ENG2 Course Material

7/23/2019 ENG2 Course Material

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CHAPTER 1

GLOBALIZATION

Objectives:

At the end of this unit the student should

- be familiarized with specific vocabulary dealing with international trade and

globalization

- recognize and practice the vocabulary from the lesson

- be familiarized and use the tenses of the Indicative Mood correctly

SECTION A: INTRODUCTION

Pre-questions

1. How many of the items you have worn, used, eaten and drunk today come

from another country?

2. What do you understand by globalization? Do you think it has had any effect

on you as consumer?

1. The following texts are about globalization and how it affects businesses. Read

them and identify which one is:

a. in favour of globalization

b. neutral

c. against globalization

1.

How noble is global?

Globalization of the economy has brought immense benefits to advanced

countries, such as the UK, and has encouraged growth and development in many

Asian and Latin American countries, though Africa is not yet one of the

beneficiaries. One of the benefits of globalization is the widespread connecting of


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people, sharing of information and ideas brought about in part by the Internet. 160

million people are now connected to email. 400 million people now travel each

year to another continent, admittedly at great cost to the environment one

passenger journey produces as much pollution as a family car in one year.

2.

An entire global industry can be dominated by a small number of companies. For

example, 85% of global trade is controlled by just a few companies. An entire

country can depend on a single transnational company. Transnationals provideonly 5% of employment whilst controlling 70% of the world trade. 51% of the top

economic units in the world are now companies not countries. It is argued that

such companies are not intrinsically interested in the countries in which they

operate as employers and they have been accused of abusing their power. Often

they adopt lower health and safety standards and employ workers in countries with

the lowest wages and plough most of the profits and taxes back home.

3.

As an indication of the size and importance, the turnover of four of the biggest

transnationals, General Motors, Ford, Exxon, and Shell exceeds that of the whole

of Africa. Microsoft has optimized its operations to the extent that it is now larger

than many national economies (e.g. Switzerland). Twenty-five years ago there

were 7,000 transnationals; today there are 40,000. 90% are in the industrialised

world. The top 500 companies control 7% of world trade, 80% of foreign

investment and 30% of GNP. The combined turnover of the ten largest

transnationals exceeds the GNP of a large group of Third World countries.


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2. Complete the following sentences using appropriate words from the texts in

exercise 1. You will have sometimes to change the from of the word, as in the

model:

The effects of globalization are:

a. People ommuni te more with each other across the globe.

b. The economy of many Asian and Latin American countries has g________

and d________.

c. The Internet and email mean that people can sh________ ideas and

knowledge.

d. Tr________ between continents is much more widespread.

e. A few small companies can d________ an entire global industry.

f. The environment suffers from the p________ caused by the great increase

in air travel.

g. In some cases, small countries can d________ too heavily on a single

transnational company.

h. Global companies can ab________ their economic power by failing to

pl________ b________ their profits into the economies of the countries in

which they operate.

3. Identify the sentences in the previous exercise that refer to the advantages of

globalization and to its disadvantages and write next to them (A) and (D),

respectively. In groups of 3-4 students, discuss other advantages and

disadvantages of globalisation.

GOING GLOBAL

4. a. Before reading the text, answer and discuss the following questions:

What do you know about Boeing?

Where is its head office?

What do you think in-plantand out-plantmean?


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b. Now read the article excerpted from the Financial Times and check your

answers.

PHILIP CONDIT, CHAIRMAN OF BOEING TALKS

ABOUT THE PROBLEMS OF TURNING BOEING INTO

A GLOBAL COMPANY

Flight plan from Seattle

In the last thirty years, Philip Condit says,

not much has changed. The problem, he

says is not just that employees at Boeing

think of other countries as being exotic.

They take the same attitude to anywhere in

the US outside Seattle, where the

company has its headquarters and its most

important factories. Boeing staff talk about

something as being in-plant or out-plant.

In-plant means Seattle. Out-plant means

one of the groups other locations, such as

Wichita, Kansas.

Condit, who becameBoeings chairman in

February, wants to change all that. Over

the next 20 years, he wants Boeing to

become a global rather than a US

company. Boeing employees could be

forgiven for thinking that being a Seattle

company has served them well enough.

Boeing is the worlds most successful

aircraft maker.

Condit believes, however, that Boeing

cannot stand still. There are too manyexamples in aviation and other sectors of

what has happened to companies that

have tried that.

Last year, in a speech to managers, he

described his vision of what the group

would look like in 2016, its centenaryyear. He told them that Boeing would be

an aerospace company. It would not

repeat earlier mistakes such as attempting

to enter the train or boat-building business.

Second, he said, Boeing would be a global

enterprise. This would mean increasingthe number of countries of operation. He is

impressed, he says, by the way in which oil

companies have benefited from losing

national images. BP is probably the most

global company in the world. It is

interesting to see that in the US its

nationality has begun to disappear. Almost


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everybody in the US says BP and not

British Petroleum. It is a local kind of

company. Royal Dutch/Shell is another

group which manages to present itself as alocal company in the countries in which it

operates.

Would he be happy if 20 years from now

people did not think of Boeing as being a

US company? Yes, Condit says, I believe

we are moving towards an era of global

markets and global companies.


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5. Which of the statements are true? Correct the false ones.

a. Boeing employees seem to be rather conservative and inward-looking.b. The chairman of Boeing believes the company must make changes.

c. Boeing used to be in the train business.

d. The chairman thinks that Boeing is the most global company in the world.

e. The chairman wants people to identify Boeing as a US company.

6. When a company globalizes, it tries to choose the best method to enter its

overseas markets. Match the methods below with the definitions.

acquisition a. a company partly or wholly owned by a parent

company

joint venture b. giving someone the exclusive right to sell products in

a certain area

consortium c. selling the right to a manufacturers trademark,

usually in a foreign market

franchising d. buying or taking over another company

licensing e. a person or company who cooperates with a foreign

company who wishes to enter the market

local partner f. two or more companies join temporarily to carry out a

large project

subsidiary g. a group of companies in similar businesses working

together

7. Complete the following sentences with some of the methods listed in the

previous exercise.

1. Wal-Mart, a US retail chain, entered the Mexican market by setting up a 50-50

________ with a local Mexican retailer.


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2. When the Japanese tyre group Bridgestone entered the US market, it made an

________, buying the local production base of Firestone.

3. If a company wishes to enter the Chinese market, it usually looks for a

________ who will cooperate in setting up a joint venture.4. If a company is short on capital to expand overseas, it may prefer to have

________ or ________ agreements with local businesses.


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SECTION B:

LANGUAGE FOCUS - THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

Present Tense

Form:

To form affirmative statements:

Use the base form of the verb withI, you, we, they.

Iworkin a commercial bank.

You owna business.

We makeloans to businesses.Businesses often needmoney.

With he, she, it,(3rdperson singular), to the base form of the verb -sor -esis

added [-esis added after verbs which end ino, -ss, -x, -sh, (t)ch, consonant+

y: (yturns into iand adds -es)]

Edward designs clothes.

Martha sellsclothes.

Her store opensat 10.

To form negative statements, subject + do not/does not(= don't/doesn't) + base form

of the verb is used.

do not(= don't) + base form of the verb withI, you, we, they.

Idon't speakFrench.

does not(= doesn't) + base form of the verb with he, she, it.

He doesn't speakEnglish.

To form Yes/No questions,

do + subject + base form of the verb withI, you, we, they is used:

Doyou need a ride home?

does + subject + base form of the verb with he, she, itis used

Doesit eversnowin Florida?

A Yes/Noquestion is often answered with a short answer.

Yes+ subject pronoun + do/does.

A: Do I need a visa to enter the country?


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B: Yes, you do.

A: Does the train stop in Birmingham?

B: Yes, it does. No+ subject pronoun + don't/doesn't

A: Do you have any questions?

B:No, I don't.

A: Does this light work?

B:No, it doesn't.

To form questions (wh-questions), a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + do/does+ subject + base form of the verb is used.

How doyou spellyour last name?

Where doesthe company marketits products?

Uses of the Simple Present

The simple present is used for:

permanent truths

The sun risesin the east.Gases expand when heated.

conditionsand situationsthat existat the present time

My motherwearsglasses.

Iwork at Ace Electronics.

habitual actions

John travelsto Spain every year.

I usuallyget upat 6:30.

commentsand declarations

I hopeeverything will be all right.

I hearSara has been promoted.

I don't agreewith you.

future reference in describing scheduled events(assumed to be facts)

The plane leavesat 7:45 and arrivesat 10:20.


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future reference after some subordinating conjunctions

I'll call you whenIgetto San Francisco.

Whileis used for an event that is interrupted by or occurs at the same time as

another event. I'll make some phone calls whileyou finish your report.

Form of the Present Progressive [Continuous]

To form affirmativestatements, the following structures are used: subject + present

ofbe+ verb + -ing

am+ verb + -ing(1stperson singular)

I'm workingon a big project right now.

is+ verb + -ingwith the 3rdperson singular

Markis helpingme.

are+ verb + -ingwith the 1stperson plural, 2ndperson singular plural, 3rd

person plural

We're tryingto finish by Tuesday.

To form negative statements, subject + am/is/are+ not+ verb + -ingis used. Short

forms are normally used in conversation.

I'm not drivingto work today.

The headlights on the cararen't working.

Itisn't raining, so maybe I'll walk.

To form Yes/No questions, am/is/are+ subject + verb + -ingis used.

AmIwaitingin the right place?

IsMr. Jackson interviewingthe candidates?

Areyou applyingfor a position?

Arethey makinga decision today?


Yes+ subject pronoun + am/is/are(no short form)

A: Are you enjoying your visit?

B: Yes, I am.

No+ subject pronoun + am/is/are + not(using a short form in the negative):

A: Are you staying long?


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B:No, I'm not.

A: Is it still raining?

B:No, it isn't. ORNo, it's not.

A: Are they going to the meeting?

B:No, they aren't. ORNo, they're not.

To form (wh-questions), a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + am/is/are+

subject + verb + -ingis used.

What areyou doingafter work?

How isyour motherfeeling?Why arethey staringat us?

Uses of the Present Progressive [Continuous]

Use the present progressive for:

actions in progressat the moment of speaking

Shh. The baby is sleeping.

actions in progress around the presentI'm very nervous. I'm takingexams this week.

We're changingour accounting system at work.

temporary situations

He's visitinghis aunt in Miami.

She's studyingChinese.

I'm workingat a law firm for the summer. (= it's a temporary job)

Compare:She worksat a law firm. (= it's her regular job)

planned future actions

We're leavingfor Hong Kong tomorrow.

He's cominghome next week.

repeated actions(with always, constantly,etc.), it implies annoyance and

irritation on the part of the speaker

You're always complaining. You're never satisfied.


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There are some verbs which cannot be normally used with the continuous

(progressive) aspect.

states of being, seeming, having, orowning

The factory istwelve years old, but it stilllooks(= appears) new.Does this belongto you?

feelings

Ilikeyour new car.

mental states, such as thinking or believing

IthinkIknowthe answer.

the sensesand perception

He heardsomeone screaming.

wantsand preferences

Sheprefersto work by herself.

FEELINGS POSSESSION NEEDS AND

PREFERENCES

appreciate belong need

care have prefer

dislike own want

doubt possess wish

feel

hate THOUGHTS

hope agree

like believe

love consider

respect disagree

trust expect

guess

SENSES know

feel recognize

hear remember

look suspect

notice think

see understand

smell wonder

sound

taste

Past Tense


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Form of the Simple Past

To form affirmativestatements, use a simple past tense verb after the subject. The

form is the same for all subjects. Regular verbs add -edor -dto form the simple past tense.

IvisitedMaggie yesterday.

She movedto a new apartment last week.

Some verbs are irregular. Their past forms cannot be predicted. You must

learn them.

We atedinner out.

Then we wentto a movie.To form negativestatements, use subject + did not(= didn't) + base form of the verb.

I looked for her, but Ididn't seeher in the crowd.

She didn't staylong, because she had a headache.

To form Yes/No questions, use did+ subject + base form of the verb.

Didyou haveany trouble finding us?

Didanyone callwhile I was out?

Ayes/noquestion is often answered with a short answer. Yes+ subject pronoun + did

A: Did you get my message?

B: Yes, I did.

No+ subject pronoun + didn't

A: Did Rosa say where she was going?

B:No, she didn't.

To form a wh-question, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + did+ subject +

base form of the verb.

Where didtheygo?

Why didhe leave?

How long didyou staythere?

Uses of the Simple Past

Use the simple past for:


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actions or events that began and ended in the past. A time reference is

usually given or understood from the context.

Ispoketo the contractorthis morning.

We introducedtwo new products in January.Iplayeda lot of tennis when I was younger.

Inever metmy grandfather. (he is dead)

Who leftthe door open? (a moment ago-it is still open)

past habitual actions. A specific time period is usually given or understood.

My family renteda house at the beach every summerwhen I was a child.

He smokeda pack of cigarettes a day until he quit.

The past tense does not always refer to past time. It can also be used in present unrealconditionals, expressing wishes, and in making polite requests.

Iwonderedif you could give me a ride. (more tentative or polite thanI wonder if you

could give me a ride.)

In present unreal conditionalsin the if clause:

something that is totally impossible in the present

If Iknewthe answer, Iwould tellyou. (I don't know the answer.)

My mother died in 1994. If she werestill alive, she'd be67.

something that is possible, but perhaps not very likely

A: Could I look over the sales report?

B: Itwould bebetter if you waiteduntil tomorrow. We'll have the final figures

then.

If you really wantedto exercise, you would findthe time.

Expressing wishes

after the verb to wish the past tense to refer to present time

Iwish/If onlyIhada pen with me (now) so I could write that down.

Iwish/If onlyIdidn'thave to go to work now.

Wishcan be used for something that is impossible.

I wishI were twenty years younger.

Form of the Past Progressive [Continuous]

To form an affirmativestatement, use subject + past ofbe+ verb + -ing.


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Use was+ verb + -ingwithI, he, she, it.

A: Can I come in?

B: Of course. Iwas expectingyou.

She was sleepingwhen I called.

Use were+ verb + -ingwithyou, we, they

They were both workingfor the same company when they met.

To form negative statements, use subject + was not/were not(=wasn't/weren't) + verb

+ -ing

Could you repeat that, please? Iwasn't listening.

We weren't enjoyingthe play, so we left at the intermission.To form Yes/Noquestions, use was/were+ subject + verb + -ing.

Wasitrainingwhen you were out?

Wereyouplanningto work late today?

A Yes/No questionis often used with a short answer.

Yes+ subject pronoun + was/were

A: Were all the men at the meeting wearing ties?

B: Yes, they were. No+ subject pronoun + wasn't/weren't

A: Were you expecting this many people?

B:No, I wasn't.

To form a wh-question, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + was/were+

subject + verb + -ing.

What wereyou doingat nine o'clock last night?

Who wasEva talkingto when I came in?Why werethe children crying?


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Uses of the Past Progressive [Continuous]

Use the past progressive for:

actions or situations in progress at a point in the past

The picnic was cancelled yesterday because itwas raining.

A: Whatwereyou doingbetween 8:00 and 10:00 that night?

B: Iwas watchingtelevision.

two past actions in progress at the same time

While I was lookingat the sales figures, my assistant was answeringsome

e-mails.

At the time I was workingin the bank,I was also studyingengineering.

repeated actions

When he worked here, Patrickwas always makingmistakes.

polite requests

I was wonderingif you could give me a ride.

events planned in the past to take place at a later time ("future in the past")

We werejustgoingto leave when I fell and twisted my ankle.

(answering the phone)Hi, Annie. Iwas going tocall you today.

Use the past progressive (continuous) together with the simple past forpast actions

or situations interrupted by a shorter action or event.

The action in progress is often introduced by when, as, just as,orwhile.

Just as I was leavingthe house, the phone rang.

He learned how to ski when he was livingin Switzerland.

Whencan also introduce the shorter action.

We were having dinnerwhen he walked through the door.

I was waiting for the bus when a blue car pulled up.

Present Perfect

Form of the Simple Present Perfect


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To form affirmativestatements, use subject + present ofhave+ past participle.

Use have(= 've) + past participle withI, you, we, they

We're old friends. We've knowneach other since we were children.

Use has(= 's) + past participle with he, she, itThe weatherhas beengreat all week.

For regular verbs, the past participle has the same form as the simple past

tense

Andrew has workedfor us for two years. Before that, he worked(= simple

past)for an advertising agency.

For irregular verbs, the past participle and simple past are often different

Interest rates rose (= simple past) again today. In the past six months, theyhave risenalmost 5 percent.

To form negativestatements, use subject + have not/has not(= haven't/hasn't) + past

participle

I've tried calling several times, but Ihaven't beenable to reach her.

The company has not madea profit for three years.

To form Yes/Noquestions, use have/has+ subject + past participle.

Haveyou evereatenThai food?HasRebeccafinishedlaw school yet?

A Yes/No questionis often used with a short answer.

Yes+ subject pronoun + have/has:

A: Have you ever bought anything online?

B: Yes, I have.

A: Has Brian been to Greece before?

B: Yes, he has.

No+ subject pronoun + haven't/hasn't

A: Have you met Linda Chan?

B:No, I haven't.

A: Has the rain stopped?

B:No, it hasn't


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To form wh-questions, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + have/has+

subject + past participle.

Where hasVictorbeenall morning?

How long havethey knowneach other?

Uses of the Simple Present Perfect

Use the simple present perfect for actions occurring in a period of time up to the

present.

with already, before (now), ever, never, so far, yet

This is the most interesting bookI've everread.

A:Haveyoufinishedthe reportyet?B: Yes, I've already sentit out.

withjustorrecentlyforrecent actions (in American English, the simple past

tense can also be used)

They've just leftfor the airport.

with often, several times,etc., forrepeated or habitual actions

He has beento Japan twice in the past year.

I've often wonderedwhat happened to Tom. without an adverb of time or duration

We've hada lot of problems with the new software.

I can't find my keys. I've lookedeverywhere.

Use the simple present perfect for situations beginning in the past and continuing

up to now (and possibly into the future).

withsince+ point in time

Mr. Ito has beenwith the company since 1998.

withfor+ period of time

I've livedherefor five years. (and I still live here)

Compare:I lived here for five years. (but I don't live here now)

with adverbs of duration

I've always lovedto swim.


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Notice that the present perfect is not usually used with adverbs referring to a period of

time that has ended. Use the simple past instead.

I haven't seen Ahmed today, but Isawhimyesterday.

Form of the Present Perfect Progressive [Continuous]

To form affirmativestatements, use subject + present ofhave+ been+ verb + -ing.

Use have(= 've) + been+ verb + -ingwithI, you, we, they.

We've been waitingto see Ruth Goodman for almost an hour.

Use has(= 's) + been+ verb + -ingwith he, she, it.

She's been talkingon the phone to another client.

To form negativestatements, use subject + have not/has not(= haven't/hasn't) + been+ verb + -ing:

Use have not(= haven't) + been+ verb + -ingwithI, you, we, they.

Ihaven't been sleepingwell lately.

Use has not(= hasn't) + been+ verb + -ingwith he, she, it.

He hasn't been teachingfor very long. He just started teaching in September.

To form Yes/No questions, use have/has+ subject + been+ verb + -ing.

Haveyou been waitinglong?Hasyour departmentbeen workingon any new projects?


Yes+ subject pronoun + have/has

A: Has it been raining all day?

B: Yes, it has.

No+ subject pronoun + haven't/hasn't

A: Has Toshio been coming to class?

B:No, he hasn't.

To form wh-questions, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + have/has+

subject + been+ verb + -ing.

How long hasLili been studyingEnglish?

What haveyou been doingall morning?

Why hasn'tSteve been comingto the weekly meetings?


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Use of the Present Perfect Progressive [Continuous]

Use the present perfect progressive for:

actions that began in the past and are still in progress

He has been lookingfor a job for over two months, but he hasn't foundanything yet.

I've been paintingthis room for two days and I'm still not done. (= unfinished

action)

Compare:I've paintedthis room three times and I still don't like it. (=

completed action)

actions that have recently stopped and have effects now

Let's go for a walk. I've been sittingmost of the day.

repeated actions

The phone has been ringingall morning.

temporary actions or situations

I've been stayingat my cousin's house, but I'm moving to my own house next week.

Past Perfect

Form of the Simple Past Perfect

To form affirmativestatements, use subject + had(= 'd) + past participle.

My fatherhad beenwith the company for ten years before the merger.

We'djustboughta new house when he lost his job.

To form negativestatements, use subject + had not(= hadn't) + past participle.

He hadn't lookedfor a job for a long time.

To form Yes/No questions, use had+ subject + past participle.

Hadyou heardof the company before they offered you the job?


Yes+ subject pronoun + had.

A: Had he lived there his whole life up until that time?

B: Yes, he had.


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No+ subject pronoun + hadn't:

A: Had they met before then?

B:No, they hadn't.

A: When you got to the office, had she already left?

B:No, she hadn't.

To form wh-questions, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + had+ subject +

past participle.

Where hadyou workedbefore your last job?

Who hadthey interviewedbefore Cara?

How long hadhe workedthere before his retirement?

Uses of the Simple Past Perfect

Use the simple past perfect:

to show which of two past events happened firstIhadnevereatensushi before I moved to Japan. Now I love it.

When we arrived, Tom had already left.

to show that something happened before a time in the past:

Juliet was excited because she had never saileda boat before.

I began collecting stamps in February and by November Ihad collectedmore

than 500.

He had changedso much that I almost didn't recognize him. to describe things one hoped or wished to do but didn't (e.g., with expect,

hope, mean, suppose, think, want)

She had hopedto reach him before he left, but she was too late.

When, after, as soon as,orby the time thatare often used with the past perfect.

We went to bed as soon asour guests had gonehome.


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Notice that the past perfect is not always needed to show which event came first.

Sometimes either the past perfect or simple past can be used.

After I (had) checkedmy schedule for the day, Ireturnedsome phone calls.

Form of the Past Perfect Progressive [Continuous]To form affirmativestatements, use subject + had (= 'd) + been+ verb + ing

When I first met Joel, he'd been workingat Global for five years.

We had been hikingall day and we were very hungry.

To form negativestatements, use subject + had not(= hadn't) + been+ verb + -ing

I had almost finished the work when I was told that Ihadn't been doingit correctly.

To form Yes/No questions, use had + subject + been+ verb + -ing.

Hadyou been gettingenough sleep before you got sick?A Yes/Noquestion is often answered with a short answer.

Yes+ subject pronoun + had

A: Had she been working for the company long when she retired?

B: Yes, she had. Fifteen years.

No+ subject pronoun + hadn't

A: Had they been living in Paris for long at that time?

B:No, they hadn't.To form wh-questions, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + had+ subject +

been+ verb + -ing

Where hadyou been livingbefore you moved to Chicago?

How long hadyou been studyingEnglish when you got the job?

Use of the Past Perfect Progressive [Continuous]

Use the past perfect progressive for:

actions that began at an earlier time and were still in progress at a time in

the past

We'd been waitingfor three hours when we got the phone call. (= we were

still waiting)

Compare:We'd waitedfor three hours, so we decided to go home.(= we

stopped waiting and went home)


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actions that had recently endedand had an effect at a time in the past

He was very tired. He had been walkingfor hours.

The Future

Form of the Simple Future with will

To form affirmativestatements, use subject + will+ base form of the verb. The shortform 'llis usually used in conversation, especially after pronouns.I'll, you'll, he'll,

she'll, it'll, we'll, they'll.

I'll seeyou tomorrow.

The lawyers will reviewthe contract next week.

To form negativestatements, use subject + will not(= won't) + base form of the verb.

The short form is usually used in conversation.

Don't worry. Iwon't tellanyone.They won't signthe contract until their lawyers see it.

You won't believeit, but I won the lottery!

To form Yes/No questions, use will+ subject + base form of the verb.

Willthe furniture beready for delivery by the 15th?

Ayes/noquestion is often answered with a short answer:

Yes+ subject pronoun + will

A: Will patients have access to their medical records?

B: Yes, they will.

No+ subject pronoun + won't

A: Will I be responsible for phone sales?

B:No, you won't.

To form wh-questions, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + will+ subject +

base form of the verb.

When willyoufind outif you got the job?


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What time willthe meeting end?

How willwegetto our hotel from the airport?

Uses of the Simple Future with will

Use the simple future with willfor: making predictions

There's a lot to discuss. Itwill bea long meeting.

announcing decisions made at the moment of speaking

A: It's hot in here.

B: I'll opena window.

announcing scheduled events, especially in a formal style

The wedding will take placeon June 27th. making promises

Iwon't leavewithout you.

expressing hopes, expectations, and beliefs (e.g., afterassume, believe, doubt,

expect, hope, suppose, think)

I hope she'll getthe job.

A: Do you think he'll like the present?B:I'm sure he will.

Form of the Future Progressive [Continuous] with will

To form affirmativestatements, use subject + will(= 'll) + be+ verb + -ing.

In ten years, robots will be doingmany of our household chores.

We'll be waitingfor you at home after the game.

To form negativestatements, use subject + will not(= won't) + be+ verb +-ing. The

short form won'tis often used in conversation.Jorge won't be comingwith us. He had to take care of a family emergency.

To formyes/no questions, use will+ subject + be+ verb + -ing

Willyou be stoppingin London on this trip?


Yes+ subject pronoun + will

A: Will you be staying at the Madison Hotel?

B: Yes, I will.


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No+ subject pronoun + won't

A: Will Dr. Leon be giving tomorrow's lecture?

B:No, she won't.

To form wh-questions, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + will+ subject +be + verb + -ing.

When willyou be takingthe test?

Where willyou be stayingin Boston?

Uses of the Future Progressive [Continuous] with will

Use the future progressive for:

actions that will be in progress at a time in the future

We'd better hurry. The guests will be arrivingat any minute.By this time tomorrow, I'll be lyingon the beach.

making a question about plans sound more polite

Willyou be workinglate tonight?

When willyou be seeingDr. Weiss? (e.g.,assistant to supervisor)

Compare: When willyoufinishthese letters? (e.g., supervisor to assistant)

talking about planned events

The bus won't be leavinguntil six.We'll be spendingthe summer in California.

Form of thegoing to Future

To form affirmativestatements, use subject + am/is/are+going to+ base form of the

verb.

I'm going to meetwith the software developer tomorrow.

He's going to submita revised proposal by the end of the week.

They're going to installthe new system in two weeks.To form negativestatements, use subject + am/is/are+ not+going to+ base form of

the verb. Short forms are normally used in conversation.

I'm not going to cooktonight. We're eating out.

We aren't going to walkinto town. It's too hot.

Itisn't going to cool offuntil the weekend.

To form Yes/No questions, use am/is/are+ subject +going to+ base form of the

verb:


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Isshegoing to acceptthe job?

Areyougoing to tellhim the truth about what happened?


Yes+ subject pronoun + am/is/areA: Are they going to replace the damaged goods?

B: Yes, they are.

No+ subject pronoun + am/is/are+ not(using a short form in the negative)

A: Are you going to be around this weekend?

B:No, I'm not.

To form wh-questions, use a question-word (what, where, how,etc.) + am/is/are+

subject +going to+ base form of the verb.Which shoes areyougoing to wearto the party?

When isHelengoing to beback at work?

Uses of thegoing toFuture

Use thegoing tofuture for:

making predictions based on present evidence

Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain.Tom's always late for work. He's going to getfired.

My wife is going to havea baby.

plans and firm intentions

I'm going to beaway for a couple of weeks.

I've made my decision. I'm going to takethat job.

Form of the Simple Future Perfect

To form affirmativestatements, use subject + will(= 'll) + have+ past participle.By next year, we will have savedenough money to buy a house.

To form negativestatements, use subject + will not(= won't) + have+ past participle.

Payment is due tomorrow, but I'm afraid that they won't have receivedthe money yet.

To form Yes/No questions, use will+ subject + have+ past participle. To form a short

answer:


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Use Yes+ subject pronoun + will(have)

A: Willthe meeting have startedby the time we get there?

B: Yes, it will.

No+ subject pronoun + won't(have)A: Willyou have finishedthe report by then?

B:No, I won't have.


have+ past participle.

When willyou have finishedpaying off your loan?

Use of the Simple Future Perfect

Use the simple future perfect for:

actions that will be completed by a time in the future

Fumiko will have retiredby the year 2030.

states that continue up to the time mentioned (and may continue into the

future)

We will have been married for a year on June 25th.

Form of the Future Perfect Progressive [Continuous]

To form affirmativestatements, use subject + will(= 'll) + have been+ verb + -ing.

We'll have been livinghere for ten years by the end of the year.

To form negativestatements, use subject + will not(= won't) + have been+ verb +

-ing.

She won't be ready to take the exam next week. She won'teven have been studyingEnglish for six months at that point.

To form Yes/No questions, use will+ subject + have been+ verb + -ing. To form a

short answer, use Yes+ subject pronoun + will(have) orNo+ subject pronoun + won't

(have).

A: Willyou have been workingthere long enough by the end of the year to qualify for

a bonus?


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B: Yes, I will(have).

C:No, I won't(have).


have been+ verb + -ing.How long willyou have been workingthere at the end of next year?

Use of the Future Perfect Progressive [Continuous]

Use the future perfect progressive for actions that will be in progress at a time in the

future.

By this time next week, Iwill have been workingfor this company for twelve years.

Other Ways of Expressing the Future

Use the present progressive (continuous) and the simple present for firm future events.

Use be+ to+ verb in formal English for future plans or instructions.He is to giveus the signed contract on Monday.

All visitors are to leavethe building by 8:00 p.m.

The instructions said, "two tablets to be takenthree times a day."(passive)

We're meetinghim at the airport.

His planegets inat 9:30.

Use be+ due to+ verb in connection with schedules.

Flight 1561 is not due to arriveuntil 10:15.The workis due to finishby the middle of September.

Use be+ about to+ verb for something ready to start in the immediate future

Let's find our seats. The play is about to start.

Do not use these forms for predictions (e.g., notIt's raining tomorrow.)


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PRACTICE

1. Put the verbs in italics in the correct tense:

a. Its raining/ rainsvery hard. Can you give me a lift home?

b. I dont have / am not havingmuch spare time at the moment. Im

studying /studyto pass an exam.

c. The price of shares varies / is varyingaccording to economic

conditions.

d. Ispeak / am speakingFrench fluently because I grew up in Paris, but

Im forgetting / forgetmy German because I never use it.e. Anne normally deals / is dealing with enquiries from overseas, but Im

dealing / dealwith this one.

2. Put the verbs in parentheses either in the Present Simple or Continuous:

a. What he (talk) about? I (not understand).

b. Im afraid Mr. Passos is (have) lunch at the moment. (Have) anappointment?

c. We (interview) candidates for a new managerial post at the moment,

but we urgently (need) more secretarial staff.

d. The new model (perform) very well in all weather conditions. Its not

surprising that it (become) more and more popular.

e. I (think about) applying for the post in the Accounts Department. It

(depend) what the salary is.

3. Underline the correct from of the verbs typed in italics:

a. Islept / was sleepingwhen the fire alarm went / was going off.

b. A: Then we went to the pub.

B: What did you do / were you doingafter that?

c. We did / were doingbusiness with them on a few occasions.


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d. They lived / were livingin Paris first, then Bonn and then they moved /

were movingto Prague.

4. Underline the correct form of the verb, using the information in the sentencesbelow:

a. I didnt know he used / was usingPowerpoint. (I didnt know he knew how to

use Powerpoint)

b. I left / was leavingthe room when my boss came in. (I probably didnt want to

see my boss)

c. As I told / was tellingyou yesterday. (I probably have something more to tellyou)

d. They asked me what I did / was doing. (They wanted to know what my job

was)

5. Complete the expressions withforor since, as appropriate and then put them

in sentences of your own.

1. ________ the company was founded

2. ________ more than a year

3. ________ the introduction of the euro

4. ________ the last six weeks

5. ________ she got her degree

6. ________ Ive known you

6. Put the verbs in italics in the news report into right tense.

Devco announced / have announced that they are going to buy their

competitors QXT. QXT is / has been in serious financial problems for

over a year last quarters profits were / have beendown again by 60%.

In a statement released earlier today Devcos CEO, Alfonso Fuente,said

/ has said: We had / have hada lot of support from QXT shareholders


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and I assured / have assured them at the shareholders meeting last

week that Devco will do everything to turn the situation around within at

most six months. QXT union members are not / have not been so

confident. In a meeting last Friday they revealed / have revealed thatthey are / have beenworried about their jobs since news of a possible

takeoverhas been / was leaked to the press earlier this year.

7. Match the beginnings with the correct endings:

1. Shes been in Paris for six weeks a. shes learning French there.

b. she learnt French there.

2. Theyve gone to NY for a year

a. theyll be back next spring.

b. they came back last spring.

3. She was his project leader for six months and he

a. learnt a lot from her.b. has learned a lot.

4. I am here for six months

a. it will be a great experience

b. I have really enjoyed it.

5. I have been responsible for the Asian market

a. among other markets.

b. and then after the African market.

8. Choose the correct form of the verb typed in italics:

a. I have written / been writing emails all morning I have written / been

writing20 so far.

b. We have received / been receivingno reply to our request for information.


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c. He has worked / been working for several different companies. He has

worked / been workingfor his current company for six months.

d. He has worked / been workingtoo hard thats why hes always so tired.

e. They have known / been knowing each other since they were at schooltogether.

9. Read these extracts from emails and letters. Put the verbs between parentheses

into the correct tense:

1.

I hear you (have) problems with the new system. Sorry about this. I (speak) to theSystems Manager and she (promise) to get back to you by lunchtime. She also (ask)

me if you could send her the log file.

2.

Thanks for buying me lunch yesterday. Great to see you. It made a nice change as I

(be) so busy lately. By the way, I (forget) to ask you if you could give me your bosss

email address. We (work) on a project recently which I think she would be interestedin. Anyway take care and speak to you soon.

3.

We note from our records that we still not (receive) any payment of our invoice dated

3 March, reference number ZX45791. I would like to point out that this is the third

time we (request) payment. I would be grateful if you contact me about this as a

matter of urgency. I (try) to ring you several times and I (leave) several messages withyour secretary. I enclose a further copy of our invoice.

10. Underline the correct form of the verb in italics:

a. Isaw / had seenhis presentation before so I didnt want / hadnt wantedto

see it again.

b. I left / had leftan MP3 for repair it is ready yet?

c. We explained / had explainedthat the special offerfinished / had finished.


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d. I thought / had thoughtthat I told / had told you already.

11. Underline the correct form of the verb, using the information in the sentences

below:

a. I remembered that Jo worked / had worked for IBM. (Jo doesnt work for

IBM now)

b. I realized the boss was / had beenin the next room. (I could hear the bosss

voice)

c. They asked me if I came / had comefrom Beijing (They wanted to know

about my journey)d. When her husband left / had left for work she phoned her mother. (She

often phoned her mother)

12. Underline the most appropriate form of the verb in italics. In some cases

more than one form may be possible.


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The year is 2097 and some space scientists from around the world are meeting

to discuss what they have already prepared for future projects.

We are preparing / will prepare to send a rocket to Pluto, announced the

Americans. Itis having / will havesix men aboard and is staying / will stay

for a whole month before making the long trip back to Earth.

Thats nothing! said the Russians. Next week we are launching / are going

to launchour spaceship containing 200 men and women to Uranus. We will

probably start / are probably going to starta colony there.

Our country is beating / will beatyou both, said the British scientist. We

will / are going to senda rocket straight to the Sun.

How are you going to do / are you doing that? said the American and

Russian scientists. The rocketis going to / will meltbefore it gets there. No,

it isnt / wont, replied the British scientist. We will / are going to sendit up

at night.

13. Complete the following sentences using will, going to, or the present

continuous of the verb in brackets:

a. Could I speak to Mr. Yo, please? Yes of course, I (fetch) him.

b. Im afraid I cant come to the office dinner next week because I (go) on

holiday.

c. Weve finally made a decision about the product launch. We (go ahead) in

May.

d. Were running out of envelopes. I (order) more.

e. The photocopier doesnt work. OK. I (call) the engineer.

f. Hes resigned from the company and he (take) a job in New York.


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14. Underline the correct form of the verb, using the information in the sentences

below:

a. We will sell / are sellingthe company. (Weve found a buyer.)

b. I will meet / am meeting Jo at the airport. (Jo knows about this

arrangement)

c. I will help / am helpingher. (Ive just decided)

d. Shares in MBXwill / are going to fall. (I have some inside information)

e. Jo is going to teach / is teachingme Chinese. (Our lessons have already

begun)


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C. EXAM FOCUS

1. Victor said he .......his project two hours before.

a. started doingb. had started doing

c. will start doing

2. We.......started to negotiate when the door opened.

a. had just

b. have just

c. were just

3. The figures look pretty impressive! How are we........to maintain them?a. doing

b. going

c. go

4. How many copies......with the order?

a. did we sent

b. have you sended

c. did we send5. They.......at 8 oclock tomorrow morning.

a. left

b. be going to leave

c. are leaving

6. Unemployment.......so low since 1994.

a. is

b. hasnt beenc. wasnt

7. Paul......about the exam now. He thinks it was long and difficult.

a. is thinking

b. thinks

c. has thought

8. In 1995 Jane Wilson decided to use the money she.....from her father- a rich

farmer- in the commercial rather than agricultural sector.


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a. inherited

b. was inheriting

c. had inherited

9. The board......all staff a 10% pay rise because the company had done very well thatyear.

a. awarded

b. would award

c. had awarded

10. How long.........when she finally retired?

a. did she work

b. had she been workingc. has she been working

11. of the economy has brought immense benefits to countries

a. Globalization / advanced

b. Glocalization / poor

c. Globalizing / industrialized

12. One of the . of globalization is the .connecting of people.

a. benefices / spreadingb. benefits / widespread

c. beneficiaries / widespreading

13. As an indication of the size and importance, the of four of the biggest

transnationals, General Motors, Ford, Exxon, and Shell exceeds that of the whole of

Africa.

a. turning over

b. turnoutc. turnover

14. Boeing would be a . enterprise, increasing the number of of operation.

a. global / employers

b. global / countries

c. global / machines

15. An means buying or taking over another company.

a. acquisition


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b. acquiescence

c. acquiring

CHAPTER 2

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Objectives:

At the end of this unit students should

- be familiarized and able to discuss qualities of a good communicator

- recognize and practice the vocabulary of business communication

- be familiarized with and use the Conditional and Subjunctive Moods in

English


Starting up

What makes a good communicator? Choose the three most important factors.

fluency in the language a sense of humour

an extensive vocabulary grammatical accuracy

being a good listener not being afraid of making mistakes

physical appearance an awareness of body language

What other factors are important for communication?

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________

_________________


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_________________

Discuss these questions.

1. Which of the forms of written and spoken communication below do you use

most

in Romanian?in English?

written spoken

e-mails conversations

faxes interviews

letters meetings

memos negotiations

minutes phone calls

reports presentations

2. Which do you feel you do best? Which do you like least?

3. Do you use any other forms of communication?

What kinds of problems may occur with some of the forms of communication

above? Think about:

formality/informality

jargon

standard ways of doing things

technology

tone of voice


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visual gestures


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1. Which words below apply to good communicators and which apply to bad

communicators? Add two adjectives of your own to the list.

articulate coherent

eloquent fluent

focused hesitant

hesitant inhibited

realistic persuasive

rambling responsive

sensitive independent

. .

2. Which of the words above have the following meanings?

concise

unable to speak

talking in a confused way

able to express ideas well

clear and easy to understand

good at influencing people

3. Define the following styles of behaviour into pairs of opposites:

a) being group oriented

b) being cautious and careful

c) being decisive and able to take rapid individual decisions

d) being individualistic

e) being assertive, authoritative, ruthless, and competitive

f) being happy to take risks

g) being good at listening and sensitive to other peoples feelings

h) being intuitive

i) being logical, rational and analytic


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j) liking consensus and conciliation

4. Think of a good communicator in your group. Explain why he/she is good at

communicating.

Read the interview with Penny Logier, Retail Director at the London-based

communications agency MediaComTMB, and answer these questions.

1. What two factors have improved communication between companies and their

customers?

2. What does Penny Logier say about e-mail?3. What is an intranet?

(I = Interviewer, PL = Penny Logier)

I:Is communication between companies and their customers better now than in

the past and are there ways of improving it further?

PL:Tremendous in-roads has been made over the last two to three years, in termsof communication, and its been principally down to two quite distinct things. The

first is new technology and the second is the grasp that education and training is

very, very important. In terms of new technology, such things as e-mail, that now

the majority of people are on, makes it that we can actually talk to our clients

electronically, very quickly.

I: Can you give us examples of some really good communication betweencompanies and their customers?

PL: Yes, one of our key customers is the Volkswagen Group. It was very important

when we began a trading relationship with them to get communication lines very

clear. To this end, we set up an Intranet site between two companies. They can

therefore comment very quickly on changes that need to be made and we, in turn,

can respond back with speed.


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I:Can you think of any examples of when a breakdown in communication has

seriously affected a business?

PL: Yes, I can think of a number of instances where we, as a company, havenearly lost a client because there has been a fundamental breakdown in

communication. What I mean by that is that youve got two individuals who are

not really either hearing or listening. In other words, there has been a breakdown

in understanding.

I:And finally, is it possible to be a good manager but a poor communicator?

PL: No. Communication is the key. People have to understand what you are

trying to tell them to do. They have to have a long term strategy in terms of their

career development. People can talk to you on a one-to-one basis. You actually

encourage confidence then and get a rapport and a relationship with the

individual.

Here are some useful phrases related to problem-solving skills

Stating the problem

I wonder if you could help me.. Ive got a problem

There seems to be a problem. We havent received

Offering to help

How can I help?

Ill look into it right now and get back to you.

Apologising/showing understanding

Im really sorry about that. I do apologise

I understand how you feel.

Making suggestions

Perhaps we could

Would it be possible to ?

Requesting action


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Could you look into the matter?

Please can you check with


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Case Study: Communication consultants

Discuss these questions.

1. How much and in what ways is information shared within your company? Think

about:a. the means of sharing information

e.g. emails, memos, meetings

b. where information goes

e.g. between departments, top-down, (senior management to

employees) and bottom up (employees to senior management).

c. types of information

e.g. procedural/organizational how systems work within the

company, who is responsible for what.

motivational/managerial sales or production targets,

contracts and orders, sales figurespersonnel salaries, staff appointment

2. How effective do you think your companys external communications are/ think

about the company image. Read the text about a companys communication problems.

A rapidly expanding European company which sells software programs is

experiencing severe communications problems. The company has just opened

offices in Sydney, Australia. The MD (Managing Director) has to spend a lot

of time out of the office. He has too much work to do but is reluctant to

delegate. He prefers not to waste time holding internal meetings. He has nothad time to meet many of the newest members of staff. There is no formal

management structure within the company.

The company is expanding rapidly and needs to recruit at least 20 new staff.

The MD has previously selected all new personnel but now hasnt time. In

addition the last two new recruits both resigned after two months as they felt

they were not experienced enough for the posts and were not given enough

training. 50% of the 40 employees are non-native speakers who have just

relocated from various parts of Europe and Asia. Internal office relations are

not good and staffs are working under great pressure. Teams work in small

groups but without knowing what other people within the company do.

Some of the non-native speakers have difficulties understanding the English

of the native speakers. Clients are also getting frustrated as they often need to

phone for technical help and either no one understands the problem or no one

is available to help.

The MD is particularly worried about the high turnover in staff and the poor

office relations.


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Task:

Work in groups. You are a team in a company of consultants who specialize in

improving the way companies communicate both internally with employeesand also externally with clients. Look at the following questions.

1. Which aspects of the companys problems are related to communication? Make a

list of those that are not communication-related.

2. What are the main communication problems?

3. Decide which problems are the most serious and should take priority.

Produce the following, and decide in what form you would present each item to

the company (email, presentation, etc.)

some general initial advice you would offer the MD

a short-term action plan, with suggested actions listed in order of priority

what types of training courses you would recommend

what further information you would need to be able to offer long-term

solutions


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SECTION B:

LANGUAGE FOCUS CONDITIONALS.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

Conditional situations are where one action / event depends on another action/event

happening or not happening. We often use conditional structures in business

negotiations, where we want to make proposals.

Conditional sentences have two parts or clauses.

Condition clause Result clauseIf you pour oil on water, It floats

Zero conditional

We use the zero conditional to describe scientificand natural lawsand situations

that are always true.

If it doesnt rain for a long time, plants die.We also use the zero conditional to give instructions or orders:

If the accountant calls, tell her to wait.

We use the present tense in the condition clause and also in the result clause.

If fuel prices rise, people use their cars less.

N.B. If the sentence begins with the condition clause, comma is used between it and

the result clause.

First conditional

We use the first conditional to talk about future situationsthat are possible, likelyor

expected to happen. In business negotiations, we often use the first conditional to

make specific proposals.

If you increase the quantity, well give you a bigger discount.

We use the present tense in the condition clause and will+ the infinitive in the result

clause.


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If you deliver the goods next week, we will pay immediately.

In the result clause, we can use other modal verbs instead ofwill to show different

degrees of certainty, possibility, etc concerning the result.

If we buy a larger quantity, we may get a bigger discount.In the first conditional sentences, be careful not to use willin the condition clause.

If we lower the price, (notIf we will lower the price)

use:

stating a general rule

Ifcan be used to say what generally happens when something else happens. Both

verbs in this type of sentence are in the present simple tense:If you order in bulk, you usually get a discount.

If the paperwork is incomplete, the goods are often held up.

Speculating about the future

Ifcan also be used to speculate about the future consequences of a specific event.

If I do an MBA, Ill improve my job prospects.

If we break into the Indian market, our turnover will increase substantially.

Ifand unless

Unlessoften replaces if + negative expression:

If you dont wear a suit and tie, you wont be allowed into the club.

You wont be allowed into the club unless you wear a suit and tie.

Promising and threateningConditional statements can function as either promises, warnings and threats. (but

notice that unlesscannot be used to make a promise)

If you order now, youll get a free gift.

We wont be able to do business with you unless you comply with our ethical

policy.

Unless we receive payment by the end of the week, we will be forced to consider

legal action.


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Second conditional

We use the second conditional to talk about the future situations that are seen as

impossible, unlikely orhypothetical.

In business negotiations, we often use the second conditional to explore areas of

agreement and disagreement.

Wed be prepared to lower our price if you placed a bigger order.We use the past tense in the condition clause and would + infinitive in the result

clause.

If we reduced the price, we would sell more cars.

In the result clause, we can use other modal verbs instead ofwouldto show different

degrees of certainty, possibility, etc concerning the result.

If we bought a larger quantity, we might/could get a bigger discount.

Use:

imagining

If + past simple is used to refer to less probable situations.

Would/should/could/mightcould precede the verb in the subordinate clause.

If every piece of mail were personalized with your company logo or message, your

customers might be very impressed.Imagine what would happen if all the worlds stock exchanges crashed.

It is possible to use if I wereorif I wasin both formal and informal styles:

If I was rich, I would buy a house.

Bargaining

It is common to make hypothetical statementsin negotiations. Compare:

a. If you give us 5 % discount, well make a firm order of 5,000 units.


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(this is almost a promise)

b. If you gave us a 5% discount, wed make a firm order of 5,000 units.

(this is a more tentative offer)

Provided (that)/so long as/on condition (that)

When starting a condition it is also possible to use provided (that), so long asor

on condition(that)

Provided (that) they dont go back on their offer, well sign the agreement next

week.

Well be happy to work with you so long asyou pay half of the advertising costs.We might be able to reduce the number of hours worked on condition (that)there

is an increase in productivity.

Third conditional

We use third conditional to reflect on the past to say what would have happened if

things had been different.

We use the past perfect tense in the condition clause and would have + the past

participle in the result clause.

If Id known you were coming, Id have arranged a demonstration.

Use:

speculating about the past when talking about things which did not happen in

the past.

If the earnings ratio had been higher, I would have bought some shares.

If we had anticipated the crash, we wouldnt have lost so much money.

The merger could have succeeded if the management styles hadnt been so

different.


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The presentation might have been better if she had felt more confident.

Alternatives to if

These are mostly used in the first and second conditionals.

Whensuggests that, in the speakers mind, the condition is certain to happenbut the time of the result is not known.

When the temperature reaches 30 degrees, the air-conditioning turns on.

As soon as is similar towhen, except that it implies that the result will happen

immediately the condition is met.

As soon as I hear the news, Ill tell you whether we won the award.

Unlessmeans the same as if notorif I/you, etc do not

Unless I hear from the client today, Ill cancel the order(= if I dont hear from the

client)

In caseis often used when we think ahead about possible problems and try to

avoid by doing something in advance

Ill give you my mobile phone number in case you need to contact me.

Provided thatand on condition thatare used as more formal alternatives to if.

For example, they are often used in contractual or legal documents and in

formal negotiations.

Provided that you complete the installation on time, we will make a bonus

payment.


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We will give you a full refund on condition that you return the products

undamaged.


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Practice:

1. Write the words in the correct order to make zero conditional sentences:

If provide request it, we people enough a translator.

If expands you heat, it metal

.

If fall usually increases Prices supply

.

If you window that button, the opens press

.You regards him Give to Gerard if my see

.

2. Use your own ideas to complete the conditional sentences. Decide if they

should be zero or first conditional.

1. I can never sleep at night if

I drink too much coffee during the day.2. If theres a good film on TV tonight,

.

3. If I have some free time this weekend, I

.

4. I wont buy a new computer this year if

.5. If I get lost in a foreign city, I

.

6. Ill take up a new hobby this year if

.

7. Ill be amazed if

.


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3. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the box:

fall buy cancel go increase

If I _____ a house, Id save money in the long term.

Youd arrive earlier if you _____ by train.

Wed _____ our order if you reduced the price.

If interest rates _____, wed take out a loan.

I dont know what Id do if they _____ the flight.

4. Match the two halves of the third conditional sentences:

1. If we hadnt borrowed so much money,

2. If Id passed my driving test first time,

3. If youd listened to me,

4. If wed got our product to market before our competitor,

5. If Joan hadnt been wearing her seat belt,a. you wouldnt have lost all that money on the stock market.

b. I would have saved a lot of time and money.

c. she would have been very seriously injured.

d. We would have been the market leader.

e. We wouldnt have gone bankrupt.

5. Rewrite the sentences, correcting the mistakes.

Ill have a holiday in Bali next year if Ill get a pay rise.

If I would get a pay rise, Id buy a new car.

If youll see John, please ask him where the file is.

Well reduce the price if youd order more.


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6. Match the sentence halves:

1. If the government lowers interest rates,

2. If you want to play golf well,

3. If inflation is high,

4. If the national currency is strong,

5. If you have an offshore bank account,

6. If you pay people peanuts,7. If a firm doesnt advertise,

a. it loses market share

b. people tend not to save

c. it is more difficult to export

d. you get monkeys.

e. you have to practice regularly

f. it makes borrowing easierg. you dont pay income tax.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE

We use the subjunctive form in certain fixed expressions and after some verbs whichexpress the idea of necessity, importance, etc. The subjunctive form can be used to

refer to events and situations in the past, present or future.

One form is the same as the infinitive without to. It does not show any marking for

tense and can be used to refer to events in the past, present or future.

We use it most often in that clauses after certain verbs (e.g. ask, demand, insist,

propose, recommend, request, suggest), and after adjectives (e.g. advisable, desirable,


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eager essential, important, necessary, vital), to express the idea that something is

important or necessary:

At yesterdays hearing the judge insisted (that) Mr. Bright give evidencedespite his relationship to the accused.

In future it will be vitalthat each partygivefull disclosure prior to trial.

In less formal contexts, the construction SHOULD + short infinitivecan be used.

They demanded that the employee should resign.

We can use passive and negative forms of the subjunctive:

Members of the committee suggested England be excluded from future

international competitions.Regulations require that officers not enter the crime scene without protective

clothing.

The subjunctive is used in reported speech and very formal language:

She insisted that shepayher own way.

We require that all receipts be submitted to the committee for approval.

It is vital that every applicantcompletethe form in triplicate.

It is vital that every applicantshould completethe form in triplicate.

There are some fixed expressions which use subjunctive forms (the so-called Old

Subjunctive):

Blessyou!

Long livethe republic!

After a number of expressions, like if only, we use past tenses to describe things in the

present, past or future which are imagined or unreal, also suggesting regret:

If only Iwere rich.

Other introducing expressions like if only are:

Its time

What if

Suppose/Supposing


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Would rather, would sooner, as if, as though, wish

Present:

Its time they were forcedto solve the problem. Future:

I wish Iwere comingwith you tomorrow.

Past:

I wish Ihad neverstartedthe course. (But I have started it)

We use wish/if only + past simpleto express a desire for something to be different in

the present:IwishIhadmore free time.

If onlyIwereyoung again.

We use wish/if only + past perfect to express regret about the past, a wish that

something different had happened:

Iwishthat youd told me about this before I bought the tickets.

If onlyhe hadnt been drivingso fast!

Practice:

1. Choose between hopeand wish in each sentence:

a. I hope/wish Ill see you again soon.

b. I hope/wish the weather improves soon.

c. I hope/wish you didnt have to go.d. I hope/wish I knew the answer.

e. I hope/wish we could meet next week.

2. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.

a. I would say it was time you _____ (start) working seriously.

b. Id rather you _____ (not watch) TV while I am reading.

c. I wish I _____ (spend) more time swimming last summer.


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d. Helen is so bossy. She acts as if she _____ (own) the place.

e. I wish you _____ (not keep) coming late to class.

f. Suppose a complete stranger _____ (leave) you a lot of money in their will!

g. I wish I _____ (go) to your party after all.h. The government demanded that the ambassador ____ (be) recalled.

3. Correct the errors in each sentence:

a. Its time I go.

b. I wish I own a house.

c. I wish we are not leaving in the morning.

d. Joan would rather reading than doing anything else.e. I hope it would stop raining.

4. Rewrite each sentence:

a. It would be nice to be able to fly.

I wish I could fly.

b. I wish I hadnt heard that.

Id rather you .

c. everyone wished they had listened more carefully to the lecture.

Everyone regretted .

d. Unfortunately Ive got to work tonight.

I wish .

e. Is it better for me to leave?

Would you .

f. Its a pity I cant borrow your car.

I wish you would


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g. We really must discuss this again.

Its important that .

C. EXAM FOCUS

1. If I late, I get tired.

a. working

b. am working c. late

2. If I the answer, you.

a. know, I tell

b. knew, Id tell

c. would know, Id tell

3. If I you were coming, I you at the station.

a. knew, would meet

b. knew, would have met

c. would have known, met

4. Its time we .

a. leave


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b. would leave

c. left

5. If the museum for entry, a lot of people to visit it.a. charges, wont be able

b. will charge, will not be able

c. charge, wont

6. If the results of the customer survey are favourable, the supermarket a new range

of products.

a. introduce b. is going to introduce

c. are introducing

7. The company will impose sanctions

a. if workers dont abandon the strike.

b. if the workers wont abandon the strike.c. if the workers dont go on strike.

8. If they wanted to make an offer, she

a. would listen and take it over.

b. listened and took it over.

c. be listening.

9. If you with this matter, Id be very grateful.

a. could deal

b. will deal

c. deal

10. It easier to break the news if I her a bit better.

a. may have been, had known


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b. might have been, knew

c. might have been, had not known

11. Id rather you .. . a. you dont smoke in here.

b. you didnt smoke in here.

c. you wont smoke in here.

12. He acts ..

a. as if he were in charge.

b. as he is in charge. c. as if he being charged

13. I wish I .

a. hadnt worked tonight.

b. work tonight

c. was working tonight

14. I it was time you working seriously.

a. would suggest, start

b. would say, started

c. say, start

15. They . that he leave.

a. suggest, would b. demanded, should

c. demanded, will leave


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CHAPTER 3

BUSINESS AND CULTURE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter, students should better understand

- the role of culture in multinationals

- how people integrate in different cultures

- the special vocabulary used in multicultural communication- the use of modal verbs in the same context of interculturality.


1. a. Answer the following questions from your knowledge of the world, then

check your answers by reading the text below.

a. What do you know about multiculturalism?

b. Are companies that contain more than one ethny manageable? Refer to

French and British people, for example.

c. What laws against discrimination do you know?

d. What do you think about the integration of Muslim people in Western

societies?e. How do French and British citizens see ethnic integration?

Many French people feel deeply uncomfortable about defiant, assertive Islam.

France, after all, is home to biggest Muslim population (outside Turkey):

some 5m next to 3m in Germany and 1.5m in Britain. The country has about

1.600 mosques or prayer halls. Many young French Muslims find no difficulty

in balancing private faith with French secularism. But an increasing vocal

minority many of whom speak no Arabic and freely mix Nike trainers with the

hijab, find such compromise unacceptable. France can either attempt acompromise, and allow Islam and other ethnic groups and religions a public


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voice, or it can impose on its ethnically and ideologically diverse citizens.

The fear is that giving in to one demand will lead to many more.

The British model of integration consists, essentially, of not worrying about

it. Where the French have an official High Council of Integration designed to

ensure that the process takes place, The British shy away from the term.Ethnic minority groups are not only left alone by the state to practice their

faith, language or culture, but are encouraged and subsidised to do so. In one

or two schools the wearing of headscarves has caused trouble; but this is

seen as a problem for schools governors, not for politicians.

Britain does not use quotas or American- style affirmative-action

programmes to enforce multiculturalism. It relies, in part, on the routine

acceptance of it, and also strong laws against discrimination. The task is now

on employers to prove that they have not discriminated, rather than on

employees to show that they have been treated unfairly.

France has none of this. In secularist French theory, the principle of

rigorous, colour-blind equality before the law should remove the need for

positive-discrimination.

France may celebrate its multi-ethnic national football team; Zinedine Zidane

was voted the most admired Frenchman last year. But such exceptions, mostly

in arts or sports, stand out.

In terms of political representation, Britain scores better. At the latest count,

there were 12 ethnic minority members of Parliament and 24 such membersof the House of Lords. The French National assembly contains no Muslims,

and the black faces are those from the French overseas constituencies. Even

the French Socialist party, with its links to anti-racism movements, has no

black deputies.

Excerpted fromThe Economist, 2004

b. Fill in the following dialogue about different management styles with the

necessary modals:

Speaker 1: Presumably you worked for British companies before and here youre

working for a company which is mainly French run. ..there be many

differences in management style?

Speaker 2: There are some differences in management style, yes, but we

overcome these by achieving a kind of compromise.

Speaker1: Where friction arise, if there is any kind of friction?

Speaker 2: Well, the friction is very superficial usually; there is no fundamental

friction. The real relationships are very good. I think that it be fair to say that it


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takes longer in French management to take a decision. If you have a meeting it

.take a long time and from a British point of view it seemed sometimes the same

point is argued over and over again. Then, most British people say well, we

..hope to work five or six years and then we review the position and see ifthere is a better career in the same line of business. This is a natural thing in Britain,

but it is not so in France.

Speaker 1: The French company seems to be more hierarchical than British

companies.

Speaker 2: Yes, this be another basic difference. There is less delegation in

French companies. You get matters which ..be decided at a relatively low level in

British management, and at a higher level in French management.

c. Now say if the following are true or false:

French and British management styles are exactly the same

Decisions are reached more quickly under British management than

under French management

There are no irritations in such multinationals.

d. Complete the chart below, using as many modals as possible:

Subject British companies French companies

mobility of labour

decision making

hierarchy


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PROJECT WORK

Pick up one of the following subjects to write a report on it; besides the

information you have got so far, you may find the one in the text below quite

useful.

Subjects

What basis is there for the national stereotype, or so-called national

characteristics?

What are the problems involved in running a multinational team or

company?

What sorts of friction can arise in multinational or multicultural groups?


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Multinationals

The multinational company is the most familiar character in this globalized

world. It is the most admired, most feared, yet most elusive of the actors

shaping the world of the 21stcentury.

The global corporation is the driving force of this dominant process of our

time, which is globalization. This process is driving the world economy to a

state where hundreds of dominant multinational enterprises interact with

each other and define a new global organizational and managerial model.

Any effort to develop a global business must first recognize the existence of

cultural nuances and how such values and attitudes vary. The main challenge

is to maximize the potential of cultural diversity. The answer lies in

recognizing this as a unique source for innovative ideas that will make a

company more competitive in the future.

Today one cannot afford to ignore such cultural nuances. The impact of

transnational corporations has been significant; in 1997 the United Nations

reported that the number of such multinational companies increased from

7000 to over 60 000 during the past 25 years, controlling at least 500 000

foreign affiliates and accounting in 1998 for over $ 11 trillion in worldwide

sales (compared with the world trade in that years of almost $ 7 trillion

meaning that international production by multinationals has overtaken world

trade as the dominant international dynamic). The trade between these firms

has been increasing faster than the world trade overall, while investments by

these firms (foreign direct investment) are also increasing faster than theworld trade growth.

Among these 60.000 firms there are typical multinational enterprises that

have rich resources, operating in more than 100 countries, multiple site

covering research & development, production, logistic, marketing, and

customer support (General Electric, General Motors, IBM, Motorola, NEC,

Siemens, Unilever). There are also firms which are quite different from these

conventional multinationals. For example, there are much smaller

multinational companies, both in terms of resources, staff and capital

micro-multinationals. There are similar young, technology-based

internalizing firms in Sweden, called infant multinationals. Despite the

image of the multinationals, as being huge conglomerates, the majority of the

worlds firms are quite small, to 250 employees.

SECTION B: LANGUAGE FOCUS

MODAL VERBS

A modal - always comes before another verb: You should go.

is not followed by to: NOT : You may to go


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its form never changes, there is no son the third person, no ing form,

no past tense.

Questions are formed by inverting the modal and the subject: Example:ShouldI go?

Modals express the speakers judgement about the likelihood or desirability of a

situation. Most of them can be used to talk about probability, possibility. They can

also express obligation or willingness.

Ability

We use canto say that someone is able/not able to do something.

E.g. Our new divisional managercanspeak four languages fluently.

He cantdrive, hes never learnt how to.

We use couldto speak of a past ability.

E.g. He couldplay the piano when he was five years old.

Could may also indicate disapproval when something is or was not done.

E.g. She couldmake more than an effort

She could havetold me beforehand- I needed to know.

Obligation, prohibition

We use mustorhas/ have toindicate what is compulsory in the present and future.

E.g. Any change in taxation mustbe fair.

All travellers to China have tobe in possession of a visa.

Mustcan also be used in reported speech.

E.g. The London Chamber of Commerce said the governmentmustact to tackle the

capitals traffic problems.


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If something was necessary or obligatory in the past we use had toand we use will

have tofor the future.

E.g. When we lived in Sao Paulo, we had tolearn some Portuguese.We will have toevaluate the new procedures regularly.

The absence of future obligation is expressed by will not/ wont have to.

E.g. If you open a bank account in the Bahamas, you wont have topay income tax.

We prefer to use mustwhen we oblige ourselves to do something.

We prefer have to when the obligation is imposed by other people or external

circumstances.

E.g. I mustremember to get in touch with Mr.

Documents

ENG2 Course Material