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Energy $avings Energy $avings OpportunitiesOpportunities
For North Carolina For North Carolina
Businesses and InstitutionsBusinesses and Institutions
What can I do What can I do nownow to curb rising utility to curb rising utility
costs?costs?
How can I better control How can I better control utility costs in the future?utility costs in the future?
Energy $avings WorkshopsEnergy $avings Workshops
AGENDAAGENDA
No Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost Opportunities
BreakBreak
Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
BreakBreak
Capital Cost OpportunitiesCapital Cost Opportunities
Wrap-upWrap-up
Energy Supply - Cost OutlookEnergy Supply - Cost Outlook
Natural Gas Prices - NC
02468
101214
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Sep
-05
$/10
00 C
F Natural Gas,Commercial
Natural Gas,Industrial
Source: EIA
Energy Supply – Cost OutlookEnergy Supply – Cost Outlook
Fuel Oil and Propane Prices
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan-
03
May
-03
Sep-0
3
Jan-
04
May
-04
Sep-0
4
Jan-
05
May
-05
Sep-0
5
cen
ts/g
allo
n
Propane -ResidentialFuel Oil,Residential
Source: EIA
Energy Supply - Cost OutlookEnergy Supply - Cost Outlook
NC Electricity Prices
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
ce
nts
/kW
h Electricity,Commercial
Electricity,Industrial
Source: EIA
Getting Started: Getting Started: Energy Conservation InitiativesEnergy Conservation Initiatives
Find a leaderFind a leader
Get all persons involved within the Get all persons involved within the organization to participate and cooperateorganization to participate and cooperate
Identify the opportunitiesIdentify the opportunities
ImplementationImplementation• no cost (behaviors, policy and no cost (behaviors, policy and
awareness)awareness)• low cost (operations & maintenance)low cost (operations & maintenance)• capital projectscapital projects
Measurement & VerificationMeasurement & Verification
Building SchedulesBuilding SchedulesAffect Affect allall categories of energy use categories of energy use
Create longer periods of unoccupied Create longer periods of unoccupied timetime
Optimize the use of facilitiesOptimize the use of facilities You may be keeping an entire You may be keeping an entire
building conditioned to use one roombuilding conditioned to use one room
HVAC HVAC No Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost Opportunities
Adjust your thermostatAdjust your thermostat• 70 deg max winter 76 deg min summer70 deg max winter 76 deg min summer• Why? For a business 1 deg = 3% savingsWhy? For a business 1 deg = 3% savings
Remove obstructions to radiators, air Remove obstructions to radiators, air diffusers, air intakesdiffusers, air intakes
Remove heat sources from underneath Remove heat sources from underneath thermostatsthermostats
During unoccupied times lower temp in During unoccupied times lower temp in winter – raise temp in summerwinter – raise temp in summer
BoilersBoilers• Reduce hot water temperature Reduce hot water temperature • Lower steam pressureLower steam pressure
Temperature Set-backsTemperature Set-backs During unoccupied timesDuring unoccupied times
One of the greatest energy savings potential in commercial buildings
Conduct set-backs manually or … Programmable 7-day Thermostats
($50-$200, manual override, locking) Proper use of Energy Managements Systems or
Building Automation System (BAS) Winter Set-back Temperature saving;Asheville Climate Example – Typical % savings
60 ° F 55 ° F 50 ° F10% 20% 30%
LightingLightingNo Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost Opportunities
When you leave the room When you leave the room TURN THEM OFFTURN THEM OFF Optimize use of day lightingOptimize use of day lighting Reduce lightingReduce lighting
• Make use of dual switchingMake use of dual switching Outdoor LightingOutdoor Lighting
• Decorative lighting – is it worth the price ?Decorative lighting – is it worth the price ? Vending MachinesVending Machines
• Have your distributor disconnect the lightsHave your distributor disconnect the lights
EquipmentEquipmentNo Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost Opportunities
Office equipmentOffice equipment When finished When finished TURN IT OFFTURN IT OFF If available enable sleep mode on all equipmentIf available enable sleep mode on all equipment Computer power save modeComputer power save mode
• Energy Star power management for computers and Energy Star power management for computers and monitors monitors
KitchensKitchens TURN IT OFFTURN IT OFF when finished when finished Turn offTurn off unneeded sections – (i.e. broilers, griddles, unneeded sections – (i.e. broilers, griddles,
etc.etc. Position equipment properlyPosition equipment properly Avoid excessive pre-heatingAvoid excessive pre-heating Full loads onlyFull loads only
Equipment Equipment (cont.)(cont.)
No Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost OpportunitiesRefrigeratorsRefrigerators Do you need it? Do you need it?
Consolidate?Consolidate? Load properlyLoad properly Keep the door shutKeep the door shut Check the Check the
Temperature settingsTemperature settings• Freezers (-14 to -8 Freezers (-14 to -8 °° F), F),
Refrig (35 - 38 Refrig (35 - 38 °° F) F) Position properlyPosition properly Clean the cooling coilsClean the cooling coils Check the door seals Check the door seals
Replacing a warped refrigerator gasket can save $50 per year.
Equipment Equipment (cont.)(cont.)
No Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost Opportunities
Air CompressorsAir Compressors TURN IT OFFTURN IT OFF when not in use when not in use Lower operating pressuresLower operating pressures
(2 psi reduction saves 1%)(2 psi reduction saves 1%) Consider the right applicationConsider the right application
Hot WaterHot WaterNo Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost Opportunities
Reduce hot water heater Reduce hot water heater temperature to 120temperature to 120°° F if allowable F if allowable
Turn heat off at hand washing Turn heat off at hand washing stationsstations
Turn offTurn off recirculation pumps recirculation pumps
MiscellaneousMiscellaneousNo Cost OpportunitiesNo Cost Opportunities
BuildingsBuildings Keep doors closedKeep doors closed Keep windows closedKeep windows closed Involve security and janitorial staff in your Involve security and janitorial staff in your
TURN IT OFF campaignTURN IT OFF campaign
WaterWater TURN IT OFFTURN IT OFF when not in use when not in use
• Do not leave hoses under pressure when Do not leave hoses under pressure when not in usenot in use
Water is not a broomWater is not a broom
Vehicle Use and Fuel SavingsVehicle Use and Fuel Savings TURN IT OFFTURN IT OFF reduce or eliminate idle time reduce or eliminate idle time Reduce aggressive driving. Avoid high Reduce aggressive driving. Avoid high
speeds. speeds. Maximize use of most efficient vehicles in Maximize use of most efficient vehicles in
your fleetyour fleet Car pool and task poolCar pool and task pool Become involved in Clean Cities programsBecome involved in Clean Cities programs Maintain vehicle properlyMaintain vehicle properly www.fueleconomy.govwww.fueleconomy.gov
Utility AccountingUtility Accounting
Track consumption as well as costTrack consumption as well as cost Know the vocabularyKnow the vocabulary
• kWh = total electricity used in billing kWh = total electricity used in billing period period
• kW = greatest 15 minute use in periodkW = greatest 15 minute use in period• BTU = British Thermal UnitBTU = British Thermal Unit• Therm = 100,000 BTU’sTherm = 100,000 BTU’s• Dekatherm (Dt) = 1,000,000 BTU’sDekatherm (Dt) = 1,000,000 BTU’s• CCF = Hundreds of cubic feet = 1 ThermCCF = Hundreds of cubic feet = 1 Therm• MCF = Thousands of cubic feetMCF = Thousands of cubic feet
Fuel Cost ComparisonFuel Cost Comparison
NC Commercial AveragesNC Commercial Averages Electricity: $0.069/kWhElectricity: $0.069/kWh
Natural gas Natural gas $1.50/therm$1.50/therm
Propane $1.60 / gallonPropane $1.60 / gallon #2 Fuel Oil #2 Fuel Oil
$1.94/gallon$1.94/gallon
Unit Energy Unit Energy ComparisonsComparisons
Electric Strip Heat: Electric Strip Heat: $19/MMbtu$19/MMbtu
Heat Pump: Heat Pump: $6.33/MMbtu$6.33/MMbtu
NG Furnace: NG Furnace: $15.00/MMbtu$15.00/MMbtu
Propane Furnace Propane Furnace $20.46/MMbtu$20.46/MMbtu
#2 Oil Furnace: #2 Oil Furnace: $15.85/MMbtu$15.85/MMbtu
Utility Rate AnalysisUtility Rate Analysis
No capital investment requiredNo capital investment required Do you understand how you are billed?Do you understand how you are billed? Many rate schedulesMany rate schedules Are you on the best rate schedule?Are you on the best rate schedule?
When to check?When to check? Who to work with?Who to work with?
Can you change operations to provide Can you change operations to provide quick savings?quick savings?
NC State Agencies are saving $650,000 annually through energy rate reviews
Utility AccountingUtility Accounting
Easy ways to track Easy ways to track bills & Usebills & Use• Go on line to view –Go on line to view –
Account informationAccount information
Energy UsageEnergy Usage
Energy analysisEnergy analysis
Benchmark your Benchmark your Energy UsageEnergy Usage• ToolsTools• www.energystar.govwww.energystar.gov
Energy LinksEnergy Links•State Energy Office http://www.energync.net/•DPPEA http://www.p2pays.org/http://www.p2pays.org/
•Progress Energyhttp://www.progress-energy.com/custservice/index.asp
•Duke Energy http://www.duke-energy.com/businesses/managing/•Dominion North Carolina Powerhttp://www.dom.com/about/companies/ncpower/index.jsp•ElectriCities http://www.electricities.com/index.htm•Co-ops http://www.ncemcs.com/north_carolina.htm
•PSNC http://www.scana.com/PSNC+Energy/Conservation/default.htm•Piedmont NG http://www.piedmontng.com/
Getting Started: Getting Started: Energy Conservation InitiativesEnergy Conservation Initiatives
Find a leaderFind a leader
Get all persons involved with organization to Get all persons involved with organization to participate and cooperateparticipate and cooperate
Identify the opportunitiesIdentify the opportunities
ImplementationImplementation• no cost (behaviors, policy and awareness)no cost (behaviors, policy and awareness)
• low cost (operations & maintenance)low cost (operations & maintenance)• Capital projectsCapital projects
Measurement & VerificationMeasurement & Verification
LifeLife Cycle Costing Cycle Costing The cheapest initial cost may be the The cheapest initial cost may be the
most expensive choicemost expensive choice To calculate:To calculate:
purchase price +purchase price + lifetime maintenance cost +lifetime maintenance cost +
lifetime operating cost (including lifetime operating cost (including energy) = energy) = total costtotal cost
Compare Compare total costtotal cost of all of all products being considered.products being considered.
HVAC HVAC Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
• Programmable 7-day thermostatsProgrammable 7-day thermostats• Special units for Heat PumpsSpecial units for Heat Pumps• Remember 1 degree = 3% savingsRemember 1 degree = 3% savings
• Thermostat locationThermostat location Replace air filters regularlyReplace air filters regularly Clean heat-transfer coils in heat pumps, Clean heat-transfer coils in heat pumps,
air conditioners and chillersair conditioners and chillers Inspect ducts for leaks and missing Inspect ducts for leaks and missing
insulationinsulation• Balance air flow in ducts to prevent cold spots in Balance air flow in ducts to prevent cold spots in
buildingbuilding
HVACHVAC (cont) (cont) Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
HVAC controls tune-upHVAC controls tune-up Boiler tune-upBoiler tune-up Survey steam traps for proper functionSurvey steam traps for proper function
• Repair traps as neededRepair traps as needed Radiator thermostat controlsRadiator thermostat controls Clean strainers/filters upstream of trapsClean strainers/filters upstream of traps Up to 5% savings for keeping steam Up to 5% savings for keeping steam
system maintainedsystem maintained
LightingLightingLow Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
Lighting Power DensityLighting Power Density
Building Building foot foot wattswatts
Categories Categories candles candles per per sf sf
OfficesOffices 30 - 5030 - 50 1 1 ClassroomClassroom 50 50 1.41.4 Bank LobbiesBank Lobbies 15 15 1.81.8 Garage Repair AreaGarage Repair Area 75 75 1.41.4 Bathroom, StairwellsBathroom, Stairwells 15 15 0.90.9 Library Study AreaLibrary Study Area 50 50 1.71.7
LightingLightingLow Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
Clean fixtures and bulbs periodicallyClean fixtures and bulbs periodically De-lampDe-lamp Lower room light levels and use task Lower room light levels and use task
lighting CFL (compact fluorescent lamp)lighting CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) Occupancy sensorsOccupancy sensors Replace EXIT signs with LED’sReplace EXIT signs with LED’s Replace T-12 with T-8 lampsReplace T-12 with T-8 lamps
• T8 lamps offer better performance, more T8 lamps offer better performance, more selection, less heat, & elimination of humselection, less heat, & elimination of hum
Replace incandescent lamps with CFLReplace incandescent lamps with CFL
Self-ballasted CFLsSelf-ballasted CFLs
T3&T4 Triple&Quad
T3&T4 Spiral
Medium & Candelabra Base
Candles
T4-AlineT3-Aline
Self Ballasted Compact Fluorescents- not to scale
Globe R40OutdoorPost-top R30
Incandescent vs. CFL Cost ComparisonIncandescent vs. CFL Cost Comparison
IncandescentIncandescent CFLCFL
WattsWatts 100100 2727
Rated LifeRated Life 750 hours750 hours 10,000 hours10,000 hours
No. Bulb per 10K hoursNo. Bulb per 10K hours 1313 11
kWh over 10K hourskWh over 10K hours 1,0001,000 270270
Cost per kWhCost per kWh $0.08$0.08 $0.08$0.08
Operating Cost over 10K Operating Cost over 10K hourshours
$80.00$80.00 $21.60$21.60
Cost per BulbCost per Bulb $0.50$0.50 $1.50$1.50
Bulb Cost over 10K Bulb Cost over 10K hourshours
$6.50$6.50 $1.50$1.50
Life Cycle CostLife Cycle Cost $86.50$86.50 $23.10$23.10
Net Savings over 10,000 hours: $63.40
EquipmentEquipmentLow Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
Office equipmentOffice equipment• Specify Energy Star equipment for new Specify Energy Star equipment for new
purchasespurchases• Flat panel computer monitorsFlat panel computer monitors Energy saving sensors on vending machinesEnergy saving sensors on vending machines
• Vendor Requirement in new contractsVendor Requirement in new contracts
Using Energy Star office equipment saves about $50 per employee per year.
Equipment Equipment (cont)(cont)
Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost OpportunitiesKitchensKitchens Replace warped refrigerator sealsReplace warped refrigerator seals Low flow pre-rinse sprayer (1.6 gpm)Low flow pre-rinse sprayer (1.6 gpm)
Hours of Hours of Spray Spray Valve Valve UsageUsage
Water Water SavingSaving
ssgallons/day gallons/day
Waste Water Waste Water SavingsSavings
gallons/day gallons/day
Gas Gas SavingSaving
sstherms/therms/day day
Annual Annual Dollar Dollar
SavingsSavings
2 2 hours/day hours/day 100100gallons gallons
100100gallons gallons
0.70.7therms therms
$400 - $400 - $500 $500
4 4 hours/day hours/day 200200gallons gallons
200200gallons gallons
1.31.3therms therms
$800 - $800 - $1,000 $1,000
6 6 hours/day hours/day 300300gallons gallons
300300gallons gallons 2.02.0
therms therms
$1,200 -$1,200 -$1,500$1,500
Equipment Equipment (cont)(cont)
Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
Air compressorsAir compressors Fix the leaks (a 1/16” leak wastes Fix the leaks (a 1/16” leak wastes
$667/year)$667/year) Use the right nozzlesUse the right nozzles Adequate ventilation in compressor roomAdequate ventilation in compressor room
• Use outside make-up air (save 5-7%)Use outside make-up air (save 5-7%)
Hot WaterHot WaterLow Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
Place timer on electric hot water Place timer on electric hot water heaterheater
When it fails, replace gas, tank style When it fails, replace gas, tank style hot water heater with on demand hot water heater with on demand hot water heaterhot water heater
Install pipe insulationInstall pipe insulation
MiscellaneousMiscellaneous
Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
BuildingsBuildings Insulation OpportunitiesInsulation Opportunities
• Walls Ceilings FloorsWalls Ceilings Floors Weather StrippingWeather Stripping
• Doors WindowsDoors Windows Gaskets for electrical wall plates on Gaskets for electrical wall plates on
outside wallsoutside walls
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous (cont)(cont) Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
WaterWater Showerheads (1.5 gallons per minute, Showerheads (1.5 gallons per minute,
gpm)gpm) Sink aerators (0.5 gpm)Sink aerators (0.5 gpm) Repair leaksRepair leaks
Don’t pay sewer charges on water you Don’t pay sewer charges on water you don’t dischargedon’t discharge
Water/sewer bills typically Water/sewer bills typically based on “water use” based on “water use”
Some water/sewer Some water/sewer authorities will reimburse authorities will reimburse you for water not you for water not dischargeddischarged
If you have cooling towers, If you have cooling towers, irrigation systems, or use irrigation systems, or use significant water in your significant water in your products, ask your water products, ask your water authority if option is authority if option is availableavailable
Typically requires a sub-Typically requires a sub-meter.meter.
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous (cont)(cont) Low Cost OpportunitiesLow Cost Opportunities
VehiclesVehicles Purchase most economical vehicle for taskPurchase most economical vehicle for task If available purchase flex fuel vehiclesIf available purchase flex fuel vehicles Look at hybridsLook at hybrids
Getting Started: Getting Started: Energy Conservation InitiativesEnergy Conservation Initiatives
Find a leaderFind a leader
Get all persons involved with organization to participate and Get all persons involved with organization to participate and cooperatecooperate
Identify the opportunitiesIdentify the opportunities
ImplementationImplementation• no cost (behaviors, policy and awareness)no cost (behaviors, policy and awareness)• low cost (operations & maintenance)low cost (operations & maintenance)
• Capital projectsCapital projects
Measurement & VerificationMeasurement & Verification
Financing Options for capital projectsFinancing Options for capital projects
Capital ProjectsCapital Projects
AuditsAudits Available from a variety of sources Available from a variety of sources Audit should be conducted based on Audit should be conducted based on
energy useenergy use Financial opportunitiesFinancial opportunities
• Performance contractingPerformance contracting• SEO loan programSEO loan program• DSIRE Web siteDSIRE Web site• Federal and state tax incentivesFederal and state tax incentives
Capital Projects Capital Projects (cont)(cont)
HVACHVAC Right size all equipmentRight size all equipment Ground source heat pumpsGround source heat pumps Variable speed drivesVariable speed drives Fuel use flexibilityFuel use flexibility Alternate fuel boilersAlternate fuel boilers Install building automation systemInstall building automation system Boiler economizerBoiler economizer Thermal storageThermal storage
Capital Projects Capital Projects (cont)(cont)
LightingLighting Complete building re-lampComplete building re-lamp Put lighting on building automation systemPut lighting on building automation system Side benefit – reduces HVAC loadSide benefit – reduces HVAC load LED traffic signalsLED traffic signals
EquipmentEquipment MotorsMotors Make vendors do life cycle cost analysis on major Make vendors do life cycle cost analysis on major
equipment purchasesequipment purchases Waste heat recoveryWaste heat recovery
Capital Projects Capital Projects (cont)(cont)
Hot waterHot water Solar hot water systemSolar hot water system Waste heat recoveryWaste heat recovery
BuildingsBuildings Insulate un-insulated areasInsulate un-insulated areas Reflective light-colored roofReflective light-colored roof Building automation system Building automation system
Capital Projects Capital Projects (cont)(cont)
WaterWater Cooling towersCooling towers IrrigationIrrigation Rain water catchmentsRain water catchments
MiscellaneousMiscellaneous Peak shaving generatorsPeak shaving generators Co-generationCo-generation PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic Wind Wind
A Quick Energy Quiz A Quick Energy Quiz 1.1. It’s better to turn off my lights every time I leave It’s better to turn off my lights every time I leave
my office than to just turn them off at the end of my office than to just turn them off at the end of the day.the day. True/ False True/ False
2.2. It takes more energy to set my thermostat lower It takes more energy to set my thermostat lower at night in the winter than it does to keep it at at night in the winter than it does to keep it at the same temperature all day and night True/ the same temperature all day and night True/ FalseFalse
3.3. It takes more energy to power down my monitor It takes more energy to power down my monitor during the day using available software, than to during the day using available software, than to leave it on all day. True/ False leave it on all day. True/ False
4.4. Fluorescent lights consume (circle one) 1/10 1/4 Fluorescent lights consume (circle one) 1/10 1/4 1/2 the energy of a regular incandescent light 1/2 the energy of a regular incandescent light bulb, and last (circle one) 2 times 10 times 15 bulb, and last (circle one) 2 times 10 times 15 times as long.times as long.
5.5. A space heater costs (circle one) $20 $50 $100 a A space heater costs (circle one) $20 $50 $100 a year for electricity.year for electricity.
PossibilitiesPossibilities
““We are all faced with We are all faced with magnificent opportunities, magnificent opportunities,
brilliantly disguised as brilliantly disguised as impossible situations.”impossible situations.”
Charles SwindollCharles Swindoll
Resource Providers…Resource Providers… State Energy OfficeState Energy Office
http://www.energync.net/http://www.energync.net/ Division of Pollution Prevention and Division of Pollution Prevention and
Environmental AssistanceEnvironmental Assistancehttp://www.p2pays.org/http://www.p2pays.org/
Waste Reduction PartnersWaste Reduction Partnershttp://www.landofsky.org/wrp/http://www.landofsky.org/wrp/
NCSU Industrial Extension ServiceNCSU Industrial Extension Servicehttp://www.ies.ncsu.edu/http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/
NCSU Industrial Assessment CenterNCSU Industrial Assessment Centerhttp://www.mae.ncsu.edu/Centers/IAC/http://www.mae.ncsu.edu/Centers/IAC/
Advanced EnergyAdvanced Energyhttp://www.advancedenergy.org/http://www.advancedenergy.org/
Resource Providers…Resource Providers… NC Solar CenterNC Solar Center
http://www.ncsc.ncsu.edu/default.cfmhttp://www.ncsc.ncsu.edu/default.cfm Database of State Incentives for Renewable EnergyDatabase of State Incentives for Renewable Energy
http://www.dsireusa.org/http://www.dsireusa.org/ Energy Star Home PageEnergy Star Home Page http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/ Energy Star Training PageEnergy Star Training Page
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_internet_presentationsc=business.bus_internet_presentations
Energy Star Computer Power ManagementEnergy Star Computer Power Managementhttp://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?
c=power_mgt.pr_power_managementc=power_mgt.pr_power_management The Food Service Technology Center The Food Service Technology Center
www.fishnick.comwww.fishnick.com US Department Of Energy (for vehicles)US Department Of Energy (for vehicles)
www.fueleconomy.govwww.fueleconomy.gov
Resource Providers…Resource Providers… DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
home page home page http://www.eere.energy.gov/http://www.eere.energy.gov/
DOE Comcheck Software downloadDOE Comcheck Software downloadhttp://www.energycodes.gov/comcheck/http://www.energycodes.gov/comcheck/
DOE Best Practices (MotorMaster download)DOE Best Practices (MotorMaster download)http://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/industry/bestpractices/software.htmlhttp://eereweb.ee.doe.gov/industry/bestpractices/software.html
Institute of Textile Technology (Service Listings)Institute of Textile Technology (Service Listings)http://www.itt.edu/Services/ServiceSheets.cfmhttp://www.itt.edu/Services/ServiceSheets.cfm
Los Angeles County wastewater digester gas to Los Angeles County wastewater digester gas to energy energy
http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2005/june/jun058.htmhttp://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2005/june/jun058.htm
Where do you use the most energy?Where do you use the most energy?Typical Office
HVAC
40%
Hot
Water
9%
Misc
Use
5%
Equipment
15%
Food
Prep
2%
Lighting
29%Source: Handbook of Energy Engineering, EIA, and NREL
