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Chapter 9 Energy in A Cell

Energy in A Cell. The Need for Energy Energy is Essential in life The major energy source molecule of the cell is ATP. This complex molecule is critical

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Energy in A Cell Slide 2 The Need for Energy Energy is Essential in life The major energy source molecule of the cell is ATP. This complex molecule is critical for all life from simplest to the most complex. In order to function, every machine requires specific parts such as screws, springs, cams, gears and pulleys. All biological machines must have many well- engineered parts to work. Ex. Include units called organs such s liver, kidney, and heart. Slide 3 The Need for Energy These complex life units are made from still smaller parts called cells which in turn are constructed from yet smaller machines known as organelles. Even below that level are other parts so small that they are formally classified as macromolecules ( large molecules) A critically important macromolecule second in importance only to DNA is ATP. ATP is a complex machine that serves as the primary source energy for the cell Slide 4 All fuel sources of nature, all foodstuffs of living things produce ATP which in turn powers virtually every activity of the cell and organism. ATP is an abbreviation for Adenosine Triphosphate. ATP contains the purine base adenine and the sugar ribose which together form the nucleotide adenosine. Slide 5 ATP The basic building blocks used to construct ATP are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphate. Slide 6 Forming/ Breaking Down ATP Bonding three phosphates groups to form ATP requires considerable energy. When only one phosphate bonds, a small amount of energy is required and the chemical bond does not store much energy. The molecule is Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP). When the second phosphate group is added, more energy is required to force the two groups together. This molecule is called Adenosine Diphosphate ( ADP) Slide 7 An even greater amount of energy is required to force a third charge phosphate group close enough to the other two to form a bond. When this bond is broken energy is released. When the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate groups in ATP is broken, energy is released and the resulting molecule is broken. At this point ADP can form ATP again by bonding with another phosphate group. Slide 8 Many proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind. When the phosphate is bond is broken and the energy released, the cell can use the energy for activities such as making a protein or transporting molecules through the plasma membrane. Slide 9 Trapping Energy from Sunlight The process that uses the suns energy to make simple sugars is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis happens in two phases. A. light dependent reactions converts light energy into chemical energy B. light independent reactions produce simple sugars. Slide 10 Photosynthesis Equation The general equation is written as follows. Slide 11 Chloroplast and Pigments Recall that the chloroplast is the cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs. It is the membranes of the thylakoid discs on chloroplast that the light dependent reactions take place. To trap the energy in the suns light, the thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll, molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight. Slide 12 Chlorophyll Although a photosynthesis contains several kinds of pigments, the most common is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most wavelengths of light except green. Because chlorophyll cannot absorb this wavelength, it is reflected, giving leaves a green appearance. Slide 13 Light- Dependent Reactions First phase of photosynthesis requires sunlight. It happens on the thylakoid membranes and creates ATP and NADPH that is required by the second phase of photosynthesis which is the Calvin Cycle. Slide 14 Light- Dependent Reactions Sunlight is being used to generate ATP energy molecule and the high energy electron carrier call NADPH that the Calvin Cycle requires. Where does it get the burning material for this. You get ADP and phosphate ions that has been used up by the Calvin Cycle as well NADPH+ empty electron carriers that has been used up by the Calvin Cycle. Slide 15 Light- Dependent Reactions Ultimately oxygen gas is kicked out as a waste product of the light dependent reactions. The oxygen came from water. Slide 16 Light dependent reactions depend on two major collections of light harvest pigments chlorophyll molecules are called photosystem II and photosystem I What happens is that energy in the form of light is absorbed by special pigments called chlorophyll. They pass this energy on to one of the reactions center and that reaction center molecule can actually lose a couple of electrons and those electrons carry energy away. Slide 17 So this reaction center flings this high energy electrons to do things. If you keep removing electrons from molecules those electrons are being used to form bonds of those molecules. So if that happens the molecules will pull apart. So we need to get replacements and thats the job of the photosystem II where there is a special enzyme that can grab electrons from water. Which makes the water fall apart into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas. Now those hydrogen ions have a positive charge because we took away their electrons Slide 18 Now the chloroplasts have a electron transport system. Well this system has a bunch of molecules sort of acting like wires which allow passage of electrons. Right in the middle of the light dependent reaction where is a pump that grabs hydrogen ions outside of the thylakoid and shoves them inside the thylakoid. Slide 19 Remember you have already hydrogen ions inside the thylakoids so we are forcing more into the membrane and this requires energy to force them in because there is a high positive charged. Thats why it requires energy to pull them in. Eventually those electrons have lost their energy because its been used to do something. Slide 20 So photosystem 1 also at the same time has been absorbing light and giving its energy from that light to some high energy electron carrier NADPH+. If you give them two electrons it becomes negatively charge and it grabs hydrogen ion from outside and becomes NADPH. That is one of the two things that is required by the Calvin Cycle for it to operate and to do carbon fixation. Slide 21 The last thing we need to generate is for the Calvin Cycle is ATP. That is where all these hydrogen ions that we have been building up inside the thylakoids membrane come into play. These high concentrations of hydrogen ions give us the ability to do some work. Slide 22 This difference from hydrogen ions on one side to the other side is called a chemiosomitic gradient. Its more than just a concentration gradient because all these hydrogen ions adding to one side and removing from the other side they have a charge. They have a positive region inside compared to the outside regions is negative. For this reason they are attracted to the other side as well as repelling each other. Slide 23 The last part of the light independent reactions is collection of molecules called ATP synthase. Its a specialized channel that as hydrogen ions go zipping down their gradient. Hydrogen ions go through the ATP synthase they force it to literally spin and while its spinning its grabs a ADP and a Phosphate and rams them together make ATP. The ATP floats away to the Calvin Cycle. Slide 24 Light- Independent Reactions Second phase of photosynthesis does not require light. Which gets its name light-independent reaction. It is called the Calvin Cycle, which is a series of reactions that use carbon dioxide to form sugars. The Calvin Cycle, named after Melvin Calvin uses energy from earlier to form glucose. The building of glucose by using carbon dioxide in the air is called carbon fixation. To fix an element or atom in scientific term is to put into usable form. Slide 25 Carbon fixation is the building of glusose or other sugars by using carbon dioxide in the air. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. It is using the energy in the ATP molecules and the energy of the electrons being carried by NADPH that were being provided to the stroma by light dependent reactions. Slide 26 The light dependent reactions occur on the thylakoid membrane and they send their materials, ATP and NADPH to the stroma Slide 27 The ATP and NADPH and those are being consumed by the Calvin Cycle as it takes in Carbon Dioxide for the air (carbon fixation) and spits out some sugars. Notice thats a cycle that starts off with some building materials adds the CO2 to them. Builds some glucose but has to recycle a lot of materials in order to have your starting materials from the beginning again. It send the used up NADP+ and ATP back to the thylakoid membrane Slide 28 The Calvin cycle begins with 5 carbon molecules called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). The Bid- just means that is has two phosphates on the end of this 5 carbon ribulose molecule. The P represents the phosphate. Slide 29 So we have our 5 carbon RuBP and we ram it to together the CO2 that is brought in from the outside to make it a 6 carbon molecule. It falls apart immediately because its unstable. It breaks apart into a pair of these phosphogylcerate (PG) molecules. For every 6 ribulose biphosphate that I add 6 carbons to that will give me 12 RuBP. This molecules needs to be energized in order to make the chemical changes that we want to make it. So we add a phosphate at the opposite end. It already has a phosphate and since we added another, now it is called biphophate glycerate (BPG). Slide 30 Now we can make some major changes and we can add some additional electrons from NADPH. These are special electrons have lots of energy. These high energy electrons allows to make major alterations turn the biophosphoglycerate into a different molecules called Glyceraldehyde(G3P) Slide 31 There are 12 of these 3 carbon molecules if you count up the carbons you have 36. You have 36 carbons but we need to recycle so we can go back to the beginning. Keep 30 of the carbons to keep the cycle going. So I can use 6 carbons to make glucose. C6H12O6. ATP comes along adds some energy and a bunch of enzymes to help this process happens and we recycle our way back to our staring material. Slide 32 Cellular Respiration Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The folded inner membrane is called cristae. The liquid in the mitochondria is called the matrix. The step of cellular respiration is glycolysis and that happens in the cytoplasm. The 2 nd step of cellulr respirations is called the Krebs Cycle. It happens in the matrix of the mitochondria. The ultimate yield of the Krebs cycle for every one glucose that enters the cells it gives you a 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2 Slide 33 Cellular Respiration The 3 rd step of cellular respirations is called Electron Transport chain and it happens in the cristae of the mitochondria. It uses high energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to make ATP. Slide 34 The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration. Glucoseenergy C6H12O6+6O2---- 6CO2+6H2O+energy= heat and energy ATP is the energy currency for our biological systems. Slide 35 Slide 36 3 stages of Cellular Respiration A. Glycolysis B. Citric Acid Cycle C. Electron Transport Chain The first stage is glycolysis, is anaerobic no oxygen is required. The last two stages are aerobic and requires oxygen to be completed. Glycolysis is broken up:Glyco =sugar -lysis=to split apart. Glycolysis is broken from a 6 carbon backbone into two and it is then called pyruvic acid. Slide 37 Glycolysis needs 2 ATPS and generates 4 ATPs. It generates 2 net ATPs. And then the pyruvic acid gets pulled onto Krebs Cycle and generates 2 more ATP. After glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle then you have the electron transport chain which gets credit for producing the bulk of the ATPs 34. Slide 38 When you start running out of oxygen some these by products of glycolysis instead of going into the Krebs Cycle of electron transport chain where they go through a side process called Fermentation. For some organism these process of fermentation takes your by products glycolysis and literally produces alcoholic fermentation and for humans it produces lactic acid fermentation. Slide 39 Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle are constantly taking NAD+ and adding hydrogen to it to form NADH. For 1 molecule of glucose this happens to 10 NAD+ to become NADH. These two things drive the electron transport chain. FADH2 and NADH get oxidized (combine with having a chemical reaction with oxygen) in the electron transport system to make ATP. Slide 40 So after you have completed the citric acid you have : 4 ATP 10 NADH (1 NADH make 3 ATP)= 30 2 FADH2 (1 FADH2 make 2 ATP)= 4 You have a total of 38 ATPs Slide 41 Slide 42 Slide 43