Classical• Urban Contemporary• Jazz• Other• Alternative
Radio Programming Today -FormatsNews and Information• About 2/3 of “All-News” or “All-Talk” stations in U.S.
are on AM• Three Categories• 1. All-News• 2. News/Talk• 3. Sports/Talk
Radio Programming Today - FormatsNoncommercial• Usually owned by universities, religious institutions,
or governmental entities.• Rely on alternative revenue, i.e. donations, grants,
underwriting.• About 3500 such stations in the U.S.• Congress established Corporation for Public
Broadcasting (CPB) in 1968. • CPB established National Public Radio (NPR) in
1970.
Radio Programming TodayOrigination• Local Programs (Music, Newscasts, weather and
traffic reports, sports shows, community programming)
• Network (All inclusive packaging - station buys around-the-clock material)
• Syndicated (Purchased individually)• Network and Syndicated programming generally
delivered by satellite
Radio Programming TodayScheduling• By Week / Day
Radio Programming TodayScheduling• By Week / Day
Radio Programming TodayScheduling• By Week / Day
Radio Programming TodayScheduling• By Hour
Radio Programming TodayScheduling• By Hour
Radio Programming TodayScheduling• By Hour
Radio Programming TodayScheduling• By Hour
Radio Programming TodayNashville AM DialSports Country ReligiousReligiousReligiousSpanishCountryGospel MusicCountrySpanishReligiousCountryReligiousCountryReligiousCountrySpanish
NostalgiaReligiousNews/TalkCountryReligiousAdult ContemporaryReligiousTalkPublic RadioTalkUrban ContemporaryVarietyNews/TalkCountryAdult ContemporaryCountry
Radio Programming TodayNashville FM DialHip Hop, Public Radio, Christian Contemporary, Gospel MusicSmooth Jazz, RadioCollege, RadioReligious, RadioCollege, RadioChristian Contemporary, RadioChristian Contemporary, RadioJazz, RadioPublic Radio, RadioCollege, RadioCollege, RadioReligious, RadioUrban Contemporary, RadioAdult Contemporary, RadioChristian Contemporary, RadioChristian Contemporary, RadioCountry, RadioCountry, Radio
Oldies, Radio
Country, Radio
80's Rock, Radio
Country, Radio
Country, Radio
Talk, Radio
Adult Album Alternative, Radio
Hip Hop, Radio
Oldies, Radio
Alternative, Radio
Country, Radio
Talk, Radio
Gospel Music, Radio
Classic Rock, Radio
Hip Hop, Radio
Top-40, Radio
Variety, Variety, Variety, Variety
So, What’s On AM Radio Today?
• News and News Talk• Political Talk• Religion and Religious Talk• Sports and Sports Talk• Classic Country• Gospel Music• Spanish Language• Adult Contemporary (Easy Listening)• Public Radio
So, What’s On FM Radio Today?
• Music• (with a little talk and public radio in assigned
frequencies)
So, What’s On Satellite Radio Today?
• Everything, including Jack Benny.
