Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking

Second Edition

Margherita PaganiBocconi University, Italy

Hershey New YorkInformatIon ScIence reference

Volume IA-Ev

Director of Editorial Content: Kristin KlingerSenior Managing Editor: Jennifer NeidigManaging Editor: Jamie SnavelyAssistant Managing Editor: Carole CoulsonCover Design: Lisa TosheffPrinted at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of multimedia technology and networking / Margherita Pagani, editor. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "This publication offers a research compendium of human knowledge related to the emerging multimedia digital metamarket"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-60566-014-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-015-8 (ebook) 1. Multimedia communications--Encyclopedias. I. Pagani, Margherita, 1971- TK5105.15.E46 2009 621.38203--dc22 2008030766

British Cataloguing in Publication DataA Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

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Editorial Advisory Board

Raymond A. HackneyManchester Metropolitan University, UK

Leslie LeongCentral Connecticut State University, USA

Nadia Magnenat-ThalmannUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland

Lorenzo PeccatiBocconi University, Italy

Nobuyoshi TerashimaWaseda University, Japan

Steven John SimonMercer University, USA

Andrew TargowskiWestern Michigan University, USA

Enrico ValdaniBocconi University, Italy

List of Contributors

Aljunid, S. A. / Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia (KUKUM), Malaysia ..................................... 1473Abdullah, M. K. A. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ............................................................................. 1473Abouaissa, Hafid / Haute Alsace University, France .......................................................................................... 587Adekoya, Adeyemi A. / Virginia State University, USA .................................................................................... 1423Affendi Mohd Yusof, Shafiz / Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ................................................................. 171Agapiou, George / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (), Greece ........................................1112Ahsenali Chaudhry, Junaid / Ajou University, South Korea ............................................................................. 105Ainamo, Antti / University of Turku (UTU), Finland .......................................................................................... 496Akhtar, Shakil / Clayton State University, USA .................................................................................................. 522Amewokunu, Yao / Laval University, Canada .................................................................................................. 1206Amoretti, Francesco / Universit degli Studi di Salerno, Italy ........................................................................... 224Anas, S. B. A. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ....................................................................................... 1473Badidi, Elarbi / United Arab Emirates University, UAE ..................................................................................... 267Balfanz, Dirk / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany .......................................................................... 641Baralou, Evangelia / ALBA Graduate Business School, Greece ......................................................................... 581Barreiro, Miguel / LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain.................................................... 749, 1023, 1464Belesioti, Maria / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; .................................... 149, 195, 1351Berry, Joanna / Newcastle University, UK .......................................................................................................... 849Berzelak, Jernej / University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ........................................................................................ 1373Bhattacharya, Sunand / ITT Educational Services Inc., USA .......................................................................... 1224Blashki, Kathy / Deakin University, Australia .................................................................................................. 1061Bocarnea, Mihai C. / Regent University, USA ............................................................................................ 835, 894Bojani, Slobodan / Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain ........................................................................ 776Bose, Indranil / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ............................................................................... 655Boslau, Madlen / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany ...................................................... 247, 1232Brown-Martin, Graham / Handheld Learning Ltd, UK ....................................................................................... 41Burgos, Daniel / Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands .......................................................... 1100Cantoni, Lorenzo / University of Lugano, Switzerland ....................................................................................... 349Carroll, John / The Pennsylvania State University, USA .................................................................................... 782Cereijo Roibas, Anxo / SCMIS, University of Brighton, UK ............................................................................ 1154Chandran, Ravi / National University of Singapore, Singapore ...................................................................... 1200Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France ........................................................................................... 140Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA .......................................... 402, 533, 795, 1086, 1345, 1480Chen, Shuping / Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China ................................................... 513Chen, Thomas M. / Southern Methodist University, USA ........................................................................... 212, 668Cheong, Chi Po / University of Macau, China .................................................................................................. 1299

Chikova, Pavlina / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ............................................................. 1537Chiong, Raymond / Swinburne University of Technology, Malaysia ................................................................. 417Chochliouros, Elpida / General Prefectorial Hospital G. Gennimatas, Greece .................................... 195, 502Chochliouros, Ioannis / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ................................................................................................................................................149, 195, 324, 341, 391, 451, 502, 854, 921, 1112, 1351Chochliouros, Stergios P. / Independent Consultant, Greece ....................324, 341, 391, 451, 502, 854, 921, 1112Chorianopoulos, Konstantinos / Ionian University, Greece ............................................................................ 1142Cirrincione, Armando / Bocconi University, Italy ............................................................................................ 1017Clarke, Jody / Harvard University, USA ........................................................................................................... 1033Cleary, Paul / Northeastern University, USA ...................................................................................................... 648Cortini, Michela / University of Bari, Italy ......................................................................................................... 128Cragg, Paul B. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand ................................................................................... 808Cropf, Robert A. / Saint Louis University, USA ................................................................................................ 1525Cruz, Christophe / Universit de Bourgogne, France ...................................................................................... 1487Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, UK ..................................................................................... 1316, 1339, 1573Czirkos, Zoltan / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ....................................... 54, 1215da Silva, Henrique J. A. / Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal ......................................................................... 482Danenberg, James O. / Western Michigan University, USA ............................................................................... 795Daniels, David / Pearson Learning Solutions, USA .......................................................................................... 1224de Abreu Moreira, Dilvan / Stanford University, USA & University of So Paulo, Brazil .............................. 1264De Amescua, Antonio / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ........................................................................... 22Dhar, Subhankar / San Jose State University, USA ............................................................................................ 950Dias dos Reis, Samira / Bocconi University, Italy .............................................................................................. 373Dieterle, Edward / Harvard University, USA .................................................................................................... 1033Dorn, Jrgen / Vienna University of Technology, Austria ................................................................................. 1327Doukoglou, Tilemachos D. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (), Greece ......................... 451Du, Jianxia / Mississippi State University, USA .................................................................................................. 619Dunning, Jeremy / Indiana University, USA ..................................................................................................... 1224El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA .............................................................................................. 1345Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada .................................................................................................. 267Eyob, Ephrem / Virginia State University, USA ................................................................................................ 1423Falk, Louis K. / University of Texas at Brownsville, USA ............................................................... 533, 1086, 1480Farag, Waleed E. / Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA .............................................................................. 83Ferguson, Colleen / University of Ulster, UK .................................................................................................... 1573Finke, Matthias / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ...................................................................... 641Freire, Mrio M. / University of Beira Interior, Portugal ......................................................................... 482, 1122Ftima, Fakher Ben / University of Monouba, Tunisia ........................................................................................ 717Fui-Hoon Nah, Fiona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA ......................................................................... 1430Fulcher, John / University of Wollongong, Australia ........................................................................................ 1493Galanxhi-Janaqi, Holtjona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA ................................................................ 1430Galinec, Darko / Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia, Republic of Croatia ..................................... 901Ganoe, Craig / The Pennsylvania State University, USA .................................................................................... 782Garcia, Luis / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain .......................................................................................... 22Georgiadou, Evangelia / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ........................... 149, 195, 1351Ghanem, Hassan / University of Dallas, USA..................................................................................................... 866Goh, Tiong T. / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ........................................................................ 460Grahn, Kaj J. / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ..................................................................... 1558Guan, Sheng-Uei / Brunel University, UK ........................................................................................ 703, 930, 1399Gulas, Vctor M. / University of A Corua, MADS Group, Spain ................................................. 749, 1023, 1464Gunes Kayacik, Hilmi / Dalhousie University, Canada ..................................................................................... 305Guo, Jiayu / National University of Singapore, Singapore ............................................................................... 1399

Gupta, Phalguni / Indian Institute of Technology, India ..................................................................................... 121Gupta, Sumeet / National University of Singapore, Singapore........................................................... 477, 691, 829Guru, Clin / GSCM - Montpellier Business School, France ................................................................. 205, 1453Hackbarth, Klaus D. / University of Cantabria, Spain....................................................................................... 276Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany .................................................. 113, 1232Halang, Wolfgang / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany ................................................................................ 972Hansen, Torben / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ................................................................ 1537Hardy, Lawrence Harold / Denver Public Schools, USA ................................................................................... 613Hartman, Hope / City College of New York, USA ............................................................................................. 1066Hsel, Matthias / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany ................................................................................ 299Hautala, Jouni / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland .......................................................................... 430Heliotis, George / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ............................. 149, 195, 451, 1351Hentea, Mariana / Excelsior College, USA ................................................................................................ 157, 675Hirsbrunner, B. / University of Fribourg, Switzerland ..................................................................................... 1008Hockmann, Volker / Techniker Krakenkasse, Hamburg, Germany .................................................................. 1284Hofsmann, Cristian / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ............................................................... 641Holmberg, Kim / bo Akademi University, Finland ........................................................................................... 842Hossz, Gbor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary .............. 54, 568, 574, 1215, 1307Hughes, Jerald / University of Texas Pan-American, USA ................................................................................. 254Hui, Lin / Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .................................................................................. 944Hulicki, Zbigniew / AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland .......................................................... 380Hrst, Wolfgang / Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany ...................................................................... 98Huvila, Isto / bo Akademi University, Finland .................................................................................................. 842Indraratne, Harith / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ......................................... 568Iossifides, Athanassios C. / Operation & Maintenance Department, Greece ................................. 595, 1178, 1416Ishaya, Tanko / The University of Hull, UK ...................................................................................................... 1406Janczewski, Lech / The University of Auckland, New Zealand ......................................................................... 1249Jiang, Hao / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ......................................................................................... 782Johnson, Stephen / Mobility Research Centre, UK ........................................................................................... 1154Jones, Kiku / The University of Tulsa, USA .......................................................................................................... 35Jovanovic Dolecek, Gordana / Institute for Astrophysics Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Mexico ................. 364Jullien, Nicolas / LUSSI TELECOM Bretagne-M@rsouin, France .................................................................... 605Jung, In-Sook / Kyungwon University, Korea ..................................................................................................... 286Kalyuga, Slava / The University of New South Wales, Australia ........................................................................ 218Kamariah Nordin, Nor / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ...................................................................... 1443Kameas, Achilles / Hellenic Open Univsersity, Italy ......................................................................................... 1093Kanellis, Panagiotis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece .............................................. 1512Kantola, Mauri / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland ........................................................................ 430Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ................................................................. 1558Karoui, Kamel / University of Monouba, Tunisia ............................................................................................... 717Kase, Sue E. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ...................................................................................... 539Kaspar, Christian / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany ................................................... 113, 1232Kaupins, Gundars / Boise State University, USA ............................................................................................... 938Kaur, Abtar / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia ..................................................................................... 1224Keengwe, Jared / University of North Dakota, USA ......................................................................................... 1206Kelly, Owen / University of Ulster, UK .............................................................................................................. 1316Kemper Littman, Marlyn / Nova Southeastern University, USA....................................................................... 661Kettaf, Noureddine / Haute Alsace University, France ...................................................................................... 587Kettunen, Juha / Turku University of Applied Science, Finland ................................................................. 430, 697Khadraoui, D. / CRP Henri Tudor (CITI), Luxembourg ................................................................................... 1008

Khadraoui, Momouh / University of Fribourg, Switzerland ............................................................................ 1008Khatun, Sabira / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ................................................................................... 1443Kidd, Terry T. / University of Texas School of Public Health, USA.............................................................. 47, 789Kim, Bosung / University of Missouri-Columbia, USA ..................................................................................... 1366Kim, Mi-kying / Chungwoon University, South Korea ....................................................................................... 423Kinshuk / Athabasca University, Canada ............................................................................................................ 460Knoell, Heinz D. / University of Lueneburg, Germany ..................................................................................... 1284Koh, Elizabeth / National University of Singapore, Singapore......................................................................... 1080Kollmann, Tobias / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany ............................................................................. 299Kontolemakis, George / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ......................................... 1512Koper, Rob / Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands ............................................................... 1100Kortum, Philip / Rice University, Texas, USA ..................................................................................................... 625Kovcs, Ferenc / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ...................................... 574, 1307Kulenkampff, Gabriele / WIK-Consult, Germany .............................................................................................. 276Kulmala, Riika / Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland ....................................................................... 697Kwok, Percy / Logos Academy, China ................................................................................................................. 821LaBrunda, Andrew / University of Guam, USA ............................................................................................... 1531LaBrunda, Michelle / Cabrini Medical Center, USA ........................................................................................ 1531Lalopoulos, George K. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece ....................... 324, 854Large, Andrew / McGill University, Canada ...................................................................................................... 469Lawson-Body, Assion / University of North Dakota, USA ................................................................................ 1206Lebow, David G. / HyLighter, Inc., USA ........................................................................................................... 1066Lee, Jeongkyu / University of Bridgeport, USA ................................................................................................ 1506Lee, Jonathan K. / Suffolk University, USA ........................................................................................................ 240Lee, Maria R. / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan ................................................................................................. 1148Lei, Ye / Shanghai GALILEO Industries Ltd., China ........................................................................................... 944Leiss, Ernst L. / University of Houston, USA .................................................................................................... 1284Lekakos, George / University of Cyprus, Cyprus .............................................................................................. 1142Leonard, Lori N. K. / The University of Tulsa, USA ............................................................................................ 35Leyking, Katrina / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ............................................................. 1537Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK ..................................................................................................... 260Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ......................................................................................... 986Li, Shujun / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany ............................................................................................. 972Li, Zhong / FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany .............................................................................................. 972Lian, Shiguo / France Telecom R&D Beijing, China .......................................................................................... 957Lick, Dale / Florida State University, USA ........................................................................................................ 1066Lietke, Britta / Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ............................................................... 247, 1232Lightbody, Gaye / University of Ulster, Northern Ireland ................................................................................ 1436Lim, John / National University of Singapore, Singapore................................................................................. 1080Lin, Chad / Curtin University of Technology, Australia ...................................................................................... 489Lin, Koong / Tainan National University of the Arts, Taiwan ............................................................................. 489Liu, Jonathan C.L. / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA ............................................................................. 9Lorenz, Pascal / University of Haute Alsace, France ........................................................................................ 1122Louvros, Spiros / Maintenance Department, Western Greece Maintenance Division, Greece ...... 595, 1178, 1416Lozar Manfreda, Katja / University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ............................................................................ 1373Lumsden, Joanna / National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada ......................................... 332Luo, Xin / University of New Mexico, USA ......................................................................................................... 356Lurudusamy, Saravanan Nathan / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia ......................................................... 164Ma, Maode / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ................................................................................ 67Maggioni, Mario A. / Universit Cattolica, Italy ................................................................................................ 887

Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy ....................................................................................................... 873Man Chun Thomas, Fong / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ............................................................ 655Manuel Adn-Coello, Juan / Pontifcia Universidade Catlica de Campinas, Brazil ..................................... 1293Maris, Jo-Mae B. / Northern Arizona University, USA ..................................................................................... 1055Martakos, Drakoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece ............................................ 1512Masseglia, Florent / INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France ....................................................................................... 1136Mazursky, David / The Hebrew University, Jerusalem ....................................................................................... 769McCullagh, Paul / University of Ulster, UK ...................................................................................................... 1436McGarrigle, Ronan / University of Ulster, UK ................................................................................................. 1573McGinley, Ryan / University of Ulster, UK ....................................................................................................... 1316Mediana-Dominguez, Fuensanta / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ........................................................ 22Meinkhn, F. / Cybercultus S.A., Luxembourg .................................................................................................. 1008Meiner, Martin / Bielefeld University, Germany ...................................................................................... 880, 978Melski, Adam / Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ...................................................................... 1232Millham, Rich / Catholic University of Ghana, West Africa ............................................................................... 802Mohd Ali, Borhanuddin / MIMOS BERHAD, Malaysia .................................................................................. 1443Mokhtar, M. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia ........................................................................................ 1473Monteiro, Paulo P. / Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal ............................................................................ 482, 1122Mora-Soto, Arturo / University of Madrid, Spain ................................................................................................ 22Moreau, liane M.-F. / Universit du Qubec Trois Rivires, Canada ........................................................... 444Mukankusi, Laurence / University of North Dakota, USA .............................................................................. 1206Mundy, Darren P. / University of Hull, UK ...................................................................................................... 1130Murphy, Peter / Monash University, Australia ....................................................................................... 1042, 1194Narayanan, Kalpana / Multimedia University, Malaysia ................................................................................. 1551Natale, Peter J. / Regent University, USA ........................................................................................................... 894Nesset, Valerie / McGill University, Canada ....................................................................................................... 469Nicolle, Christophe / Universit de Bourgogne, France ................................................................................... 1487Nissan, Ephraim / Goldsmiths College of the University of London, UK ............................................................ 75Novak, Dan / IBM Healthcare and Life Sciences, USA ....................................................................................... 835Noyes, Jan / University of Bristol, UK ............................................................................................................... 1359O Donnell, Ciaran / University of Ulster, UK ................................................................................................... 1339OHagan, Minako / Dublin City University, Ireland ........................................................................................ 1349OKane, Paul / University of Ulster, UK ........................................................................................................... 1316ODea, Michael / York St. John University, UK .................................................................................................. 436Omojokun, Emmanuel / Virginia State University, USA .................................................................................. 1423Orosz, Mihly / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ................................................. 574Otenko, Oleksandr / 2Oracle Corporation, UK ............................................................................................... 1130Pace, Stefano / Universit Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Italy ............................................................................ 912Pagani, Margherita / Bocconi University, Italy .............................................................................................. 1, 726Panteli, Goran / Network Security Technologies NetSeT, Serbia ................................................................... 776Pantic, Maja / Imperial College London, UK & University of Twente, The Netherlands ............................. 15, 560Papagiannidis, Savvas / Newcastle University, UK ............................................................................................ 849Park, Seungkyu / Ajou University, South Korea ................................................................................................. 105Pasinetti, Chiara / Bocconi University, Italy ........................................................................................................... 1Poli, Roberto / University of Trento, Italy ......................................................................................................... 1093Pollock, David / University of Ulster, UK .......................................................................................................... 1573Poncelet, Pascal / EMA-LGI2P Site EERIE, France ......................................................................................... 1136Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA ........................................................... 1387Prata, Alcina / Polytechnic Institute of Setbal (IPS), Portugal ................................................................. 757, 763Proserpio, Luigi / Bocconi University, Italy ........................................................................................................ 873Provera, Bernardino / Bocconi University, Italy ................................................................................................ 873

Pulkkis, Gran / Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Finland ................................................................... 1558Quintino da Silva, Elaine / University of So Paulo, Brazil ............................................................................ 1264Raghavendra Rao, N. / SSN School of Management & Computer Applications, India ..................................... 178Rahman, Hakikur / SDNP, Bangladesh ............................................................................................ 735, 742, 1048Raisinghani, Mahesh S. / TWU School of Management, USA.................................................................... 312, 866Rajasingham, Lalita / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ............................................................... 61Rajauria, Pragya / University of Bridgeport, USA ........................................................................................... 1506Raman, Murali / Multimedia University, Malaysia .......................................................................................... 1551Ramayah, T. / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia ........................................................................................... 164Ratnasingam, Pauline / University of Central Missouri, USA ................................................................. 814, 1272Reiner Lang, Karl / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA .................................................. 254Resatsch, Florian / University of the Arts Berlin, Germany................................................................................ 113Richter, Kai / Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ............................................................................ 641Rivas, Samuel / LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain .................................................................. 749, 1023Rodrigues, Joel J. P. C. / University of Beira Interior, Portugal & Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal .............................................................................................................................................................. 1122Rodrguez de Lope, Laura / University of Cantabria, Spain ............................................................................. 276Rosenkrans, Ginger / Pepperdine University, USA .......................................................................................... 1545Rosson, Mary Beth / The Pennsylvania State University, USA .......................................................................... 539Rowe, Neil C. / U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA ............................................................................... 293, 546Roy, Abhijit / University of Scranton, USA ....................................................................................................... 1072Ruecker, Stan / University of Alberta, Canada ................................................................................................. 1240Ruela, Jos / Universidade do Porto, Portugal ................................................................................................... 482Ryu, Hokyoung / Massey University, New Zealand ............................................................................................ 230Saeed, Rashid A. / MIMOS BERHAD, Malaysia .............................................................................................. 1443Sahbudin, R. K. Z. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia .............................................................................. 1473Samad, M. D. A. / University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia .................................................................................. 1473Snchez-Segura, Maribel-Isabel / Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ......................................................... 22Santaniello, Mauro / Universit degli Studi di Salerno, Italy ............................................................................. 224Scheer, August-Wilhelm / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany .................................................. 1537Scholz, Sren W. / Bielefeld University, Germany .................................................................................... 880, 1257Seel, Christian / Institute for Information Systems (IWi), Germany ................................................................. 1537Seremeti, Lambrini / Hellenic Open Univsersity, Italy .................................................................................... 1093Shah, Subodh K. / University of Bridgeport, USA ............................................................................................ 1506Shen, Chyi-Lin / Hua Yuan Management Services Co. Ltd., Taiwan .................................................................. 489Shepherd, Jill / Simon Fraser University at Harbour Centre, Canada ............................................................... 581Shumack, Kellie A. / Mississippi State University, USA ..................................................................................... 619Singh, Ramanjit / University of Manchester, UK .............................................................................................. 1333Singh, Richa / West Virginia University, USA ...................................................................................................... 121So, Hyo-Jeong / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ....................................................................... 1366Sockel, Hy / DIKW Management Group, USA ................................................................................ 533, 1086, 1480Spiliopoulou, Anastasia S. / OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece ..............................................................................................................................................324, 341, 391, 451, 502, 854, 921, 1112, 1351St.Amant, Kirk / East Carolina University, USA ................................................................................................ 710Stern, Tziporah / Baruch College, CUNY, USA ................................................................................................ 1188Subramaniam, R. / Singapore National Academy of Science, Singapore & Nanyang Technological University, Sinapore .............................................................................................................................................. 552Suraweera, Theekshana / University of Canterbury, New Zealand ................................................................... 808wierzowicz, Janusz / Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland ..................................................................... 965Switzer, Jamie S. / Colorado State University, USA ......................................................................................... 1520Sze Hui Eow, Amy / National University of Singapore, Singapore................................................................... 1399

Tan, Ivy / University of Saskatchewan, Canada ................................................................................................ 1200Tan Wee Hin, Leo / Singapore National Academy of Science, Singapore & Nanyang Technological University, Sinapore .............................................................................................................................................. 552Tardini, Stefano / University of Lugano, Switzerland ......................................................................................... 349Tattersall, Colin / Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands ....................................................... 1100Tegze, Dvid / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary .................................................. 1307Teisseire, Maguelonne / LIRMM UMR CNRS 5506, France ............................................................................ 1136Tekli, Joe / University of Bourgogne, France ...................................................................................................... 140Teo, Timothy / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ......................................................................... 1359Terashima, Nobuyoshi / Waseda University, Japan ............................................................................................ 631Thelwall, Mike / University of Wolverhampton, UK ........................................................................................... 887Tiffin, John / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ............................................................................. 61Tomaevi, Violeta / Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia .......................................................................................... 776Tong, Carrison K.S. / Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong ..................................... 682, 1162Torrisi-Steele, Geraldine / Griffith University, Australia ................................................................................. 1391ugui, Alexandru / Al. I. Cuza University, Romania .......................................................................................... 187Turner, Kenneth J. / University of Stirling, UK ................................................................................................ 1171Uberti, Teodora Erika / Universit Cattolica, Italy ........................................................................................... 887Udoh, Emmanuel / Purdue University, USA ..................................................................................................... 1106van t Hooft, Mark / Kent State University, USA .................................................................................................. 41Varela, Carlos / Campos de Elvia, Spain ......................................................................................................... 1464Vatsa, Mayank / West Virginia University, USA .................................................................................................. 121Vehovar, Vasja / University of Ljubljana, Slovenia ........................................................................................... 1373Vernig, Peter M. / Suffolk University, USA ......................................................................................................... 240Vidovi, Slavko / University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia .............................................................................. 901Vinitzky, Gideon / The Hebrew University, Jerusalem ....................................................................................... 769VuDuong, Thang / France Telecom R&D, France .............................................................................................. 587Wagner, Ralf / University of Kassel, Germany .......................................................................... 318, 880, 978, 1257Wang, Ju / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA ............................................................................................. 9Wang, Shuyan / The University of Southern Mississippi, USA ........................................................................... 134Wang, Wenbo / Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China .................................................... 513Warkentin, Merrill / Mississippi State University, USA ..................................................................................... 356Wei, Chia-Hung / University of Warwick, UK .................................................................................................... 260Whitworth, Brian / Massey University, New Zealand ........................................................................................ 230Widn-Wulff, Gunilla / bo Akademi University, Finland................................................................................. 842Wong, Eric T.T. / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong ................................................... 682, 1162Wood-Bradley, Guy / Deakin University, Australia .......................................................................................... 1061Wood-Harper, Trevor / University of Manchester, UK .................................................................................... 1333Wright, Carol / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ................................................................................... 410Yang, Bo / Bowie State University, USA .............................................................................................................. 995Yang, Jun / Carnegie Mellon University, USA .................................................................................................... 986Yetongnon, Kokou / University of Bourgogne, France ....................................................................................... 140Zakaria, Norhayati / Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ............................................................................. 1499Zeadally, Sherali / University of the District of Columbia, USA .......................................................................... 90Zhuang, Yi / Zhejiang University, China ............................................................................................................. 986Zhuang, Yueting / Zhejiang University, China .................................................................................................... 986Zincir-Heywood, A. Nur / Dalhousie University, Canada ................................................................................. 305

Contentsby Volume

VOLuME I

Accessibility, Usability, and Functionality in T-Government Services / Margherita Pagani, BocconiUniversity, Italy; and Chiara Pasinetti, Boconni University, Italy ...................................................................... 1

Advances of Radio Interface in WCDMA Systems / Ju Wang, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; and Jonathan C.L. Liu, University of Florida, USA ............................................................................................ 9

Affective Computing / Maja Pantic, Imperial College, London, UK & University of Twente, The Netherlands ................................................................................................................................................. 15

Analysis of Platforms for E-Learning / Maribel-Isabel Snchez-Segura, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain; Antonio De Amescua, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain; Fuensanta Mediana-Dominguez,Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain; Arturo Mora-Soto, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain; and Luis Garcia, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain ......................................................................................... 22

Anthropologic Concepts in C2C in Virtual Communities / Lori N. K. Leonard, The University of Tulsa, USA; and Kiku Jones, The University of Tulsa, USA......................................................................................... 35

Anywhere Anytime Learning with Wireless Mobile Devices / Mark van t Hooft, Kent State University, USA; and Graham Brown-Martin, Handheld Learning Ltd, UK ...................................................................... 41

Application of Sound and Auditory Responses in E-Learning, The / Terry T. Kidd, University of Texas School of Public Health, USA ............................................................................................................................ 47

Application of the P2P Model for Adaptive Host Protection / Zoltan Czirkos, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary; and Gabor Hosszu, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary .......................................................................................................................................... 54

Application of Virtual Reality and HyperReality Technologies to Universities, The / Lalita Rajasingham, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand; and John Tiffin, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand ...................................................................................................................................................... 61

Architectures of the Interworking of 3G Cellular Networks and Wireless LANs / Maode Ma,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore .................................................................................................. 67

Argument Structure Models and Visualization / Ephraim Nissan, Goldsmiths College of theUniversity of London, UK .................................................................................................................................. 75

Assessing Digital Video Data Similarity / Waleed E. Farag, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA ......... 83

Audio Streaming to IP-Enabled Bluetooth Devices / Sherali Zeadally, University of the District of Columbia, USA ................................................................................................................................................. 90

Automatic Lecture Recording for Lightweight Content Production / Wolfgang Hrst, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany ................................................................................................. 98

Automatic Self Healing Using Immune Systems / Junaid Ahsenali Chaudhry, Ajou University, South Korea; and Seungkyu Park, Ajou University, South Korea .......................................................................................... 105

Basic Concepts of Mobile Radio Technologies / Christian Kaspar, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany; Florian Resatsch, University of Arts Berlin, Germany; and Svenja Hagenhoff, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany ......................................................................................... 113

Biometrics / Richa Singh, West Virginia University, USA; Mayank Vatsa, West Virginia University, USA; and Phalguni Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology, India ............................................................................. 121

Blogs as Corporate Tools / Michela Cortini, University of Bari, Italy ............................................................ 128

Blogs in Education / Shuyan Wang, The University of Southern Mississippi, USA ......................................... 134

Breakthroughs and Limitations of XML Grammar Similarity / Joe Tekli, University of Bourgogne, France; Richard Chbeir, University of Bourgogne, France; and Kokou Yetongnon, University of Bourgogne, France .............................................................................................................................................................. 140

Broadband Fiber Optical Access / George Heliotis, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Maria Belesioti, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; and Evangelia M. Georgiadou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece ................................................................................................... 149

Broadband Solutions for Residential Customers / Mariana Hentea, Excelsior College, USA ........................ 157

Broadband Solutions for the Last Mile to Malaysian Residential Customers / Saravanan Nathan Lurudusamy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia; and T. Ramayah, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia ........................................................................................................................................................... 164

Building Social Relationships in a Virtual Community of Gamers / Shafiz Affendi Mohd Yusof, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ............................................................................................................................... 171

Business Decisions through Mobile Computing / N. Raghavendra Rao, SSN School of Management & Computer Applications, India ......................................................................................................................... 178

Calm Technologies as the Future Goal of Information Technologies / Alexandru ugui, Al I. Cuza University, Romania ......................................................................................................................................... 187

Cell Broadcast as an Option for Emergency Warning Systems / Maria Belesioti, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; George Heliotis, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Evangelia M. Georgiadou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; and Elpida P. Chochliourou, General Prefectorial Hospital G. Gennimatas, Greece ................................................................................................................. 195

Characteristics, Limitations, and Potential of Advergames / Clin Guru, GSCM Montpellier Business School, France ................................................................................................................................................. 205

Circuit Switched to IP-Based Networks, From / Thomas M. Chen, Southern Methodist University, USA ..... 212

Cognitive Issues in Tailoring Multimedia Learning Technology to the Human Mind / Slava Kalyuga,The University of New South Wales, Australia ................................................................................................ 218

Community of Production / Francesco Amoretti, Universit degli Studi di Salerno, Italy; and Mauro Santaniello, Universit degli Studi di Salerno, Italy ............................................................................ 224

Comparison of Human and Computer Information Processing, A / Brian Whitworth, Massey University, New Zealand; and Hokyoung Ryu, Massey University, New Zealand ............................................................. 230

Conceptual, Methodological, and Ethical Challenges of Internet-Based Data Collection / Jonathan K. Lee, Suffolk University, USA; and Peter M. Vernig, Suffolk University, USA ............................. 240

Consumer Attitudes toward RFID Usage / Madlen Boslau, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany; and Britta Lietke, Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen, Germany ................................................................. 247

Content Sharing Systems for Digital Media / Jerald Hughes, University of Texas Pan-American, USA; and Karl Reiner Lang, Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA .......................................... 254

Content-Based Multimedia Retrieval / Chia-Hung Wei, University of Warwick, UK; and Chang-Tsun Li, University of Warwick, UK .............................................................................................................................. 260

Contract Negotiation in E-Marketplaces / Larbi Esmahi, Athabasca University, Canada; and Elarbi Badidi, United Arab Emirates University, UAE .................................................................................. 267

Cost Models for Bitstream Access Service / Klaus D. Hackbarth, University of Cantabria, Spain; Laura Rodrguez de Lope, University of Cantabria, Spain; and Gabriele Kulenkampff, WIK-Consult, Germany ........................................................................................................................................................... 276

Critical Issues and Implications of Digital TV Transition / In-Sook Jung, Kyungwon University, Korea ..... 286

Critical Issues in Content Repurposing for Small Devices / Neil C. Rowe, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA .................................................................................................................................................................. 293

Cross-Channel Cooperation / Tobias Kollmann, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Matthias Hsel, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany ............................................................................... 299

Current Challenges in Intrusion Detection Systems / H. Gunes Kayacik, Dalhousie University, Canada; and A. Nur Zincir-Heywood, Dalhousie University, Canada .......................................................................... 305

Current Impact and Future Trends of Mobile Devices and Mobile Applications / Mahesh S. Raisinghani,TWU School of Management, USA .................................................................................................................. 312

Customizing Multimedia with Multi-Trees / Ralf Wagner, University of Kassel, Germany ........................... 318

Dark Optical Fiber Models for Broadband Networked Cities / Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece; George K. Lalopoulos, Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (), Greece; and Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece ........................................................ 324

Design and Evaluation for the Future of m-Interaction / Joanna Lumsden, National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada .................................................................................................................. 332

Developing Content Delivery Networks / Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece; and Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece ........................................................ 341

Development of IT and Virtual Communities / Stefano Tardini, University of Lugano, Switzerland; and Lorenzo Cantoni, University of Lugano, Switzerland ............................................................................... 349

Developments and Defenses of Malicious Code / Xin Luo, University of New Mexico, USA; and Merrill Warkentin, Mississippi State University, USA .............................................................................. 356

Digital Filters / Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek, Institute for Astrophysics Optics and Electronics, INAOE, Mexico ................................................................................................................................................ 364

Digital Television and Breakthrough Innovation / Samira Dias dos Reis, Bocconi University, Italy ............. 373

Digital TV as a Tool to Create Multimedia Services Delivery Platform / Zbigniew Hulicki, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland ....................................................................................... 380

Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Evolution / Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece; Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece ............................................................... 391

Digital Watermarking and Steganography / Kuanchin Chen, Western Michigan University, USA ................. 402

Distance Education / Carol Wright, The Pennsylvania State University, USA ................................................ 410

Distance Learning Concepts and Technologies / Raymond Chiong, Swinburne University of Technology, Malaysia ........................................................................................................................................................... 417

DMB Market and Audience Attitude / Mi-kying Kim, Chungwoon University, South Korea ......................... 423

Dynamic Information Systems in Higher Education / Juha Kettunen, Turku University of Applied Science, Finland; Jouni Hautala, Turku University of Applied Science, Finland; and Mauri Kantola, Turku University of Applied Science, Finland............................................................................................................ 430

Educational Technology Standards in Focus / Michael ODea, York St John University, UK ....................... 436

Efficiency and Performance of Work Teams in Collaborative Online Learning / liane M.-F. Moreau, Universit du Qubec Trois Rivires, Canada .............................................................................................. 444

E-Learning Applications through Space Observations / Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece; Tilemachos D. Doukoglou; Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece; Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece; and George Heliotis,Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece .................................................................... 451

E-Learning Systems Content Adaptation Frameworks and Techniques / Tiong T. Goh, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand; and Kinshuk, Athabasca University, Canada .................................. 460

Elementary School Students, Information Retrieval, and the Web / Valerie Nesset, McGill University, Canada; and Andrew Large, McGill University, Canada ............................................................................... 469

Enhancing E-Commerce through Sticky Virtual Communities / Sumeet Gupta, National University of Singapore, Singapore ....................................................................................................................................... 477

Ethernet Passive Optical Networks / Mrio M. Freire, University of Beira Interior, Portugal; Paulo P. Monteiro, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal; Henrique J. A. da Silva, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal; and Jos Ruela, Universidade do Porto, Portugal .......................................................................................... 482

Evaluation of Interactive Digital TV Commerce Using the AHP Approach / Koong Lin, Tainan National University of the Arts, Taiwan; Chad Lin, Curtin University of Technology, Australia; and Chyi-Lin Shen,Hua Yuan Management Services Co. Ltd., Taiwan ......................................................................................... 489

Evolution not Revolution Next-Generation Wireless Telephony / Antti Ainamo, University of Turku (UTU), Finland ............................................................................................................................................................. 496

Evolution of DSL Technologies Over Copper Cabling / Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece; Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece; and Elpida Chochliourou, General Prefectorial Hospital G. Gennimatas, Greece .................................... 502

Evolution of TD-SCDMA Networks / Shuping Chen, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China; and Wenbo Wang, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China ................................ 513

Evolution of Technologies, Standards, and Deployment for 2G-5G Networks / Shakil Akhtar, Clayton State University, USA ......................................................................................................................... 522

VOLuME II

Examination of Website Usability, An / Louis K. Falk, University of Texas at Brownsville, USA; Hy Sockel, DIKW Management Group, USA; and Kuanchin Chen, Western Michigan University, USA ......................... 533

Experience Factors and Tool Use in End-User Web Development / Sue E. Kase, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; and Mary Beth Rosson, The Pennsylvania State University, USA .............................. 539

Exploiting Captions for Multimedia Data Mining / Neil Rowe, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA ........ 546

Extracting More Bandwidth Out of Twisted Pairs of Copper Wires / Leo Tan Wee Hin, Singapore National Academy of Science, Singapore & Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and R. Subramaniam, Singapore National Academy of Science, Singapore & Nanyang Technological University, Singapore ........ 552

Face for Interface / Maja Pantic, Imperial College London, UK & University of Twente, The Netherlands . 560

Fine-Grained Data Access for Networking Applications / Gbor Hossz, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary; Harith Indraratne, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ........................................................................................................................................................... 568

Global Address Allocation for Wide Area IP-Multicasting / Mihly Orosz, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary; Gbor Hosszu, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary; and Ferenc Kovacs, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary ...................... 574

Going Virtual / Evangelia Baralou, ALBA Graduate Business School, Greece; Jill Shepherd, Simon Fraser University at Harbour Centre, Canada ........................................................................................................... 581

Guaranteeing Quality of Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks / Noureddine Kettaf, Haute Alsace University, France; Hafid Abouaissa, Haute Alsace University, France; and Thang VuDuong,France Telecom R&D, France ......................................................................................................................... 587

High Speed Packet Access Broadband Mobile Communications / Athanassios C. Iossifides, Operation & Maintenance Department, Greece; and Spiros Louvros, Technological Educational Institution of Mesologi, Greece ............................................................................................................................................. 595

Historical Analysis of the Emergence of Free Cooperative Software Production, A / Nicolas Jullien, LUSSI TELECOM Bretagne-M@rsouin, France ............................................................................................ 605

History of Computer Networking Technology, A / Lawrence Hardy, Denver Public Schools, USA ............... 613

Honest Communication in Online Learning / Kellie A. Shumack, Mississippi State University, USA; and Jianxia Du, Mississippi State University, USA ......................................................................................... 619

Human Factors Assessment of Multimedia Products and Systems / Philip Kortum, Rice University, Texas, USA .................................................................................................................................................................. 625

HyperReality / Nobuyoshi Terashima, Waseda University, Japan................................................................... 631

Hypervideo / Kai Richter, Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany; Matthias Finke, Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany; Cristian Hofmann, Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany; and Dirk Balfanz, Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV), Germany ................................................................. 641

Impact of Broadband on Education in the USA, The / Paul Cleary, Northeastern University, USA .............. 648

Implementation of Quality of Service in VoIP / Indranil Bose, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Fong Man Chun Thomas, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong..................................................... 655

Implementing DWDM Lambda-Grids / Marlyn Kemper Littman, Nova Southeastern University, USA ....... 661

Information Security and Risk Management / Thomas M. Chen, Southern Methodist University, USA ........ 668

Information Security Management / Mariana Hentea, Excelsior College, USA ............................................. 675

Information Security Management in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems for the Healthcare Industry / Carrison K.S. Tong, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong; and Eric T.T. Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong ............................................................ 682

Information Security Threats to Network Based Information Systems / Sumeet Gupta, National University of Singapore, Singapore ................................................................................................................................... 691

Intellectual Property Protection in Software Enterprises / Juha Kettunen, Turku University of AppliedSciences, Finland; and Riika Kulmala, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Finland ................................. 697

Intelligent Personalization Agent for Product Brokering / Sheng-Uei Guan, Brunel University, UK ............. 703

Interacting Effectively in International Virtual Offices / Kirk St.Amant, East Carolina University, USA....... 710

Interaction between Mobile Agents and Web Services / Kamel Karoui, University of Monouba, Tunisia; and Fakher Ben Ftima, University of Monouba, Tunisia ................................................................................ 717

Interactive Digital Television / Margherita Pagani, Bocconi University, Italy ............................................... 726

Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education in Developing Countries / Hakikur Rahman, SDNP, Bangladesh ........................................................................................................................................... 735

Interactive Multimedia Technologies for Distance Education Systems / Hakikur Rahman, SDNP, Bangladesh ....................................................................................................................................................... 742

Interactive Playout of Digital Video Streams / Samuel Rivas, LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain; Miguel Barreiro, LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain; and Vctor M. Gulas, University of A Corua, MADS Group, Spain ....................................................................................................................... 749

Interactive Television Evolution / Alcina Prata, Polytechnic Institute of Setbal (IPS), Portugal ................. 757

Interactive Television Research Opportunities / Alcina Prata, Polytechnic Institute of Setbal (IPS), Portugal ........................................................................................................................................................... 763

Interface-Based Differences in Online Decision Making / David Mazursky, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem; and Gideon Vinitzky, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem ............................................................. 769

Internet and E-Business Security / Violeta Tomaevi, Mihajlo Pupin Institute, Serbia; Goran Panteli, Network Security Technologies NetSeT, Serbia; Slobodan Bojani, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain ................................................................................................................................................................ 776

Introducing Digital Case Library / John Carroll, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; Craig Ganoe, The Pennsylvania State University, USA; and Hao Jiang, The Pennsylvania State University, USA ............. 782

Investing in Multimedia Agents for E-Learning Solutions / Terry T. Kidd, University of Texas School of Public Health, USA ...................................................................................................................................... 789

Issues and Practices of Electronic Learning / James O. Danenberg, Western Michigan University, USA; and Kuanchin Chen, Western Michigan University, USA ................................................................................ 795

Issues with Distance Education in Sub-Saharan Africa / Rich Millham, Catholic University of Ghana, West Africa ....................................................................................................................................................... 802

IT Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises / Theekshana Suraweera, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; and Paul B. Cragg, University of Canterbury, New Zealand ................................................... 808

Knowledge Management and Information Technology Security Services / Pauline Ratnasingam, Central Missouri State University, USA .......................................................................................................... 814

Knowledge-Building through Collaborative Web-Based Learning Community or Ecology in Education / Percy Kwok, Logos Academy, China ............................................................................................................... 821

Latest Trends in Mobile Business / Sumeet Gupta, National University of Singapore, Singapore ................. 829

Leading Virtual Teams / Dan Novak, IBM Healthcare and Life Sciences, USA; and Mihai C. Bocarnea, Regent University, USA .................................................................................................................................... 835

Library 2.0 as a New Participatory Context / Gunilla Widn-Wulff, bo Akademi University, Finland; Isto Huvila, bo Akademi University, Finland; and Kim Holmberg, bo Akademi University, Finland ........ 842

Live Music and Performances in a Virtual World / Joanna Berry, Newcastle University, UK; and Savvas Papagiannidis, Newcastle University, UK .................................................................................... 849

Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) Policies in the European Framework / Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou,OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece; Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; George K. Lalopoulos, Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece; and Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece .............. 854

Managerial Analysis of Fiber Optic Communications, A / Mahesh S. Raisinghani, TWU School of Management, USA; and Hassan Ghanem, University of Dallas, USA ............................................................ 866

Managerial Computer Business Games / Luigi Proserpio, Bocconi University, Italy; Massimo Magni, Bocconi University, Italy; and Bernardino Provera, Bocconi University, Italy .............................................. 873

Marketing Research Using Multimedia Technologies / Martin Meiner, Bielefeld University, Germany; Sren W. Scholz, Bielefeld University, Germany; and Ralph Wagner, University of Kassel, Germany .......... 880

Measuring and Mapping the World Wide Web through Web Hyperlinks / Mario A. Maggioni, Universit Cattolica, Italy; Mike Thelwall, University of Wolverhampton, UK; and Teodora Erika Uberti, Universit Cattolica, Italy ................................................................................................................................................. 887

Media Channel Preferences of Mobile Communities / Peter J. Natale, Regent University, USA; and Mihai C. Bocarnea, Regent University, USA ................................................................................................... 894

Methodological Framework and Application Integration Services in Enterprise Information Systems / Darko Galinec, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Croatia, Republic of Croatia; and Slavko Vidovi, University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia ....................................................................................................... 901

Methods and Issues for Research in Virtual Communities / Stefano Pace, Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Italy .................................................................................................................................................................. 912

Methods for Dependability and Security Analysis of Large Networks / Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Regulatory Affairs, Greece; and Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece .................. 921

Mobile Agent Authentication and Authorization / Sheng-Uei Guan, Brunel University, UK ......................... 930

Mobile Computing and Commerce Legal Implications / Gundars Kaupins, Boise State University, USA..... 938

Mobile Geographic Information Services / Lin Hui, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Ye Lei, Shanghai GALILEO Industries Ltd. (SGI), China ........................................................................ 944

Mobile Web Services for Mobile Commerce / Subhankar Dhar, San Jose State University, USA ................. 950

Multimedia Content Protection Technology / Shiguo Lian, France Telecom R&D Beijing, China ................ 957

Multimedia Data Mining Trends and Challenges / Janusz wierzowicz, Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland .............................................................................................................................................................. 965

Multimedia Encryption / Shujun Li, FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany; Zhong Li, FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany; and Wolfgang Halang, FernUniversitaet in Hagen, Germany .......................................... 972

Multimedia for Direct Marketing / Ralf Wagner, University of Kassel, Germany; and Martin Meiner, Bielefeld University, Germany ........................................................................................................................ 978

Multimedia Information Retrieval at a Crossroad / Qing Li, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Yi Zhuang, Zhejiang University, China; Jun Yang, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; and Yueting Zhuang, Zhejiang University, China .............................................................................................................................. 986

Multimedia Representation / Bo Yang, Bowie State University, USA .............................................................. 995

Multimedia Standards for iTV Technology / Momouh Khadraoui, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; B. Hirsbrunner, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; D. Khadraoui, CRP Henri Tudor (CITI), Luxembourg; and F. Meinkhn, Cybercultus S.A., Luxembourg.................................................................... 1008

Multimedia Technologies in Education / Armando Cirrincione, Bocconi University, Italy .......................... 1017

Multiplexing Digital Multimedia Data / Samuel Rivas, LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain;Miguel Barreiro; LambdaStream Servicios Interactivos, Spain; and Vctor M. Gulas, University of A Corua, MADS Group, Spain ..................................................................................................................... 1023

Multi-User Virtual Environments for Teaching and Learning / Edward Dieterle, Harvard University, USA; and Jody Clarke, Harvard University, USA ................................................................................................... 1033

N-Dimensional Geometry and Kinaesthetic Space of the Internet, The / Peter Murphy, Monash University, Australia ........................................................................................................................ 1042

Network Deployment for Social Benefits in Developing Countries / Hakikur Rahman, SDNP, Bangladesh ..................................................................................................................................................... 1048

Network-Based Information System Model for Research / Jo-Mae B. Maris, Northern Arizona University, USA ................................................................................................................................................................ 1055

New Framework for Interactive Entertainment Technologies, A / Guy Wood-Bradley, Deakin University, Australia; and Kathy Blashki, Deakin University, Australia ......................................................................... 1061

New Technology for Empowering Virtual Communities / David Lebow, HyLighter, Inc., USA; Dale Lick,Florida State University, USA; and Hope Hartman, City College of New York, USA .................................. 1066

volume III

Online Communities and Social Networking / Abhijit Roy, University of Scranton, USA ............................ 1072

Online Education and Cultural Background / Elizabeth Koh, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and John Lim, National University of Singapore, Singapore ........................................................................ 1080

Online Privacy Issues / Hy Sockel, DIKW Management Group, USA; Kuanchin Chen, Western Michigan University, USA; and Louis K. Falk, University of Texas at Brownsville, USA ............................................ 1086

Ontology and Multimedia / Roberto Poli, University of Trento, Italy; Achilles Kameas, Hellenic Open University, Italy; and Lambrini Seremeti, Hellenic Open University, Italy ................................................... 1093

Open E-Learning Specification for Multiple Learners and Flexible Pedagogies, An / Colin Tattersall, Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands; Daniel Burgos, Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands; and Rob Koper, Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands .......................... 1100

Open Source Database Technologies / Emmanuel Udoh, Purdue University, USA ..................................... 1106

Opportunities and Challenges from Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) Technology / Ioannis Chochliouros, OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou,OTE S.A., General Directorate for Technology, Greece; Stergios P. Chochliouros, Independent Consultant, Greece; and George Agapiou, Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (), Greece ..................1112

Optical Burst Switch as a New Switching Paradigm for High-Speed Internet / Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, University of Beira Interior, Portugal & Institute of Telecommunications, Portugal; Mrio M. Freire, University of Beira Interior, Portugal; Paulo P. Monteiro, University of Aveiro, Portugal; and Pascal Lorenz, University of Haute Alsace, France ...................................................................................... 1122

Overview of Privilege Management Infrastructure (PMI), An / Darren P. Mundy, University of Hull, UK; and Oleksandr Otenko, Oracle Corporation, UK .......................................................................................... 1130

Peer-to-Peer Usage Analysis / Florent Masseglia, INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France; Pascal Poncelet, EMA-LGI2P Site EERIE, France; and Maguelonne Teisseire, LIRMM UMR CNRS 5506, France ............ 1136

Personalized Advertising Methods in Digital Interactive Television / George Lekakos, University of Cyprus, Cyprus; and Konstantinos Chorianopoulos, Ionian University, Greece ....................................................... 1142

Perspectives of Message-Based Service in Taiwan, The / Maria R. Lee, Shih-Chien University, Taiwan .... 1148

Pervasive iTV and Creative Networked Multimedia Systems / Anxo Cereijo Roibas, SCMIS, University of Brighton, UK; and Stephen Johnson, Mobility Research Centre, UK ..................................... 1154

Picture Archiving and Communication System for Public Healthcare / Carrison K.S. Tong, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong; and Eric T.T. Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong ................................................................................................................................... 1162

Policy-Based Management for Call Control / Kenneth J. Turner, University of Stirling, UK ....................... 1171

Polymer Optical Fibers (POF) Applications for Indoor Cell Coverage Transmission Infrastructure / Spiros Louvros, Technological Educational Institute of Messologi, Greece; and Athanassios C. Iossifides, Maintenance Department, No