endocrinechapter 47

• endocrine & nervous system• components

• Endocrine cells• Endocrine glands• Neurosecretory cells

• hormones vs. local signallers• target cells

• membrane-bound receptors• nuclear receptors

• steroids/lipid soluble

integration

signalling• signal categories

• autocrine• act on same cell or type

• paracrine• local signalers

• endocrine• hormones - long distance signalers

• pheromone

• paracrine regulation• Growth factors • nitric oxide (NO)• Prostaglandins (PGs) -- modified fatty acids.

• placenta• inflammation • blood flow to lungs.

paracrine

endocrine• invertebrates

• arthropods - extensive endocrine systems • prothoracicotrophic

hormone (PTTH),• ecdysone • juvenile hormone (JH)

Ecdysone

Brain

PTTH

EARLY LARVA

Neurosecretory cells

Corpus cardiacum

Corpus allatum

LATERLARVA PUPA ADULT

Low JHJuvenile

hormone (JH)

Prothoracicgland

• human endocrine system (9 glands)• hypothalamus

• tropic hormones• releasing hormones • inhibiting hormones

• pituitary• neurohypophysis • adenohypophysis

Posteriorpituitary

(neurohypophysis)Anteriorpituitary

Neurosecretory cells of the

hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Axon

HORMONE OxytocinADH

Kidney tubulesTARGET Mammary glands,uterine muscles

• pituitary• posterior pituitary

• oxytocin • antidiuretic hormone

• anterior pituitary• growth hormone (HGH)

• gigantism• acromegaly• hypopituitary dwarfism

• Prolactin (PRL)• Gonadotropins

• Follicle-stimulating hormone • Luteinizing hormone

• Endorphins

• pineal gland • melatonin

• pineal eye (parapineal or parietal eye)

• thyroid gland • development,

bioenergetics, and homeostasis

• hyperthyroidism• hypothyroidism

• Infants: cretinism.• Adults: weight gain,

lethargy, cold intolerance.• endemic goiter• calcitonin

• parathyroid glands (4)• parathyroid hormone

• hypoparathyroidism• tetany

• hyperparathyroidism -- • calciphylaxis --

• pancreas• Exocrine function• Endocrine function

• Insulin -- secreted by beta cells• hypoinsulinism: hyperglycemia

• Type I diabetes mellitus• Type II diabetes mellitus

• glucagon -- secreted by alpha cells.

Hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

glands

Pineal

Gonads

Adrenal cortex

Pancreas

glands