English 2 NOL

8/11/2019 English 2 NOL

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10ATE02

Technical EnglishII

Syllabus

10ATE02 TECHNICAL ENGLISH II L T P C

3 1 0 4

AIM:

To encourage students to actively involve in participative learning of English and to help themacquire Communication Skills.

OBJECTIVES:1. To help students develop listening skills for academic and professional purposes.2. To help students acquire the ability to speak effectively in English in real-life

situations.3. To inculcate reading habit and to develop effective reading skills.4. To help students improve their active and passive vocabulary.

5. To familiarize students with different rhetorical functions of scientific English.6. To enable students write letters and reports effectively in formal and business

situations.

UNIT I LANGUAGE FOCUSTechnical vocabularySynonyms and Antonyms- Numerical AdjectivesConjunction-Preposition- clausesnoun & Adjective clausesSI UnitsAbbreviation & acronymshomonyms-Phrasal verbs & idioms

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UNIT II LANGUAGE FOCUS

Relative clauses Imperative Infinitive structures Question Pattern Wh- Aux-Verbs(Yes/No Questions) Contrasted time structures Adverbial clauses of time, place and manner

intensifiersBasic pattern of sentences.13

UNIT III READINGIntensive ReadingPredicting contentInterpretationinference from the text(Implication) Inferential information implication critical interpretation reading briefnotices, advertisement and the implication-

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UNIT IV WRITINGParagraph /Essay writingpreparation of proposal - Taking down minutes of themeeting creative and critical thinking expressed Descriptive and persuasive writing preparation of a reportTechnical reports.

13Unit V (Not for Examination)

Listening to Lectures/ Seminar/Workshop1. Write a brief summary of the listened matter2. British council recording

Speaking

1. Oral presentation on any topic (5 Minutes)2. Group discussion

www.Vidyarthiplus.com



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3. Accepting others views /ideas4. Arguing against the others views5. Interrupting others when they speak (techniques/)6. Pronunciation /stress/intonation-7. Addressing the higher officials, colleagues, subordinateson any issue

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TEXT BOOKS :1. English For Engineers and Technologists, (Dept. of Humanities and Social

Sciences Anna University, Chennai: Vol I & II combined edition) OrientLongmans Reprint 2008.

2. Perform In English, Dr. M. Balasubramanian & Dr. G. Anbalagan:Anuradha Pub, Kumbakonam Rev Ed: 2008, Reprint 2010.

REFERENCES:1. A Course in Communication Skills, P. Kiranmai Dutt and others:

2007 Edition Foundation books: Cambridge House, 4381/4 Ansari Road,Daryanganj, New Delhi2.2. Effective Technical Communication, M. Ashraf Rizvi: Tata Mcgraw Hill,

Reprint 2007.




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UNIT I LANGUAGE FOCUSTechnical vocabularySynonyms and Antonyms- Numerical AdjectivesConjunctionPreposition- clausesnoun & Adjective clausesSI UnitsAbbreviation & acronymshomonyms-Phrasal verbs & idioms

Synonyms

Synonyms are different words with almost identical or similar meanings. Words that aresynonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. Thewords carand automobileare synonyms. Similarly, if we talk about a long timeor an extendedtime, longand extendedbecome synonyms. In the figurative sense, two words are often said tobe synonymous if they have the same connotation:

Synonyms can be anypart of speech (e.g.nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs orprepositions), aslong as both members of the pair are the same part of speech. More examples of English

synonyms are:

nouno "student" and "pupil"o "petty crime" and "misdemeanor"

verbo "buy" and "purchase"

adjectiveo "sick" and "ill"

adverbo "quickly" and "speedily"

prepositiono "on" and "upon"

Note that synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words; for instance,pupilas the"aperture in the iris of the eye"is not synonymous withstudent. Similarly, he expiredmeans thesame as he died, yet my passport has expiredcannot be replaced by my passport has died.

In English, many synonyms evolved from the parallel use, in the early medieval period, ofNorman French (from Latin) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) words, often with some wordsbeing used principally by the Saxon peasantry ("folk", "freedom", "bowman") and theirsynonyms by the Norman nobility ("people", "liberty", "archer").

Exercise:

polite ???

temper ???

chorus ???


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjectivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_of_speech


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rude ???

selection ???

foolish ???

toxic???

meeting ???

childish ???

domesticate ???

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym

http://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1

http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/

http://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.html

A word having ameaningopposite to that of another word is known as antonym.

Antonym is the antonym of synonym. Antonym is the sense relation that exists between wordswhich are opposite in meaning.

The term antonymhas also been commonly used as a term that is synonymous with opposite;however, the term also has other more restricted meanings. One usage has antonymreferring toboth gradable opposites, such as long : short, and (non-gradable) complementary opposites, suchas male : female, while opposites of the types up : downandprecede : followare excluded fromthe definition. A third usage defines the term antonym as referring to only gradable opposites(the long : shorttype) while the other types are referred to with different terms.

Graded Antonyms

Pairs of graded antonyms belong on a scale. For example, good and bad are antonyms.

However, if an essay, say, is not good, that does not mean it is bad. There is a whole scale

including appalling, terrible, bad, poor, satisfactory, fair, good, excellent, incredible, etc.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymhttp://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1http://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/http://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.htmlhttp://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.htmlhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/synonymterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/synonymterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/synonymterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/meaningterm.htmhttp://www.english-for-students.com/Synonyms.htmlhttp://www.synonym.com/synonyms/browse/LI/http://www.synonyms.net/synonyms/A/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym


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1. dark light

2. intelligent stupid

3. dangerous safe

4. evil good

5. beautiful ugly

6. best worst

7. clever foolish

8. early late

9. easy difficult

10.empty full

11.fat skinny

12.young old

13.happy sad

14.hard soft

15.last first

16.foolish wise

17.quick slow

18.warm cool

19.wide narrow

20.abundant scarce

21.joy grief

22.knowledgeignorance

23.lazy industrious

24.stiff limp

25.miserable happy

26.violent gentle

27.chaos order

28.soften harden

29.nervous calm

30.reckless cautious

31.luxury squalor

32.sweet bitter

Complementary Antonyms

Pairs of complementary antonyms represent the two opposite possibilities. (There is no

continuum, or middle-ground, as in the examples above.) For example, one is either married, or

single.

1. man woman

2. push pull

3. dead alive

4. off on

5. raise lower

6. forget remember

7. day night

8. sadism masochism

9. right wrong

10.absent present

11.against for

12.exit entrance

13.sink float

14.employ dismiss

15.married single

16.question answer

17.true false

18.send receive




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19.attack defend

20.accidentalintentional

21.former latter

22.depart arrive

23.exterior interior

24.extinguishignite

25.solid fluid

26.thaw freeze

27.vacant occupied

28.inward outward

29.input output

30.exhale inhale

31.pass fail

32.read write

Relational Antonyms

Pairs of relational antonyms are often considered as a third type. However, they are really a

subcategory ofcomplementary antonyms.

In this type of antonymy, there is a relationship in which the two opposites must both exist. Forexample, if someone is selling, there must be someone buying.

Relational antonymsdescribe the same situation from opposite sides. Here are 16 examples:

1. servant master

2. husband wife

3. doctor patient

4. buy sell

5. parent child

6. borrow lend

7. predator prey

8. instructorpupil

9. above below

10. give receive

11. teach learn

12. come go

13. toward away

14. employer employee

15. customer supplier

16. divisor dividend


http://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonymshttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonymshttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonymshttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html#Complementary_Antonyms


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Exercise:

1. Mar

enhancewitherlimpidimpedeskimp

To Mar is to damage in a way that makes it

less attractive. The correct answer choice

will be synonym for beautify. Enhance

means to increase the value or beauty of

something. Hence the answer is A.

2. Vi tuperate

acclaimassailcensureordinarystout

Vituperate meaning to rebuke or criticizeharshly. Look for a word that means toacknowledge or declare with enthusiastic

approval. Acclaim is the antonym.

3. Mutabili ty

tenacityvolatilityluxuriantharmonyinsolvency

Mutability refers to change. Tenacity

meaning firmness is the antonym.

4. I nvigorate

augmentenervatestrivecallous

censure

Invigorate means to impart strength, vigor.Enervate means weaken and is the antonym

5. Stupefy

saturateenlivenpurgedepressconvince

Stupefy means astonish, to make or becomeless responsive. Enliven is the antonym.

6. Incognito

plethorapalpablecommendsootheacquiesce

Incognito means unknown or disguised. Theantonym is palpable.

7. Dissuade

demoralizeweakenreservefomentnefarious

Dissuade means to discourage. Fomentmeans to encourage. Hence answer is D.

8. Gravity

levitypatiencesecurity




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fastenchagrined

Gravity is not only the force that holds us toEarth, but it also means seriousness. Levitymeans lightness and humor.

9. Purbli nd

cedeperceptivereuniteexternaldull

Purblind means unable to see. Look for aword that means able to have sight. Thosewho are perceptive are able to perceive, thatis, able to discern things. This is the correctanswer.

10. I ncense

quelldisavow

manumitaugmentgarrote

Incense means inflame. The opposite isquell that means to subdue, to allay. Garrotis hard word that means to strangle.

11. Dessicated

sodden

repineapprobatefragilemaladroit

Dessicated means dry and sodden meanswet.

12. Linger

boltintensesmooth

banishrestore

The opposite is bolt to move quickly.

13. Foster

impedepitilessextricatedelight

discord

The word foster means to encourage. Itsopposite is impede- to hinder.

14. Transitor y

extinctaudacitytemeritybristly

Indefinite

Transitory means fleeting. Indefinitemeaning endless is the antonym.

15. Splenetic

cordialpeevishsullenspasmodic

fretful

Splenetic means gloomy, angry. Henceantonym is cordial




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http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)

http://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.html

http://synonym-antonym.com/default.asp

http://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.html

http://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.html

http://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-ii

Numericaladjective

Anumberused asan adjective;either acardinaladjective oran ordinaladjective.

The ordinal numbers: first, second, third, etc., are usually adjectives:The firstone. The secondtrain. The thirdman.Also, the adjectives of quality: few, many, several are adjectives.

Conjunctions

A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clauseand the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence. The conjunctions in the following examples areprinted in bold type.

e.g. We could go to the library, orwe could go to the park.He neitherfinished his homework norstudied for the test.I went out becausethe sun was shining.

1. Coordinate conjunctions

Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance,two words, two phrases or two clauses.

e.g. My friend andI will attend the meeting.Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape andthe hospitality of its people.The sun rose andthe birds began to sing.


http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)http://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://synonym-antonym.com/default.asphttp://synonym-antonym.com/default.asphttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.htmlhttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.htmlhttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-iihttp://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-iihttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/n/1148343137044.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/u/1148367197020.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/e/1148370081168.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/c/1148352914283.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/c/1148352914283.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/e/1148370081168.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148344381213.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/u/1148367197020.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/u/1148367197020.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/n/1148343137044.htmlhttp://www.yawiktionary.com/a/1148342625048.htmlhttp://learnhub.com/lesson/5940-gre-antonyms-practice-exercise-iihttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_antonyms.htmlhttp://synonym-antonym.com/default.asphttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_2/0,6658,417045-,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antonymsterms.htm


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rather ... than I would rathergo swimming thango to the library.

scarcely ... when Scarcelyhad we left home, whenit started to rain.

hat with ... and What withall her aunts, uncles andcousins, she has many relatives.

hether ... or Have you decided whetheryou will come ornot?

3. Subordinate conjunctions

As has been seen in previous chapters, subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronounssuch as that, what, whatever, which, whoand whom, as well as with words such as how,when, where, whereverand why. In the following examples, the subordinate clauses areunderlined.

e.g. The house, which stood on a hill, could be seen for miles.I wonder how he did that.

In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to assubordinate conjunctions. In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are printedin bold type.

e.g. Becauseit was cold, I wore my winter coat.Let us wait untilthe rain stops.

The subordinate conjunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of use.

Subordinate Conjunctions

As

1. because: Ashe is my friend, I will help him.

2. when: We watched asthe plane took off.

After

1. later in time: Afterthe train left, we went home.

Althoughor though

1. in spite of the fact that: Althoughit was after midnight, we did not feel tired.

Before

1. earlier than: I arrived beforethe stores were open.

Because

1. for the reason that: We had to wait, becausewe arrived early.For

1. for, because: He is happy, forhe enjoys his work.

If

1. on condition that: Ifshe is here, we will see her.

Lest

1. for fear that: I watched closely, lesthe make a mistake.




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Notethe use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest.

Providingor provided

1. on condition that: All will be well, providingyou are careful.

Since

1. from a past time: I have been here sincethe sun rose.

2. as, because: Sinceyou are here, you can help me.

Soor so that

1. consequently: It was raining, sowe did not go out.

2. in order that: I am saving money soI can buy a bicycle.

Note: When used with the meaning in order that, sois usually followed by thatin formal

English.

e.g. I am saving money so thatI can buy a bicycle.

Supposing

1. if: Supposingthat happens, what will you do?

Than1. used in comparisons: He is taller thanyou are.

Unless

1. except when, if not: Unlesshe helps us, we cannot succeed.

Untilor till

1. up to the time when: I will wait untilI hear from you.

Whereas

1. because: Whereasthis is a public building, it is open to everyone.

2. on the other hand: He is short, whereasyou are tall.

Whether

1. if: I do not know whethershe was invited.While

1. at the time when: Whileit was snowing, we played cards.

2. on the other hand: He is rich, whilehis friend is poor.

3. although: WhileI am not an expert, I will do my best.

In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses.

As if

1. in a similar way: She talks as ifshe knows everything.

As long as

1. if: As long aswe cooperate, we can finish the work easily.

2. while: He has lived there as long asI have known him.

As soon as

1. immediately when: Write to me as soon asyou can.

As though

1. in a similar way: It looks as thoughthere will be a storm.




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Even if

1. in spite of a possibility: I am going out even ifit rains.

In case

1. because of a possibility: Take a sweater in caseit gets cold.

Or else

1. otherwise: Please be careful, or elseyou may have an accident.

So as to

1. in order to: I hurried so as tobe on time.

Exercise:

1. I opened the door _________ looked out. (and, yet)

2. She was not in the back yard, _________ was she upstairs. (or, nor)

3. The sun had set, _________ it was still light outside. (or, yet)

4. Do you know his address _________ telephone number? (but, or)

5. He has not arrived yet, _________ have they. (and, nor)6. I read the book, _________ did not understand it. (but, or)

7. We searched diligently, ________ found nothing. (or, yet)

8. I invited him _________ his friends. (and, but)

9. We recognized her at once, ____________ we had not seen her for years. (although, in case)

10. He kept reading ___________ he fell asleep. (for, until)

11. The moon will rise ____________ the sun sets. (as soon as, than)

12. It looks ____________ the train will be late. (while, as though)

13. ____________ she got her degree, she became a teacher. (After, Than)

14. We will not go skiing ____________ the weather is good. (as if, unless)

15. ____________ he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. (Before, For)16. ____________ I told the truth, you would not believe me. (Even if, So that)

17. They have known her ___________ she was a child. (until, since)

18. I must leave now, ____________ I have a great deal of work to do. (as, than)

19. What shall we do ____________ it rains? (or else, supposing)

20. ____________ you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it. (If, Until)

21. The door was open, ____________ we could hear everything. (in case, so)

22. I studied more ____________ he did. (than, whereas)

23. We packed a lunch, ____________ we knew we would soon be hungry. (lest, for)

24. I will join you, ____________ the weather is fine. (providing, than)

25. ____________ he is very busy, he is seldom at home. (Or else, Because)

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm


http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm


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http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm

http://www.fortunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramch28.html

English Prepositions List

There are about 150 prepositions in English. Yet this is a very small number when you think ofthe thousands of other words (nouns, verbs etc). Prepositions are important words. We useindividual prepositions more frequently than other individual words. In fact, the prepositions of,toand inare among the ten most frequent words in English. Here is a short list of 70 of the morecommon one-word prepositions. Many of these prepositions have more than one meaning. Pleaserefer to a dictionary for precise meaning and usage.

Aboard, about ,above ,across , after, against, along, amid, among, anti, around, concerning,

considering, despite, down, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between,

beyond, but, by, during, except, excepting, excluding, following, for, from, in, inside, into, likeminus, near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, outside, over, past, per, plus, regarding, round, save,

since, that, through, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon, versus, via,

with, within, without.

English Preposition Rule

There is one very simple rule about prepositions. And, unlike most rules, this rule has noexceptions.

RuleA preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb.

By "noun" we include:

noun(dog, money, love)proper noun (name)(Bangkok, Mary)pronoun(you, him, us)noun group(my first job)gerund(swimming)

A preposition cannot be followed by a verb. If we want to follow a preposition by a verb, wemust use the "-ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form.

Quick Quiz: In the following sentences, why is "to" followed by a verb? That should beimpossible, according to the above rule:

I would like to go now.


http://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htmhttp://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htmhttp://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://www.better-english.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmhttp://eslus.com/LESSONS/GRAMMAR/POS/pos8.htm


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She used to smoke.

Here are some examples:

Subject + verb preposition "noun"

The food is on the table.

She lives in Japan.

Tara is looking for you.

The letter is under your blue book.

Pascal is used to English people.

She isn't used to working.

I ate before coming.

I dont like to drink coffee.

Do you wish to go for a picnic?

Sheela is going to buy a car.

In these sentences, "to" is nota preposition. It is part of the infinitive("to go", "to smoke").

Prepositions of Place: at, in, on

In general, we use:

atfor a POINTinfor an ENCLOSED SPACEonfor a SURFACE

At In On

POINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in London on the ceiling




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at the door in France on the door

at the top of the page in a box on the cover

at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor

at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet

at the crossroads in a building on the menu

at the front desk in a car on a page

Look at these examples:

Jane is waiting for you atthe bus stop.The shop is atthe end of the street.

My plane stopped atDubai and Hanoi and arrived inBangkok two hours late.When will you arrive atthe office?Do you work inan office?I have a meeting inNew York.Do you live inJapan?Jupiter is inthe Solar System.The author's name is onthe cover of the book.There are no prices onthis menu.You are standing onmy foot.There was a "no smoking" sign onthe wall.I live onthe 7th floor at21 Oxford Street inLondon.

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, inand onin these standard expressions:

at In On

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at university in a boat on a ship

at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike

at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant

at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television




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at the side in a row on the left, on the right

at reception in Oxford Street on the way

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

atfor a PRECISE TIMEinfor MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODSonfor DAYS and DATES

at In on

PRECISETIME

MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONGPERIODS

DAYS and DATES

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on IndependenceDay

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

I have a meeting at9am.

The shop closes atmidnight.Jane went home atlunchtime.In England, it often snows inDecember.Do you think we will go to Jupiter inthe future?There should be a lot of progress inthe next century.Do you work onMondays?Her birthday is on20 November.Where will you be onNew Year's Day?




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Notice the use of the preposition of time atin the following standard expressions:

Expression Example

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.

at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.

at the same time We finished the test at the same time.

at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time inand onin these common expressions:

in on

in the morning on Tuesday morning

in the mornings on Saturday mornings

in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons

in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, thiswe do not also use at, in, on.

I went to London lastJune. (notin last June)He's coming back nextTuesday. (noton next Tuesday)I go home everyEaster. (notat every Easter)We'll call you thisevening. (notin this evening)

Prepositions are used before nouns to give additional information in a sentence. Usually,prepositions are used to show where something is located or when something happened.

Location Time Action and Movement

above at at

below on by

over by from

under before into


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among from on

between since onto

beside for off

in front of during out of

behind to

next to until

with after

in the middle of

on

in

at

Noun Clauses

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses iscalled a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjectiveclauses, adverbclauses, and nounclauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relativeclauses.)

This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and AdverbClauses.

A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:

A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

A noun clause can be an object of a verb:


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Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim.

A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it

in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends onthe type of clause you are changing to a noun clause:

To change a statementto a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =

I know that Billy made a mistake.

To change a yes/no questionto a noun clause, use ifor whether:

George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? =

George wonders if Fred knows how to cook.

To change a wh-questionto a noun clause, use the wh-word:

I dont know + Where is George? =

I dont know where George is.

C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the

noun clause markers:

that

if, whether

Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why

Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever




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D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but itcan be omitted only if it is notthe first word in a sentence:

correct:

Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim.

correct:

Billys friends didnt know he couldnt swim.

correct:

Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

correct:

Billys mistake was he refused to take lessons.

correct:

That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

not correct:

* Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.

E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is aquestion:

not correct:

* Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it)

correct:

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is)

not correct:

* Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go)

correct:




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Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)

F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses:

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clauseis:

futureif its action/state is later

He thinksthat the exam next week will behard.

He thinksthat the exam next week is going to behard.

presentif its action/state is at the same time

He thinksthat Mary is takingthe exam right now.

pastif its action/state is earlier

He thinksthat George tookthe exam yesterday.

When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is:

was/were going toor would + BASEif its action/state is laterHe thoughtthat the exam the following week was going to behard.

He thoughtthat the exam the following week would behard.

pastif its action/state is at the same time

He thoughtthat Mary was takingthe exam then.

past perfectif its action/state is earlierHe thoughtthat George had takenthe exam the day before.

If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future(that is, after the writer has written thesentence), then a futureverb can be used even if the main verb is past.

The astronaut saidthat people will liveon other planets someday.

If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer iswriting the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple presenttensecan be used even if the main verb is past.

We learnedthat English isnot easy.

The boys knewthat the sun risesin the east.

G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and

one independent clause:




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Noun clauses as subjects of verbs:

That George learned how to swim is a miracle.

Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain.

What Mary said confused her parents.

However you learn to spell is OK with me.

Noun clauses as objects of verbs:

We didnt know that Billy would jump.

We didnt know Billy would jump.

Can you tell me if Fred is here?

I dont know where he is.

George eats whatever is on his plate.

Noun clauses as subject complements:

The truth is that Billy was not very smart.

The truth is Billy was not very smart.

The question is whether other boys will try the same thing.

The winner will be whoever runs fastest.

Noun clauses as objects of prepositions:

Billy didnt listen to what Mary said.

He wants to learn about whatever is interesting.

Noun clauses as adjective complements:

He is happy that he is learning English.

We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve.

1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.2. He said that he would not go.3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.4. He said that he was not feeling well.5. I cannot rely on what he says.6. I don't know where he has gone.7. He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.8. The news that he is alive has been confirmed.




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9. The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.10. It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.11. It was fortunate that he was present.12. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.

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Adjective Clauses

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses iscalled a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjectiveclauses, adverbclauses, and nounclauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

This page contains information about adjective clauses. Also see Adverb Clauses and NounClauses.

A. Adjective clauses perform the same function in sentences that adjectives do: they modify

nouns.

The teacher has a car. (Caris a noun.)

Its a new car. (Newis an adjectivewhich modifies car.)

The car that she is driving is not hers.

(That she is driving is an adjective clausewhich modifies car. Its a clausebecause it has asubject(she) and a predicate(is driving); its an adjective clausebecause it modifies a noun.)

Note that adjectives usually precedethe nouns they modify; adjective clauses always followthenouns they modify.

B. A sentence which contains one adjective clause and one independent clause is the result

of combining two clauses which contain a repeated noun. You can combinetwo independentclauses to make one sentence containing an adjective clause by following these steps:


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1. You must have two clauses which contain a repeatednoun (or pronoun, or noun and pronounwhich refer to the same thing). Here are two examples:

The book is on the table. + I like the book.

The man is here. + The man wants the book.

2. Delete the repeated noun and replace it with a relative pronoun in the clause you want tomake dependent. See C.below for information on relative pronouns.

The book is on the table. + I like which

The man is here. + who wants the book

3. Movethe relative pronoun to the beginning of its clause (if it is not already there). The clauseis now an adjective clause.

The book is on the table. + which I like

The man is here. + who wants the book

4. Put the adjective clause immediately afterthe noun phrase it modifies (the repeated noun):

The book which I like is on the table.

The man who wants the book is here.

C. The subordinators in adjective clauses are called relative pronouns.

1.These are the most important relative pronouns: who, whom, that, which.

These relative pronouns can be omittedwhen they are objects of verbs. When they are objects ofprepositions, they can be omitted when they do not follow the preposition.

WHOreplaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronounsthat refer to animals or things. It can be the subjectof a verb. In informalwriting (but not inacademic writing), it can be used as the object of a verb.

WHOMreplaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people. It cannot replace nouns and pronounsthat refer to animals or things. It can be the object of a verb or preposition. It cannot be thesubject of a verb.

WHICHreplaces nouns and pronouns that refer to animals or things. It cannot replace nounsand pronouns that refer to people. It can be the subjectof a verb. It can also be the objectof averb or preposition.




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THAT replaces nouns and pronouns that refer to people, animals or things. It can be thesubjectof a verb. It can also be the objectof a verb or preposition (but thatcannot follow apreposition; whom, which, and whose are the only relative pronouns that can follow apreposition).

2.The following words can also be used as relative pronouns: whose, when, where.

WHOSE replaces possessive forms of nouns and pronouns (see WF11 and pro in CorrectionSymbols Two). It can refer to people, animals or things. It can be partof a subject or partofan object of a verb or preposition, but it cannot be a complete subject or object. Whosecannot beomitted. Here are examples with whose:

The man is happy. + I found the manswallet. =

The man whosewallet I found is happy.

The girl is excited. + Hermother won the lottery. =

The girl whosemother won the lottery is excited.

WHEN replaces a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can beomitted. Here is an example with when:

I will never forget the day. + I graduated on that day.=

I will never forget the day whenI graduated.

The same meaningcan be expressed in other ways:

I will never forget the day on whichI graduated.

I will never forget the day thatI graduated.

I will never forget the day I graduated.

WHEREreplaces a place(in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It canbe omitted but a preposition(at, in, to) usually must be added. Here is an example with where:

The building is new. + He works in the building. =

The building wherehe works is new.

The same meaningcan be expressed in other ways:

The building in whichhe works is new.

The building whichhe worksinis new.

The building thathe works inis new.

The building he works inis new.


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D. Adjective clauses can be restrictive or nonrestrictive.

1. A restrictive adjective clausecontains information that is necessary to identify the noun itmodifies. If a restrictive adjective clause is removed from a sentence, the meaning of themain clause changes. A restrictive adjective clause is notseparated from the main clause by a

comma or commas. Most adjective clauses are restrictive; all of the examples of adjectiveclauses above are restrictive. Here is another example:

People who cant swimshould not jump into the ocean.

2. A nonrestrictive adjective clausegives additional information about the noun it modifies butis not necessary to identify that noun. If a nonrestrictive adjective clause is removed from asentence, the meaning of the main clause does not change. A nonrestrictive adjective clause isseparated from the main clause by a commaor commas. The relative pronoun thatcannot beused in nonrestrictive adjective clauses. The relative pronoun cannot be omitted from anonrestrictive clause. Here is an example:

Billy, who couldnt swim, should not have jumped into the ocean.

E. Adjective clauses can often be reduced to phrases. The relative pronoun (RP) must be thesubjectof the verb in the adjective clause. Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases in twodifferent ways depending on the verb in the adjective clause.

1. RP + BE = 0

People who are living in glass houses should not throw stones. (clause)

People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)

Mary applied for a job that was advertised in the paper. (clause)

Mary applied for a job advertised in the paper. (phrase)

2. RP + OTHER VERB (not BE) = OTHER VERB + ing

People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.(clause)

People living in glass houses should not throw stones. (phrase)

Students who sit in the front row usually participate more. (clause)

Students sitting in the front row usually participate more. (phrase)

Identifying Adjective Clauses

Only some of the sentences below contain adjective clauses. See if you can pick out the adjectiveclauses, and then compare your responses with the answers at the end of the exercise.




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1. I bought a car from Merdine, and it turned out to be a lemon.2. The car that I bought from Merdine turned out to be a lemon.3. Pandora, who had recently celebrated a birthday, opened the box of gifts.4. Lila, who has been the fire warden for 30 years, lives in a trailer with some scrappy dogs

and cats.

5. Lila, who lives in a trailer with some scrappy dogs and cats, has been the fire warden for 30years.6. People who smoke cigarettes should be considerate of nonsmokers.7. Jacob, who smokes cigarettes, is considerate of nonsmokers.8. Mr. Mann has small, dark eyes, which peer inquisitively from behind metal-rimmed glasses.9. My wedding ring is worth at least ten dollars, and now I have lost it.10.I have lost my wedding ring, which is worth at least ten dollars.

Punctuating Adjective Clauses

In the following sentences, add commas to set off adjective clauses that provide additional, but

not essential, information. Don't add commas if the adjective clause affects the basic meaning ofthe sentence.

1. Caramel de Lites which are cookies sold by the Girl Scouts contain 70 calories each.2. These are the times that try men's souls.3. I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.4. I left my son at the campus day-care center which is available to all full-time students with

young children.5. Students who have young children are invited to use the free day-care center.6. A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to criticize the personal habits of her

patients.

7. Gus who gave Merdine a bouquet of ragweed has been exiled to the storm cellar for a week.8. Professor Legree lost his only umbrella which he has owned for 20 years.9. Healthy people who refuse to work should not be given government assistance.10.Felix who was once a hunter in the Yukon stunned the roach with one blow from a

newspaper.

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http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htm

http://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htm


http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/adj-clz-30.htmlhttp://www.english-zone.com/grammar/adj-clz-30.htmlhttp://www.englishpractice.com/improve/adjective-clauses-exercise-1/http://www.englishpractice.com/improve/adjective-clauses-exercise-1/http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_10/menu.htmlhttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_10/menu.htmlhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htmhttp://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htmhttp://www.learn4good.com/languages/toefl/structure_cmplx_sntc1.htmhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_10/menu.htmlhttp://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htmhttp://www.englishpractice.com/improve/adjective-clauses-exercise-1/http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/adj-clz-30.htmlhttp://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20


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http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htm

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Short Name Full Form or Abbreviations

3G Third Generation

AAA Asian Athletics Association

AAFI The Amateur Athletics Federation of India

AC Ante Christum (Before Christ), Ashok Chakra, Air Conditioner

ADB Asian Development Bank

AFI Athletics Federation of India

AFMC Armed Forces Medical College

AI Artifical Intelligence, Air India

AICTE All India Council for Technical Education

AIFF All India Football Federation

AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Science

AITUC All India Trade Union Congress

ALGOL Algebric Oriented Language

AM Ante Meridiem (before Noon), Amplitude ModulationAPEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations

ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle

AT&T American Telegraphic and Telephone Co. Ltd.

ATC Air Traffic Control

ATM Automated Teller Machine

AVSM Ati Vishisht Seva Medal

B2B Busines to Business

B2C Business to Consumer

BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre


http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htmhttp://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24txtshort%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24txtshort%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24details%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24details%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24details%27%29/http://__dopostback%28%27gridview1%27%2C%27sort%24txtshort%27%29/http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/adjclause.htm


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BBC British Broadcasting Corporation

BBS Bulletin Board Service

BC Before Christ

BHEL Bharat Heavy Electri-cals Ltd

BIOS Basic Input Output System

BIT Binary Digit

BPL Below Poverty Line

BPO Business Process Outsourcing

BPR Business Process Re-engineering

Bps bytes per second

BSE Bombay Stock Exchange

BSF Border Security ForceBSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

C2C Consumer to Consumer

CA Chartered Accountant

CAD Computer Aided Design

CAT Common Admission Test

CBI Central Bureau of Investigation

CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education

CDAC Centre for the Development of Advanced Computing

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CFSL Central Forensic Science Laboratory

CGI Common Gateway Interface

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

CID Criminal Investigation Department

CISC Complex instruction-set computing

CITU Centre of Indian Trade Unions

CNN Cable News Network

COMSAT Communications Satellite Corporation

COPRA Consumer Protection Act

CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture




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CPI(M) Communist Party of India / Marxist

CPWD Central Public Works Department

CRIS Centre for Railway Information System

CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

CYMK Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, Kinda

D.Litt. Doctor of Literature

D.Phil. Doctor of Philosophy

D.Sc Doctor of Science

DC Direct Current

DIG Deputy Inspector General

DMA Direct Memory AccessDMK Dravida Munetra Kazhagam

DNA Deoxyribo-nucleic Acid

DTP Desktop Publishing

DVC Damodar Valley Corporation

DVD Digital Versatile/Video Disc

http://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspx

http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/

English Homonyms

The following is a list of English homonyms. A homonym is a pair, sometimes a triplet, of wordsthat have different spellings and the same pronunciation. Homonyms marked with an asterisk (*)are in dispute (see the bottom of the page).

Air, Heir, 'Ere

Aisle, Isle, I'll

Allowed, Aloud

Altar, Alter

Ant, Aunt

Ate, Eight

Away, Aweigh

Bait, Bate

Bans, Banns

Bard, Barred

Base, Bass

Be, Bee

Beach, Beech

Bear, Bare

Bean, Been


http://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspxhttp://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspxhttp://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/http://www.onlinegk.com/general-knowledge/acronym.aspx


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Beat, Beet

Beer, Bier

Birth, Berth

Bite, Byte

Blue, Blew

Boll, Bowl

Bore, Boar

Bored, Board

Born, Borne

Bow, Bough

Bow, Beau

Boy, Buoy

Brews, Bruise

But, Butt

By, Bye, Buy

Cannon, Canon

Capital, Capitol

Carrot, Carat, Karat

Cause, Caws

Cell, Sell

Cellar, Seller

Censor, Censer, Sensor

Cent, Scent, Sent

Chews, Choose

Chilly, Chili, Chile

Choir, Quire

Clause, Claws

Click, Clique

Cocks, Cox

Conquer, Conker

Coral, Choral

Corral, Chorale

Council, Counsel

Councilor, Counselor

Crews, Cruise

Cygnet, Signet

Dam, Damn

Dessert, Desert

Die, Dye

Doe, Dough

Draft, Draught

Eerie, AyrieEye, I, Aye

Faint, Feint

Fare, Fair

Feat, Feet

File, Phial

Filter, Philter

Finish, Finnish

Flour, Flower

Flow, Floe

Foaled, Fold

For, Fore, Four

Forth, Fourth

Foul, Fowl

Freeze, Frieze

Gait, Gate

Gale, Gael

Gambol, Gamble

Grease, Greece

Great, Grate

Hangar, Hanger

Hair, Hare

Herd, Heard

Here, Hear

Him, Hymn

Hoarse, Horse

Hole, Whole

Holed, Hold

Holy, Wholly

Hue, Hew

Idle, Idyll, Idol

In, Inn

Incite, Insight *

Key, Quay, Cay

Leased, Least

Light, Lite

Links, Lynx




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Lo, Low

Locks, Lox

Made, Maid

Male, Mail

Main, Mane

Mantle, Mantel

Maze, Maize, Mays

Meet, Meat

Medal, Meddle

Metal, Mettle

Might, Mite

Miner, Minor

Missed, Mist

Mistle, Missile, Missal,Missel

Mode, Mowed

Mussel, Muscle

Naught, Nought

Naval, Navel

Need, Knead, Kneed

New, Knew, Gnu

Nice, Gneiss

Night, Knight

No, Know

Nose, Knows, Nos

Not, Knot

One, Won

Or, Ore, Oar

Pact, Packed

Pain, Pane

Palate, Palette, Pallet

Patience, Patients

Pea, Pee

Peak, Peek, Pique

Pear, Pare, Pair

Pedal, Peddle

Peer, Pier

Pie, Pi

Piece, Peace

Pistol, Pistil

Place, Plaice

Plain, Plane

Pole, Poll

Pore, Pour, Poor

Practice, Practise

Pray, Prey

Principal, Principle

Prophet, Profit

Pyx, Picks

Rain, Reign, Rein

Raise, Rays, Raze

Read, Reed

Real, Reel

Red, Read

Rest, Wrest

Rex, Wrecks

Rhyme, Rime

Right, Rite, Wright, Write

Ring, Wring

Rode, Road, Rowed

Roe, Row

Rude, Rued

Rye, Wry

Sacks, Sax

Sale, Sail

See, Sea

Sees, Seas, Sieze

Seem, Seam

Seen, Scene

Sense, Scents

Sent, Scent

Shoes, Shoos

Sign, Sine

Sink, Synch

Site, Sight, Cite

Slay, Sleigh

Slight, Sleight

Sloe, Slow




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So, Sow, Sew

Soared, Sword

Son, Sun

Sore, Soar

Soul, Sole

Sowed, Sewed

Sown, Sewn

Staid, Stayed

Straight, Strait

Stair, Stare

Stationary, Stationery

Steak, Stake

Steal, Steel

Sticks, Styx

Succour, Sucker

Surplus, Surplice

Swayed, Suede

Sweet, Suite

Symbol, Cymbal

Tacks, Tax

Tact, Tacked

Taut, Taught

Tea, Tee

Team, Teem

Tecnology, Technology

Tents, Tense

There, Their, They're

Throw, Throe

Tier, Tear

Tire, Tyre

To, Too, Two

Tolled, Told

Ton, Tonne, Tun

Tow, Toe

Vail, Vale, Veil

Vain, Vein, Vane

Vial, Vile

Wade, Weighed

Wait, Weight

Want, Wont

Ware, Wear, Where *

Waste, Waist

Way, Weigh, Whey

We, Wee

Weak, Week

Weave, Weve

Weather, Whether

Were, Whir

Wet, Whet

Whale, Wail

Whales, Wales, Wails

What, Watt

Wheel, Weal, We'll

While, Wile

Whine, Wine

Wit, Whit *

Witch, Which *

Wood, Would

Word, Whirred *

Yoke, Yolk

You, Ewe

You'll, Yule




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Disputed Homonyms

Incite, Insight

Wear, Where

Which, Witch

Whit, Wit

Word, Whirred

http://users.accesscomm.c/nsalway/homonyms.html

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal

VerbMeaning Example

A abide byrespect or obey. (the law, adecision, a rule)

If you want to stay at this school, you must abidebythe rules.

account for explain, give a reason I hope you can account forthe money you spent!

add up make sense, seem reasonable Her story just doesn't add up.

advise

against

recommend not doing

something

The doctor advisedhim againstcarrying heavy

loads.

agree withhave the same opinion assomebody else.

I agree withyou. I think she deserves the awardtoo.

aim at

point something in thedirection ofa target

The policeman aimedhis gun atthe hijacker.

allow fortake into consideration,include in a calculation

You'd better leave early to allow for traffic jams.

answer back reply rudely Don't answer backyour mother!

appeal to1) plead or make an earnestrequest2) be attractive or interesting

1) The organizers appealed tothe crowd to staycalm.2) A trekking holiday doesn'tappeal to me.

apply for

make a formal request forsomething(job, permit, loan etc.)

He applied forthe job he saw advertised in thenewspaper.

avail

(oneself) oftake advantage of something(an opportunity)

When the company is privatized, you should avail

yourself of


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the opportunity and buy some shares.

B back awaymove backwards, in fear or

dislike

When he saw the dog, he backed away.

back down withdraw, concede defeatLocal authorities backed downon their plans to

demolish the building.

back up

1) give support orencouragement2) make a copy of (file,program, etc.)

1) If I tell the boss we've got too much work, willyou backme up?2) It is recommended to back upall files in a securelocation.

bail out

1) pay money to securesomeone's release2) rescue from financialdifficulties

1) When he was arrested, his family refused to bailhim out.2) The government bailed outthe bank.

bank on base your hopes onsomeone/something

Don't forget the date. I'm banking onyour help.

beef upimprove, make moresubstantial

He beefed uphis presentation with diagrams andstatistics.

black out faint, lose consciousness When he fell off the horse he blacked out.

block off Separate using a barrier. The area was blocked off during the demonstration.

blow up

1) explode;2) be destroyed by anexplosion

1) The terrorists said the bomb would blow upat 9o'clock.2) The car blew upbut luckily there was nobody in

it.

boil down tobe summarized as The problem boils down toa lack of money.

boot up

start a computer by loadinganoperating system or program.

Just give my a few minutes to boot upthecomputer.

break away escape from captivity A few horses broke awayfrom the paddock.

break down

1) go out of order, cease tofunction2) lose control of one's

emotions

1) John's car broke downso he had to take the bus.2) The parents broke downwhen they heard the

bad news.

break into enter by force Burglars broke intothe house around midnight.

break out start suddenly Rioting broke outas a result of the strike.

break out of escape from a place by force Three prisoners broke outof jail.




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break upcome to an end (marriage,relationship)

After her marriage broke up, Emma went to live inLondon.

bring up raise (a child)She stopped working in order to bring upherchildren.

brush up onimprove, refresh one's

knowledge of something

Mary had to brush up onher Spanish before going

to South America.

bump intomeet by accident orunexpectedly

Pedro bumped intohis English teacher at thesupermarket.

burn out

1) stop (something) working2) become exhausted fromover-working

1) The fuse has burnt out.2) Tom will burnhimself out if he doesn't slowdown.

butt in (on

sthg)interrupt impolitely It's rude to butt inon a conversation like that!

C call back return a phone call I'll call you backas soon as possible.

call off cancel The meeting was called offbecause of the strike.

call on/upon

sbyformally invite or request

I now call uponthe President to address theassembly.

calm downbecome more relaxed, lessangry or upset

He was angry at first but he eventually calmeddown.

carry on continue He carried ongardening in spite of the rain.

carry out

1) do something as specified(a plan, an order, a threat)

2) perform or conduct (test,experiment)

1) The plan was carried outto perfection.

2) Tests are carried outto determine the efficiencyof a new drug.

carry over postpone until laterAs regards holidays, can you carry over any daysfrom one yearto the next?

check in register at a hotel or airportFor security reasons you have to check intwo hours

before your flight.

check out1) pay one's bill and leave (ahotel)2) investigate

1) Is Mr. Blair still at the hotel? No, he checkedoutthis morning.2) I don't know if the address is still valid. I'll checkit out.

clam up refuse to speak When the teacher arrived she clammed up.

clamp down

onact strictly to preventsomething

The government has decided to clamp down onsmoking in public places.

close downstop operating (company,restaurant, cinema).

When the factory closed down, the employees losttheir jobs.

come across1) find by chance2) appear, seem, make an

1) Julie came acrosssome photographs of hergrandparents in the attic.




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impression 2) The candidate came acrossas a dynamic personduring the interview.

come

forwardpresent oneself

The police have asked any witnesses to comeforward.

come up

against

be faced with or opposed by The project came up againsta lot of criticism.

conk out1) stop working2) stop or fall asleep (fromexhaustion)

1) The car conked outon the motorway.2) He was so exhausted, he conked outin front ofthe TV.

count on rely or depend on (for help) I'm counting onthe taxi driver to find the theatre.

cross outremove by drawing a linethrough

In some exercises, you are asked to cross outtheincorrect word.

cut down on reduce in number or size The doctor told him to cut down on cigarettes.

cut out1) remove using scissors

2) stop doing something

1) She cut outa picture in a magazine.

2) I'm going to cut outeating between meals.

D deal withhandle, take care of(problem, situation)

The manager is good at dealing withdifficultcustomers.

die downcalm down, become lessstrong

When the applause died down, she started to sing.

do without manage withoutThe shops are closed so we'll have to do withoutsugar.

drag on last longer than expectedWe expected a short speech but it dragged onandon!

draw up write (contract, agreement,document)

An agreement was drawn upand signed by the twoparties.

dress up1) wear elegant clothes2) disguise oneself

1) Do people dress upto go to the opera in yourcountry?2) Children love to dress upat Halloween.

drop invisit, usually on the waysomewhere

I sometimes drop into see my grandparents on myway home from school.

drop off

1) deliver someone orsomething2) fall asleep

1) I'll dropyou off at the bus stop if you like.2) Granddad often drops off in front of the TV.

drop out

leave school without

finishing

She decided to go to art school then dropped out

after the first term.

E ease off

reduce, become less severe orslow down(pain, traffic, work)

After Christmas the workload generally eases off.




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end infinish in a certain way; resultin

Their marriage ended indivorce.

end upfinally reach a state, place oraction

If he continues his misconduct he'll end upinprison.

even out

1) eliminate differences of

opinion.2) become level or regular

1) After a long discussion they managed to even out

their differences.2) The road was evened out to make it safer.

F fall through fail; doesn't happenOur planned boat trip fell throughbecause of thestorm.

figure out understand, find the answerI'm trying to figure outhow to assemble the

bookshelves.

fill outcomplete (a form/anapplication)

Please fill out the enclosed form and return it assoon as possible.

find outdiscover or obtain

information

I'm going to call the cinema to find outwhat time

the film starts.

focus on concentrate on somethingThe advertising campaign will focus onthe qualityof the product.

figure out understand; find a solutionWe'll have to figure outa way to deliver the goodsfaster.

Gget along

(with)

be on good terms; work wellwith

I get along(well) with my mother-in-law.

get at imply What exactly are you trying toget at?

get away escape The robbers got awayin a black car.

get by manage to cope or to survive It's difficult to get byon a low salary.

get in enter How did the burglar get in?

get into

(+noun)enter How did the burglar get intothe house?

get off1) leave (bus, train, plane)2) remove

1) You should get offthe bus at Trafalgar Square.2) She can't getthe stain offher sweater.

get on board (bus, train, plane) You can pay when you get onthe bus.get on with

(something)continue to do; make progress Be quiet and get on withyour homework.

get on (well)

ith

(somebody)have a good relationship with I get onvery well with my colleagues.

get out leave How did he get out?




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get out of(+noun)

leave How did he get out ofthe house?

get out of avoid doing somethingSome husbands manage to get out of doing anyhousework.

get overrecover from (illness,

disappointment)

My grandmother had pneumonia but she got overit.

get rid of eliminate It's difficult to get rid of old habits.

get together meet each other Let'sget togetherfor lunch on day.

get up rise, leave bed I usually get up at 7 o'clock.

give up stop doing something Sarah gave upsmoking 5 years ago.

go through experience Pete went througha lot of pain after the accident.

grow up spend one's childhood;develop; become an adult

He grew upin a small village in the mountains.

H hand in submit (report, homework)All application forms must be handed inbefore theend of the month.

hand out distributeSamples will be handed outat the end of thedemonstration.

hang outspend time in a particular

place,or with a group of friends

Where does he hang outthese days?Who does he hang outwith?

hang up end a phone conversation "Don't hang up. I haven't finished yet."

hit at aim a blow at He hit atthe wasp with the newspaper.

hit back retaliate; reply to an attackWhen he was attacked by the others, the boy hitback.

hit on/uponfind unexpectedly or byinspiration

She hit uponan idea for her new collection.

hold on-wait-grip tightly

- 'Hold onplease. I'll put you through to Mr.Brown."- She held onto the railing as she crossed the bridge.

hurry up be quick, act speedily Hurry up!We'll miss the bus.

I iron outresolve by discussion,eliminate differences

The meeting tomorrow will be an opportunity toiron outdifficulties.




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J oin in participate She was too shy tojoin inthe game.

oin up-engage in, become a memberof- meet and unite with

- John was in the Army and Tomjoined upas soonas he left school.- The two groups of touristsjoined upat the hotel.

ot down take quick notes Ijotted downthe address while watching theprogramme on TV.

K keep on continue doing something It told him to be quiet but he kept onmaking noise.

keep up withstay at the same level assomeone orsomething

Bill walks so fast it's difficult to keep upwith him.

kick off begin, start The football match kicked offat 3 o'clock.

L leave out omit, not mention The child's name was left outof the report.

let down disappointYou promised to come to the party, so don'tletmedown!

look after take care ofA babysitter looks afterthe children when they goout.

look ahead think of the future It's time to forget the past and look ahead.

look down

onconsider as inferior

He tends to look down onanyone who is not

successful.

look on be a spectator at an eventBilly didn't take part in the fight. He just lookedon.

look for try to find something Jane went to the shops to look fora pair of shoes.

look

forward to

await or anticipate withpleasure

I look forward toseeing you soon.

look up to admireHe was a wonderful teacher and many studentslooked up tohim.

M make fun of laugh at/ make jokes about The old lady dresses so strangely that the kids makefun of her.

make up invent (excuse, story)Some employees make upexcuses when theyarrive late for work.

mix upmistake one thing or personfor another

I don't know my neighbours' names yet. I keepmixing themup.

move inarrive in a new home oroffice

You've bought a new house? When are you movingin?.




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move outleave your home/office foranother one.

My neighbour is leaving. He's moving out nextSaturday.

N nod off fall asleepMy grandfather often nods offin front of the

television.note down write something

I'll call the station and note downthe departuretimes.

O opt outleave a system or decide notto participate

I enjoy tennis but I'm so busy I had to opt outof thetournament.

own up admit or confess somethingThe boy owned up. He said he kicked the ballthrough the window.

P pass away die The old lady passed awaypeacefully.

pass out faint She passed outwhen she heard the bad news.

pay back reimburseI'll lend you 20 provided you payme backbefore

the end of the week.

put off postpone, arrange a later date The meeting was put offbecause of the strike.

put on turn on, switch on Could you put onthe light please?

put out extinguish It took a long time to put outthe fire.

put upaccommodate, givesomebody a bed

We canput you upif you'd like to come for aweek-end.

pick up collect somebody I'll pickyou upat the station when you arrive.

point outindicate/direct attention tosomething

She pointed outthe mistake.

R rely on count on, depend on, trustDon't worry. You can rely onme. I can keep asecret.

rule out eliminate The police ruled outpolitical motives.

run awayescape from a place orsuddenly leave

He ran awayfrom home at the age of fourteen.

run intomeet by accident orunexpectedly (also: bumpinto)

Sophie ran intoMaria at the shopping centre.




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run out of have no more of something. What a nuisance! We've run out of coffee.

S set off start a journey;Early Saturday morning we set offfor the ski slopes

.set up start a business She set upher own company 10 years ago.

shop around compare pricesIt's always wise to shop aroundbefore buying

anything.

show off brag or want to be admired There's David showing offin his new sports car!

show up appear/arrive We expected David to come but he didn't show up.

shut up

(impolite) be silent, stop talking Oh shut up, you idiot!

sit down take a seat Please come in and sit down.

stand up rise from a sitting position The pupils stood upwhen the headmaster arrived.

stick up for defend It's important to stick up forone's principles.

T take afterresemble, in appearance orcharacter

Jamie really takes afterhis dad.

take care of look after I'll take care ofyour plants while you're away.

take off leave the ground The plane took offat 6 a.m.

take on hire or engage staffBusiness is good so the company is taking onextrastaff.

take out remove; extract She took outa pen to note the address.

tell off reprimand/criticize severelyThe teacher toldher offfor not doing herhomework.

think over consider I'll have to think overthe proposal before I decide.

try onwear something to see if itsuits or fits

I'm not sure about the size. Can I tryit on?

turn down refuse I couldn't turn downan offer like that!




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U use upfinish a product (so thatthere's none left)

The kids have used upall the toothpaste.

V vouch forexpress confidence in, or

guarantee something

You can give the keys to Andy. I can vouch for

him.

W atch out be careful Watch out! There's a car coming.

ear out1) become unusable2) become very tired

1) Julie wore outher shoes visiting the city.2) At the end of the day Julie was worn out.

ork out

1) do physical exercise2) find a solution or calculatesomething

1) I work outtwice a week at the gym club.2) It's expensive but I haven't worked outthe exactcost yet.

ipe off clean (board, table). The teacher asked Lee to wipe off the board.

http://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htm

Idioms

A:ace (verb)

all right (3)and then some

antsyas easy as pie

at the eleventh hour

B:

bad-mouth (verb)be a piece of cake

be all earsbe broke

be fed up withbe in and outbe on the go

be on the road

be overbe up and running

be used tobeat (adj.)

beat around the bushbeat one's brains out

Beats me.bent out of shape

before longbite off more than one can

chewblabbermouthblow one's top

boom boxthe bottom lineblow one's top

Break a leg!break someone's heart

brokebug (verb)

bull-headed

buck(s)a bundle

burn the midnight oilbushed

by one's selfby the skin of one's teeth

C:call it a day

catch one's eyecatch some Zs

can't make heads or tails ofsomething

change one's mindchickenchow

chow downa cinch

cool (adj.)cost (someone) an arm and

a leg


http://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htmhttp://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htmhttp://www.learn-english-today.com/phrasal-verbs/phrasal-verb-list.htm


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couch potatocram

crash courseCut it out!

Cool it!

D:dicey

ditch classDon't count your chickensuntil (before) they hatch

(they're hatched).do a bang-up job

down in the dumpsdrag one's feet

drop someone a line

E:

an eager beaverEasy does it!an egghead

elbow greaseevery other _____

F:

far-fetchedfeel blue

feel punyfender-benderfire someone

for ages

G:get going

get itget a kick out of something

get on one's nervesget one's wires crossed

get out of handget up and go

give someone a hand (2)go with the flow

grab a bite

H:had ('d) better

have (has) gothard feelings

hasslehave one's hands full

have something down pat

head honchohit the bookshit the hayhit the sackHow come?

I:if I had my druthersin over one's head

inside outin stock

in the blackin the redin time

J:jump all over someone

jump the gunjump to conclusion

junk mail

K:

keep an eye onkeep an eye out forkeep one's chin up

keep one's fingers crossedkeep one's nose to the

grindstonekeep (stay) in touch

kid (2)kind ofa klutz

a know-it-allknow something

backwards and forwardknow something inside out

L:let-down

lend someone a handleave well enough alone

Let sleeping dogs lie.live from hand to mouth

Live and let live.lose track ofa low blow

lousy

M:macho

make a mountain out of amole hill

can't make heads or tails ofmake up one's mind

N:No way!

noshNot on your life!now and then

nukenuts

O:OK (4)

on the cutting edgeon the doton time

once in a whileover one's head

P:pay the piper

plasticpop quiz

pooped (adj.)pretty (adv.)

pull an all-nighterpull someone's leg

Q:quite a few

a quick study

R:R and R

rain or shine




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rain cats and dogsread someone's mind

rub someone the wrongway

run-down (2)

S:savvy

schmoozesleep on it

sooner or latershoot the breeze

a snapso-so

Someone's made his/herbed; now let her/him lie in

it.sort ofstate of the art

stay (keep) in touchStep on it!

T:take it easy

tell a white lieThere, there.tight-fisteda tightwad

toughtoss something

trickytwo-faced

U:under the weather

until hell freezes overuntil you're blue in the face

updateupside downup-to-date

used to

W:Was my face red!

wear out one's welcomewet behind the ears

What for?What's up?

wishy-washywith bells on

would just as soon

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