Empires and the Age of Empires and the Age of Imperialism: 1750-1914Imperialism: 1750-1914

Egypt, The Ottoman Empire, and Russia

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireEgypt

◦ Napoleon's Withdraws (1789)

◦ Muhammad Ali comes to power Modernizes Egypt

◦ Khedives◦ Responses to the

West

Ottoman Reforms and the Ottoman Reforms and the European ModelEuropean ModelEnd of 18th c. Sultan Selmi III

◦Reforms : military, government, taxes, land◦Not popular with certain groups

Janissary revolt in Serbia (1805)(1806) Selim suspends reform program

◦Too late -> massive uprising -> Selim executed

Greek independence (1829)Serbian independence (1867)

Ottoman Reforms and the Ottoman Reforms and the European ModelEuropean ModelSultan Mahumud II – further

reformsAbdul Mejid introduces Tanzimat

(restructuring) reforms in 1839◦Military◦Education◦Language◦Clothing◦Public rights (men vs. women)

Crimean WarCrimean WarRussia expands southwardAlliance between GB, Fr,

Ottoman Empire defeat RussiaC. War leads to military reform

for all combatants – traditional to modern warfare

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire CompromisedCompromisedOttoman continue to follow European

modelOttoman face economic problemsConcerns that Ottoman is no longer

IslamicYoung Ottoman/Young Turks take

power ◦Work to make Turkish national state in

place to Ottoman empire◦1876 Constitution adopted◦1908 coup◦Ottoman continues its slow decline until

1922 (after WWI)

RussiaRussia

The Russian EmpireThe Russian EmpireRussia and Europe

◦1700 – 3% of population lived in cities

◦Slow to modernize◦Closer to Europe than Ottoman◦Debate about future of Russia◦Diplomatic relations with the West

Problems with Problems with modernizationmodernization

Autocratic ruleFailure to solve

problemsSerfdom

Russia and AsiaRussia and AsiaExpanded to ChinaConflictsBritish interventions

Cultural TrendsCultural TrendsCultural contact

with Europe since 17th c.

Opposition to reforms from Alexander I

Decembrist Revolt

Penalties from end of Crimean War

Alexander II◦ Law codes◦ Zemstoves◦ Military◦ Education◦ Women

Limits of ReformLimits of ReformLimits

◦ Autocracy◦ Peasant hardships◦ Education

1904 Defeat in Russo-Japanese War

1904 Revolution