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EnergyPast, Present, Future

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Welcome!!!

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Introduction 1970, Club of Rome 1973, Arab Oil Embargo 1978, TMI Accident 1986, Chernobyl

Accident 1991, Rio Earth Summit, 1991, Gulf War I 1997, Kyoto Treaty 2002, Bush Denounced

the Kyoto Agreement 2003, Gulf War II 2006, Price of gasoline

reached all-time high

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Issues Big questions

How much longer petroleum will last? What are geopolitical concerns? What are economical effects? What are the environmental impacts?

Where are we going from here?

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Concerns Useful energy is being more scarce. Population increases at an exponential rate. Industrializations demands more and more

energy. Environmental problems becomes more

severe with increases in energy consumption. Limited resources can impact social, cultural,

and economical aspects of our lives. Global impacts could even be more serious.

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The Middle East

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Politics of Oil

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Why to be involved?

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Overview What is energy? Where is it coming from? What forms can it take?

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What is Energy? Energy is a property of matter that can be

converted into work, heat, light, or radiation. Phenomenological definition: “Energy is the

capacity to do work”. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but

can be converted from one form to another. When energy is used, its usefulness decreases

by an amount equal to the work done. Although different forms of energy can have

the same numerical value (quantitatively), they are not equally interchangeable (qualitatively)

Energy is not power.

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Where Does Energy Come From?

Big-bang (10-20 billion years ago) released tightly packed mass of elementary particles. Created stars, galaxies and planets. (Source of the Gravitational or Potential Energy)

Nuclear Breakup of mass Solar Radiation from stars (such as our Sun) Fossil and Biomass Conversion of solar

energy to mass Wind, wave, heat, geothermal, etc. are

different manifestations of the same energy.

Classifications Mechanical

Kinetic Wind Underwater

currents Potential (gravitational)

Hydroelectric (Waterfalls)

Wave (surface, tides)

Chemical Biomass Fossil

Geothermal Nuclear

Fission Fusion

Sun-based Photovoltaic

and solar thermal

Wind Hydroelectric Biomass And even fossil

fuels Earth-Based

Geothermal Nuclear

Earth-Moon-Sun Interaction

Tides

Primary Fossil Fuel

Coal Oil Natural

Gas Solar

WindWaveBiomass

Tides Geothermal Nuclear

Secondary Town Gas Alcohol Hydrogen Electricity

Energy and Power

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Problems Limited supply Exponential growth Lack of long term planning

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World Energy Consumption

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Per Capita Energy Consumption

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Consumption vs. Production Fifty years ago

We were using one barrel of oil for every six barrels we found

Today We are using four barrels of oil for

every barrel we find. U.S. has about 5% of the World’s

population, but use 25% of the world’s oil.

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World Energy Resources

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Life of reserves The United States

has: 2.5% of the

world’s remaining oil

3.5% of the world’s remaining natural gas

20% of the world’s remaining coal

At the current rate of consumption US will run out of Oil in 10 years Natural Gas in 12

years Coal in 300 years

But don’t forget the exponential growth and market forces!

Reserves

Fossil Fuel Reserves

Coal Oil Gas Total

United States 27% 2% 4% 19%

Russia 13% 6% 25% 16%

China 17% 1% 1% 9%

Saudi Arabia 0 21% 4% 5%

Wrld (bboe) 4,545 1342 1087 6974

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Exponential Growth

T2=70/

Example: In how many years would the US population double. The US birth rate is higher than death rate by 1.3%T=70/1.3=41 years.

2000 Census: 281 million (13.2% increase over 1990 data) 2041 Census (estimated): 562 million (probably too high)

RateGrowth Percentage

70Time-Doubling

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World Population Today, there are 6.2 billions people By 2050, population will increase to 10

billions (video)

The rate of growth is very different among different nations

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Consumption (2004 figures)

Resource US World

Fossil Fuels

80% 85%

Nuclear 10% 6.6%Hydro 5% 7.1%Biofuel 4.3% 0.9%Geothermal 0.5% 0.2%Wind 0.1% 0.1%Solar 0.1% 0.1%

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Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption

The Problem

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UnitsInternational (SI)

US Customary

Length m ft

Mass kg lbm

Time s s

Force N (newton) lbf

Energy J (joule) BTU

Power W (watt) hp

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Commonly used energy units Calorie (1 cc of water heated by 1oC) Food calorie (Calorie) (5 grams of lettuce) N.m, J, kJ, MJ, EJ, lb-ft kWh (1 light bulb for 10 hours) Quad (Word daily energy consumption) eV Ton of coal, Barrel of oil, Therm Bushel of corn Kiloton of TNT ….

Energy and Power

Energy could be in the form of heat or work Heat is thermal energy Work is mechanical energy

Power is the rate at which work is performed

t

WP

Hydrogen, Gasoline, Hamburger, and TNT

1 kilogram of Hydrogen = 1 gallon of gasoline 1 gallon of gasoline = 60 kilogram of TNT! Lb per lb, TNT has less energy than hamburger

or butter

Why don’t we use gasoline or chocolate chip cookie to blow up a tunnel?

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The answer is power

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Power Power Outputs of Few Basic Machines

Flashlight (LED) 1 W

Laptop Computer 10 W

Man (continuous) 100 W

Horse 746 W (1 horsepower)

Man (sprint) 1 kW

Energy Consumption in Average household 10 kW

Automobile (economy) 100 kW

Aircraft Fighter 1 MW

Steam Turbine 100 MW

Large Power Plant 1 GW

Space Shuttle 10 GW

World Total Energy Consumption Rate 10 TW

Hurricane 100 TW

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Units SI vs. US System of units

(m, kg, s) vs. (ft, lb, s) Force (N)

Energy (1 N.m = 1 J) 1 kJ = 1,000 J; 1 MJ=1,000,000 J Also expressed as barrel of oil, Quad, eV

Power (1 J/s= 1 W) 1 kW = 1,000 W; 1 MW=106 W; 1 GW=109 W Also expressed as horsepower, BTU/hr

Units Convention

Dr. Newton, Mr. Joule 235 newtons, 500

kilojoules, 10 kilograms 235 N, 500 kJ, 10 kg

1 mg= 0.001 g 1 kg=1000 g 1 Mg=1 metric ton

Power of ten notations

Prefix Symbol

10-12 pico p

10-9 nano n

10-6 micro

10-3 mili m

103 kilo k

106 Mega (million)

M

109 Giga (billion) G

1012 Tera (trillion) T

1015 Peta P

1018 Exa E

Types of Mechanical Energy Hydroelectric Tides Waves Wind

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Course Content

Physical Law (cannot change) Statistical Data (maybe questionable) Political, social, economical issues

(must be argued)

Keep your head clear

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Don’t take on more than you can handle

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You’ve got a long way to go, so enjoy the ride