Energy Transformations:

PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration

ATP & ADP ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates Energy storing molecule,

only stores “E” for a few minutes Source of all cell energy When 1 phosphate group breaks off

“E” is released!!!Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate

Adenine + ribose + 2 phosphates

Molecule that results from ATP losing 1 “P”

Another “P” may be added later

ADP ATP

Energy

Energy

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

You get energy from the food you eat. Where does the energy in food come from?

Almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism = SUN.

Figure 1 below shows how energy flows through living systems.

1. PLANT CONVERTS LIGHT “E” TO CHEMICAL “E”

2. ELK GETS “E” BY EATING PLANTS

3. LION GETS “E” FROM EATING ELK

How much energy is passed on between trophic levels?

Overview Photosynthesis Photosynthesis:

Process using “E” from sunlight to convert water and CO2 oxygen and carbohydrates (sugar; glucose)

Two parts: Light dependent reactions:

produce O2 & converts ADP to ATP

Calvin cycle (dark reactions): use ATP from light

reactions to produce sugars

Light Energy

CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Chloroplast

The Stages of Photosynthesis Stage 1 Energy is captured from sunlight. Stage 2 Light energy is converted to chemical

energy, Temporarily stored in ATP and the “E” carrier molecule

NADPH. Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and

NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, GLUCOSE! Using carbon dioxide!

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and algae and in the cell membrane of certain prokaryotes.

What are the substances used and produced during each stage of

photosynthesis?  Used Produced

Stage 1 Light, water Oxygen, hydrogen ions, excited electrons

Stage 2 Electrons, hydrogen ions ATP, NADPH

Stage 3 ATP, NADPH, carbon dioxide Organic compounds (GLUCOSE)

Why Do Plants Look Green?Many people think that plants are green because plants use green light during photosynthesis.

In fact, plants do NOT use green light

Instead red and blue light are used. Plants look green because they contain chlorophyll:

reflects green and yellow light absorbs blue and red light.

FORMULA for PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

6CO2 + 6H2O --- C6H12O6 + 6O2

Chloroplast

Chloroplast

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

Sugars

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTglday5zak&list=PL1E591143AD487F24

Cellular Respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eo5XndJaz-Y Respiration: process that releases energy by breaking down

food when oxygen is presentFormula:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Fermentation: respiration without oxygen present

Two types:

Alcoholic Fermentation:

form ethyl alcohol and CO2 as waste products; used to make bread rise

Lactic acid Fermentation:

produces lactic acid in muscles when exercising without enough oxygen

The Stages of Cellular Respiration

Stage 1 Stage 1 Glucose is broken down into pyruvate in a process known as GLYCOLYSIS! - 2 ATP are produced!

Stage 2 Pyruvate is used to create NADH and FADH2 (both are energy carrier molecules) in a process known as the KREBS CYCLE! - NO ATP is produced in the Kreb’s Cycle!

Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in NADH and FADH2 powers the formation of ATP in a process known as the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN! - 36 molecules of ATP are produced!

 38 Total ATP are produced per glucose molecule

during cellular respiration!!!

GLYCOLYSIS

What are the substances used and produced during each stage of cellular respiration?

Stages of Cellular Respiration

  Used Produced

Stage 1 Glucose pyruvate

Stage 2 pyruvate FADH2, NADH, CO2

Stage 3 FADH2, NADH, O2 Energy (ATP), H20

How Does Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Relate?

Almost opposite processes

Photosynthesis produces food (store)

Respiration breaks down food (releases)

Photosynthesis uses CO2 and releases O2

Respiration releases CO2 and uses O2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDwUVpOEoE4&feature=youtu.be