Engineering Council of India · 8th National Conference on Sustainable Development- Role of Engineers and Technologists November 29, 2010 New Delhi 10 National Concerns for Sustainable

Engineering Council of India

th 8 National Conference onSustainable Development – Role of

Engineers and Technologists

With the Support of :

Member Associations of


November 29, 2010, New Delhi

Souvenir

Principle Sponsor :

ONGC Ltd.



Engineers and TechnologistsNovember 29, 2010, New Delhi

Souvenir

Engineering Council of India3rd floor, Jawahar Dhatu Bhawan, 39, Tuglakabad Institutional Area

(Near Batra Hospital), M.B. Road, New Delhi - 110062Phone : 011-65640356, 29963281, 29963282, Fax : 011-29963283

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th8 National Conference on Sustainable Development- Role of Engineers and Technologists

November 29, 2010 ❑ New Delhi ❑ 3

Contents

Sl. No. Particulars Page

I Background Discussion Paper 5

1. Introduction 7

2. International Concerns for Sustainable Development 9

3. National Concerns for Sustainable Development 10

4. Sustainable Energy Security 13

5. Sustainable Infrastructure - the Transport Imperatives 20

6. Sustainable Mining 21

7. Sustainability through Green Chemistry 22

8. Policy Initiatives on Sustainable Development 23

9. Role of Engineers and Technologists in Sustainable Development 26

10. Conclusion 28

II. Conference Papers 31

1. Energy Efficiency Improvement in Steel Re-Rolling Mill sector 33 in India - A Sustainable Development Effort

— G. Mishra

2. Guiding Principles For Engineers For Achieving Sustainable Development 40

— Srinivas Mantha

3. Sustainable Development – Role of Engineering Managers and Technologists 46

— Y.P. Chawla

4. Sustainable Development - Role of Engineers & Technologists 53

— N.K. Chakraborty

5. Technological Advances Leading to Sustainable Construction of 61Buildings & Bridges

— Vinay Gupta

III. About Engineering Council of India 85

IV. Advertisements 93

6. Holean Education - A Roadmap to Sustainable Education 75

— Prof. Priyavrat Thareja

BackgroundDiscussion Paper

Compiled by :P.N. Shali, Director, ECI


Engineers and TechnologistsNovember 29, 2010, New Delhi

Introduction

Sustainable Development is in essence the purpose of tackling and dealing with the immense

and acute problems that mankind is facing and is likely to face further within in the years ahead on

account of the gradual depletion of the earth’s finite energy resources which are largely non-renewable

and on account of the existing methods of their use which are polluting. The role that engineers and

technologists has to play is to created an environment that is enabling, dynamic and inspiring for the

development of solutions to global problems in the fields of energy, environment and current patterns

of development, which are largely unsustainable. They have not only to identify and articulate

intellectual challenges straddling a number of disciplines of knowledge but also in mounting research,

training and demonstration projects leading to development of specific problem-based advanced

technologies that help carry benefits to society at large (TERI).

The term ‘Sustainable Development’ was introduced in the Report of Brundtland Commission in 1987

where it was defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Sustainable development is also considered as a

“process of change in which resources consumed (both social and ecological) are not depleted to the

extent that they cannot be replicated.” Over the years the meaning and theory behind sustainability

and development has vastly expanded and today the world over sustainability and development go

hand in hand.

The adverse impact of industrialization-an important mover of the economic development process-on

environment and natural resources cannot be overlooked. The future development process, therefore,

has to be more conscious of the long term impact on humanity. It has been observed that many of the

planet’s ecosystems are getting degraded at a very rapid rate in this era of globalization and borderless

manufacturing, trade, research and development. The need for development to become more

sustainable, therefore, is not only important but urgent too.

There are a numerous areas where engineers can play very important role in achieving sustainable

development. The important area among these is development of new cutting edge technologies to

provide solutions to the pressing problems of environmental sustainability such as, in optimizing the

use of non renewable resources, building up of waste and pollution absorption economy, ensuring

energy & water security, in addition to paying attention to ever increasing demands for high

productivity and quality assurance conforming to global environmentally sustainable standards.

Some of the areas needing attention are sustainable projects, design-which eliminate negative

environmental impact completely- of buildings, roads and bridges, ports and harbours, equipments,

plants, etc, and their construction and implementation. Another area where engineers and

technologists can make significant contribution is towards “Green Chemistry” which works on the

principle that ‘it is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed’. It utilizes

a set of principles that reduces or eliminates use or generation of hazardous substances in the

design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Further, innovation leads to

sustainability.



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There are several case histories where nations have substantially benefited from flow of innovations.

Engineers and technologists should, therefore, be innovative in their approach. In the new knowledge

scenario, witnessed by way of the rapid developments that are taking place around the world in the

arena of new and sustainable product development, process modernization, etc, engineers and

technologists should facilitate technology- enabled solutions to the pressing problems of

sustainability.

Engineers and technologists should design and develop equipments and processes which reduce or

eliminate generation of pollutants. The other areas in which engineers and technologists can play a

major role in India’s energy security include developing new cost-effective renewable energy

technologies, innovation of the existing technologies for making these technologies also cost-effective

and developing sustainable mega cities.

thThe main objective of the 8 National Conference is to discuss the issues elaborated above and come out

with a set of recommendations which will enable realisation of higher and environmentally

sustainable economic growth of our economy



International Concerns for Sustainable Development

Sustainable development has been recognized important in achieving the Millennium

Development Goals. The Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held during

August 6- September 4, 2002 at Johannesburg, South Africa recognized the importance of assisting

developing countries inter alia in implementing environmental commitments and multilateral

environmental agreements as a major goal of strengthened international environmental governance,

requiring capacity building, financial resources, technology transfer, information-sharing and more

effective review and monitoring systems. Further the need for strengthened scientific and

technological capacity; support for the development and strengthening of local and national

institutions within the sustainable development framework, support for the development of national

sustainable development strategies and the need for increased funding, in particular in developing

countries was also recognized. Under the Agenda 21 of the UN World Summit on Sustainable

Development, 1992, activities of engineers have been included in chapters on human settlements and

other specific aspects of sustainable development report. Chapter 31 specifically addressed the

contribution of science and technology to the promotion of sustainable development and called for the

science and engineering professions to develop codes of practice and ethics that implicitly includes

recognition of the concerns of sustainable development.

Further, the World Federation of Engineering Organisations (WFEO) held a meeting in September 1991

of its General Assembly in Arusha, Tanzania. At this meeting WFEO adopted the Arusha Declaration

on the future role of engineering, developed from a study of Our Common Future, (the report of the

World Commission on Environment and Development) and other documents. This declaration

provided helpful guidelines that could be used by engineers in their projects. An active contribution

was also made by the World Federation of Engineering Organisations (WFEO) to the 1992 United

Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio Summit).

A group of engineers made a systematic analysis of Agenda 21 soon after the Rio Summit and they

found that of the 2500 issues in Agenda 21, 1700 seemed to have engineering or technical implications,

and at least 241 appeared to have major engineering implications including issues such as, sustainable

energy, transport and built environment, engineers code of ethics for sustainable development. Since

1992 the WFEO and their national member engineering bodies have responded to the call for

sustainable development. A number of national engineering institutions also responded to this call for

action. For example, Engineers Australia passed the following motion at its 1993 Annual General

Meeting: ‘That Council acknowledge the leadership role the engineering profession must provide in attainment

of sustainable development and that Council develop special plans to achieve this leadership role and report

progress regularly to the members.’ The Institution set up a Task Force on Sustainable Development in

1994. In October of 1994 Council adopted a ‘Policy on Sustainability‘. The Engineers Australia

published reports during 1999 to 2001 on issues such as, sustainable energy, transport and built

environment. Also the code of ethics of the Institution was changed to include sustainable

development. The other national engineering bodies globally including US National Society of

Professional Engineers have also specifically enacted similar objective of sustainability in their code of

ethics.

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National Concerns for Sustainable Development

As a part of national voluntary actions to address climate change related concerns, India

released its National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) on 30th June 2008. The Action Plan

outlines our strategy to adapt to climate change and enhance the ecological sustainability of our

development path. It recognises that climate change is a global challenge and that it should be

successfully overcome through a globally collaborative and cooperative effort based on the basis of the

principle of equity. The Action Plan suggests that long term convergence of per capita Green House

Gases (GHG) emissions is the only equitable basis for a global agreement to tackle climate change. The

Action Plan assures the international community that India’s per capita GHG emissions would not

exceed the per capita GHG emissions of developed countries, despite India’s development

imperatives (Source MOEF).

The Eleventh Plan envisages a clear commitment to pursue a development agenda which is

environmentally sustainable, based on a strategy that not only preserves and maintains natural

resources but also provides equitable access to those denied this currently. It recognises the need to

have environment protection at the core/centre stage of all policy formulation. In the absence of such

an outlook, development as pursued, may actually lead to deterioration in quality of life. This would

be discernible in the generally worsening quality of air in cities, increasingly polluted waters of our

lakes and rivers, in the loss of biodiversity and shrinking of wildlife habitats. Translating the vision of

environmental sustainability will require that environment concerns are given a high priority in

development planning at all levels.

The Eleventh Plan emphasises the monitorable socio-economic targets in the environment and forests

sector of increasing forest and tree cover by 5 percentage points, attaining WHO standards of air

quality in all major cities by 2011-12, treating all urban waste water by 2011-12 in order to clean river

waters, increasing energy efficiency by 20 per cent by 2016-17 and increasing forest and tree cover by 5

percentage points. Treating urban waste will mean creating substantial additional sustainable

capacities; increasing energy efficiency will mean reducing energy consumption in all sectors of our

economy, particularly in industrial sectors consuming large power and notified by the Government of

India in 2007 such as: Aluminum, Cement, Chlor-Alkali, Pulp & Paper, Fertilisers, Steel, and

Railways, etc,. The Integrated Energy Policy, 2008 suggests that (i) energy efficiency be attained in all

sectors, (ii) all new power generating plants be mandated to adopt technologies that improve their

gross efficiency from 36 per cent to at least 38-40 per cent, (iii) the gross efficiency in existing power

generation plants be increased from the current average of 30.5 percent to 34 percent and (iv) India’s

energy intensity per unit of GDP be reduced by up to 20 percent from current levels in 10-20 years by

policies encouraging energy efficiency and conservation. These goals will have to be achieved through

the measures and mechanisms envisaged/approved in the National Mission on Enhanced Energy

Efficiency as a part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change. With regard to the target of

increasing energy efficiency by 20 per cent by 2016-17, there is a dire need to have a sectoral approach

involving all stakeholders.

India has signed and ratified a number of key multilateral agreements/conventions on environment

issues in recognition of the trans-boundary nature of several environmental problems, impact on

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chemical industry and trade and is committed to complying with the obligations under these

agreements/conventions. It will require inter alia enhancement of our capacity to comply with our

commitments and adequate flow of resources. Here lies the responsibility for our society at large and

particularly for our engineers and technologists to enable compliance of our commitments. We will

also need to intensify our R&D efforts for developing new sustainable technologies for enhancing our

production capacities, across the sectors of our economy. We also will need to train workforce

accordingly including engineers. Besides, at the grass roots level for capacity building purposes, it is

necessary to educate school/college teachers as well as the general public. Training of teachers in

environmental awareness is not given sufficient emphasis at present even though text books are

available. To train the large number of about 5 million school teachers in India requires gigantic efforts.

In addition, a large number of college teachers also need to be trained (Source: Planning Commission).

The Planning Commission has set up an Expert Group on Low Carbon Development under the

Chairmanship of Dr. Kirit Parikh to outline the scope of action we can consider to pursue a low carbon

development strategy without compromising our basic development goals. The report of the Group

will be an important input into the Twelfth Plan (Midterm Appraisal of the XIth Plan).

India is expected to begin the greening of its national income accounting, making depletion in natural

resources wealth a key component in its measurement of gross domestic product (GDP). India’s

sustained effort towards reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) will ensure that the country’s per capita

emission of GHG will continue to be low until 2030-31, and it is estimated that the per capita emission

in 2031 will be lower than per capita global emission of GHG in 2005, according to a new study. Even in

2031, India’s per capita GHG emissions would stay under four tonnes of CO2, which is lower than the

global per capita emission of 4.22 tonnes of CO2 in 2005. India has been ranked ninth in the tree planting

roll of honour in 2009 in a campaign to plant a billion trees, which was launched by the United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP) in November 2006. The country registered 96 million trees till 2009.

The Orissa government has come out with a draft Action Plan on Climate Change entailing an

investment of around US$ 3.6 billion in 11 key sectors over the next five years. It has proposed to put in

place a Climate Change Agency to ensure effective implementation of the plan. Orissa has become the

first state to have formulated the Climate Change Action Plan. All other state governments have also

taken up many green initiatives.

The Law Commission in its 186th Report had, inter-alia, recommended establishment of ‘Environment

Court’ in each state, consisting of judicial and scientific experts in the field of environment for dealing

with environmental disputes besides having appellate jurisdiction in respect of appeals under the

various pollution control laws. The Commission has also recommended repeal of the National

Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997. After

examining the Report and discussing the modalities in several consultation meetings, the Ministry of

Environment & Forests (NOEF) has decided to implement the recommendations of Law Commission

with some modifications. Accordingly, a draft National Green Tribunal (NGT) Bill was formulated and

examined in consultation with the Ministry of Law and Justice (Source MOEF).

Corporate Initiatives & Investments

According to a study released in May 2010 by leading Swiss lender, Bank Sarasin, Indian information

technology (IT) giant Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), telecom major Bharti Airtel and wind-turbine



maker, Suzlon are among the global firms having high sustainable development standards. Other

Indian firms, which have high level of sustainability standards mentioned in the report include India’s

largest manufacturer of irrigation plants, Jain Irrigation and leading IT-firm Infosys. The study, which

was conducted among 360 emerging market companies, found that a third of these firms have high

rating in terms of sustainability. Further, Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) commercial arm

Antrix Corporation was awarded the Globe Sustainability Research Award 2010, set up by Stockholm-

based Global Forum, for fostering sustainable development. The prestigious award has been conferred

on Antrix for its contribution to improve sustainable livelihood of the rural poor while reducing their

vulnerability to climate risks. Tata Steel Rural Development Society (TSRDS), an organisation involved

in the steel major’s community building initiatives, embarked on an initiative to empower

communities by creating awareness on the Right to Information (RTI) Act at the grassroot level, in

October 2009. Wipro Infotech, provider of IT and business transformation services, has unveiled its

new eco-friendly and toxin-free desktops, manufactured with materials completely free of deadly

chemicals like polyvinyl chloride and brominated flame retardants. Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd and

GE Power & Water have signed an agreement, to work together and offer environment management

solutions, including waste-water treatment and recycling.

Two Indian companies, namely, Wipro and HCL, have figured in the list of top five green electronics

brands as per the latest edition of the Guide to Greener Electronics by Greenpeace released in October

2009. They have been featured because of their strong focus on the e-waste management and climate

control. The study, which for the first time has included climate and energy as criteria for evaluation,

has placed Wipro in joint second position with Samsung. The number of carbon credits issued for

emission reduction projects in India is set to triple over the next three years to 246 million by December

2012 from 72 million in November 2009, according to a CRISIL Research study. This will cement India’s

second position in the global carbon credits market (technically called Certified Emission Reduction

units or CERs). The growth in CER issuance will be driven by capacity additions in the renewable

energy sector and by the eligibility of more renewable energy projects to issue CERs. Consequently, the

share of renewable energy projects in Indian CERs will increase to 31 percent. Gamesa Corporation

Technological, a Spanish company specialising in sustainable energy technologies, especially

fabrication of wind turbines and setting up of wind farms, has set up a 500-MW per year capacity

facility in Chennai at an investment of US$ 54.7 million. CLP India aims to add around 200 MW of wind

power installations every year to its portfolio and has committed an investment of over US$ 2.2 billion

towards this. It recently opened its 99-MW Theni Wind Farm in Tamil Nadu taking its total wind power

portfolio in India to 446 MW. Green Industry Bio Energy Private Limited, a special purpose vehicle

(SPV) formed by Emergent Ventures and US-based Indus Terra is aiming to use poultry litter in

Haryana to generate power for the state power grid. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) is looking

to create a demand for energy efficient products and goods and services awareness. The Bureau has set

up an energy efficiency financing platform (EEFP), which aims at ensuring availability of finance at

reasonable rates for energy efficiency project implementation and its expansion. The Indian

Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd (IREDA), Power Finance Corporation, SIDBI, PTC India

Ltd and HSBC India have come together to reap the estimated US$ 15.9 billion energy efficiency market

in India, as they join the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) proposed, financing platform.



Sustainable Energy Security

In recent years, India’s energy consumption has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in

the world due to population growth and economic development. During the 5-year period ended on

March 31, 2007, the CAGR of consumption of petroleum products was approximately 3.6%, compared

to a CAGR for GDP of 7.6% for the same period. Despite the overall increase in energy demand, per

capita energy consumption in India is still very low compared to other developing countries. Today,

India has one of the highest potentials for the effective use of renewable energy. India is the world’s fifth

largest producer of Wind Power after Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the USA. There is a significant

potential in India for generation of power from renewable energy sources-, small hydro, biomass and

solar energy. The country has an estimated SHP (small-hydro power) potential of about 15000 [3]

MW. The energy policy of India is characterized by tradeoffs between four major drivers: Rapidly

growing economy, with a need for dependable and reliable supply of electricity, gas, and petroleum

products; Increasing household incomes, with a need for affordable and adequate supply of electricity,

and clean cooking fuels; Limited domestic reserves of fossil fuels, and the need to import a vast fraction

of the gas, crude oil, and petroleum product requirements, and recently the need to import coal as well;

and Indoor, urban and regional environmental impacts, necessitating the need for the adoption of

cleaner fuels and cleaner technologies. These trade-offs are often difficult to achieve. For example, the

supply of adequate, yet affordable electricity generated and used cleanly is a continuing challenge

because expansion of supply and adoption of cleaner technologies, especially renewable energy, often

means that this electricity is too expensive for many Indians, particularly in rural areas. In recent years,

these challenges have led to a major set of continuing reforms and restructuring. Here lies the challenge

for our engineers & technologists.

The Power & Energy Infrastructure sector in India is poised for a major take-off. The APDRP

(Accelerated Power Development & Reforms Programme 2002 - 2012) has seen an addition of around

22,000 MW during last five years. And during the next five years, a capacity addition of over 78,000

MW has to be setup by 2012. (A commitment of 15,600 MW capacity addition per annum).The Market

Potential to sustain the GDP Growth rate of India @ 8% plus per annum needs the power sector to grow

at 1.8 - 2 times the GDP rate of growth as espoused by economists, planners and industry experts. This

would mean a YOY capacity addition of 18,000 - 20,000 MW to achieve this ambitious plan of moving

India to a Developed Economy status, as an Economic Global Powerhouse. The Target Mission : ‘Power

for All by 2012’ would mean achieving the target of 1000 KwHr (Units) of per capita consumption of

electricity by this period, adequate capacity growth to sustain GDP growth at 8% plus reliable &

quality power on 24 x 7 basis, at least in urban & industrialized areas. 100% rural electrification with

adequate & qualitative power for irrigation purpose etc. To achieve this goal, following milestones are

critical :- attract US $ 250 billion investment into the sector (FDI & Domestic Investment Combined).

Sustainable development of power sector will mean having a increasing role of hydro, nuclear &

renewable energy in the energy mix and develop the alternatives, both in the fuel & technology terms.

The development needs of developing countries are still enormous, particularly energy needs and

hence energy security. For meeting these needs, the constraint of climate change will become

increasingly problematic. Statistically speaking, around 2.7 billion people world-wide still use biomass

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and around 1.4 billion people do not have access to electricity. Considering the energy needs on per

capita basis, presently, developing countries use one-fifth of energy and least developing countries this

ratio is one-sixteenth when compared with energy consumed by the developed industrialized

countries (Prof Ambuj Sagar, IIT Delhi). Thus developing countries will need to enhance their energy

infrastructure significantly. Will this be easy? Given the international pressure for arresting global

warming, this will not be an easy thing to do. Let us be clear about this constraint. According to the

reference scenario in the International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2009, around 90 % of

the growth in energy demand world-wide during 2008-2030 will come from non-OECD countries

(mainly in Asia). This will mean that these countries will account for two-third of the power generation

capacity addition worldwide during this period (Prof Ambuj Sagar). This scenario has also estimated

that the global investments in addition to power generation capacity during this period will be around

$ 7.2 trillion. Around more than half of these investments will be needed in developing countries

(mostly in Asia including India) Coming to sustainability of these investments, under a scenario of to

maintain Green House Gases generation (GHG) concentration below 450 parts-per million (commonly

talked about target), the required investment would increase by almost by 30 %.So we are faced with

higher energy needs, ever-hardening climate constraints and potentially enormous incremental

investment needs. Here technology would, in principle, have to play a crucial role. Here comes the role

of engineers & technologists. But it is not that simple. Because, argues Prof Ambuj Sagar, “realizing the

potential of technology to help meet this challenge is not always a straightforward task”. Here we need

innovation capability in our engineers & technologists. All said and done, we have weak innovation

capabilities. Prof Ambuj Sagar says that we need a targeted mechanism to supplement and strengthen

these capabilities for advancing innovation which will ensure the target of GHG emission. India has

proposed climate innovation centres to help developing countries find technology solutions to tackle

increasing energy demands, climate constraints and investment needs and thus put an end to

dependency for technical assistance. (Prof. Ambuj Sagar).

While it is well known that the conventional technologies of power generation will not do. These

technologies need innovations and we need alternate modes to produce power and also tap other

sources of energy. Here non renewable energy and nuclear energy are sustainable modes. But we need

cost effective non renewable energy technologies which can generate energy at higher capacities than

is there at present. Here is the challenge for our engineers & technologists.

Coming to the Nuclear Power, thanks to the government of India for the nuclear deal which will

enable it not only to increase the share of nuclear power in the total energy basket, but also build up

large capacities in future when the thorium - based reactors come into the circuit. India has a very large

thorium resources at its command and we are only waiting for the thorium-based fuel to become a

reality. Here our engineers and technologists at the BARC and IGCR, Kalpakam, TN are working hard

to make it happen. With a peak power deficit of 12-14 percent, India is keen on scaling up its civil

nuclear capabilities to supplement power capacities that are predominantly thermal today. Nuclear

energy can provide our growing economy with a clean and efficient source of power. India plans to

build 20 new nuclear power plants by 2020. India has developed its own nuclear power reactors with

technologies transferred from the United States and Canada. It concluded civil nuclear cooperation

pacts with countries such as the United States and France after a consensus was reached in September,

2008 by the Nuclear Suppliers Group, which allows India to start trading nuclear technologies for



civilian nuclear programs with 46 member states. More agreements including with Japan are being

negotiated. The agreement with Japan assumes importance because the US and French companies

cannot proceed with their projects to build nuclear reactors in India as they need 'reactor vessels' made

by Japan Steel Works Ltd., which accounts for nearly 80 percent of global supplies of forged nuclear

reactor parts. Here lies the challenge for the Indian engineers and technologists for developing such

vessels; which needs technology. In other words, Indian engineers and technologists should work for

replacing the Japanese technology with the Indian technology. Meanwhile, India should also explore

other available alternatives to acquire the Japanese technology for making the reactor vessels and

reactor parts.

India has been using imported enriched uranium in reactors which are under International Atomic

Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. It has developed various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to

support its reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports.

Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows Uranium to

be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a great amount of work in the

development of a Thorium centered fuel cycle. While Uranium deposits in India are extremely limited,

there are much greater reserves of Thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the

same mass of fuel. The fact that Thorium can theoretically be utilized in heavy water reactors has tied

the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while

irradiating a Thorium blanket is under construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station.

Uranium used for the weapons program has been separated from the power programme, using

Uranium from scant indigenous reserves.

While all hopes are focused today on Nuclear Power for sustainable energy security, it is not all that

encouraging because this technology needs mining of uranium and any mining has environment costs

involved and more so the Uranium reserves are anticipated to be over by 2050 (Rashme Sehgal). Energy

experts warn that an acute shortage of uranium is going to hit the nuclear energy industry. Dr Yogi

Goswami, co-director of the Clean Energy Research Centre and the inventor of the a new

thermodynamic cycle for solar thermal power now called the Goswami Thermodynamic cycle, argues

that at the Current nuclear plants consume around 67,000 tonnes of high-grade uranium per year. With

present uranium deposits in the planet having been estimated at 4-5 million tones, this means the

present resources would last 42 years. University of Florida warns that “the proven reserves of

uranium will last less than 30 years.” But if there is going to be a stepping up of nuclear energy plants,

as seems to be the case, then the likelihood is that the time span is going to be considerably reduced. Dr

Goswami, says, “by 2050, all proven and undiscovered reserves of uranium will be over.” Other

options for producing uranium, however, will be available. For example, three parts per billion of sea

water is uranium but the costs of recovering this uranium are so high that it is unlikely to prove an

viable option.” Dr Goswami agreed that atomic fuel was limitless if a government went in for breeder

reactors. But from the 400 nuclear reactors being used in the world, “I do not know of a single

government using them at present.” Dr Goswami also expresses his skepticism at the thermal breeder

reactor technology based on thorium. At present, India is the only country pursuing this because of its

substantial thorium reserves. His views were seconded by Dr Lee Stefankos, a professor of electrical

engineering and Director of the Clean Energy Research Centre at the University of South Florida, who

has been carrying out research in the areas of solar thermal energy conversion, photovoltaic systems



and hydrogen, also feels that nuclear energy is not one of the major producers of energy. With the

shrinking uranium reserves, Dr Stefankos believes solar energy provides a safer and in the long run, a

much cheaper alternative. An Indian scientist pointed out, “India is investing thousands of crores in

expanding a nuclear energy program even though they were warned that high grade uranium is as

much a dwindling resource as are coal and gas resources.” Here lies the challenge for engineers &

technologists to come up with a solution to this issue.

Coming to the Renewable Energy, it is still undeveloped. India was probably the first country in the

world to set up a separate ministry of non-conventional energy resources in early 1980s. However the

results have been very mixed and in recent years it has lagged far behind other developed nations in

using renewable energy (RE). RE contribution to energy sector is less than 1% of India’s total energy

needs. This sector comprises solar power, wind power, biofuels, ocean waves, etc. India is both densely

populated and has high solar insulation providing an ideal combination for solar power in India. Much

of the country does not have an electrical grid, so one of the first applications of solar power has been

for water pumping, to begin replacing India’s four to five million diesel powered water pumps, each

consuming about 3.5 kilowatts, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been proposed, and a

35,000 km² area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700

to 2,100 GWTs (gigawatts) of energy.

The Indian Solar Loan Programme, supported by the UN Environment Programme has won the

prestigious Energy Globe World award for sustainability for helping to establish a consumer financing

program for solar home power systems. Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home

systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, particularly in rural areas of South India

where the electricity grid does not yet extend. Launched in 2003, the Indian Solar Loan Programme was

a four-year partnership between UNEP, the UNEP Resource Centre, and two of India’s largest banks,

the Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank. The Government of India announced in November 2009,

Jawaharlal Nehru Solar Mission launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change which

plans to generate 1,000 MW of power by 2013 and up to 20,000 MW grid-based solar power, 2,000 MW

of off-grid solar power and cover 20 million sq meters with collectors by the end of the final phase of the

mission in 2022.

The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s. It accounts for 6% of India’s total installed

power capacity, and it generates 1.6% of the country’s power. The speed of development of wind power

has significantly increased in the last few years. Though, a relative newcomer to the wind industry

compared with Denmark or the US, India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the

world. As of 31 October 2009, the installed capacity of wind power in India was 11806.69 MW mainly

spread across Tamil Nadu (4900.765 MW), Maharashtra (1945.25 MW), Gujarat (1580.61 MW),

Karnataka (1350.23 MW), Rajasthan (745.5 MW), Madhya Pradesh (212.8 MW), Andhra Pradesh

(132.45 MW), Kerala (46.5 MW), Orissa (2MW), West Bengal (1.1 MW) and other states (3.20 MW).It is

estimated that 6,000 MW of additional wind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012 as against

a target of 10,500 MWS between 2007-12.

The former President of India, Dr. Abdul Kalam, is one of the strong advocators of Jatropha cultivation

for production of bio-diesel. According to him, out of the 6, 00,000 km² of waste land that is available in

India over 3,00,000 km² is suitable for Jatropha cultivation. Once this plant is grown the plant has a



useful lifespan of several decades. During it life Jatropha requires very little water when compared to

other cash crops. A plan of incentives to encourage the use of Jatropha has been implemented. It has a

potential to bridge our energy gap and here lies the challenge for our engineers & technologists to make

it happen.

CRISIL Research expects India’s renewable energy capacity to increase to 20,000 MW by December

2012, from the current 15,542 MW. In the Union Budget 2010-11, the government announced the setting

up of the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) for undertaking research and innovative projects in

clean technologies. The Plan outlay for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has been increased

by 61 per cent, from US$ 134.7 million in 2009-10 to US$ 217.2 million in 2010-11. The Central Electricity

Regulatory Commission (CERC) has announced renewable energy certificate (REC) norms in a bid to

promote power generation from clean sources in the country. Unfortunately, renewable energy in India

is a sector that is still undeveloped with R E contribution to the energy sector being less than 1% of

India's total energy needs. It is behind other developed nations in using renewable energy (RE).

Energy conservation has emerged as a major policy objective, and the Energy Conservation Act 2001,

was passed by the Indian Parliament in September 2001. This Act requires large energy consumers to

adhere to energy consumption norms; new buildings to follow the Energy Conservation Building

Code; and appliances to meet energy performance standards and to display energy consumption

labels. The Act also created the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to implement the provisions of the Act.

There are barriers. Initial cost for wind turbines is greater than that of conventional fossil fuel

generators per MW installed. Noise is produced by the rotor blades. This is not normally an issue in the [22]

locations chosen for most wind farms and research by Salford University shows that noise

complaints for wind farms in the UK are almost non-existent. Despite the high installed capacity, the

actual utilization of wind power in India is low because policy incentives are geared towards

installation rather than operation of the plants. This is why only 1.6% of actual power production in

India comes from wind although the installed capacity is 6%. The government is considering the [8]

addition of incentives for ongoing operation of installed wind power plants.

Hydro Power

The hydro power is a sustainable mode of power generation when compared with the conventional

thermal power generation. India has a large potential of hydro power to exploit. Unfortunately due to a

number of reasons, the pace of Hydro Power development has been slow. The share of hydro capacity

in the total installed capacity has been around 25 per cent at the end of the Eighth Plan and remained at

the same level at the end of the Ninth Plan and marginally increased to 26 per cent by the end of the

Tenth Plan. As against the target of 15,627 MW for the Eleventh Plan, only 8,237 MW (53 per cent) is

expected to materialise during the Plan. It means in other words that with the projected hydro capacity

addition of 8,237 MW - out of the total likely addition of 62,374 MW in the Eleventh Plan, the share of

hydro power is likely to come down to around 23 per cent. Measures need to be taken to increase the

share of hydro power and plan open cycle gas based projects to meet the peak demand effectively.

There are some issues which need to be addressed if the pace in generating hydro power has to be

increased. These issues are: I) environment and forest clearances,(2) development of infrastructure

(roads &highways), (3) land acquisition, (4) rehabilitation & resettlement issues,(5) security clearance,



(6) availability of hydrological data to private developers,(7) power evacuation, (8) storage project

versus RoR projects and (9) long term financing.

In order to address these issues, several policy initiatives have been taken, including Hydro

Development Policy initiated by MOP; 50,000 MW hydro power development initiative; incentives for

the development of small hydro projects and Constitution of an Inter-Ministerial Group to develop a

strategy to enhance the pace of hydro power development in the North Eastern Region. Development

of Hydro Power, however, needs a strong push. A policy to develop identified sites with all clearances

of environment for forests and land acquisition should be taken up on a large number of sites

simultaneously. Some of these could then be bid out to private investment (Midterm Appraisal of the

XIth Plan).

Hydrogen Energy

The National Hydrogen Energy Road Map (NHERM) programme in India - for bridging the

technological gaps in different areas of hydrogen energy, including its production, storage,

transportation and delivery, applications, safety, codes and standards and capacity building for the

period up to 2020 - was initiated by the National Hydrogen Energy Board ((NHEB) in 2003; and it was

approved in 2006. The program is under direction of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

(MNRE).

National Solar Mission

The government of India is contemplating to set up 1,100 Mega Watt grid-connected solar plants,

including 100 MW capacity plants as rooftop and smaller solar power plants for the first phase of the

National Solar Mission till March 2013. The government has approved US$ 974.65 million for this

plant. In addition, the government plans to generate 20,000 MW solar power by 2022 under the three-

phase National Solar Mission, with 2000 MW capacity equivalent off-grid solar applications, including

20 million solar lights, also planned to be installed during this period (MOEF).

Sustainable energy investment in India went up to US$ 4.1 billion in 2008, up 12 per cent since 2007,

according to a report by UN Environment Program (UNEP), ‘Global Trends in Sustainable Energy

Investment 2009.’The largest portion of investment went to the wind sector, which grew at 17 per cent

from US$ 2.2 billion to US$ 2.6 billion. While investment in solar energy rose from US$ 18 million in

2007 to US$ 347 million in 2008, most of it was channelised to setup module and cell manufacturing

facilities. Small hydro investment grew by about fourfold to US$ 543 million in 2008.

Clean Energy and Technology

The Energy Efficiency Indicator (EEI) survey for corporate India, released in June 2009, reveals that 47

per cent of the respondents are paying more attention to energy efficiency, compared to 2008 and 94 per

cent of the respondents feel that energy management is extremely important. An increase in capital

investments for energy efficiency is needed according to 62 per cent respondents, while 72 per cent of

the respondents feel their organisations can achieve more energy efficiency from operating budgets.

More than 92 per cent of the respondents say energy efficiency is a priority in new construction as well

as in renovation projects. The power project, costing US$ 13.23 million, will convert poultry manure

into electricity and slurry into fertiliser by the process of anaerobic digestion at a high temperature



through a process called thermophilic digestion. The 5.6 MW power project would be built in two

phases; phase one with a capacity of 1.4 MW and the second with 4.2 MW capacity.

Finally, sustainable energy security picture cannot be considered complete till we also look at

Investing in Clean Energy. India, a rapidly emerging economy with the world’s second largest

population, is facing a surging energy demand. Its rural population is around 114 million households,

representing 76 percent of India’s rural residents and almost 60 percent of the country’s total

population. In 2005, around 45 percent of India’s households still did not have reliable access to

electricity and relied on kerosene for lighting, and more than 85 percent of rural BoP households mostly

used conventional free or inexpensive sources of fuel, such as firewood and dung, for cooking.

These fuel sources, however, are not only harmful to users’ health but also contribute to pollution

(Energy Survey, 2005).Despite their low income, these households constitute a significant consumer

market for the energy services and products required to provide daily necessities such as cooking and

lighting. Using the most recent available It is estimated that India’s rural consumers energy need is

around Rs 22400 crore (US$4.86 billion) per year (Expenditure Data (2004/2005).

What is “Clean energy”? It refers to products and services that produce energy from renewable

resources and emit fewer greenhouse gas emissions than does energy from conventional fuel sources.

Today, a reliable supply of power from the electricity grid is, by and large, just not there; the availability

of free and inexpensive fuels such as, wood and kerosene influence in a greater measure largely the

base-line rural consumers and to some extent also the poor urban consumers. So, what we need is clean

energy electricity systems and clean energy cooking and light products. That means we have to

produce more of solar lanterns, solar home systems, energy-efficient cook stoves, and electricity

generated from decentralized sources, including small hydro power plants and biomass gasified

systems. The clean energy option- clean energy services and products- may require an upfront

investment three to ten times greater than that for conventional energy.

Other Sectors

These include sustainable manufacturing and sustainable agriculture. Over the past twenty years

many policy decisions have been taken for ensuring and encouraging sustainable manufacturing. The

tempo has not gone deeper in our manufacturing sector in the sense that still there is a large number of

industrial units in the medium and small sectors which has still to come up to the standards of large

manufacturing units in maintaining norms of sustainability. This needs attention. In agriculture sector,

we will have to move towards organic agriculture and sustainable irrigation to back it up. Treating

used industrial water, sewerage, harvesting rain water, managing water bodies and linking rivers are

some of the measures that we need to take by inducting appropriate technologies for ensuring water

security and arresting pollution. Many policy measures have already been taken in this regard. Now it

is the responsibility of engineers & technologists to bring in cost effective technologies as required for

realizing the goal fully.

Sustainable Infrastructure - the Transport Imperatives

When we look at the Indian transport sector, we find it large & diverse with road transport

being the dominant mode with up to 80% of passenger & 65% of freight traffic. Railways’ share in

passenger traffic is only around 14m passengers/day. Road transport is not sustainable primarily

because of lower fuel efficiency, low payloads, etc.; while as the railway transport (electrical traction) is

considered sustainable. Looking at the roads & railway comparison in a little bit more detail, we find

the annual growth rate from 1990 base of 80% share of land transport, demand for road transport has

been growing at 12% in freight and 8% in passenger traffic. As against this, demand for rail transport

has been growing at around 1.4% a year for freight and 3.6% a year for passenger traffic. During the last

three years, however, growth of rail freight has been 9.4 and rail passenger traffic at around 7.4%. There

is a visible global shift towards railways because rail travel on an average generates and emits 3-10

times less GHGs than road / air. In India the growth of railway sector has not kept a desired pace with

the overall transport sector growth even with capacity additions. For example, on an average growth in

freight movement has been around 9-12%; as against this, the growth in rail freight movement has been

around 6-9%.Consequently, estimated fall in railways’ market share has been from 36% in 1999-2000 to

29% in 2011-12. For sustainable transport sector, this trend needs reversal. Eventual carbon mitigation

rating for transport sector projects will be realized by using non-fossil fuels for traction & operations,

change in mode of transport: light cargo, short haul, heavy haul, change in use of rolling stock energy

efficiency in commercial hubs (terminals, warehouses, logistics parks): 25% cut in carbon emissions

through LEED-rated buildings (carbon credits), reduction in transmission loss in electric OHE lines,

etc. Though it is well recognized that the transport sector will have to move towards low carbon mode,

there are some constraints at present for low carbon - based transport infrastructure to become a reality.

These include carbon dioxide reduction strategies not yet clear or backed by clear government policies,

high cost of clean fuel technologies - large scale solar, wind power costly and not yet commercially

viable. Estimated saving of GHGs emissions with rail transport has been projected at 360 - 500MT by

2027 (cumulative) through vehicle displacement, shift from diesel to electrical locomotives, diesel

efficient locomotives, locomotives with regenerative braking, swap/barter strategy, high-speed trains,

etc.

The key for sustainable transport infrastructure, therefore, lies in moving more to railway transport for

freight and passenger traffic, building long road transport carriers, use of fuel efficient 3-phase locos

with regenerative braking, high speed regenerative locomotives/kinetic energy harnessing electric

locos for energy recovery - supply to grid 10%, FEMU services for time-sensitive light cargo. This calls

for policy intervention, investment including in developing energy-efficient technologies including

renewable energy-based technologies, improving fuel management in diesel locomotives, high speed

trains, inter-modal mix, etc. (Source: Sharmila Chavaly, Executive Director (Finance), Railway Board).

The Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation has launched a US$ 300 million green

urban transport project called the Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP). Under the project,

green urban transport will be introduced in select cities to overcome pollution and other hazards of the

existing urban transport system, including traffic impediments for pedestrians.



5

Sustainable Mining

India produces 86 minerals– 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 46 non metallic, 3 atomic and 23 minor

minerals. Around 900 million tones of minerals are mined in India annually. Assuming a strip ratio of

6:1, it means 5400 million tones are moved annually. Inevitably, there will be an environmental and

social impact of this. The Indian mining companies have joined hands to form the sustainable mining

initiative. The companies include NMDC, ACC, Essel Mining, Sesa Goa, Hindustan Zinc Ltd, Tata

Steel, MSPL, Rungta Mining, NALCO and Rio Tinto- a multinational mining company. The global

mining initiative has also been taken for sustainable mining. Work programmes have been initiated

aimed at improving the contribution of the mining & metals industry to sustainable development.

There are perceptions, however, of serious long-term strategic threats, poor environmental and social

performance of the mining industry leading to growing ‘popular prejudice’ across society, regarding

future and ongoing access to markets, resources, capital, people, etc,. There are potential market

threats arising from evolving shift in the values of societies regarding sustainable development.

Engineers and technologist will have to ensure that the future mining will have to be environment

friendly in the short term, medium term and the long-term. India has already taken major policy

initiatives for ensuring sustainable mining. World over, engineers and technologists are engaged in

research & development which will enable making use of bio engineering in mining of ores in stiu,

particularly lean grade ores through bacterial leaching. In this technology, there will not be any blasting

or carrying out other jobs which are related to conventional mining and most of these are not

environment friendly.

Today in India , as it is in the other countries, environment management plan (EMP) is a must inclusion

in the feasibility studies and DPRs of mining projects. The project cannot be taken up without this. The

viability of mining projects is also estimated including the investment that is required for

implementing the EMP. After mining is over, restoring the landscape of the area which has been mined

fully is also must for an investor to do. There is, however, still a large scope for improvement,

particularly through environment friendly technologies.

The central government is contemplating to build a corpus by levying clean energy cess on coal

produced in India at a nominal rate of US$ 1.08 per tone. This cess will also apply on imported coal.



6

Sustainability through Green Chemistry

Another area where engineers and technologists can make significant contribution is towards

“Green Chemistry” which works on the principle that ‘it is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean

up waste after it is formed’. It utilises a set of principles that reduces or eliminates use or generation of

hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Green

chemistry-also called sustainable chemistry-is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that

encourages the design of products and processes that minimise the use and generation of hazardous

substances. It seeks to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. The Pollution Prevention Act was

passed in the United States in 1990. This act helped create a modus operandi for dealing with pollution in

an original and innovative way. It aims to avoid problems before they happen. As a chemical

philosophy, green chemistry applies to organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, bio chemistry,

analytical chemistry and even physical chemistry. While green chemistry seems to focus on industrial

applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice. It is often cited as a style of chemical synthesis that

is consistent with the goals of green chemistry. The focus is on minimizing the hazard and maximizing

the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses on

chemical phenomena in the environment. Ryôji Noyori identified in 2005 three key developments in

green chemistry: use of super critical carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for

clean oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis. Examples of applied green chemistry

include super critical water oxidation. Bioengineering is also seen as a promising technique for achieving

green chemistry goals. A number of important process chemicals can be synthesized in engineered

organisms, such as shikimate, a Tamiflu precursor which is fermented by Roche in bacteria. Reportedly,

there is some debate as to whether green chemistry includes a consideration of economics, but by

definition, if green chemistry is not applied, it cannot accomplish the reduction in the “use or generation of

hazardous substances.” Obviously, its economics would be favourable.

Following historical analyses of the green chemistry development, there have been green chemistry

advocates who see it as an innovative way of thinking. On the other hand, there have been chemists

who have argued that green chemistry is no more than a public relations label. In fact, a lot of chemists

use the term “green chemistry” independently from the green chemistry paradigm, as proposed by

Anastas and Warner. This explains the uncertainty of the scientific status of green chemistry. The

University of Massachusetts, Boston became the first university in the World to offer a Ph.D. in Green

Chemistry. In 2005, the University of Oregon’s chemistry department unveiled the Greener Education

Materials, a database of green chemistry topics. In 2009, Oxford University Press/ACS Symposium

Series published Green Chemistry Education: Changing the Course of Chemistry. The book contains essays

from a broad array of educators who share their best practices for the incorporation of green chemistry

into the chemistry and chemical engineering curricula. There are many green chemistry courses

available in the UK at an MSc level. These include MSc in Green Chemistry & Sustainable Industrial

Technology at the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence based at the University of York, MSc Chemical

Research in Green Chemistry at Leicester University and MRes in Green Chemistry at Imperial College

London. A master’s level course in Green Technology has been introduced by the Institute of Chemical

Technology, India in 2010. This is the first of its kind in India and aims at educating students about

cleaner & more sustainable mechanisms for a greener tomorrow. The application of Green Chemistry

principals transacts many engineering disciplines.



7

Policy Initiatives on Sustainable Development

Eight National Missions-Solar, Enhanced Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Habitat, Water,

Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, Green India, Sustainable Agriculture and on Strategic

Knowledge for Climate Change - representing a multipronged, long term and integrated approach,

form the core of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). While two missions stand

approved, others are at various stages of approval as of now. The National Solar Mission has been

launched on 11th January, 2010; and the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency has been

launched in April 2010. Remaining Mission documents are at final stages of approval by the Prime

Minister’s Council on climate change. The MOEF will play a coordinating and implementing role after

the Missions are finalized. Besides these missions, the NAPCC also outlines 24 other major initiatives

aimed at promoting technologies and actions that will have substantial benefits in terms of addressing

climate change. Among new initiatives, it is proposed to set up a National Climate Centre to provide

advisory and technical support services to the Ministry in the areas of climate change modeling,

NATCOM, negotiations and other technical works. Capacity building in CDM for corporate, private

and state sectors is also proposed to enable access to larger number of projects by these sectors.

Recognizing significant impacts of climate change at regional and state level, a time bound programme

for preparation of state level Action Plans on climate change consistent with NAPCC is also proposed.

This would enable the communities and ecosystems to adopt climate change effectively thus

facilitating smooth and successful implementation of the NAPCC.

The Government of India has revised in 2009 the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

and limits for 12 pollutants have been notified. Area classification based on land use has been done

away with so that there are uniform ambient air quality norms for residential and industrial areas. The

revised standards are based on global best practices, local Indian conditions and are in keeping with

advancements in technology and research. These new generation of ambient air quality standards,

providing legal framework for the control of air pollution and the protection of public health, would

serve as bench mark for proactive environmental planning and effective control of air pollution.

The re-engineered Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification was issued in September,

2006 for mandating prior environmental clearance of certain categories of projects and activities. The

Notification covers various stages of environmental appraisal, public consultation, and categorization

of projects into ‘A’ and ‘B’ for their appraisal at Central and State level respectively. Based on the

experience gained in implementation of the EIA Notification, 2006 and to further streamlining the

process, the EIA Notification, 2 Decision of State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority to

be taken by majority, (ii) Coal mine projects with lease area up to 150 ha will now be appraised by the

State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority as against earlier limit of less than 50 ha, (iii)

Biomass based power plants up to 15 MW have been exempted from EIA Notification, (iv) Inclusion of

breakwater and dredging (v) Information regarding grant of environmental clearance along with

stipulated conditions to be put in public domain for Category ‘A’ projects.

Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms and ecological complexes of which they are part,

including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. It has direct consumptive value in

food, agriculture, medicine and industry. Towards its conservation, a National Biodiversity Action

Plan, consistent with the National Environment Policy 2006 was released in November 2008. The Plan



8

identifies major threats and constraints facing biodiversity and lists out action points for

addressing/conserving the same. The activities in the Plan include short, medium and long term

targets for the conservation of biodiversity. Since the goal of conservation of biodiversity can be

achieved only with the cooperation of all concerned through implementation of on-going schemes and

new initiatives, the MOEF has requested all concerned agencies to forward periodically progress of

activities implemented by them to facilitate regular monitoring of implementation of the Action Plan.

Given the importance and relevance of the issue, the year 2010 has been declared as the International

Year of Biodiversity. India proposes to organise the Conference of Parties of the Biodiversity

Convention in the year 2012.

The other similar measures taken include Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans

boundary Movement), Amendment to ‘Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, Draft

Plastics (Manufacture, Usage and Waste Management) Rules, 2009, Pollution Index for Major

Industrial Clusters, Revamped River Conservation Strategy - Setting up of NGRBA, etc,.

These initiatives have been taken with the objective of realising sustainable development goals. The

Ministry is also implementing 22 thematic plan Schemes. The state governments have also taken a

number of initiatives with the same objective in view. The MOEF inter alia sponsored a study on the

development and promotion of clean technology and abatement of pollution through preventive

strategies - waste minimisation and formulation of sustainable development strategies which, inter-

alia, included carrying capacity-based regional development planning, life cycle assessment, natural

resource accounting, etc., development & promotion of cleaner technologies. Specifically speaking,

under carrying capacity- based development planning of Damodar River Basin, a study was done

which made some general and some sector-specific specific recommendations. It recommended that a

Coordination Committee should be formed to oversee the implementation of recommendations and to

coordinate the activities between two states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. Major pollution problems

confined in the region should be given high priority. The upstream region faces acute shortage of

power. Some of the old and polluting power plants, whose efficiency is less than 30%, must be replaced

by super thermal power plants with pollution abatement equipment to meet the energy demand,

Bokaro Thermal plant may be either closed down or go for modernization, six coalfields in the area

generating huge amount of over burden(OB) dump- damaging the landscape as well as creating

environment pollution- should go for land reclamation of the OB dump on a large scale, industries like

coal washeries and coke oven plants should have combined effluent treatment plant, attempt should

be made to dispose of fly ash generated by thermal power plants and a feasibility study be undertaken

on using fly ash for backfilling underground mines, land reclamation of OB dumps and other purposes

like cement manufacture, for medium size and large-size industries, it should be a mandatory to obtain

ISO 14000, etc,.

The sector –wise recommendations included air, water, noise, land, fauna & flora and socio-economic

aspects. Specifically speaking, it was inter alia recommended that the conflict zone threatened by

mining activities should be avoided for any industrial expansion; measures may be taken to minimize

air pollution level in mining areas, all the polluting industries should be modernized or be fitted with

electrostatic precipitators and other suitable emission control equipment. These were identified major

industries causing air pollution are mining activities, coke plants, Bokaro Steel Plant and hard coke

plants, beehive coke oven and thermal power stations in the area, IISCO‘s Kulti refractories plant,

chemical and fertilizer plants, etc,.



For water conservation, inter alia, it was recommended that all the industries like coal washeries

located at the river banks must be provided with settling tanks and other treatment facilities, some of

the thermal power plants, which are discharging raw water into the river, must have effluent treatment

facilities, all the major towns should have sewage treatment facilities, Independent pollution control

mechanisms for coal washery rejects and coke ovens is desirable, etc. Similarly, recommendations were

made for land and noise pollution. It was recommended that land degraded due to mine fire,

subsidence and OB dumps should be reclaimed and rehabilitated in massive scale in all the six

coalfields, municipal solid wastes should be properly disposed of in major towns, technological input

should be given for disposal of fly ash generated from thermal power plants, the industrial solid waste

generated by steel plants like DSP and BSP should be properly disposed off for protecting the ground

water from being contaminated in the region, implementation of agro-forestry, social forestry and

afforestation with medicinal plant cultivation programmes should be given an honest attempt, noise

attenuation system like provision of acoustic walls should be done at each of the industrial premises

(thermal power plants, steel plants, coal washeries, coke plants and open-cast mines), heavy earth moving

machineries in coal mines should be properly maintained to reduce the noise level, etc. The purpose of

covering these recommendations in brief is to give an idea of the responsibility and the scope of work that

engineers & technologists have to share and do respectively for ensuring the sustainable development.

Under the green construction policy, the use of timber has been stopped in civil construction and its

substitutes are being used in all construction works in order to have better environment. Also to have

better conservation of electric power, low powered CFL fittings are being used in all common places

and solar water heating system is used in hostels and office buildings at high attitudes. Though formal

education is the mandate of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), the MOEF has

been interacting with the MHRD, NCERT, departments of education of the state governments, etc., to

ensure that environmental components are adequately covered at the school levels by infusion into the

school curricula at various levels. Accordingly, the MOEF has taken many initiatives on environment

education including developing educational / teaching materials and aids in the formal education

sector; ensuring training and workforce development in environment education, promoting

environment education through existing educational/scientific/research institutions, promoting

environmental concepts in management and business development.

Though there are several courses on environmental sciences at present in the formal system, there are

no structured courses available outside the formal system for people who desire to learn about

environmental issues. The MoEF has also taken an initiative in this regard and it presently working out

a frame-work for environmental appreciation courses in consultation with IGNOU. Realising that the

industry managers and leaders need to be sensitized towards environmental issues and concepts of

environmental management so that they can play an important role in introducing environmentally

sound practices in their operations, the Ministry has taken an initiative to introduce/enhance

environmental concepts in the business/management education. A committee comprising

representatives from Management Institutions, AICTE, UGC, Industry and MoEF is already looking

into various aspects like course content and syllabi of the existing courses so that gaps could be

identified and suggestion could be given for enhancing/introducing the environmental content where

necessary (Source : MoEF). Apparently, the ministry has not taken similar initiatives for promoting

environmental concepts in engineering education and training. This is perhaps the grey area from the

point of view of policy initiatives of the ministry.





Role of Engineers and Technologists in

Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development, especially since the United Nations Conference on Environment &

Development, at Rio de Janeiro, in 1992, has become an increasingly important theme around the

world, and increasingly a central theme for the engineering professionals around the world. With

infrastructure and engineering products and processes becoming increasingly complex, engineers

need to integrate consideration of whole-life environmental and social impacts, with the mainstream

and commercial aspects of their work. Wise use of natural resources, minimum negative impact and

maximum positive impact on people and the environment are the objectives. The sustainable

development concept requires all of us- engineers and citizens- to reflect much more widely than

before the impact of the infrastructure and products we produce on our own lives.

It is increasingly recognized that many of the practices and lifestyles of modern society, simply cannot

be sustained indefinitely. We are exceeding the capacity, of the planet to provide many of the resources

we use, and to accommodate our emissions. This problem of recognizing the need to live within

constraints and to ensure more fairness in access to limited resources lies at the heart of the concepts of

sustainability and sustainable development, which in essence is the process of moving human

activities to a pattern that can be sustained in perpetuity. It is an approach to environmental and

development issues that seek to reconcile human needs with the capacity of the planet to cope with the

consequences of human activities. It is useful to represent the constraints that make sustainable

development an imperative. Engineers & technologists will have to ensure that this happens by

playing their role very effectively, efficiently and dedicately.

As a matter of elaboration, engineers & technologists while playing their role for realising the

sustanaiable developmental goals will have to deal with the techno-centric concerns, which

encompass techno-economic systems, represent human skills and ingenuity the skills that engineers

must continue to deploy and the economic system within which we deploy them. Eco-centric concerns

represent the ability of the planet to sustain us both by providing material and energy resources and by

accommodating us and our emissions and wastes. Socio-centric concerns represent human

expectations and aspirations - the needs of human beings to live worthwhile lives, summed up by the

government’s interpretation of sustainable development as a better quality of life for everyone now,

and in the future.

Sustainability means ability and skills in engineers & technologists to deal with tackling all short,

medium and long-term constraints and realising the sustainable developmental goals. Technology

cannot be deployed as though it has no environmental or societal implications. Engineers must

therefore be key players in sustainable development, and have an obligation as citizens not just to act as

isolated technical experts. Achieving sustainability through sustainable development will require

some significant shifts in behaviour and consumption patterns particularly in engineers and

technologists who are responsible for making decisions about the use of material, energy and water

resources, the development of infrastructure, the design of new products and so on.

9



One implication is that engineers must recognise and exercise their responsibility to society as a whole,

which may some times conflict with their responsibility to the immediate client or customer. Engineers

will still be called on to design and manage complex systems, or simple systems to meet complex sets of

demands. However, sustainable development redefines the contexts within which these skills must be

deployed. It is a new integrative principle, not a new set of tools, so that the concept cannot simply be

regarded as an add-on to existing engineering skills and educational programmes.

Engineers and technologists should consider the affects that there professional decisions will have on

the wider world by identifying the potential positive and negative impacts of their contemplated

actions and while maximizing the positive impacts, seek to minimize the negative impacts of their

decisions. The areas of consideration may include the environmental and social effects of raw material

extraction, which may arise for a product manufacturing plant or other point of use such as

construction, and also in the environmental effects of operating a product.

Since sustainable development approach is creative, innovative and broad, it does not follow a specific

set of rules as such. Engineers and technologists should strike a balance in their decision-making

between environmental, social and economic factors. They should look at various alternatives for

striking this balance with providing options and flexibility for making changes in the future. So there

should not be any rigidity in their decision making process. Any alternative that may be selected

should balance all factors concerning sustainability. They can play an important role in finding

alternatives for delivering economic, social and environmental success all at the same time by not

choosing products, processes or projects which have the potential of generating significant

environmental degradation, social disquiet, economic loss in the short or long term or consume public

funds inefficiently because all of these are characterized as unsustainable.

Engineers & technologists will have to ensure sustainable solutions to the existing issues and also

ensure sustainable solutions to the future problems that may arise. They have to ensure using of more

and more renewable or recyclable resources in creating new assets. Society ultimately decides through

markets what it wants which will satisfy their needs well.

So it is the society which is the main stakeholder and there are others as well in the list who decide what

is sustainable and what is not and engineers & technologists will have to play their role to enable these

stakeholders to take these sustainability decisions. So, reaching to these decisions require engagement

of all stakeholders to bring their different views, perceptions, knowledge and skills onto a common

platform for the challenge being addressed. Engineers & technologist both as citizens and

professionals have a role to play and will have to be involved actively in facilitating these decisions.

This discussion paper makes an attempt to place together the information on the issues involved,

national concerns and policies that are there and international concerns for sustainable development

and the contours in which engineers & technologists will have to play their role for realising the

sustainable development goals to the satisfaction of all stakeholders.

Conclusion

Sustainable development principles include economic environment, social governance,

efficient use of all resources, internalise environmental & social costs, maintain conditions for viable

free enterprise, fair distribution of costs and benefits, replace depletion of natural resources with other

forms of capita, responsible stewardship of resources & the environment, minimise waste &

environmental damage along the whole supply chain, prudence where impacts are unknown or

uncertain, protect critical natural capital, support principle of participation & subsidiary indecision-

making, Encourage free enterprise with incentives, transparency and no corruption through providing

stakeholders with access to information & accountability for decisions & actions. The role that

engineers and technologists have to play is to created an environment that is enabling, dynamic and

inspiring for the development of solutions to global problems in the fields of energy, environment and

current patterns of development, which are largely unsustainable.

Sustainable development has been recognized important in achieving the Millennium Development

Goals. The Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held during August 6-

September 4, 2002 at Johannesburg, South Africa recognized the importance of assisting developing

countries inter alia in implementing environmental commitments and multilateral environmental

agreements as a major goal of strengthened international environmental governance, requiring

capacity building, financial resources, technology transfer, information-sharing and more effective

review and monitoring systems. Under the Agenda 21 of the UN World Summit on Sustainable

Development, 1992, activities of engineers have been included in chapters on human settlements and

other specific aspects of sustainable development report.

As a part of national voluntary actions to address climate change related concerns, India released its

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) on 30th June 2008. The Action Plan outlines our

strategy to adapt to climate change and enhance the ecological sustainability of our development path.

India has signed and ratified a number of key multilateral agreements conventions on environment

issues in recognition of the trans-boundary nature of several environmental problems, impact on

chemical industry and trade and is committed to complying with the obligations under these

agreements/conventions.

India is a fast growing economy with anticipated average GDP growth between 9-10 percent during

the coming decades. So is the case in the other developing countries, particularly China. Western world

has contributed significantly to the emissions of green house gases (GHG). Developing countries, if

they continue with the conventional way of working, cannot afford now increasing the emission of

green house gases any more. They have to look for sustainable way to their development needs. More

so, the entire eco system is threatened today. Many international conventions / agreements have been

signed and continue to be discussed for arriving at a consensus for action. No doubt, there is some

breathing time for the developing countries for dong what is required to be done for ensuring that the

future development process is sustainable. India has already taken many national policy initiatives,

there is still a long way to go for realising the goal of sustainable development.



10



Engineers and technologists have to play a major role in realising the goal. The areas to which they have

to contribute include the new green capacity additions, expansion of the existing capacities and in the

innovation of the conventional technologies, particularly in the power sector. India needs substantial

funds for new green technologies for capacity additions. So is the case with the other developing

countries. All this is required in the sectors namely, manufacturing, power generation & distribution,

mining, agriculture, irrigation, water, oil exploration and development. India needs to design and

develop these new green technologies, preferably renewable resources - based technologies, replace

the conventional technologies like coal-based thermal power, tap full potential of hydro power, bring

in technology for using hydrogen as a source of energy, harness huge thorium resources that India has

for generating nuclear power and so on. Renewable energy in India is a sector that is still undeveloped.

It has, in recent years, lagged far behind other developed countries in using renewable energy. This

sector holds a significant potential for India to realise its sustainable energy security. It needs to be

developed.

India needs to bring in sustainable aspects in the curricula of engineering education and training. It has

also to be an important component of our basic and higher technical education. The society as a whole

has to be brought in the net of sustainable development philosophy. Engineers and technologists will

have to play a role in this process also. Besides, there is a need for engineers & technologists to adopt a

code of others a morality which will ensure sustainability of their decisions and actions like that of

engineers of Australia.

Conference Papers



Energy Efficiency Improvement in Steel Re-Rolling Mill

Sector in India - A Sustainable Development effort

— G. Mishra*

Abstract :

The Indian Steel Industry is on the threshold of growth beyond any doubt. However, it has to overcome

several challenges both domestic and international. India with the per capita steel consumption of around 50

Kg has a long way to go but there is no doubt that India is finally going to occupy the second top position in the

steel producing countries after China in the present decade. With the GDP growth between 7.5% - 8.5%,

there is no doubt about the domestic demand of steel especially in the Automobile, Engineering,

Infrastructure, sectors. The role of steel re-rolling mills under the SME category is found to be quite

important as it produces more than 60% of the requirements of long steel products in the country. Further,

the units are located in various clusters and they are disbursed in the different parts of the country which is

found to be very convenient for the consumers to have steel available at their doorstep. Challenges such as

Energy Security, Environment, Global Warming needs to be addressed simultaneously while focusing on the

increase in production level of the steel plants.

Keeping the importance of these sectors in view, Ministry of Steel, Government of India with part financial

support from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)/Global Environment Facility (GEF) took

up a project on the Improvement of Energy Efficiency in this sector and thereby bringing down the pollution

levels of different solid as well as gaseous products which are causing enormous pollution problems especially

to the workmen working in the factory. On a global perspective, reduction in energy consumption will bring

down carbon-dioxide emissions and thereby reduce Global Warming which is a big concern for humanity as a

whole.

Introduction :

Energy is one of the most important drivers of national economy and therefore of human well-

being. Quality adjusted life expectancy has increased in societies which are enjoying rising incomes

and energy use and that is a convincing indicator of this relationship. On the other hand, the energy

sector is responsible for by far the largest share of carbon-dioxide emissions. According to

International Energy Associations (IEA) global energy demand will grow by 55% by 2030. If climate

friendly technologies are not used, emissions will have gone up by 50% with consequent impact on

global temperature rise and climate change. India is the 6th largest energy consuming and 5th

largest Green House Gas (GHG) emission nation in the world. The Iron and Steel sector in India

consumes about 20% of total energy consumed by Industry and plays a significant role in Energy

Conservation.

*UNDP/GEF/Project (Steel), Ministry of Steel.



If the steel sector wants to stay competitive, it must plan for a sustainable energy future. There are

three key dimensions of sustainable energy use. They are:

●Low carbon (EE) technologies including those using renewable sources (providing far more

energy security and clear environment).

●Energy Productivity (This is far better management of energy use and associated reduction in

the various processes, providing for more energy productivity)

●Distributed energy (Increasing sources of Energy supply, providing for both more

productivity and energy security).

India has around 1500 Rolling mills located in different parts of the country and they have more

specific characteristics as given below :

The characteristics of SRRM units are:

●Outdated technologies and practices

●Poor information base with low awareness levels

●Energy Efficiency (EE) Technologies developed so far are not in implementation in Steel Re-

Rolling Mill (SRRM) Sector.

●Lack of knowledge, expertise and experience to operate and manage high-end technologies

●Inadequate domestic and international linkages with industry, R&D institutions, consultants,

technology providers, domestic equipment manufactures and bilateral and multilateral

development agencies

●Low engineering and Research & Development base to absorb these technologies

●Inadequate skilled manpower.

Keeping the above in view, the aims and objectives of the project was derived as follows:-

●Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions

●Technology up gradation

●Accelerated adoption and absorption of environmentally sustainable Energy Efficient (EE)

technologies.

●Removal of key barriers to Energy Efficiency measures in the sector

The project design has taken into consideration all related organizations that are associated with the

Re-rolling mills in one way or the other and they are termed as Project Stake-holders. The diagrams

showing all such Project Stake-holders are given in figure I.



(Fig-1)

This project is supported by Global Environment Facility (GEF) U.S.A through UNDP and is under

implementation for the last 5 years. The project design broadly includes two components ie., 1)

Technical assistance 2) Implementation of technologies in 50 re-rolling mills (as Model unit).

1. Technical Assistance

This is a soft component of the Project which covers areas as given below :

●Benchmarking of Energy Efficient Technology Packages

●Strengthening institutional arrangements

●Information dissemination programme

●Enhancement of stakeholders capacity

●Third party financing mechanism (ESCO)

2. Implementation of Technologies in 50 Model Units

The Technology packages were i+dentified in the beginning of the Project after studying more-

or-less the entire spectrum of re-rolling mills in India and some of them in abroad and the list is

constantly updated with additions of new technologies being explored/developed.

DEM’s

Banks/FI

Industry Association

Govt Depts. /Agencies

National / International

Experts

Ministry of Steel

UNDP

PMC

ESCO

National Institution

Consultants

SRRM

Sector



Accordingly, the packages are segregated into Low-end and High-end as shown below :

●

(Investment :Rs. 1.5-2.0 crore, Energy Saving : 20-25%)

i) High Efficiency Recuperator with improved furnace design

ii) Change of lump coal to coal producer gas as fuel

iii) Technology for use of pulverized coal as fuel

iv) Use of Bio-mass gas as fuel

v) Use of Coal Bed Methane (CBM)

●High-end Technologies

(Investment: Rs. 5.0-6.0 crore, Energy Saving: 30-40%)

i) Regenerative burner system

ii) Hot charging of Continuous Cast Billet

iii) Top and Bottom firing system in reheating furnace

iv) Oxy-fuel combustion system in reheating furnace

v) Walking hearth/Beam furnace

3. Ecotech Options in Rolling Mills

These options are related to upgrading the equipments in Rolling mills :

i) Crop Length Optimization

ii) Roller Guides

iii) Universal Spindle & Couplings

iv) Antifriction Roller Bearing

v) Installation of Y Roller table

vi) Installation of Drop Tilter

vii) Installation of Tilting Table

viii) Oval Repeater

ix) Computerized Roll Pass Design

x) Reactive Power Compensation

xi) Energy Efficient drives for Rolling Mills

The Re-rolling Mill in India varies in the capacity of 1 ton per hour to say 40 ton per hour. But has two

main production facilities ie. re-heating furnace & mills. As far as re-heating furnace is concerned, it

has been found that most of the furnaces is not properly designed, uses poor quality of refractories and

Low-end Technologies



insulations, improper distribution of burners, non-existence of recuperators, complete absence of

instrumentation etc. In the above situations, the process of heating of Billets/Ingots is inefficient, low

productivity, high burning loss etc. While implementing the project, the Project Management Cell

(PMC) addressed these problems and suggested appropriate design of the furnace including

refractories, instrumentation etc.

Overall furnace design aspects:

It is seen from the practice in Re-rolling mills that many units are using Top-fired pusher type furnace

even for Blooms of cross sections above 150mm/150mm which are used for production of medium and

heavy products. As the practice is not followed anywhere else in the world because this is the most

inefficient method of heating such heavy blooms, causes not only loss of fuel but also heavy burning

loss. PMC therefore, recommends to use walking beam/walking hearth furnace/top and bottom fire

pusher hearth furnace.

The advantages of use of walking hearth furnace are as follows :

●Highly efficient

●Furnace length is smaller

●Furnace can be emptied by itself

●Higher furnace productivity

●Minimum scale loss

Hot Charging Technology

PMC also recommends use of hot charging of Billets directly to the re-heating furnace to save sensible

heat of billet and thereby reducing specific consumption of fuel. The advantages are as follows:-

●A substantial part of energy can be saved if the billets can be charged into the furnace in hot

condition.

●Billet Charged hot at around 650 - 800 0C directly into RHF from concast.

●Energy Saving potential 30-40 %

●Buffer Furnace to be used to take care of mill delays.

Use of Bio-mass gas

The use of Bio-mass gas for heating of billets to the rolling temperature of 1200-1250ºC was successfully

achieved for the first time in Asia, in one of the SRRM units in Pondicherry.

The use of Bio-mass Briquette through the gasifier is promoted under this project since the net CO 2

emission in this case is considered to be zero as per Inter Governmental panel on Climate change

(IPCC) guidelines. The advantages are as follows :

●Biomass Briquettes can be used in producer gas plant in place of coal with minor modifications.



●

●Mixing with Jatropha residue for higher Calorific Value (CV).

●100% substitution of furnace oil.

●Net Zero CO2 Emission.

Energy Saving Opportunity in Mills :

In the rolling mills there are several opportunities of saving energy either directly by saving power

consumption or indirectly by saving performance factors. These are as follows:-

●Higher Mill Yield.

●Higher Mill Utilization.

●Lesser Specific Power Consumption.

●Better Product Quality.

●Higher Equipment Efficiency.

●Lesser Breakdown.

●Lesser Mill Delay.

Case Studies :

The Project team has implemented so far various technologies in 21 units in the Country. The actual

results obtained with intervention of EE Technologies over the Baseline scenario is given in table no.1

for typically 4 SRRM units. It could be noted that :

●Furnace operating on oil, there has been savings of 20-25%

●With the use of pulverized coal, saving is reported as 15% to 100%. In case of use of Bio-mass,

the decrease in specific fuel consumption from furnace oil is reported as 20%.

●Burning loss : 1-1.5%

●Power reduction varies from 5-15%.

Conclusion:

The UNDP/GEF (Steel) project on Re-rolling sector has established that there is a definite saving in

specific consumption of fuel & power, reduction in burning loss, improvement in mill utilization and

yield of products and thereby there is tremendous financial benefit to the industry. Correspondingly,

it has also brought down the pollution level of the unit. The Project has an impact on saving in national

resources and reduction in CO emissions thereby reduction in Global Warming. The Project team of 2

Engineers place on record the valuable guidance and support of Ministry of Steel, Government of India

and UNDP, New Delhi to make this Project a success.

All Benefits of gaseous fuel.



Parameters Units Baseline

Data

Post-

commissioning

Data

Remarks

Specific Fuel

ConsumptionLpt 45.3 35.19 22.31% Reduction

Specific Power

ConsumptionKWh/t 87 80 8.00% Reduction

Burning Loss % 2.4 1.15 52.08% reduction

End Cuts % 2.5 2.2 12% Reduction

Yield % 93 95.5 2.7% Increase

Mill Utilization % 66 76.36 16.00% Increase


data

Post-

commissioning

data

Remarks

Specific Fuel

ConsumptionLpt 71.76 53.54 25.39 % Reduction

Specific Power

ConsumptionKWh/t 52.29 46.01 12.01% Reduction

Burning Loss % 1.9 0.92 51.57 % reduction

Yield % 94.57 95.65 1.14 % Increase

Mill Utilization % 64.66 85.46 32.17 % Increase


data

Post-

commissioning

data

Remarks

Specific Fuel

Consumptionkgpt 67 57.03 14.88 % Reduction

Specific Power

ConsumptionKWh/t 85 78.62 7.52 % Reduction

Burning Loss % 2.8 0.69 75.3 % reduction

Yield % 93.85 97.22 3.6 % Increase

Mill Utilization % 45.2 82.18 81.8 % Increase


data

Post-

commissioning

data

Remarks

Productivity t/h 10.5 15.3 45.7% Increase

Specific Fuel Kg/t 50.4 ------ 50.4*9,800kcal/kg

=49,4,361 kcal

Consumption Kg/t ----- 106.4 106.4*3760 kcal/kg

a)Furnace oil =400,000 kcal

b)Biomass

briquette- 19% decrease in

Specific Fuel

Consumption

- 100% reduction

in G.H.G. emission

due to Biomass

Specific Power

ConsumptionkWh/t 113.0 111.0 1.76% reduction

Yield % 94.5 96.0 1.5% Increase

SRRM UNIT - 2

SRRM UNIT - 3

SRRM UNIT - 4

CASE STUDYSRRM UNIT - I



Guiding Principles For Engineers For Achieving

Sustainable Development

— Srinivas Mantha, FIE, FIETE*

Abstract

Sustainable Development, especially since the United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, at

Rio de Janeiro, in 1992, has become an increasingly important theme around the world, and increasingly a central

theme for the engineering professionals around the world. With infrastructure and engineering products and

processes becoming increasingly complex, engineers need to integrate consideration of whole-life environmental

and social impacts, with the mainstream and commercial aspects of their work. Wise use of natural resources,

minimum negative impact and maximum positive impact on people and the environment are the objectives. The

sustainable development concept requires all of us, as engineers and citizens, to reflect much more widely than

before, the impact of the infrastructure and products we produce, on our own lives. This paper explains

sustainable development and the guiding principles which engineers need to practice to achieve sustainable

development.

I. Introduction

It is increasingly recognized that many of the practices and lifestyles of modern society, simply cannot

be sustained indefinitely [1]. We are exceeding the capacity, of the planet to provide many of the

resources we use, and to accommodate our emissions. This problem of recognizing the need to live

within constraints and to ensure more fairness in access to limited resources, lies within the heart of the

concepts of sustainability and sustainable development.

Sustainable development is the process of moving human activities to a pattern that can be sustained in

perpetuity. It is an approach to environmental and development issues that seek to reconcile human

needs with the capacity of the planet to cope with the consequences of human activities [2,3]. It is useful

to represent the constraints that make sustainable development an imperative in the form of a simple

Venn diagram (Figure 1).

Techno-centric concerns, which encompass techno-economic systems, represent human skills and

ingenuity the skills that engineers must continue to deploy and the economic system within which we

deploy them. Eco-centric concerns represent the ability of the planet to sustain us both by providing

material and energy resources and by accommodating us and our emissions and wastes. Socio-centric

concerns represent human expectations and aspirations - the needs of human beings to live

worthwhile lives, summed up by the Government's interpretation of sustainable development as a

better quality of life for everyone now, and in the future. Sustainability can be thought of as the region

in the centre of Figure 1, where all three sets of constraints are satisfied, while sustainable development

is the process of moving to that region. Alternatively, sustainable development can be thought of as the

Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, [Autonomous College of JNTUH, Hyderabad], Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad. 501 301 A.P. INDIA. e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +91-8415-200596, Fax: +91-40-27640394



process of moving the circles together so that they almost completely overlap but with the societal and

techno-economic circles sitting within the environmental circle, at which point all human activity is

sustainable.

Figure 1: Three dimensions of Sustainability

Although Figure 1, is simplistic, it reminds us that sustainability means living within all three types of

long-term constraints. Technology cannot be deployed as though it has no environmental or societal

implications. Engineers must therefore be key players in sustainable development, and have an

obligation as citizens not just to act as isolated technical experts. Achieving sustainability through

sustainable development will require some significant shifts in behaviour and consumption patterns

[1,4]. Often it will be and should be the engineers who are responsible for making decisions about the

use of material, energy and water resources, the development of infrastructure, the design of new

products and so on. One implication is that engineers must recognize and exercise their responsibility

to society as a whole, which may sometimes conflict with their responsibility to the immediate client or

customer. Engineers will still be called on to design and manage complex systems, or simple systems

to meet complex sets of demands [5]. However, sustainable development redefines the contexts within

which these skills must be deployed. It is a new integrative principle [6], not a new set of tools, so that

the concept cannot simply be regarded as an add-on to existing engineering skills and educational

programmes.

II. Principles For Engineers For Achieving Sustainable Development

2.1 Look beyond your own Locality and the Immediate Future:

In considering the effects of our decisions on the wider world, we need to: identify the potential

positive and negative impacts of our proposed actions, not only locally but also outside our immediate



local environment, organization and context, and into the future; seek to minimize the negative,

while maximizing the positive. Examples, where these considerations may apply include the

environmental and social effects of raw material extraction, which may arise for a product

manufacturing plant or other point of use such as construction, and also in the environmental effects

of operating a product.

2.2 Innovate and be Creative:

A sustainable development approach is creative, innovative and broad, and thus does not mean

following a specific set of rules. It requires an approach to decision-making that strikes a balance

between environmental, social and economic factors. This means that: we are not seeking a path for a

single correct solution; alternative solutions can be identified that fit with the sustainable development

approach. It is very difficult to predict with certainty how these alternatives will work into the future,

so we need to provide options and flexibility for change and other action in the future. There are no

guarantees that our solutions will be truly sustainable, we therefore, must do our best with the skills,

knowledge and resources we have at our disposal.

2.3 Seek a Balanced Solution:

Seek approaches to deliver economic, social and environmental success all at the same time, and so

seek to avoid any product, process or project that yields an unbalanced solution. This could be one that

generates significant environmental harm, that generates social disquiet or that generates economic

loss or spends public funds inefficiently, all of which are characterized as un-sustainable.

In considering options and in our decision-making, we need to not just compromise between the

negative and positive impacts on economic, social and environmental factors in the challenge we are

addressing, but seek gains in all the three aspects.

In our approach, in seeking a sustainable solution, we have to ensure, as far as possible, that renewable

or recyclable resources are used. Wherever new permanent assets are being created, ensure renewable

resources are used and focus on the future. Recognize that the environment is an ecological system,

assess the carrying capacity of the environment and the nature's capacity for regeneration. In other

words, rather than depleting nature's capital assets, live off the interest.

We have to recognize that sustainable solutions are competitive will be promoted and propagated by

the market. We have to recognize that enhancement of social capital, is a very important aspect of

sustainable development.

2.4. Seek Engagement from all Stakeholders:

Society will ultimately say what is needed or wanted for any development, sustainable or otherwise.

So, reaching decisions in this area require: engagement of all stakeholders to bring their different

views, perceptions, knowledge and skills onto a common platform, for the challenge being addressed.

Engineers, as citizens, have to be involved actively in these decision-making processes, as well as, in

their role as professional engineers.



2.5. Make sure you know the Needs and Wants:

Effective decision-making in engineering for sustainable development is only possible when we know

what is needed or wanted. The framework of the problem, issue or challenge to be tackled, should be

identified as clearly as possible, including identifying any legal requirements and constraints. It is

important to recognize that many engineering challenges are driven by what people want to have,

such as better motor cars, rather than just what they need as a means of transport. We need to: ensure

clarity of the considerations, criteria and values that different stakeholders wish to have reflected in the

framing of whatever is being tackled; identify the legal requirements and constraints upon the

problem, issue or challenge to be tackled and ensure they are reflected; recognize the distinctions

between a need and a want, and between an actual and a perceived need, so that the full spectrum of

problems, issues and challenges are known; identify interdependences between economic, social and

environmental factors in these needs and wants; decide on the system boundary, which should be

sufficiently large to comfortably encompass the foreseeable influences on sustainability, but not so

large that the detail of the current challenge is lost; communicate the engineering opportunities and

constraints to the team and stakeholders, and explain any value judgements about engineering aspects

that are included in the framing of requirements.

2.6 Plan and Manage Effectively:

In planning our engineering projects, we need to: express our aims in sufficiently open-ended terms so

as not to preclude the potential for innovative solutions as the project develops; assemble and critically

review historical evidence and forward projections; weigh the evidence for relevance and importance

to the plan; encourage creative out-of-the-box thinking; define the desired outcome in terms of an

appropriate balance between the economic, environmental and social factors identified earlier;

recognize that ideas that may not be immediately practicable can stimulate research for the next project

and also that they need to be properly recorded, if they are to be acted upon; ensure that the effort and

resources devoted to avoiding un-sustainable development remains in proportion to the anticipated

effect; keep the plan straightforward, so that others can understand it.

2.7 Give Sustainability the Benefit of any Doubt:

This should be the approach in our thinking. This encapsulates the precautionary principle and to be

implemented, forces us to address the future impacts of today's decisions. So, we need to: demonstrate

that improved sustainability will result from the actions proposed; only discount the disadvantages

and benefits of future events or impacts when they are very uncertain; only discount if we do not have a

full scientific understanding of the issue or challenge being considered; recognize that sustainable

development depends on investing for tomorrow and for today.

2.8 If Polluters must Pollute– then they must Pay as well:

The environment belongs to all of us and it's free use, for absorption of our wastes or its unfettered

exploitation are not sustainable. The adverse, polluting effects of any decision should, in some way, be

paid for or compensated for by the proponent of an engineering project, scheme or development and



they should not be transferred to others without fair compensation. In addition, it may be necessary to

formalize pollution prevention legislation, if a project is to be sustainable.

The challenge that this Principle thus presents is how to define the costs or compensation that is

appropriate. To determine how much compensatory work should be done, we need to work with costs

that fully reflect the social and environmental implications of a decision; the tools to undertake such

calculations are now available and being developed.

However, no pollution that is not allowed for by law should be considered for inclusion in the problem,

issue or challenge to be tackled. We thus need to: avoid incurring the costs in the first place by

eliminating or minimizing adverse environmental effects; practice a responsible attitude to the

environment; broaden our perspective beyond current legislative requirements; scan the horizon for

emerging measures and plan accordingly; fulfill any Corporate Social Responsibility Policies that

apply and promote their development if they do not exist; bring social and environmental implications

into options appraisal so that a balanced decision can be made.

2.9 Adopt a Holistic, Cradle-to-Grave Approach:

To deliver this approach, the effects on sustainability throughout the whole life-cycle of a product or

infrastructure scheme should be systematically evaluated. We need to: use the whole-life-cycle tools to

improve our decision-making; whole-life-cycle environmental assessment, whole-life-cycle costing,

and assessment of the social impacts over the whole life time of the engineering challenge we are

addressing are to be taken into account; impacts of our decisions on future generations are considered

alongside the present; handle uncertainty by keeping open as many future options as practicable;

ensure that the design is maintainable and that the materials are adaptable for re-use or recycling; think

in the fourth dimension and ensure that the design life is appropriate to the product or project and its

context; explicitly address the end-of-life options, and avoid wherever possible leaving to our

successors any problems of disposal; ensure non-renewable resources are used, wherever possible, for

the creation of new permanent assets.

2.10 Do things Right, having decided on the Right thing to Do:

Adhering to the Principles explained so far should ensure that right decisions from a sustainability

point of view have been made in relation to the circumstances that apply. We must then pay full regard

to doing things right, again from a sustainability point of view. To deliver this Principle, we need to:

retain the sustainability focus on the intended outcome right through the implementation of the

solution; recognize that the intermediate processes of construction, manufacture, production and

transport can be resource-intensive and need to be managed with an active sustainability orientation;

ensure as far as practicable, that the legal requirements and constraints on the problem, issue or

challenge to be tackled are complied with; aim to critically appraise current good practices and be

inherently sceptical of unsupported judgements, in order to decide on appropriate actions to be taken;

keep abreast of technical and market developments, to check the assumptions and predictions

embedded in the design.



2.11 Beware Cost Cutting that masquerades as Value Engineering:

We are unlikely to arrive at our best decisions first time, every time. So we need to challenge ourselves

and refine those decisions, whilst remaining focused on the intended outcome. We therefore need to:

avoid sacrificing the sustainability desires incorporated in a design when seeking cost reductions;

include any adverse effects on sustainability in the value equation and value engineering; be self-

critical of our own fundamental assumptions and values; be prepared to challenge our and others'

existing assumptions; re-examine first preferences and submit them to re-appraisal; use intelligence

from the marketplace to monitor assumptions on user behaviour included in the design; check that the

achievement of sustainable development objectives is not being subverted by unintended

consequences of design changes and/or user behaviour; finally, if satisfied with the balance struck

between the economic, environmental and social impacts of the proposed solution, congratulate

yourself, if not change it.

2.12 Practice what you Preach:

One's own everyday practices should not be at variance with what is being asked of others. You must

not expect more of others, than you do of yourself. Be prepared to be accountable for your design and

engineering, and uphold by example the beliefs it reflects. Change yourself before you seek to change

others.

III. Conclusion

In conclusion, individual practicing engineers have a duty to become and remain competent to deliver

the concept and practice of sustainable development in their day-to-day work. There is a need to

inspire every engineer to make a difference to the world through sustainable development based upon

wise practice of engineering. The engineers may seek out courses and other development support to

achieve this objective. Universities in particular, as well, have a responsibility to deliver to the world,

qualified engineers who understand sustainable development and can deliver significantly more-

sustainable solutions for society. Engineering for Sustainable Development will not happen on its own

volition and it will need action by everyone involved.

References

[1] Andres R. Edwards, The Sustainability Revolution: Portrait of a Paradigm Shift, New Society

Publishers, 2005.

[2] Peter P. Rogers, Kazi F. Jalal, and John A. Boyd, An Introduction to Sustainable Development,

Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2007.

[3] Susan Baker, Sustainable Development, Routledge, New Edition, 2006.

[4] John Blewitt, Understanding Sustainable Development, Earthscan Publications Ltd., 2008.

[5] Bill Wallace, Becoming Part of the Solution: The Engineer's Guide to Sustainable Development,

American Council for Engineering Companies, 2005.

[6] Martin A. A. Abraham, Sustainability Science and Engineering, Volume 1: Defining Principles,

edited book, Elsevier Science, 2006.



Sustainable Development – Role of Engineering Managers

and Technologists

— Y P Chawla*

Abstract:

Vedas -a bank of knowledge, with hymns collected in between 1000 and 500 BC describe the dynamics of five

elements (paunch tatwa): Earth, Sky, Wind, Water, and Fire (Sun). Vedas convey sun being the nourisher, earth

the Goddess -feeding everyone., Water providing remedies, Air a source of living, Sky an universal umbrella All

the entities in the universe are dependent upon these five elements. In the Atharvaveda, the earth is described in

one hymn of 63 verses. This famous hymn called as Bhumisukta or Prithivisukta indicates the environmental

consciousness of Vedic seers. Modern society, proud of its technological advancements, is reluctantly accepting

the service of nature, with Ecological Economics - a new emerging trans-disciplinary science, recognizing the

service of nature for the sustainability of human being vis-à-vis all Biotic and Abiotic components. Modern

environmentalists discuss sound or noise pollution. Yajurveda depicts a relation between ETHER ‘AKASHA’

and sound, giving an interesting advice to the mankind of not to destroy anything of the sky and not to pollute the

sky avoiding destruction of anything of Antariksha. We need to blend the Technology with our earlier

mythological beliefs. The unity in diversity is the message of Vedic physical and metaphysical sciences.

India, like any other country, has the self-determination and sovereignty, to decide on the Economic Policies.

Once these Policies are framed, the Role of Technocrats, Engineering Managers, Industry, and Business &

Society Starts. 21st century started with a Key aim of “Sustainable Development,” embraced by the international

community as back as 1992. Then in 2007 Climate Change became the buzzword and now in 2010 the

Biodiversity - another key environmental concern has emerged covering biodiversity -the diversity of species,

variety of ecosystems, and variability of genes , which now occupies a similar position in the public debate as

Climate Change did in 2007.

Sustainable Development (SD) means using resources no faster than they can regenerate themselves and

releasing Pollutants to no greater extent than Natural Resources can assimilate them and also covers Sustainable

Consumption involving not merely technological progress, but also cultural patterns of individual behavior and

values of the society at large. The SD focuses around three pillars with a Vision of 2050 & setting a new agenda for

business; i) Green Economy :ii) a transformation to address climate change and multiple crises; and iii)Water -

the new challenge for the 21st century.

Industry is one of the biggest Contributors to GDP; the objective of SD’s framework is in shaping the production

and consumption & at the same time encouraging Technological Innovation in Industry for today’s knowledge

based Society, achieving environmental compatibility in lifestyles and economies thus ultimately the Business.

Sustainability thus has a strategic aim of optimizing the interactions between nature, society, and the economy,

in accordance with the ecological criteria, combining the political stability, sound macroeconomic policies, and

social cohesion.

*Head, Energy Sector, Apollo Tyres.



The Challenge to the Role of a Technologist, Engineering Manager is to develop Technology or a Product that is

required for Sustainable Development, with an aim on promoting Inclusive Growth through its Business

Process.

Tags : Sustainable. Inclusive Growth, Biodiversity, Technologist, Engineering Manager

The Sustainable Development Indicators have started playing its role & getting reflected in

Corporate Decision-making by the use of Renewable Natural Resources and changing technological

Operations to reduce such use - even in the industries not highly regulated with not having much

direct impact on biodiversity. In fact, now the Industry is considering Biodiversity as an opportunity

rather than a challenge or a threat.

As a country India could reduce the share of its population living under the extreme poverty line,

and is now broadening its approach towards SD, promoting inclusive growth by bringing in

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and like schemes.

Global change is creating enormous challenges for the humanity. The world’s population is expected

to grow from nearly 6 billion today to 8.5 billion by the year 2025. Global energy requirements will

continue to increase. India is experiencing a rapid Economic Growth that will also add to modern

society’s environmental problems, including air and water pollution and waste problems, to wider

areas of the World –a Global Village of today. India has bigger challenge to meet the sanitation issues of

a vast population .The industrialized world will have to accept special responsibility-not only because

of their past ecological sins, but also because of level of their present technological know-how as well as

Financial Resources.

It is thus a Technologist irrespective of the Country that takes an important role in the SD, leading

to Inclusive Growth and effect on Biodiversity.

Strategies and Alignments for competing in the Future have changed for the Industry based on

Environment friendly technologies.

Role Profile of Technologist & the Engineer / Engineer Manager en-compasses a very wide field. A

restricted role has been depicted here for giving a flavour of the Role of Technologist and Engineers. A

few of the areas are:

Energy use

●Improve access to all, a reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and

environmentally sound energy services , recognize that energy services have positive impacts

on poverty eradication and the improvement of standards of living thus taking care of

Integrated Growth.

●Develop and disseminate alternative energy technologies with the aim of giving a greater share

of the energy mix to renewable energy and, with a sense of urgency, substantially increase the

global share of renewable energy sources for SD.



●

energy / Energy conservation technologies & Accelerate the development, for dissemination

and deployment.

●Combine a range of energy technologies, including advanced and cleaner fossil fuel

technologies, to meet the growing need for energy services.

This will help reduce emissions of climate-damaging greenhouse gases. Simply to stabilize

atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations achieving this goal involves focusing on improved

thermal insulation in buildings, on the use of heat/power cogeneration, and on efficient support for

the use of renewable energies.

Close Substance Cycles. Micro-systems and Control technologies are providing new opportunities

to design environmentally friendly production processes.

Water: Integrated Environmental Technologies in Water Filtering and Wastewater-treatment have

helped enhanced air and water quality with optimal use of Energy & Materials with lesser wastes. This

requires a necessary framework with the Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act

&Instruments like eco-audits, tohelp identify the saving potentials from environmental protection

investments, also promote development of such “clean” technologies.

Environmentally Compatible Mobility Environmentally compatible

traffic concepts are natural-gas engines, electric cars, hydrogen engines,

and fuel-cell engines can all play a role in eliminating motor-vehicle

emissions. Tele-matics can enable traffic to move

more efficiently. Information and communication

technologies can eliminate the need for physical

transports in some areas, and computerized

logistics in goods transports can reduce total

transport distances.

Bio-Technology is expected to bring important advances in medical

diagnosis and therapy, in solving food problems, in energy saving, in

environmentally compatible industrial and agricultural production,

and in specially targeted environmental protection projects.

Genetically altered microorganisms can break down a wide range of

pollutants by being used, for example, in

bio-filters and wastewater-treatment

facilities, and in the clean-up of polluted

sites. Genetically modified organisms can

also alleviate environmental burdens by

reducing the need for pesticides,

fertilizers, and medications.

Technologists, Engineers & Policy Makers alike face the challenge of

recognizing interrelationships and interactions between Ecological,

Diversify energy supply by developing advanced, cleaner, more efficient and cost-effective



Economic, and Social factors and taking account of these factors when seeking solution strategies. To

meet this challenge, decision-makers require interdisciplinary techno-approaches and strategies that

cut across various sectors. They have to develop new environment-friendly technologies that facilitate

low carbon growth, and for the public to become aware of such technologies that can contribute

towards effective adaptation to climate risks and provide a momentum to the solution-finding process

for climate change.

Sustainable Development Areas

(This paper covers SD partially, being one

of the Papers of the Seminar on the Vast

Subject with great depth). SD provides

Chal lenges , t ransformat ion and

opportunities for the business houses. But the

growing demand resources like fossil fuels, water,

and so on, with high population growth, could

lead to resource insecurity and an ecosystem

collapse. There is a need to develop pathways that

can quantify market potential and exploit the

available opportunities.

Social & Economic This paper mainly focuses on limited areas of Energy, Water, Land, Climate Change.

●Industry

●Poverty ●Health

●SCP:- Sustainable Consumption & Production Patterns ●Sustainable Tourism

●Trade ●Human Settlements

Natural Resources Management

●Agriculture ●Biodiversity ●Oceans & Seas ●Atmosphere ●Energy

●Desertification ●Forests ●Sanitation ●Climate Change ●Transport

& Drought ●Land ●Water/ ●Disaster

●Rural ●Mountains Freshwater Reduction &

Development Management

●Chemicals

●Toxic Chemicals

●Waste -Hazardous / Waste (Radioactive)

●Waste -Solid

Regional Dimensions on Sustainable development of Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD), it

may be noted that, by the year 2025, 83 per cent of the expected global population of 8.5 billion will be

living in developing countries & Indian population is growing faster than its GDP & making much of

●Demographics



Global Population increase and the capacity of available resources and technologies to satisfy the

demands of this growing population for food and other agricultural commodities remains uncertain.

Agriculture Technologists and Engineers has the challenge to meet increasing production on land

already in use and by avoiding further encroachment on land that is only marginally suitable for

cultivation.

Technologists & Engineers in Industry play a critical role in innovations and R & D - crucial for the

economic and Social Development, & Inclusive Growth of any country, as well as in the development,

diffusion and transfer of environmentally sound technologies and management techniques, which

constitute a key element of SD, keeping our Biodiversity intact.

There is a mutually reinforcing relationship between Social and industrial development, and

industrialization has the potential to promote, directly and indirectly, a variety of social objectives such

as employment creation, poverty eradication, gender equality, labour standards, and greater access to

education and health care. In this regard, the overriding policy challenge is to promote the positive

impacts while limiting or eliminating the negative impacts of industrial activities on social

development.

Industry: More than half of world’s most innovative

companies are in Asia, Europe

There was a time when most of the top

innovative companies were Americans,

but that U.S. dominance no longer exists

today. According to a survey done by

James Andrew, Senior Partner and Head

of the global innovation practice at Boston Consulting Group, more than half of the

companies in this year’s most innovative companies list came from Asia and

Europe.

Report published in Bloomberg Business Week, 80 percent of the respondents were opine that to

benefit from the economic recovery, innovation will be a key part of their strategy. While 72 percent of

the companies consider innovation as a “top three” strategic priority, 61 percent of them are planning

to increase their investment on innovation. Top 50 innovative companies included, 15 Asian

companies found their place, out of which, four were there in the top 10 companies.

The survey showed that in the year 2007 Tata Group (17th) established the Tata Group Innovation

Forum, a panel of the company’s senior executives and selected CEOs of its independently run

businesses. The purpose behind setting up the panel was to inspire its employees to be more

innovative.

A similar move came from Honda Motor (26th), when it promoted its former head of research and

development to the CEO spot last year. Samsung Electronics also took a vital step toward innovation

by restating innovation’s priority in Vision 2020.



Indian capable Technocrats are behind Innovations, with the agenda set by the

companies. Indian Corporate is required to come forward to convert the Indian

Technocrat’s capability to an asset to help India in SD & Inclusive Growth, helping Indian

Home maker to a decision maker of intelligently choosing their Legislative Member to

carry them forward.

Accelerating Sustainable Development to reach the have nots – The key challenges:

- Role of Technologists, Engineers in the new development paradigm.

- Building institutions for effective climate governance.

- From sustainable livelihoods to sustainable development.

- Sustaining Business in a climate constrained world.

- In pursuit of sustainable development: the place for ethics, equity, and social justice.

- Mitigating emissions for climate stabilization: Policies, Consumption, and Lifestyles.

- Role of India as emerging economy in fostering climate cooperation.

Conclude: Stakeholders to act:

Political Need for government action to reduce negative subsidies, introduce strong legislations and

offer incentives.

Government policies are required to be designed for maximizing the positive impact of Industrial

activities on Economic, Social Development & on inclusive Growth, minimizing the negative impact

on the environment by Manufacturing, Production and Consumption. To this end, Government is

required review the regulatory policies and systems of economic incentives and disincentives and

undertakes other actions such as capacity-building, environmental data collection for enforcement to

support the environmental protection efforts of industry and civil society. Government should

encourage the wider dispersion and implementation of industry’s voluntary initiatives and

agreements and sharing of best practices.

Technological (Technologists & Engineering Managers) Improving

efficiency by investing in R&D and emphasis on green technologies that

can emphasize the importance & be a game changers in the field of energy

efficiency.

Similarly the consumption of water in several industries being higher, the

industries should move towards water-use efficiency, use of innovative

technologies, and taking appropriate measures for water conservation

engaging different stakeholders such as societies, NGOs, government,

and industries in a dialogue for efficient water management which is vital

for sustainable water use.

Economic & Business Need for internalizing cost, reducing externalities, risk-sharing amongst

various stakeholders.



Social Increasing public awareness via multimedia, making efforts to alter consumption patterns and

lifestyles, empowering women and youth.

Society Consumption pattern is required to be tailored to leave a smaller footprint, travelling for

discussions vs. Video / Tele-conferencing. Setting up Small interventions that can reduce energy

consumption in a big way.

And, finally there is a for an integration of these efforts with a focus on

convergence of development, environment, economics & a need for ethically,

equitably and environmental responsible

policies to promote a new paradigm in

development.

Initiatives to provide basic necessities in a

sustainable manner to all so as to also enable people to take their

destiny into their own hands & be decision makers rather than only

Home makers, whereby they do not need to depend on others for the

supply of electricity, water. And correct the world of distorted

priorities. . The current trends observed worldwide in unsustainable

use of natural resources and the widespread damage and degradation

of fragile ecosystems are of serious concern. Yet, there are in evidence

many successful examples at the level of sub-regions, states and

provinces, towns, cities and villages where local communities have created solutions and set in motion

initiatives, which provide hope and examples worthy of emulation. Why is it then that, while the

world has found in several cases with such inspiring models of Sustainable Development

& Inclusive Growth , globally (more so in India )there remains a wall of resistance and a

huge volume of inertia that limits the acceptance of good solutions?

Fallout:

References:

●Conclave of Thought Leaders: The Future of Sustainable Development New York 11-12 May

2009 ; DSDS2010 5-7 Feb 2010.

●Rigveda; Yajurveda; Samaveda; Atharvaveda & Cartoons.



Sustainable Development - Role of Engineers& Technologists

— N.K. Chakraborty*

The Principal theme of the discussion/seminar is Sustainable Development-Role of Engineering &

Technologists, which is being widely in debate of the Global Forums in the context of dangerous life

threatening climate change & due to increasingly competitive global economy, science, technology,

innovation capacity building must be seen as vital instrument for survival. In today's rapidly changing

global economy, the critical economic development depends also how we using up life fossil fuel (coal,

petrol) to give momentum on economic development of Indian country.

For the sustainability the primary goals before mankind is Science Technology & innovative capacity

to channelize them on following direction.

● Reducing poverty & acting the Millennium Development Goals (MGD's)

— Science and technology to local people; to improve health-care delivery, access to clear water,

access to affordable energy and so on. Local people/community must be given active

participation in the technology development process & not merely passive recipients of

technology development for them.

● Adding value to natural resource, exports

— What are the successful strategies that countries and companies can pursue to add value in the

use of natural resources?

— Resource exploitation to be customer base & supply chain oriented.

— Public private partnership (PPP) & techno research institute work with domestic firm to the

find & adopt foreign technologies.

● Upgrading Technologies and capturing the later comers advantage

— Supply development percentage

— To day developing countries are late comers to adopt fast technical advancement.

● The Role of Research & Development (R&D)

— The vast majority of technologies required to reduce poverty, add value to natural resources &

upgrading the technological proficiency of local industry have already been intended. But

developing countries are not widely using there technologies. In fact, developing countries are

technology deficient and are dependent on the west.

*Director (Planning), Delhi Development Authority.



Scientific & Technological Advancement

At the outset, it has been mentioned that due to dangerous "climate change" the world is desperately

concerned to mitigate the consequences of its impact. Therefore following specific issues needs to be

studied for capacity building:

The rapid growth of urbanization is another cause of concerned for climate change. On one hand, we

are reducing rural land, agricultural land forest, hills and hillocks for new habitations on other hand

we are using Petrol, diesel, gas, minerals, water for modes of transport, electricity, habitat items,

machine tools etc. The emission of carbon dioxide heating up global climate has direct impact on

climate change, environmental & on ecological system. We are for our livelihood using natural things

for both renewable energy & non-renewable energy. Similarly, solar energy we are using for

renewable purpose for electricity, solar, battery change, Solar Car vehicle etc. This natural gas is also

renewable energy.

The situation calls for drastic revolution in our use of energy resources. Alternative source like solar

energy, wind energy etc. must be brought into use increasingly by technologies innovation. Eco-

friendly CNG, driven car buzz are achievement of Engineering Technology. In Tokyo motor show

displayed hybrid concept car, the hybrid car, with a 1.6 litre petrol engine and an electric motor, will

form the basis of a model. As the batteries start to run out of charge the petrol engine cuts into serve as a

generator.

We have many environmentally sensitive areas mining industry has been disregarding environmental

safeguards in their operations while industrialization is must for economic growth, wealth creation for

the wellbeing of the people. Yet today environmental pollution has become so vast that it is threatening

human cell life on the planet. This poses a serious dilemma calling for creative solutions. Corporate

social responsibility today implies a positive & dynamic management of environmental hazards and

pollution. This paradoxical situation is illustrated by the South Korea's Posco Groups initiative to set

up a giant steelmaking plant in Orissa. On the one hand steel production envisaged by this project

would have generated considerable of revenue and employment. As such environmental clearance

was given by the Govt. of India. And subsequently it was sought to be withdrawn also. So while

international standards of, today, 'clean development mechanism' that is environment friendly

constitutes the norm for industrial development. The important part of the issue is that environment

friendly industrial plants and infrastructure are far from what they ideally should be for

protecting/nurturing. Appropriate technology based on renewable alternative sources of energy.

While serious efforts are being made, to evolve new technologies and manufacturing processes, the

problem will remain for some to come. Among the developments that have already made their mark in

adding new manufacturing processes helping environment preservation are the manufacturing of

hybrid cars, solar cars and electric cars by automotive majors these are quite significant.

Now in era of huge industrialization the impetus is required to green energy solution by the

Government Industry & Consumer must have committed to ecological sustainability. In our country

40 per cent population has access to electricity or LPG and economic development is largely driven by

lack of electricity. As the economy & income grow, energy demand by 2030 will be three times what it is

today. Therefore, we have to focus on promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy.



People/consumer driver must have to understand to buy a things should be energy efficient one.

Similarly energy efficiency building design can also reduce consumption. By doing this, we doing this,

we reduce consumption by upto or even more than50 per cent.

Nuclear power is pollution face, capital investment is more for initial stage, but in the long run the

renewable energy serve for energy efficiency. Now our installed capacity of 130,000 - 140,000 MW

along 11,000 MW is renewable. An impact analysis carried out in the year 2007-08 and comparison say

in India 3% and in France 70% & Japan is 40%, showed that the governments initiatives have resulted in

savings to the order of 3.7 million tones of oil / equivalent i.e. about 1% savings from Indian's total

energy consumption of about 400 billion tones of oil equivalent. Moreover, there are technologies

available, but we cannot get an additional 10,000 MW of energy immediately through renewable

sources. Thus it required Government and company's initiative for to be a lot of Research &

Development.

Focus on Sustainable Development

In the last 20 years it has become fashionable to argue that good development is 'sustainable', and that

on a worldwide, national and local basis governments should promote 'sustainable development'.

Despite several authoritative attempts at definition, there is much confusion over what sustainable

development means and what actions are necesary to promote it. The starting point of many

discussions of the concept is the often quoted definition in the Brundtland Report: 'Sustainable

development is development that meets the basic needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs' suggests that 'There has been a tendency to use

sustainable development as a device for mobilizing the opinion rather than an analytical concept for

developing specific policies'. Cullingworth and Nadin suggests that precise scientific definition. They

are instead social and political constructs used as a call to action but with little in the way of practical

guidance. We must meet/provide the basic needs although no he Grant.

In an attempt to expand on the basic definition, Blowers suggested that sustainable development is

intended. To promote development that enhances the natural and built environment in ways that are

compatible with :

(1) The requirement to conserve the stock of natural assets, whenever possible offsetting any

unavoidable reduction, by a compensating increase so that the total is left undiminished.

(2) The need to avoid damaging the regenerative capacity of the world's natural ecosystems.

(3) The need to achieve greater social equality.

(4) The avoidance to the imposition of added costs or risks on succeeding generations.

(5) All human challenges have become global challenges.

The goals of sustainable development are then seen as :

1. Resource conservation : to ensure the supply of natural resources for present and future

generations through the efficient use of land, less wasteful use of non-reusable resources, their

substitution by renewable resources, wherever possible, and he maintenance of biological

diversity.



2. Built-environment quality : to ensure that the development use of the built environment

respects and is in harmony with the natural environment, and that the relationship between the

two is designed to be one of balance and mutual enhancement.

3. Environment quality: to prevent or reduce processes that degrade or pollute the environment,

to protect the regenerative capacity of ecosystems, and to prevent developments that are

detrimental to human health or that diminish the quality of life.

4. Social equality : to prevent any development that increases the gap between rich and poor and

to encourage development that reduces social inequality.

5. Political participation : to change values, attitudes and behavior by encouraging increased

participation in political decision making and in initiating environments at all levels from the

local community upwards.

Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development

In recent decades, the intensity and scope of interest in environmental issues has increased and a global

concern with the use of resources in ways that take account of future generations has led to the

widespread use of the term 'sustainable development'. In this chapter, the role of environmental

economics in analyzing environmental issues will be examined, and its contribution both to

formulating environmental problems and suggesting policy responses will be explored. The concept

of sustainable development will be scrutinized and the role of environmental economics in

understanding the meaning of sustainable residential development and in identifying instruments to

promote this will be discussed.

The meaning of environment

The use of the term 'the environment' is often confined to the natural environment. For example, it has

been stated that ' By "environment", we mean the biosphere...' the atmosphere... The geosphere .... and

all flora and fauna. Our definition of the environment thus includes all life forms, energy and material

resources, From this definition it follows that the environment has three broad functions: supplier of

resources, a sink or receptor for waste products, and a supplier of amenity. As a supplier of resources,

the environment is the source of all energy and materials that are inputs to productive processes; all

goods and services that are produced rely ultimately on natural resources extracted from the

environment. The processes of production and consumption create waste. The byproducts of

manufacturing such as gases added to the bins, and ultimately, the cars we drive, the buildings we live

in and virtually everything we have produced becomes waste. It can be argued that facets of the

environment have a limited assimilative capacity, a limited ability to absorb and degrade waste. As the

assimilative capacity is exceeded, the ability of the environment supply to more resources for future

production is impeded. Furthermore, the assimilative capacity of rivers, oceans and atmosphere to

receive waste may not be identified as some fixed volume at a fixed point in time. There may, rather, be

thresholds which are approached gradually that, once crossed create adverse and possible irreversible

reductions in the ability of the environment to supply resources and amenity. When waste products

contribute to this depletion in the environments productive capacity, we may think of them as

pollutants.



Ecology

With the arguments for reducing traffic, the energy crisis and material recycling we reach out last and

most difficult concept, that of urban ecology. If at present there is one undisputed objective of city

development it is of the objective of sustainable city development, meaning the most compatible

integration of the city into the natural cycle. Ecology has rightly become be overriding principle of city

development. The ecosystem of the world would collapse if the type of urban development used in the

industrialized world was carried out throughout the globe. For this reason, there is an urgent need to

redirect this development.

The cities in old Europe have a good basis for doing this: they are relatively wealthy and their

populations are more or less stable; agricultural land has to be reduced as a result of over production,

and the average level of education is high. European cities could in fact show the world how to make

cities sustainable before environmental catastrophes force us to do so. However, what approach

should be selected and to what end?

This question can be broken down in to two opposing theses:

1. The city must necessarily, by its very essence, stand opposed to nature.

2. The city can be a component of a man made nature.

Finally on this subject, another recommendation from ecosystem research suggest that:

Cities must again become more strongly integrated into the surrounding landscape. The

procurement of drinking water should in the medium term be redirected from the utilization of

groundwater to the use of surface water with its lower degree of wastage. The exploitation of

waste water should after the separation or separate purification of industrial waste water, be

similar to that in rural settlement areas. In order to reduce the heat absorption of the city, as

large as possible an amount of vegetation should be planted on roofs, facades and around

buildings and rainwater should not be drained away but used for cultivation. Finally, the

production of foodstuffs should again take place close to the city in order to minimize

expensive transport costs. Some of the foodstuffs could be produced on the periphery of the

city in green houses. An attempt could also be made through artificial food chains to convert

biomass not reusable as foodstuffs e.g. algae into foods for humans e.g. fish.

We cannot avoid the need to compose our thoughts about he cultural landscape suited to our society,

because it will have to be different from the old cultural landscape for which we are so nostalgic. This

cultural landscape will be an urbanized landscape in the urban regions, a landscape between culture

and nature.

The city tomorrow will consist of a concentration of compact settlements surrounded and

surrounding countryside, which meets specific city functions. Open land as an internal

structures of the city has the potential of water and material cycles. These new, functional

perspectives have retroactive of the landscape and the aspect of recreation. The identity of the

city is derived not only from the design and mode of functioning of the built up area, but also

from the undeveloped open, "vegetative" areas.

City and country wide will have to be involved in a new symbiosis, polarized between biotechnical

systems in the city and new wildernesses in the countryside. City ecology will change from a science



which is used predominantly for the analysis and protection of the remaining landscape into a

discipline which actively develops new forms of urban and cultural landscapes.

Climate Change Impact in the Developing World & Implications for sustainable Development.

In the report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change noted that between 1906-2005, the

global average surface temperature by about 0.74°C. The panel also conservately estimated that such

temperature could be increased by upto 5.8º C by 2010. Most of the warning observed that over last fifty

years is attributable to anthropogenic activities, through the emission of green one gas namely carbon

dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides with carbon dioxide the most important contribution through the

industrial countries are responsible for nitrogen oxide and from developing countries generated

through agriculture & forestry.

Twenty five economics (confirming the European union on one) account for 84% of global greenhouse

gas emission. The same countries account for 74% (part of global population & 90% present of global

gross domestic product).

Therefore, in Copenhogen Conference -2009m Dec. the debate over responsibility for the danger we

have created is heating up. The industrial world is urging developing native such as China & India to

accept limits on Carbon dioxide emission for their own emission reduction plan. Such demands, China

& India report that the west being principally responsible for the built up of green house gas, should

take the first step & cut some stock to the still poor developing countries.

'TRIBUNE'- 31st October, 2010 reported that 2010 'exceptional year' for wealth disasters.

Catastrophic floods in Pakistan, wildfires in Russia and hurricanes in Mexico-2010 has so far been an

'exceptional year' for weather-related disasters, -German reinsurance giant Munich Re said. This year

has so far been the warmest since measurements began 30 years ago, with new temperature records set

in Russia (37.8 degrees centigrade) and in Asia (53.5 degrees in Pakistan). Only last month, a new

temperature record was set in Los Angeles, with the mercury hitting 45 degrees. "It is clear that global

warming is getting worse."

Millions of people living on the Bay of Bengal will be made homeless as the sea level rises. They never

above a car nor owned a telephone or had the smallest carbon tool point on earth means nothing. Thus,

the carbon innocence those whose home may be swept away by fast melting glaciers too would not

make any difference.

Similarly, Himalayan & Tibetean glaciers have been shrinking at an alarming rate threatening the

livelihood of a over a billion people dependent on the major river systems of Asia. There river system

also on other hand accelerated along with fossil fuel generated economic growth. This is also

nominated by satellite system to held & promote economic growth of million of people out of poverty

in the developing world & has increase the comfort for million others in the developing world.

But the U.S. note China's emergence in 2008 as the world's top polluter & call for capping its emission

urgently. Whereas China says western pollution i.e. responsible for 64% of problems associated with

climate change & its own per-capita emission is 4 tone compare to the US's 20 tonnes.

Thus, the leader of both the developed and developing world must of some point acknowledge threat

hanging over humanity, like the damocli's sword. The threat global climate change is not one that can



be calculated on a natural per capita basis. We must take records at stage right now to meet he threat

before it is too late.

Thus, environmental science technology are two sides of a same coin, at present we should focus to

save natural resources/ energies from land to space to develop the human resources to maintain health

and to protect from threat of nature & created technology by scientist as a whole to society all around in

the world.

Urban India

Urban development in India is presently going through a very dynamic sage. The urban population is

expected to reach by the year 2030 some 600 million approx. 30-40% of the citizens alone reside in slum

& squatter settlement. Presently in Bombay 40 percent lives in slum.

By 2020 more than 50 per cent of India's population is expected to live in urban area, thus the age old

image of India's as a rural nation will be a mater of past. The concentration of urban agglomeration is

taking place in and around the major cities, towns and metropolitan are the phenomenal changes due

to internal growth and migration putting a colossal pressure on the state subject. No such logistic

policy is available to channelize and restore them in organized manner for controlled development to

accommodate with sufficient urban infrastructure for all to technology need to be resolved. Despite the

fact, Govt. of India attempted for (1) National urbanization policy, (2) National Commission for

Urbanisation (3) National Shelter Policy (4) Small & Medium Term Development; and (5) Nagpur

Palika Bill etc.

But to the fact despite some policy paper, the general urban scenario in common i.e. every where in

India except magnitude and level intensity. Thus, traffic pile-up, unauthorized construction, slum,

unattended garbage. Thus much else have come to symbolize urban chaos in India. Due to unplanned

uncontrolled development is root cause of environment pollution, carbon emission from slum,

unorganized sector, air pollution, water pollution, unhealthy insanitation etc. Existing urban scenario

at he first important needs for provision rudimentary services and infrastructure for a healthy livable

environment.

Sustainability of Big City needs some direction in its development:

The present generation specially engineers and Town Planners will have to stablise the population and

reduce the emission of green house gases which threaten the climate. We must know how to use energy

and naturals with great efficiency. We must rebuild the economy in order to eliminate waste and

pollution. We are lazy in industrialization of earth which is worst.

While thinking for development of city we must take care of following aspects:

1. Control of pollution and utilization of waste

2. Conservation and management factor

3. To check stoppage of landscape due to environment degradation.

4. Saving forests, grass land and semi Ariel ecosystems while growing industrialization.

5. Conserving ocean Resources.



6. Measures to protect wild life and soil conservation through creating awareness.

7. Check air, water, soil, radiation and noise.

8. Controlling and reducing pollution.

9. Resettlement and rehabilitating people.

10. Disaster management.

11. Development should be sustainable.

12. Creation of development funds and its proper/fully utilization without corruption and

involving politics.

13. Beside finances, engineers, town planners, common man must be consulted and affected with

all projects.

14. It should be time found to avoid escalation of prices.

15. Growth of population and extent of development should be co-related.

16. Strict enforcement of Laws/Acts and Policies.

17. Restoring balance in Ecosystem and Energy crisis/Biotechnology improvement.

Development of city needs development of standard of life of common people besides Housing and

Industry so that both may co-exist a longer period. Therefore, a comprehensive urban planning

approach is the tools of sustainable development to achieving the best possible life & environment for

people in towns and cities.



Technological Advances Leading to Sustainable

Construction of Buildings & Bridges

— Vinay Gupta*

Affiliations

Er Vinay Gupta is serving Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd, India as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Over

his 27 years of professional carrier, he has been involved in planning, designing and coordination of

design, detailing and tender preparation of various bridges, flyovers, vehicular underpasses, long

span and tall buildings, steel structures, chimneys and quality control documents. He is an active

member of various Codes and Standards Committees of BIS and IRC in India dealing with Earthquake

Engineering, Special Structures, Loads & Stresses, Concrete Bridges, Bearings & Expansion Joints etc.

His contributions include preparation of IRC:SP:65-2005 (Design and Construction of Segmental

Bridges) and IRC:SP:71-2006 (Design and Construction of Precast Pretensioned Girders for Bridges).

He has been honored with the award for the best paper (titled Seismic Design and Construction of

Radisson Hotel, New Delhi) by Indian Buildings Congress. He has authored over 30 technical papers

in civil engineering journals & conferences and has been lecturing as Guest Faculty in NITHE, CRRI,

CIDC, etc. Er Gupta is also the Chairman of Indian Concrete Institute-New Delhi Centre. His

affiliations include M IABSE, M IRC, M ISET, M IE, F ICI.

Preamble

The entire world is busy carrying out construction of a large number of projects that relate to

infrastructure, real estate, power sector, industrial sector, etc. Needless to mention that civil

construction is the first aspect of a project implementation that precedes functional installations. Large

volumes of construction require an equated volume of cement production. Some 2.5 billion tonnes of

cement produced world-wide produces 2.5 billion tonnes of CO gas, leading to green house effect. 2

Blending of cement is a technology used to cut down emission of CO . It also results into conservation 2

of the natural resource, i.e. Lime Stone.

A structure would be disliked by masses, if it does not find enough aesthetic appeal. For that matter,

even the infrastructure projects are making inception of aesthetics and architects are being involved in

the design of flyovers. Use of fly-ash in construction of embankments, has helped conserving the

environment, because the waste product of Thermal Power Plants is successfully utilised.

Reinstatement of depleting water table has been partially controlled with the concepts of Rain Water

Harvesting. When a building or a bridge is constructed, the planners must ensure that the existing

heritage is not harmed. In one example, bridge height had to be raised by over 5m to ensure visibility of

the existing monument in the background, same way as it was visible before construction of the bridge.

It is also equally important to maintain the existing topography. In one of the projects discussed in this

* Chief Executive Officer, Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd .



paper, the topography, existing before the construction, was reinstated after completion of the

construction., through suitable means.

A. Khalsa Heritage Complex, Punjab

Fig 1: Khalsa Heritage Complex Anandpur Sahib, Punjab

To celebrate 500 years of history of Sikhs and 300 years of establishment of the Khalsa, the mega project

'Khalsa Heritage Complex' was launched by the Punjab Government. The project comprises a 150m

long pedestrian bridge to connect Complex 'A' and Complex 'C'. While the Complex 'A' houses library

blocks and a theatre, the Complex 'C' mainly houses high-tech exhibits of various types. The special

highlights of the project include (i) Inception of large volume of architectural fair faced concrete (ii)

Preparation of mock ups of all specialized elements, prior to their actual construction (iii) 26m span

prestressed concrete ramps in Heritage Museum building (iv) 20m span RCC roof beams acting as

partial catenary in Permanent Exhibit building (v) 35m span arch bridges incorporating prestressed

tie beams (vi) Precast canopy over the pedestrian bridge, (vii) Specialized Mechanical Connection

between in-fill brick walls and the adjoining beam-column frame structure for sustainability during

high seismic forces. Large scale use of Portland Slag Cement (PSC) for the project, gives advantage of

reduced consumption of lime stone leading to protection of environment and sustainable

development. The 60 acre site, situated in front of the main Anandpur Sahib Gurudwara was a barren

land comprising a combination of sand hillocks and plains. The architect's concept inherited a

monument emanating from the hillocks. For this purpose, photographs of the preconstruction site

were taken from all angles, so that the hillocks, that would have to be flattened during the construction

could be rebuilt to, as far as possible, the same shapes and forms as they existed before construction.

See Figure 1 for model view of the project.



The complex has been divided into

(i) Complex 'A', housing a multistoried library complex and a 20m high, 400 seating capacity

Auditorium (Theatre).

(ii) Complex 'B', incorporating Pedestrian Bridge, having 4 arch spans of 35m each and a two level

cafeteria below the bridge and

(iii) Complex 'C', comprising various multi-storied buildings to house exhibits.

The architectural conception demanded the 4 arch spans (35m each) to be separated from each other by

a distance of 6m . Hence, the longitudinal thrust of one arch could not be balanced by the adjoining

arch spans. Therefore, each arch span was made independent, using prestressed tie beam, (4 nos. for

each arch rib of 7m width) provided below the ground level.

The pedestrian bridge has been provided with a precast canopy, which was precasted and erected

from top of the bridge itself. Each canopy unit comprises 3 pieces i.e. columns, slab and a concrete cap.

All these elements comprise architectural fair faced concrete using PSC, see fig 2.

Fig 2: Precast Concrete Campy Over Pedestrian Bridge

This 5 storied Permanent Exhibit Building (figure.3) has been provided with 600 deep coffer slab in the

lower floors for spans of 20m, in order to have smaller structural depth and allow space for services.

The roof has interesting features of 20m span concrete beams, radically arranged, which partly act as

catenary structure. Thereby 20m span could be managed in a small structural depth of 700mm. It may

be noticed that triangle shaped roof has become near vertical (over 600 to horizontal) at the ends,

wherein top shutter became mandatory to be able to pour and compact the concrete properly, see

figure 4.



Fig 3: Permanent Exhibit Building Fig 4: Near Vertical Roof Required Double Shuttering

Camouflaging of fair faced concrete with fancy architectural finishes creates and excellent blend of

structure and traditional architecture. An extensive study was carried out to find ways and means to

obtain a concrete colour and surface finish, that would meet the architect's expectations. A round the

world trip was made by the author, along with others concerned, in order to study various methods of

concreting, including associated quality control measures exercised at various project sites. Visit to

Yad Vashem Museum Construction site and Ben Gurion Airport, both in Israel revealed that

international practice was to have large no. of mock ups to study the efficacy of concreting procedures.

In conclusion, simple things like type of cement used, shuttering material used, tamping of shuttering,

form release agent used, time of de-centering, edge protection, temperature etc, all affect the aesthetics

and quality of concrete.

It was found, through trials, that Portland Slag cement (PSC) gave a particular type of light grey colour

of concrete, which was acceptably used. PSC also has a distinct advantage of possessing lower heat of

hydration, thereby reducing early thermal cracks. After trying steel, marine plywood etc, it was found

that Resin Coated Ply imported from Finland produced the most satisfactory surface finish. Even the

shuttering joints were planned by the architects, as per the architectural acceptability. Mineral oil

based form release agents were found to leave a brownish tinch on concrete surface. So it was decided

not to use any form release agent and do a very gradual de-shuttering, in order to prevent spalling of

concrete. Time of de-shuttering was also found to have effect on concrete colour. Therefore, it was

ensured that the entire shuttering of an area was de-shuttered at the same time to maintain harmony of

colour.

In this project, the architects have done maximum justice to the concrete. This is by way of exposing

most concrete columns, buttresses attached to RCC walls and down-turn beams apart from other

elements indicated elsewhere in this paper. The false ceiling has been arranged between the beams (see

figure 5) in such a way that typically 150mm deep lower part of the beams projects below the false

ceiling, as architectural fair faced concrete, comprising PSC.



Fig 5: Fair Faced Concrete Beams Visible Below False Ceiling

The project has made large scale use of the concepts of Rain Water Harvesting. For this purpose,

200mm dia perforated PVC pipes have been provided below the sock pit, underground. These are

connected to the building rain water discharge, all over the site.

A large scale use of Portland Slag Cement (PSC), conforming to IS:455 has been made. PSC being

blended cement, incorporates about 50% to 70% Blast Furnace Slag (BFS). This is a bi-product (a waste

product) of the steel industry, which is produced in the arc furnace. This way not only the wastage is

utilized for a constructive use, quantity of lime stone required in producing cement is also reduced in a

big way. Apart from conservation of natural resources, it also reduces the quantity of energy required

to produce cement, as less clinker is needed. This way the CO liberation is reduced and Green House 2

effect prevented. It is said that globally, about 2.2 Million Tonnes of CO is liberated every year to 2

produce 2.5 Million Tonnes of cement.

B. Amari Atrium Hotel, Bangkok

While it is important to conserve the environment, it is also equally important to speedily complete the

projects, which apart from having financial benefits, also reduces disturbance to traffic and the

neighbourhood. 25 storeyed Amari Atrium Hotel, Bangkok, built in the year 1991-93, incorporates

prestressed floor slabs for the upper 20 floors. This way each floor could be completed in an average of

9 days per floor. See figure 6 for overall view of the building.



Fig 6: Amari Atrium Hotel, Bangkok

The structural system comprises Banded Slab System with frames at 8.2m spacing. Each frame

comprises 12m centre to centre span between columns flanked by 4m cantilever on either side.

Prestressed Band Beams are 400mm deep, that span 12m from column to column and 4m cantilever, on

either side. The Prestressed slab, that spans 8.2m, has a thickness of 200mm. Prestressing system

comprises unbounded tendoms using grease coated factory extruded strands, housed in flat

prestressing ducts for post tensioning the slab. See figures 7 & 8 for prestressing system. Apart from

speed of construction, prestressing gave a distinct advantage of reduced structural depth, reduced

deflections, enhanced durability and reduced consumption of concrete, eventually leading to

sustainable construction.

Fig 7: Prestressed Banded Slabs Fig 8: Flat Prestressing Cables



C. Samtel Color Ltd, Ghaziabad

Use of prestressing is not only limited to buildings and bridges. It can as well be extended to Industrial

Structures. Samtel Color Ltd, Ghaziabad is one such example, wherein a large scale use of Precast

Prestressed Trusses (Post Tensioned) has been made. This way the 25000 sqm of factory building could

be construted in merely one year. The 25m span trusses are spaced at 10m and they are supported over

elastomeric bearings over the 10m high columns. The elastomeric bearing also acts as Seismic Isolator

to reduce Seismic Demand of the Structure, leading to economy in columns and foundations. See

figures 9 & 10 for illustration. The roof slab, in this case comprises precast RCC Inverted Channel Units

topped with cast-in-situ RCC. The structure so constructed, apart form being fast, also proves to be

weather tight for the airconditioned electronics factory. This reduces long term airconditioning load,

hence cost savings leading to sustainable construction.

D. Elevated Viaduct Over Barapulla Nallah

An innovative idea of providing an elevated viaduct over a city drain has been successfully

implemented, just before commencement of the Commonwealth Games in Delhi. The project

comprises of construction of elevated road over Barapulla Nallah from Ring Road near Sarai Kale

Khan to Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium. The piers are located in Nallah bed for the entire project. The

alignment crosses Ring Road, Railway Tracks, Jangpura Road to Nizamuddin Railway Station &

Monumental Bridge over Nallah, Mathura Road and Lala Lajpat Rai Marg. See figure 11 for the

alignment. The project lies in close vicinity of historical monument, Tomb of Khan-i-Khana. 9.0m

carriageways are provided for each traffic direction with structures provided for both the

carriageways. Major portion of project comprises of two type of construction:

a) Stilted portion of standard spans constructed span-by-span with precast segments employing

launching girder.

Fig 9 : Samtel Color Ltd. (Ghaziabad)

Precast Post-Tensioned Roof Trusses

Fig 10 : Close Up View of Precast Trusses

Resting over Elastomeric Bearings



b) Stilted portion of special modules constructed on major crossings by precast segmental

structure employing cantilever construction technique using Segment Lifter.

Fig 11: Alignment of Elevated Viaduct of Barapulla Nallah

The standard span modules have been provided with deck continuity with regular continuous length

of 3 × 34m = 102m, supported over two rows of elastomeric bearings at each pier location. This way, all

the piers and pier caps became aesthetically identical. The lateral forces have been transferred through

elastomeric bearings in vertical plane, attached to concrete upstand over the pier cap. Figure 12 shows

general view of standard spans. See figure 13 for standard span construction.

In addition to standard span modules, there are special span modules at the road crossings and railway

crossing. These are 3 to 5 span units with the largest central span of 84m. The special span modules

Fig 12: View of Viaduct

Fig 13: Construction of Standard

Span Modules



have been constructed as precast segmental balanced cantilever structures employing specially

designed Segment Lifter. Figures 14, 15 & 16 depict this type of construction. In the case of the railways

span, it is interesting to note that a block time of only 2 hrs per day, from 12:00 midnight to 2:00am was

given, when construction activity over the tracks could take place and no train would run during this

period. Hence, the structural planning incorporated only dead end of cables over the railway side and

live end (prestressing end) on the remote side. While the preparatory works and segment erection of

remote side were done during the remaining 22 hrs, the segment erection (including its prestressing)

on the railway side was done during the specified 2 hrs. This way, speedy construction over-coming all

the hurdles leads to sustainable construction.

Fig 16 : Cantilever Construction Over Railways

The project alignment passes through the Tomb of Abdul Rahim Khan-I- Khana at Mathura Road

location. The mandate given by the ASI Department was not to obstruct the view of the tomb. For this

reason, the level of elevated viaduct was raised to obtain a clear height of 12m, see figures 17 & 18.

Fig 14: Use of Segment LifterFig 15: Balanced Cantilever Construction

Using Segment Lifter



E. Viaduct of Bangalore Hosur Elevated Expressway

In line with promise to the nation, NHAI has completed the mega project of 10km long elevated

viaduct from Silk board Junction to Electronic City in Bangalore. Twin carriageway (2 × 2 lanes) is

carried over 16.3m wide twin cell box girder. Typical modules are 8 span continuous superstructure

with module length of 262m between expansion joints. About 3000 precast segments were constructed

in 3 different precasting yards, specially designed to carry out Short Bench method of precasting.

Erection of segments was carried out using 3 nos. of specially designed overhead Launching Girders.

Refer figures 19 & 20 for some of the operations of launching girder. The Launching Girder was

designed to be operated using wireless Remote Control for speedy operations, see figure 21. This way

even handling of segments including lowering and raising of segments for epoxy application could be

made fast and convenient, see figure 22. This way, a peak speed of 3½ days per span of the twin

carriageway superstructure could be achieved for the important BOT project.

Fig 17 : Tomb of Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana

(1556- 1627) : View from Mathura Road

Fig 18 : View of Khan-i-Khana Tomb from

Mathura Road with Elevated Road

at a Height of 12m

Fig 19 : Launching Operation Fig 20 : Launching Truss upported on Front Pier



F. Mukerba Chowk Interchange, Delhi

An award winning project has recently been completed by PWD, Delhi. The project comprises Main

Flyover (2 × 4 lanes) over the Outer Ring Road, four clover leaves (3 lanes each) and Pedestrian cum

Cyclist Subway apart from other features. Figure 23 shows model view plan of the project. The main

flyover comprises Composite Steel-Concrete Box Girder with 2 and 3 span, full depth continuity.

Although expensive compared to concrete alternative, this option reduces consumption of cement, in

turn leading to conservation of enviroment and natural resource (lime stone). Figures 24 & 25 depict

some of the structural features. The piles have been provided with Portland Slag Cement (Blast

Furnace Slag Cement) in order to reduce the heat of hydration and better resistance to chemical attack.

Part replacement of OPC with Blast Furnace Slag leads to conservation of resources and utilization of

factory waste, resulting into sustainable construction.

Fig 21 : Cordless Remote for All Operations

of Launching Girder

Fig 22 : Segments Suspended From

Launching Girder

Fig 23: Model of Mukerba Chowk Traffic Interchange



2.5%

C OF CARRIAGEWAYL

C OF FLYOVERL

RCC DECK SLAB

SEISMIC ARRESTORFOR TRANSVERSE FIXITY(TYP)

2.5%

C OF CARRIAGEWAYL

30200

14000 1100 14000

22

50

Fig 24 : Composite Steel Box Girder for Main Flyover

Fig 25 : Main Flyover



The project planning had to surmount several difficulties of accommodating nearby ground features.

These include an archaeological monument, a burial ground, a major electric sub-station of 11KV &

33KV, garbage landfill site and a city waste drain running parallel to the main flyover, see figure 26 for

these features. At the burial ground, the pile foundation were provided in a way to escape the existing

graves. At the location of electric sub-station, the superstructure had to be maintained at a safe

distance, especially during construction. The pile foundations in the city drain were provided with

permanent liner for protection against harmful chemicals. And the excavation for pile cap was assisted

through sheet piling and suitable shoring. At the location of garbage landfill, the landfill was provided

with geogrid tension membrane for enhancing the tensile flexural capacity of the subgrade before

constructing the road over it. Adjoining landfill was provided with tensile membrane and seedlings to

grow grass, for aesthetics. This way, removal of the landfill could be avoided and yet a green strip

could be created.

Architectural features of the project include a specially designed from of voided slab superstructure &

camouflaging shape of piers for the integral structure of the Clover Leaves, see figures 27. The railing

and the lighting posts were specially designed to be aesthetically pleasing. The project has obtained a

wide public appreciation.

Fig 26 : Existing Features at Site



Conclusions

A constrained site requires careful planning to negotiate the existing features. Although removing the

constraints may sound to be an easy solution, it is not always necessary to do so. Engineers have found

ways and means to negotiate the ground features and yet make a structure that is economical,

aesthetically pleasing and fast to construct. It is important to have an aesthetically pleasing structure,

like the one in case of Khalsa Heritage Complex, Punjab, wherein large scale use of architectural fair-

faced concrete employing Blast Furnace Slag Cement and Resin Coated Plywood Shuttering could

produce an aesthetic structure. Use of precasting and prestressing in buildings produces fast,

economical and sleek structure. These structures are durable and weather resistant. The solutions of

using Segment Lifter in the case of Barapulla Nallah Viaduct, implanting seedlings over landfill site in

Mukerba Chowk interchange etc are some of examples. On the whole, a carefully planned structure is

bound to produce an efficient structure.

Fig 27: Mukarba Chowk Architectural Views



Holean Education - a Roadmap to Sustainable Education

— Prof. Priyavrat Thareja*

Synopsis

This paper is an attempt to explore the releavance of Godliness and goodness for Holistic sustainability in

education. The paradigm of a whole built up with Lean thinking (implying whole/lean) is knit around the core

thinking of freedom, aesthetics, and a learning environment. The term HOLEAN is constructed with holy,

holistic, and lean (collated as whole/lean).

The Holean Paradigm

The concoction of three vital attributes in 'HOLEAN' in above title is targeted to further explore them

for sustainable education, namely being Holy, Holistic and Lean. The former two terms i.e. Holy and

Holistic have fairly been talked of in academic circles, but not Lean. Before establishing an interconnect

(of lean with holy / holistic); let us first explore the applicability of 'Lean' here, in a wider context

within the bounds pertaining to the educational dimensions. Lean has presumably three meanings:

The conventional one with Lean Thinking (Thareja & Kaushik, 2010), the dictionary meaning (CALD,)

and the lineage to Hindi language. The symptomatic domains of three descriptions are as under:

a. Sustainable/ helpful:

The scientific word Lean (thinking) implies achieving a kind of focussed competency in the

chosen direction of business process, avoiding redundancies, wasteful labour and so on.

History has it that many erstwhile super-speciality people, who on the contrary proved as

failures at common school rigours, [namely. Bill gates, Albert Einstein, etc, having dropped out

of their schools, along with Sir Isaac Newton- notorious for common follies], only assert that

our formal education process was not Lean (helpful) to them. In other words it was not

sustainable.

b. Bending/ sloping

Since the literary meaning of English word lean marks a devotion, to bend/ slope towards

chosen direction, the second objective of leave identified above appears in tandem.

c. Engrossed in the learning

The Hindi word 'lean' implies that one is fully engrossed in the learning (or stipulated work to

the extent of its elevation as a sacred duty).

Contemplating 'Holean' while nursing sustainable education, it is advisable to build up a 'whole'

sustainable success the lean way. The success is better achieved when goals are pursued in right

direction. History has it that many super genius (like Bill Gates, Albert Einstein) have been failures at

school When Lean calls for accomplishing a no-fat system that will not only pull out the focus deserved

to achieve faster success for most, it will abate situations of demotivation (whatever?) of such

*Chartered Engineer (F.I.E (India).



intelligentsia. Even though it is now fashionable to declare loftier goals, examine how much undivided

attention during the day is given to those loftier goals and how much time is given to preparing for

earning a living?

Theoretically, the goals should be smart (Specific, Measurable, Realistic and Timebound). And not

lofty. Martin (2003) clarifies: "At its most general level, what distinguishes holistic education from

other forms of education are its goals, its attention to experiential learning, and the significance that it

places on relationships and primary human values within the learning environment." (Paths of

Learning). The Holean purpose is a holistic integration of holy and lean education.

As Lean is to reduce wastes and/or add value, a lean education will be more efficient and effective.

Eliminating especially a non-value activity (or input) which does not serve the end purpose, the

efficiency is ensured. Strategically concentrating on attributes which are responsible for results,

imparting an education which is painless, useful, and which continually improves the Quality of life

can be facilitated. This is the assigned objective of HOLEAN. Whereas the paradigm holon (coined by

Arthur Koestler) assigns an organism, which is a whole, that is simultaneously a part of another 1

whole , it has potential to improve Quality of an organisational team (Thareja, 2010 a). The paradigm of

a holean here is envisaged to nurse a whole that is simultaneously composed of lean parts - for more

efficient and effective progress. The benefits may be large, since inefficiencies, process delays which

diminished performance can be abated when proactive initiative rather than a reactive one have been

applied to lean. It is seen in USA that at least 67 percent of students tested on NAEP (National

Assessment of Educational Progress) cannot perform at the required "proficient" level in any subject

area. The performance standards diminished because students had not used their activities and

resources in, say, holean way. Mere Lean would imply lowering of activities/inputs, cutting wastages

and adding value all proactively. Holean on the other hand calls for a total learning (leaning to learn),

duly pulled out from within, and thus it aggregates lean parts to compose a whole. When the central

concerns of education, which have more to do with inner liberation, are addressed, the education we

provide shall be sustainable. It agrees with the paradigm Krishnamurti envisioned for imparting

education as a media to give significance to life (Krishnamurti, 1955).

The Holy Whole

Let's continue to seek the wider meaning of HOLEAN in the context of sustainable education. From the

times of ancient Indian service paradigm, till date, it sustains to expect that "Education is rightfully 1

considered the greatest tool to liberate a group from the endemic cycle of poverty ". The idea was

naturally propagated through various stories, as in Panchtantra, wherein the various legends advise

healthy living@ simplicity and truthfulness. Forbes (1994) exhorts diminishing or eliminating the ego,

as the self or ego is a central obstacle to living religiously. Because, insists Krishnamurti (1987) "..if you

have no relationship with the living things on this earth you may lose whatever relationship you have

with humanity, with human beings".

Evidently, any thing good deserves to be projected as religious or godly. If education should bring

about freedom, love, the flowering of goodness and the complete transformation of society, it will

make the world good. As Krishnamurti (1964) envisages :"it (world) will not base on acquisitiveness, on



power and prestige... - [the new] world that must be totally different from the present one" -a kind of a heaven.

Such a world devoid of chaos and disharmony will be an instrument of affluence, and hence a

sustaining one.

Recapitulating the scenario, in ancient India, the vocation, authorisation and devotion in Education

have always been considered as HOLY and divine. Assignees of educational rigours were

concurrently delegated along with various academic responsibilities to conduct Yagna, recite shlokas,

etc, which has been well documented in Puranas. Presumably the intelligentsia involved themselves in

writing the religious mantras, and holy scriptures like Vedas, Puranas, Gita and epics like Ramayana,

Mahabharata, and so on. The competency of learning was a measure of these scriptures having been

read, and deployed in one's character. There was even a measurement standard of traits: e.g. Bhagwan

Rama possessed 14 Kalayen (traits or competencies) and Bhagwan Krishna possessed all 16. Each

human being, world over, is exhorted to develop them. This is supported by the western thinking as

asserts Carol Ann Tomlinson "The central job of schools is to maximize the capacity of each student." ~ The

metric of this capacity in terms of Indian benchmark is Guna (qualities) or Kalayen.

It conforms to Tom Peters observation: "What gets measured, gets done." Regardless of the largely

talked rhetoric about the holistic development of the child, it is the content of assessments that largely

drives education. How is the creative thinking ability assessed? And if it is not assessed, is it at all

developed? In the absence of that is our education worthy? Further to what extent is the typical student

recognized and given respect? How often are students given the opportunity to recognize and evaluate

different points of view when multiple choice tests require a single 'correct' answer? Our education

today has gradually deviated away from the Holyness.

From Holy to Holistic

The gradual slide of education from learning of scriptures and emulating the character of Rama and

Krishna has caused our education today as turning towards more of facts and numbers. The emphasis

is on scientifically listing the various critical success factors, about what all are those competencies and

how to acquire them (pass the examination), albeit through a mechanical process. Maybe, it has never

touched the soul of students. The paradigm of education still gives a deaf ear to the Quality Guru WE

Deming's 11th of 14 points: "No numerical quotas & Eliminate work standards". But that mandate were

bookish, and not to epistemologically considered.

The today's education ignores accenting the relationship between the knower and the known, between

self and world, between mind and matter. Such a culture has come into being because of the

philosophical degradation of our education, from holy to holistic, from psychological to mechanical,

from fundamental to conceptual and now metaphorical? It could have been better, as professes Ayn

Rand: "The only purpose of education is to teach a student how to live his life-by developing his mind and

equipping him to deal with reality. The training he needs is theoretical, i.e., conceptual. He has to be taught to

think, to understand, to integrate, to prove. He has to be taught the essentials of the knowledge discovered in the

past-and he has to be equipped to acquire further knowledge by his own effort."

Right training and the effort (or indulgence) bring in the learner right culture to deal with reality and

incorporate learning skills. The principle III (i.e. The Central Role of Experience) of Education 2000: A



2Holistic Perspective suggests: " While Learning is an active, multisensory engagement between an

individual and the world, a mutual contact between them empowers the learner and reveals the rich

meaningfulness of the world". It thus denotes presence of a meaningful environment which helps 2

learner achieve requisite competencies. "The goal of education therefore is to nurture natural, healthy

environment supporting 'holean' growth through experience, and not to present a limited,

fragmented, predigested "curriculum" as the path to knowledge and wisdom". Through complying

with such requirements/goal Malaysia has demonstrated that success is achievable. Habsah and

Hassan explain how an overlay of focus on the God-the Creator (as a new central core of learning) was

driven through their secondary school Integrated Curricula (2009). Implemented in 1984, the ISSC now

attempts following perspectives as a renewed holistic initiative to high Quality citizenry:

(1) knowledge of man and his Creator;

(2) knowledge of man in relation with his fellow beings, and

(3) knowledge of man and his interaction with his environment

Based on the holistic and integrated concept of education, Malaysia has her principles based on their

own National Philosophy of Education (NPE) with the belief and devotion to God as its central tenet. 2

However warns Phil Gang 'It's not about curriculum development, it's about human development.'

Ron Miller augments : "Holistic education is more concerned with drawing forth the latent capacities and

sensitivities of the soul than with stuffing passive young minds full of predigested information. It is an education

that prepares young people to live purposefully, creatively, and morally in a complex world."

In concurrence, Malaysia during design of secondary school Integrated Curriculum (ISSC) felt that

Integration of subjects must be made against a more wholesome interpretation of knowledge in which

new formal and non-formal aspects of curriculum provide the meaningful context of a certain teaching

and learning processes. Flake (1993) also advices that the ecological system and the environment play a

dominant role in providing inner meanings to individuals in the learning process. Clark (1997)

summarises by collating that the learning process can be enriched through the subjective context; time

context; symbolic context and ecosystem or global context.

The National Philosophy of Education (NPE) of Malaysia implied that the development of a well-

developed individual is materialized by the infusion of noble universal values. They identified the 16

core values towards fostering a relationship based on peace, harmony and goodwill among the citizens

of the country. These core values are namely: cleanliness of body and mind, compassion/empathy,

cooperation, courage, moderation, diligence, freedom, gratitude, honesty/integrity, justice,

rationality, self-reliance, love, respect, public-spiritedness and humility and modesty. ISSC was

designed around the development of these competencies, and corroborates on the essence of

Education and The Significance of Life (Krishnamurti, 1955, ch 6).

Argues Wan Mohd. Zahid (1993) while listing the following needs in education which must meet be

met in a holistic curriculum:

(i) First, the importance of the metaphysical principle embedded in the respective religious belief

of individuals aimed at instilling the spirit of interconnectedness with the Creator,



(ii) second the need to master knowledge of both the social sciences and humanities in justifying

the need for individuals to interact in the social context, and

(iii) thirdly, the need to master knowledge of the physical sciences in order to enable man to

understand his/her position as being a part of the interconnected reality with the physical

world.

Schubert (1986) compliments that holistic concept in education had also been practiced in the early

history of education in China and India. As pointed out by him, the teachings of Confucius and Lao Tze

and also the holy books of the Vedas, Gitas and Upanishads had shown that much emphasis was given

to the spiritual element in education as a mean to achieve spiritual happiness.

Spirituality, an important aspect of the holistic education extends beyond an individual's physical

entity encompassing the inner spiritual dimension of emotion, intuition, creativity with the belief in

God being primordial (Habsah and Hassan2009). In the Malaysian context, holism not only constitutes

the intellectual, spiritual, emotional and physical elements of an individual but extends beyond the

social, environmental, and contextual dimensions to a higher metaphysical position with God as the

highest source of truth.

From a critical and exploratory context, the ancient Indian education (involving various Vedas, epics

viz Ramayana, Mahabharata etc) reveals that conceptualisation of aforementioned attributes were

prevalent as a system. It can be so said because Hindu epics appear to display large and holistic

dimensions, explanations, reasoning, interconnections, solutions and explanations. Most of the events

or actions can be regressed to the cause and effect analysis which are adequately explainable. They

stand as exemplars even today and support social problem solving. The so called religion forms the

basis of securing health and sustainability in societal structure. The extension of this role to a stable

Quality control (read Quality assurance) primarily follows from a 'Holy' attribution to societal culture.

The superquality characters (even metaphorical ones) emerge from such education.

Styles of Quality control did however become heavy in pre-enslaved India, and maintenance of

discipline became difficult; as a result, knowledge slowly got localised into pockets of affluence. There

was an excessive religion orientation which was being exploited by some, leading to licensing of sorts.

it restricted the common mass to engage in such activities that had an interface with genetic

superiority, and/or deep learning. The devotion to duty and preparedness being high, the works

commissioned invariably displayed stupendous Quality. Anyone, then, could 'transform' oneself to

achieve the required traits so as to deserve the coveted assignment. Thus a 'Quality assurance' system

was an implied imperative, as extensive life cycle quality was ordained. The system was however

destroyed as a result of many controversies, with an effect of repeated invasions of foreigners:

Mughals, Europeans and so on, who destroyed the primary structure of ancient (Vedic) civilisation

from the status of great potency. The richness did slowly bust, and current Holyness what has

remained is no longer 'religious', which should rather be secular in nature, pardoning in culture and

full of goodness in conduct. It is now packed only with empty rituals which are formal and

meaningless in their disposition.

Albeit that erstwhile system of education was strong, yet India had quite lost such leads? A political

failure led to a severe degradation in the meaning of religion, and hence the holy disposition to human



development. The question here is not to explore the causes of failure, but to assure that what has

remained after transformation is worthy of sustenance? Say, if it is not holy, it should at least be holistic.

Further in light of extensive developments of subjective context; time context; symbolic context and

ecosystem or global context, it should be lean.

The questions further posed are? Can this be done in a better way to seek better outcome etc facilitate

brainstorming towards improvement? One may ask: what can be eliminated in the process without

reducing value to the customer/end-user? Towards the end goal, one seeks to improve processes by

streamlining them or anticipate and prevent problems rather than fix and resolve them.

Holistic and Lean Education for Holean Sustainability

In ancient Greece, Socrates argued that education was about drawing out what was already within the

student. (to reiterate, the word education descends from the Latin e-ducere meaning "to lead out"). At

the same time, the Sophists, a group of itinerant teachers, promised to give students the necessary 4knowledge and skills to gain positions with the city-state . Observes Forbes (1994) "…most people still

see it (education) predominantly as preparation for succeeding in a material world." Expectedly, the

industrial economy solicited necessary training of workers who would efficiently perform their

assigned tasks. An education designed to train people for their narrow roles in the workplace is vastly

different from an education whose purpose is to enable individuals to become all they are capable of

being. The paradox thus is in this competition of holy versus commercial teaching.

Holism asserts that phenomena can never be fully understood in isolation. If, say, it is preparation of

good citizens, it asserts that all relationship, in the context of connection and meaning be evaluated.

Until all aspects of e-ducere and skills (necessary for securing jobs) are taken care, the education will be

incomplete. Forbes accepts "Modern education is so obviously failing to solve the world's problems, is

so criticized for failing to meet societies' aspirations, and is so clearly unable to prepare people for the

challenges of life."

Wendell Berry went to the heart of the matter in the title of his 1990 book, What Are People For? If people

are viewed as merely employees in a mechanistic economic system, then they need, above all, to be

managed, evaluated, graded and disciplined. If, on the contrary, society views the human being as an

active, creative, aspiring organism, then it must educate children in ways that honor such qualities

rather than suppress them.

In the Quaker tradition, education is not primarily about transmitting authorized knowledge to

passive learners, but achieving personal and social transformation by unleashing and nourishing the

creative power of the Inner Light.

Butler (1993) holds the view that that the following aspects are important in the teaching and learning

strategies. First, students should be involved in the process of critical thinking which involves

reflective thinking and problem-solving strategies that opposed teaching and learning strategies

which are routine in nature. Reflective thinking for instance, involves deep thinking or meta cognitive

approach which requires students to make meaningful connections between the disciplines taught and

learned.



When it is faithful to its foundations, Quaker education is neither student-centered, nor discipline-

centered; it is rather inward-centered. Quaker education operates from the conviction that there is

always one other in the classroom-the Inward Teacher, who waits to be found in every human being.

In a more Holean way, when "Krishnamurti acutely integrates religion, organizations, tradition,

nationalism, and relationships to form the complex the education is, and his model rather runs counter

to the convention of the day. Argues Forbes "If they are less startling today, it is either due to the affect

[read effect] his insights have had on common consciousness or an indication of the extent to which he

was ahead of his time".

Feels Krishnamurti: until the teachers and society understand the relevance of being (rather than

doing), reality can not be sought {The essence is hiding, say differing from being a healer rather than

doing practice}. Our teachers, for example, teach the subject entrepreneurship, without having

understood risks (Thareja, 2010 b), or most teachers teach Quality without having known it (Weinstein

et al, 1998). So they are generally far from being an academic Guru, and unless they do it, they can never

graduate to the state of being it. Krishnamurti asserts that there is a common tendency to assume that

when people use the same words, they perceive a situation in the same way. [on the contrary] This is

rarely the case. Once one gets beyond a dictionary definition-a meaning that is often of little practical

value-the meaning we assign to a word is a belief, not an absolute fact, the gap between doing and

being will sustain. This also resonates with the significance of pursuing educational objectives, since

the goals proposed by our academe are only symptomatic {as liberating a group from the endemic

cycle of poverty, referred above} and never realistic, and are only academic and bookish. In their

absence, conventional education is not in sync with realism.

Luckily in the green economy, individuals are not considered in such a robotic image, but are generally

treated as whole human beings capable of creativity, imagination, and a lifelong search for meaning.

Butler (1993) holds the view that that the following aspects are important in the teaching and learning

strategies. First, students should be involved in the process of critical thinking which involves

reflective thinking and problem-solving strategies that opposed teaching and learning strategies

which are routine in nature. Reflective thinking for instance, involves deep thinking or meta cognitive

approach which requires students to make meaningful connections between the disciplines taught and

learned. As "The reductionism can only give us a partial view of anything it dissects", the gross impact

of education should be holistic for sustainability. Since "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", the

promise of excellence in education lies here. It and implies that the whole is possibly comprised of a

pattern of relationships that is not contained by the parts that ultimately define them. It emerges that

once an alignment for reflective thinking and problem-solving faculties are in place, the necessary

knowledge and skills to fill positions with the city-state will be easily raised.

Any change or event eventually causes a re-alignment, however slight, throughout the entire pattern.

Exhorts Lacey (1998.) "to encourage people to make the world better, to become informed, skilled

agents of positive social, political, economic, and educational change (1998.)" for re-alignment. They

take seriously the teaching that a divine "seed" animates every human soul, and they understand their

primary mission is to nourish this seed so that all people may reach their intellectual, social, moral and

spiritual potential." Supports Emerson "The secret of education lies in respecting the pupil. It is not for you to



choose what he shall know, what he shall do. It is chosen and fore ordained, and he only holds the key to his own

secret..."

The formal introduction of 'science' education has surely imparted the erstwhile basics and aligned

unhindered strength for multidimensional expansion into materialism. Though more and more

experimentations have resulted in superior products and consequential understanding of phenomena

and vice versa, making average human life longer but it is actually much sicker. Since much of 95 % of

modern age inventions have been a result of chance factors, it supports the premise that some

unforeseen forces have been present with their interplays. If the education supports aesthetics, beauty

blends synergistically with the environment, as advices Krishnamurti, the new education will make

much better difference to the Quality of the world. It will make the world sustaining, both in terms of

education, and also for the education.

The contribution of rigorous application of learning is not to be demeaned here. It has rather served to

facilitate the evolution of an unforeseen, unprecedented by-product chancing as a fruit of labour,

which invariably enriched our mankind with new learning, materials and processes. Any expansion in

unplanned domains has only imparted our education and continual learning another tread in being

more holistic. It in turn enlarges and finally completes the domain of our educational affluence

(Thareja, 2007)

Conclusions

1. The current education, designed to serve the needs of industrial society, is not potent to actually

serve the needs of society, in terms of sustainability or satisfaction.

2. Holyness of erstwhile education was a worthy attribute destroyed because of ancient Indian

political instability, and the need has been validated in Malaysia, which is in agreement with

Krishnamurthy's thought process.

3. A Holy education can only be holistic, and can elevate the educational process to a more

sustainable one.

4. Since most of inventions have been chance based, once the rudiments of creative thinking and

rightful attitude have been set in, and life long learning is in place, the other competencies will

easily arrive at.

References

Web resources

(1) http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=5343272/ and http://www.infed.org/

encyclopaedia.htm

(2) Education 2000: A Holistic Perspective, The Global Alliance for Transforming Education

(GATE), (Holistic Education Network of Tasmania, Australia )http://www.hent.org/

(3) http://www.teachersmind.com/education.htm

(4) http://www.passionistjpic.org/2010/10/the-birmingham-passionist-experience).



Clark, E.T, Jr., 1997. Designing and implementing an integrated curriculum: A studentcentered

approach. Brandon: Holistic Education Press.

Flake, C.L., 1993. Holistic Education: Principles, perspectives and practices. A Book of readings based

on education 2000: A Holistic Perspective. Brandon: Holistic Education Press.

Habsah Ismail and Aminuddin Hassan (2009), Holistic Education in Malaysia European Journal of

Social Sciences - Volume 9, Number 2 (2009),231.

Krishnamurti J, 1955) Education and The Significance of Life (London, Victor Gollancz, 1955).

Krishnamurti, This Matter of Culture, (London, Victor Gollancz, 1964) Chapter 3.

Krishnamurti J Krishnamurti To Himself, (1987) (London, Victor Gollancz, 1987) entry dated 25th

February 1983.

Wan Mohd. Zahid, 1993. "Perancangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Islam di dalam Falsafah Pendidikan

Negara. In Ismail Abd. Rahman Aziz @ Ahmad Mohd., & Mohd. Yasin Muda (editors). Isi-isu

Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia: Cabaran dan harapan. Kuala Terengganu: kolej Agama Sultan Zainal

Abidin (KUZA).

Lacey Paul A, (1998, p. 80) Growing Into Goodness Essays On Quaker Education Pendle Hill 1998 292

PP. Paper.

Martin Robin Ann (2003)cited in Forbes Scott H. and Martin Robin Ann (2004, April), "What Holistic

Education Claims About Itself:, An Analysis of Holistic Schools' Literature",Presented at the Annual

Conference on Wholistic Education SIG,American Education Research Association,San Diego,

California.

Emiliani M.L., ( 2004), "Improving business school courses by applying lean principles and practices"

Quality Assurance in Education, Volume 12 · Number 4 · 2004 · pp. 175-187,q Emerald Group

Publishing Limited. ISSN 0968-4883, DOI 10.1108/09684880410561596 www.emeraldinsight.com/

researchregister.

Ron Miller ed. The Renewal of Meaning in Education: Responses to the Cultural and Ecological Crisis

of our Times).

Scott H. Forbes, (1994), "Education As A Religious Activity-Krishnamurti's Insights Into Education",

accessed 4 July 20101, http://www.holistic-education.net/articles/kinsight.pdf.

Schubert (1986).

Wendell Berry (1990), What Are People For....... http://www.pathsoflearning.net/

articles_Four_Essentials_For_Green_Society.php.....

Ralph Walso Emerson, from an essay Education 1864, published in Selected Works of Ralph Waldo

Emerson (Nerw York; New American Library, 1965).

Thareja P (2010 b) A Total Quality Organization Thro' People, " Let's Set-up, Execute, Transform " (Part

29) FOUNDRY, A Journal of Progressive Metal Casters, Vol. xxii, No. 5, issue 131, Sept/Oct 2010.



Thareja P, (2007), "Manufacturing Ordeal and Challenges to Energy-Environment-Society

Infrastructure", Journal of Education in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-June 07,

National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh.

Thareja Priyavrat and Sanjay Kumar Kaushik (2010 a), 'VSM In Aid Of Lean Production In

Automotive Industry - A Case Study' Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on

Manufacturing Research ICMR 2010- Advances in Manufacturing Technology XXIV (Ed Professor V I

Vitanov and Prof D Harrison).

Thareja P 'The Failing Entrepreneurs are Best Prepared in Professional Colleges, Hational Seminar,

NITTTR Chandigarh (Weinstein Larry B, Petrick JA, Saunders, PM,( 1998)," What Higher Educaion

should be teaching about Quality, but is not", Quality Progress, April, pp91-95.

AboutEngineering Council of India

Dr. Uddesh KohliChairman

Mr. Mahendra RajVice Chairman

Mr. Chander VermaTreasurer

Office Bearers of ECI



Board of Governors

Chairman

Dr. Uddesh Kohli Chairman Emeritus, Construction Industry Development Council

Vice -ChairmanShri Mahendra Raj President, Indian Association of Structural Engineers

TreasurerShri Chander Verma President, International Council of Consultants

Chairman, Construction Industry Development Council &

Indian Society for Trenchless Technology

Members

Dr. S. S. Mantha Acting Chairman, All India Council for Technical Education

Shri S. Ratnavel Member, Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India)

Dr. S. Gangopadhyay Advisor, Head - RDPD, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Dr. P. R. Swarup Director General, Construction Industry Development Council

Shri K. K. Kapila President, Consulting Engineers Association of India

Prof. P. Trimurthy President, Computer Society of India

Shri Rajeev Kher Joint Secretary, Dept. of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry

Prof. D.V. Singh Member, Indian National Academy of Engineers

Shri B. N. Puri Sr. Consultant, Planning Commission

Commander B M Bhandarkar Chairman, Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering

Shri J. S. Saluja Member, Indian Institution of Plant Engineers

Prof. Niranjan Swarup Executive Director, Indian Society for Trenchless Technology

Shri R. S. Prasad ADG (Trg), CPWD, Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation

Shri Lalit Gupta Director (R&D), DGCA, The Aeronautical Society of India

S. L. Swami Chairman, The Institution of Civil Engineers (India)

Shri R.K. Gupta President, The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers

Prof. Kasi Rajgopal Chairman, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.

Dr. Sanak Mishra Past President, The Indian Institute of Metals

Shri Ashok K. Sehgal Member, The Institute of Marine Engineers (India)

Shri



Executive Committee

Dr. Uddesh Kohli Chairman EmeritusChairman Construction Industry Development Council

Shri Mahendra Raj PresidentVice Chairman Indian Association of Structural Engineers

Shri Chander Verma PresidentTreasurer International Council of Consultants

ChairmanConstruction Industry Development Council &Indian Society for Trenchless Technology

Members

Shri K. K. Kapila PresidentConsulting Engineers Association of India

Shri P. R. Swarup Director GeneralConstruction Industry Development Council

Invitee

Shri R.K. Gupta PresidentThe Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers

Shri P. N. Shali DirectorEngineering Council of India



Engineering Council of India (ECI)Engineering Council of India (ECI) was established on April 4, 2002 by coming together of a large number of Professional Organizations /Institutions of engineers to work for the advancement of engineering profession in various disciplines and for enhancing the image of engineers in society, by focusing on quality and accountability of engineers and to enable the recognition of expertise of Indian engineers and their mobility at international level in the emerging WTO/GATS environment. It has emerged as a common voice of its member organizations. It is focusing on the following role and tasks.

Tasks

lRepresenting Member Associations in government and non-government bodies, and interacting on common policy matters relating to engineering profession.

lWorking for the setting up of a Statutory Council of Engineers and later interfacing with it, providing support and inputs for developing systems and procedures for the registration of engineers, CPD, code of ethics.

lFacilitating authorization of member associations to register engineers; assisting them in developing internal systems for undertaking registration, CPD, enforcing code of ethics; and providing common forum for CPD to support the member associations.

lAssisting member associations in interaction with academic institutions and regulatory bodies in regard to their examinations, award of degrees etc.

lProviding forum for exchange of information and experience among member associations, coordination, common thinking and views on important matters.

lHelping in the analysis of existing education systems/bodies and making suggestions in order to make the education relevant for the engineering profession and employability.

lSetting up a Resource Centre and Database of Engineers, which can provide necessary information required for the development of the profession.

lInteracting with professional associations/bodies in other countries & international bodies.

lUndertaking and supporting research for the development of the engineering profession.

Engineer's Bill

ECI has prepared a draft Engineer's Bill for the Consideration of the Government of India, which lays down the criteria for the process of registration of Practising Engineers and provide necessary statutory framework for the same. The draft is being processed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development.

Membership

Membership of the ECI is open to societies/organisations of engineers who meet the following requirements :

lhaving been established statutorily or registered in accordance with law.

lhaving atleast 100 corporate members

lhaving existed for at least four years, and

lthe accounts being audited annually.

ECI has been formed by coming together of a large number of professional associations / institutes of

engineers. The present members are :

1. Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India)

2. Broadcast Engineering Society (India)

3. Computer Society of India

4. Consultancy Development Centre

5. Construction Industry Development Council

6. Consulting Engineers Association of India

7. Indian Association of Structural Engineers

8. Indian Buildings Congress

9. Indian Concrete Institute

10. Indian Geotechnical Society

11. Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers

12. Indian Institution of Bridge Engineers

13. Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering

14. Indian Institution of Plant Engineers

15. Indian National Group of The IABSE

16. Indian Society for Non Destructive Testing

17. Indian Society for Trenchless Technology

18. Institute of Urban Transport (India)

19. International Council of Consultants

20. Institution of Mechanical Engineers (India)

21. The Aeronautical Society of India

22. The Indian Institute of Metals

23. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Inc., India Council

24. The Institute of Marine Engineers (India)

25. The Institution of Civil Engineers (India)

26. The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers

27. The Institution of Surveyors




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Main Sponsors

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Engineers India Limited

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Central Warehousing Corporation

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Engineering Council of India · 8th National Conference on Sustainable Development- Role of Engineers and Technologists November 29, 2010 New Delhi 10 National Concerns for Sustainable