EmotioEmotionn

Defining EmotionDefining Emotion►Emotion: Emotion: not just not just facial facial expressionsexpressions

►A A response response of the of the whole whole organismorganism, , involvinginvolving::

Defining EmotionDefining Emotion►Physiological ArousalPhysiological Arousal includes includes

internal internal behaviors like heart pounding behaviors like heart pounding (when excited?), dry-mouth (when (when excited?), dry-mouth (when nervous?), or shortened breath (when nervous?), or shortened breath (when tired?)tired?)

►Expressive BehaviorsExpressive Behaviors includes includes external external behaviors like a quickened behaviors like a quickened walking pace (when fearful?), jumping walking pace (when fearful?), jumping (excited?), smiling (happy?) (excited?), smiling (happy?)

►Conscious ExperienceConscious Experience includes identifying thoughts (is this a includes identifying thoughts (is this a kidnapping?), and feelings (fear, kidnapping?), and feelings (fear, happiness, anger, etc.?)happiness, anger, etc.?)

►HowHow do we do we experience an experience an emotion?emotion?

►James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange TheoryThe experience of emotion is a result The experience of emotion is a result of physiological change. of physiological change.

►Your car skidded on slick pavement. As it Your car skidded on slick pavement. As it fishtailed, you hit your breaks and regained fishtailed, you hit your breaks and regained control. You noticed that your heart was control. You noticed that your heart was racing and that you were shaking. racing and that you were shaking. You You identified and felt the emotion of fear identified and felt the emotion of fear afterafter your body’s responseyour body’s response..

EXAM!EXAM! BUTTERFLIES BUTTERFLIES IN YOUR IN YOUR STOMACHSTOMACH

FRIGHT!FRIGHT!

James – Lange Theory

►Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard TheoryThe theory that an emotion arousing The theory that an emotion arousing stimulus stimulus simultaneouslysimultaneously triggers triggers both a physiological response and a both a physiological response and a subjective experience of emotionsubjective experience of emotion►Your car skids across the highway, and you Your car skids across the highway, and you simultaneously get scared and begin to simultaneously get scared and begin to have an accelerated heart rate and sweat. have an accelerated heart rate and sweat. One doesn’t cause the other…they occur at One doesn’t cause the other…they occur at the same time.the same time.

EXAM!EXAM!

BUTTERFLIEBUTTERFLIES IN S IN YOUR YOUR STOMACSTOMACHH

FRIGHT!FRIGHT!

Cannon-Bard Theory

►Schachter’s Two-Factor TheorySchachter’s Two-Factor Theory To experience emotion, you must be To experience emotion, you must be

physically aroused and must be able physically aroused and must be able to to cognitivelycognitively labellabel the arousalthe arousal

►Your car skids across the highway, and Your car skids across the highway, and your heart rate increases and you your heart rate increases and you begin to sweat. You go through a begin to sweat. You go through a mental checklist of the characteristics mental checklist of the characteristics of being afraid, recognize your physical of being afraid, recognize your physical symptoms, and then feel fear.symptoms, and then feel fear.

Quickening of the Quickening of the pulse, sweaty palms pulse, sweaty palms

– could be fear – could be fear oror excitement.excitement.

What we THINK What we THINK determines our determines our

emotionsemotionsStanley Schacter

►Temporal Sequence TheoryTemporal Sequence Theory

When confronted with new stimuli, we appraise When confronted with new stimuli, we appraise it’s it’s emotional valueemotional value first and then react first and then react accordingly. accordingly.

When we confront that stimuli again, we will When we confront that stimuli again, we will automatically react the same way that we did automatically react the same way that we did before, unless the stimuli acts differently. before, unless the stimuli acts differently.

If so, our emotional reaction changes If so, our emotional reaction changes accordingly. Our emotions constantly change accordingly. Our emotions constantly change from one interaction to the next, and they are from one interaction to the next, and they are not constant.not constant.

► IE. We meet a dog for the first time. IE. We meet a dog for the first time. The dog is wagging its tail and brushes The dog is wagging its tail and brushes

against us. We appraise the dog as “kind”, against us. We appraise the dog as “kind”, and we feel “happy” around the dog, and our and we feel “happy” around the dog, and our behavior is to pet the dog.behavior is to pet the dog.

The next time we meet the same dog our The next time we meet the same dog our automatic emotion is to feel happy and our automatic emotion is to feel happy and our reaction is to pet the dog. reaction is to pet the dog.

If the dog is growling and in a perceived If the dog is growling and in a perceived “mean” mood, our feeling is “fear” and our “mean” mood, our feeling is “fear” and our behavior is to run. behavior is to run.

The next time we see the dog, our automatic The next time we see the dog, our automatic reaction is “fear” and run, unless the dog is reaction is “fear” and run, unless the dog is now happy. now happy.

We then adjust our emotional We then adjust our emotional reaction…….etc.reaction…….etc.

►ReviewReview You see a car coming straight at you. You see a car coming straight at you.

This is the physical stimulus that you This is the physical stimulus that you must interpret and react emotionally to:must interpret and react emotionally to:►James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange Theory proposes that your proposes that your physical response will occur physical response will occur beforebefore you you identify the feeling of fearidentify the feeling of fear

►Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard Theory proposes that your proposes that your physical response will occur at the same physical response will occur at the same time time asas you feel fear you feel fear..

►Schachter Schachter proposes that your physical response proposes that your physical response will occur first, and then when you will occur first, and then when you labellabel the the emotion correctly, you will experience the emotion correctly, you will experience the emotion of fearemotion of fear

►Temporal TheoryTemporal Theory proposes that our last proposes that our last experience with a car coming at us was when our experience with a car coming at us was when our Mom was picking us up from soccer practice, so Mom was picking us up from soccer practice, so our emotional reaction is “happy”, and our our emotional reaction is “happy”, and our behavior is to approach the car. Not until we behavior is to approach the car. Not until we have identified that the driver is “mean” and have identified that the driver is “mean” and trying to kill us do we change our emotion to trying to kill us do we change our emotion to “fear”, and run.“fear”, and run.

►What kind of What kind of emotions can emotions can we feel?we feel?

Carroll Izard identified 10 basic Carroll Izard identified 10 basic emotions:emotions:

JoyJoy Interest-ExcitementInterest-Excitement SurpriseSurprise SadnessSadness AngerAnger DisgustDisgust ContemptContempt FearFear ShameShame GuiltGuilt

Two-Dimensional ModelTwo-Dimensional Model - Any and all emotions can be measured - Any and all emotions can be measured

as “positive”, or “negative” (value as “positive”, or “negative” (value measure of pleasantness or measure of pleasantness or unpleasantness), and again as either “low unpleasantness), and again as either “low arousal”, or “high arousal” (intensity)arousal”, or “high arousal” (intensity)►Positive may be joy, high arousal is ecstatic, Positive may be joy, high arousal is ecstatic, low arousal is relaxedlow arousal is relaxed

►Negative may be fear, high arousal is Negative may be fear, high arousal is terrified, low arousal is nervousterrified, low arousal is nervous

Two Dimensions of Two Dimensions of EmotionEmotion

►HowHow do do physiological physiological changes accompany changes accompany emotions?emotions?

►The brain identifies our emotional stateThe brain identifies our emotional state►Our Our autonomic nervous systemautonomic nervous system

controls our arousalcontrols our arousal►The The sympatheticsympathetic division of the autonomic division of the autonomic

nervous system directs the glands and nervous system directs the glands and hormones of the body to react accordingly hormones of the body to react accordingly

►The The parasympatheticparasympathetic division is division is responsible for putting the body back to responsible for putting the body back to its normal state after an emotional its normal state after an emotional reaction has occurredreaction has occurred

► IE. The brain identifies an emotion as IE. The brain identifies an emotion as fear.fear. The brain tells the autonomic nervous system The brain tells the autonomic nervous system

“we need a response to fear”. “we need a response to fear”.

The autonomic nervous system tells its The autonomic nervous system tells its sympathetic division to create a “fear” reaction in sympathetic division to create a “fear” reaction in the body. the body.

The sympathetic division tells the adrenal glands The sympathetic division tells the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and norepinephrine. to release adrenaline and norepinephrine.

Those hormones increase the heart rate, increase Those hormones increase the heart rate, increase blood pressure, and increases blood sugar levels. blood pressure, and increases blood sugar levels.

When the emotion is over, the parasympathetic When the emotion is over, the parasympathetic division shuts the glands down and returns the division shuts the glands down and returns the body to a normal state. body to a normal state.

►Do different Do different emotions activate emotions activate different different physiological physiological responses?responses?

NONO

►Emotions like fear, anger, Emotions like fear, anger, and sexual arousal can all and sexual arousal can all elevate heart rates, elevate heart rates, increased respiration, etc., increased respiration, etc., so in some cases, multiple so in some cases, multiple emotions do trigger similar emotions do trigger similar responsesresponses

YESYES

►Amygdala brain activity is different for Amygdala brain activity is different for different emotions different emotions

►Different lobes and hemispheres of the Different lobes and hemispheres of the brain are activated during different brain are activated during different emotions (right during negative, left during emotions (right during negative, left during positive)positive)

►Though some physiological responses are Though some physiological responses are similar for multiple emotions, different similar for multiple emotions, different emotions do stimulate different facial emotions do stimulate different facial featuresfeatures

YesYes

►A A polygraph machinepolygraph machine can can identify the different identify the different physiological responses physiological responses accompanying different accompanying different emotions in order to emotions in order to detect lies.detect lies.

NONO

►Physiological arousal is much Physiological arousal is much the same from one emotion to the same from one emotion to another (anxiety/irritation/guilt)another (anxiety/irritation/guilt)

►Innocent people respond with Innocent people respond with heightened tension – heightened tension – polygraphs err about 1/3 of the polygraphs err about 1/3 of the time. Never take a polygraph if time. Never take a polygraph if you are innocent!you are innocent!

►How Are How Are Emotions Emotions Expressed?Expressed?

►Emotions can be felt internally as Emotions can be felt internally as the physiology of the body changes, the physiology of the body changes, and emotions can be projected and emotions can be projected outwardly through a variety of non-outwardly through a variety of non-verbal methods, including:verbal methods, including: Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions Body LanguageBody Language Tone of VoiceTone of Voice

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions►Facial Facial

expressions expressions are relatively are relatively universal universal

►There are There are both both conscious conscious and and unconscious unconscious facial facial features that features that express express emotion. emotion.

For example, a frown is an expression of For example, a frown is an expression of sorry or distress (consciously), but in sorry or distress (consciously), but in

addition, generally, your inner eyebrow addition, generally, your inner eyebrow lifts as well (unconsciously).lifts as well (unconsciously).

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions►Trying to fake a smile? Trying to fake a smile?

More authentic smiles More authentic smiles unconsciously activate unconsciously activate muscles under the eyes muscles under the eyes and raise cheeks. and raise cheeks.

►Feigned smiles often Feigned smiles often continue on far too continue on far too long, and get switched long, and get switched on and off more often. on and off more often.

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions

►Assuming emotional expressions Assuming emotional expressions and postures and postures can triggercan trigger a a feelingfeeling

►Meaning, if you are sad, and Meaning, if you are sad, and force a smile, the muscles force a smile, the muscles associated with smiling generate associated with smiling generate positive feelings in the brain. positive feelings in the brain. Vice-Versa holds true as well.Vice-Versa holds true as well.

Body Language and Body Language and EmotionsEmotions

►The cardinal rule The cardinal rule when reading when reading the body is to the body is to look out for a look out for a coherent cluster coherent cluster of any of the of any of the following: Facial following: Facial expressions - expressions - Gestures, body Gestures, body movements - movements - Tone of voice/ Tone of voice/ pace of voice pace of voice

►The body The body conveys how conveys how a person a person feels. feels. Someone Someone doesn't say doesn't say "I'm shaking "I'm shaking in fear". His in fear". His body does body does this this automatically automatically to convey to convey that he is that he is indeed afraid. indeed afraid.

Examples of Body Signals:Examples of Body Signals: The EyesThe Eyes

► Frequent avoidance of Frequent avoidance of eye contact reveals that eye contact reveals that a prospect may be a prospect may be hiding something. It hiding something. It may also reveal may also reveal subordination and lack subordination and lack of confidence. Dilated of confidence. Dilated pupils indicate great pupils indicate great interest, either in what interest, either in what you said or in you. you said or in you.

►Direct eye contact occurring 60% of the time Direct eye contact occurring 60% of the time indicates that the prospect is very interested indicates that the prospect is very interested in what you have to say. Eye contact in what you have to say. Eye contact occurring 80% of the time tells that the occurring 80% of the time tells that the prospect is interested in you sexually. 100% prospect is interested in you sexually. 100% eye contact indicates aggression. Be eye contact indicates aggression. Be forewarned of resistance.forewarned of resistance.

►Lock eye contact with a woman's gaze. If she Lock eye contact with a woman's gaze. If she drops it instantly and gazes downward to the drops it instantly and gazes downward to the left or to the right, it indicates that she is left or to the right, it indicates that she is interested in you. If, on the other hand, she interested in you. If, on the other hand, she merely glances to the left or the right merely glances to the left or the right (without first dropping her eyes) in order to (without first dropping her eyes) in order to avoid your gaze, she simply finds you avoid your gaze, she simply finds you uninteresting. uninteresting. Rapid blinking is a warning sign. If it forewarns Rapid blinking is a warning sign. If it forewarns

that your prospect may provide resistance to what that your prospect may provide resistance to what you have just said.you have just said.

Examples of Body Signals:Examples of Body Signals:The LegsThe Legs

►When a prospect 's feet points at you it When a prospect 's feet points at you it indicates that he is interested in what you are indicates that he is interested in what you are saying. When the feet are pointed away, he saying. When the feet are pointed away, he may want to extricate your presence. may want to extricate your presence.

► A prospect's crossed legs, when standing, A prospect's crossed legs, when standing, betray a feeling of isolation. While sitting, a betray a feeling of isolation. While sitting, a prospect's crossed legs report that your idea prospect's crossed legs report that your idea may not be accepted easily. may not be accepted easily.

► A prospect signals that she may like you when A prospect signals that she may like you when she sits with her legs tucked under her she sits with her legs tucked under her haunches. An insistent tapping foot says "Let haunches. An insistent tapping foot says "Let me speak" or "I am bored", "What's next" me speak" or "I am bored", "What's next"

Verbal Fluency and EmotionsVerbal Fluency and Emotions

►The way that we speak can also The way that we speak can also be indicative of the emotions that be indicative of the emotions that we are feeling.we are feeling. IE. Being deceitful? Longer pauses in your IE. Being deceitful? Longer pauses in your

verbal flow, fast talking, hesitations, fewer verbal flow, fast talking, hesitations, fewer illustrations, and raised pitch. illustrations, and raised pitch.

Sentences that are slowly paced, even, and Sentences that are slowly paced, even, and terminated with downward inflected tones terminated with downward inflected tones convey the image of control and power. convey the image of control and power. Authoritative people audibly and punctuate Authoritative people audibly and punctuate sentences with a period. To convey even more sentences with a period. To convey even more power, they speak at a pace much slower than power, they speak at a pace much slower than normal. normal.

In contrast, a tone that increases in speed and In contrast, a tone that increases in speed and rises in pitch indicates escalating nervousness rises in pitch indicates escalating nervousness and perhaps that something is hidden. and perhaps that something is hidden.