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Reviving Sonus 1
Overview: linguistics and phonetics Theoretical Linguistics
Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Phonetics(?)
Applied Linguistics Language Acquisition Language Processing
Human, Machine Sociolinguistics Historical linguistics Phonetics(?)
Reviving Sonus 2
What is phonetics? Phonetics
Studies of speech sound Interests of Phonetics
Produced by human vocal organs Excluding thunder, bird chirping etc.
Produced for communication purpose Excluding coughs, hiccups, sneezing, gnashing, etc.
Linguistically meaningful sounds Used for pronouncing words
Reviving Sonus 3
What is phonetics? (cntd.) The speech sounds vary depending
upon languages (eg. Click sounds are speech sounds for
Swahili, but not for English or Korean)
Reviving Sonus 4
Types of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics Auditory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics
Reviving Sonus 5
Phonetics vs. Phonology Common properties
Studies on Sound Structure Pronunciation instead of orthography
Reviving Sonus 6
Phonetics vs Phonology (differences)
Phonetics PhonologyLevel of grammar Surface, concrete Deep, abstract
Closely related to Acoustics, physics, biology
Linguistics
Philosophical relevance
Performance Competence
Status of speech Consecutive, temporal
Segmental
Basic unit Phone Phoneme
Transcription method Narrow Broad
Reviving Sonus 7
Phonetics and its Application Relevant fields
Speech technology Speech synthesis Speech recognition Automatic translation
Speech pathology Language teaching
Reviving Sonus 8
Meanings and Distinction of Basic Terminology Phone Phoneme Allophone Morpheme Allomorph Contrast
Reviving Sonus 9
Terminology (cntd.) Phone
The minimal unit of speech sound Different phones have different quality Depending upon physical quality of sounds A substantial surface entity Transcribed in “[ ]” (eg. [p], [m])
Reviving Sonus 10
Terminology (cntd.) Phoneme
- The minimal unit that distinguishes meaning- Phonemes do not carry meanings themselves.
- The unit that makes the connection between sound and meaning
- The basic unit of the contrast in phonology- An abstract entity- Transcribed in “/ /” (eg. /p/ /m/)
Reviving Sonus 11
Terminology (cntd.) Allophone (phonetic variant)
Segments which are derived from the same phoneme
Reflects relationship between phoneme and phones
Gives a criterion for speech sound grouping
Guess to which ‘allophone’ is closer, ‘phoneme’ or ‘phone’?
Reviving Sonus 12
Terminology (cntd.) Examples for
phone/phoneme/allophone Consider sounds in the words
goose, geese, glee, glue pine, speak, stop
Reviving Sonus 13
Terminology (cntd.) Phonemes and allophones are
language dependent concepts English and Korean liquids English and Korean stops
Voicing Manners
Reviving Sonus 14
Terminology (cntd.) How to distinguish phonemes from phones(or
allophones) in a language Minimal pair
Two word strings which has only one segmental difference at the same position
(Eg. vine/pine, though/dough) Complementary distribution
Mutual exclusiveness Different allophones of the same phoneme do not occur
in the same linguistic environment
Reviving Sonus 15
Terminology (cntd.) Morpheme
- The minimal unit that bears meaning- Compare with phoneme
- Variants of the same morpheme- Different morphemes have different
meanings but may sound the same -> Homophone (homonym)
- Eg. tea/tee, flower/flour, too/two
Reviving Sonus 16
Terminology (cntd.) Allomorph
Two different forms derived from the same morpheme
The same meaning Eg. leaves[li:vz]/leaf[li:f]
Reviving Sonus 17
Terminology (cntd.) Contrast
The fact that different phonemes distinguish the words of a language from one another
Eg. p vs b Opposition, distinction
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Speech Physiology Contents:
Vocal organs Three processes of speech production
Initiation Phonation Articulation
Reviving Sonus 19
Initiation To make sounds air is necessary Initiation is the process of creating air
stream Three ways of initiation
Pulmonic airstream mechanism: Lung Glottalic airstream mechanism: Glottis Velaric airstream mechanism: velum
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Phonation To produce speech sounds, air stream
should be distorted in one way or another
Phonation is a process of changing air stream
Phonation is mainly achieved at larynx
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Principal speech organs Lung, Trachea(windpipe) Larynx
Vocal folds (chords, cords) Glottis
Vocal tract Pharynx Nasal tract Oral tract
Reviving Sonus 22
Larynx The upper portion of the windpipe
which produces speech Major components
Vocal cords Glottis epiglottis Three cartilages
Thyroid, Arytenoid, Cricoid
Larynx – midsagittal view
Reviving Sonus 24
Larynx – lateral view
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Larynx – posterior view
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Vocal cords
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Articulation A variety of speech sounds can be
produced in terms of another way of air stream change – Articulation
Articulation is done mainly somewhere at vocal tract
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English Consonants Criteria for distinction
Voicing Place of articulation Manner of articulation Secondary articulation
Reviving Sonus 30
Voicing Related to phonation Voiced
Vocal cords vibrating Voiceless
Glottis kept open Examples
p, t, k, s
Reviving Sonus 31
Places of articulation bilabial labiodental interdental (apico)dental alveolar alveopalatal
(postalveolar, palato-alveolar)
palatal (dorso)velar uvular pharyngeal glottal
Reviving Sonus 32
Manners of articulation Obstruents
stop (plosive) complete closure release
fricative partial obstruction turbulence airflow
affricate stop + fricative
Sonorants nasal liquid
lateral central
flap(tap) trill (eg. French
uvular trill [R]) approximant
Reviving Sonus 33
English Consonant chartBi-labial
Labio-dental
Inter-dental
Alveolar
Alveo-palatal
Palatal Velar
Glottal
Stop p/b t/d k/g
Fricative f/v /ð s/z š/ž h/Affricate č/Nasal m n ŋLiquid(lateral)
l
Liguid(central)
r()
Flap ՐGlide (w) y(j) w
Reviving Sonus 34
Describing symbols voicing-place-manner
examples [p] voiceless bilabial stop [z] voiced alveolar fricative
Class description [p, t, k] voiceless stops
Reviving Sonus 35
English Vowels Criteria for distinguishing between
various vowels tongue height tongue backness tenseness lip rounding nasality length
Reviving Sonus 36
Vowel(monophthong)
front central backunr rnd unr rnd unr rnd
hightense
lax
midtense
lax
low
Reviving Sonus 37
Vowel(monophthong) chart [IPA symbols in brackets]
front central backunr rnd unr rnd unr rnd
hightense [:] [:]lax [] []
midtense [:] /
[:]lax [e] ([:])
low
()[:]
Reviving Sonus 38
Diphthongs Definition
A diphthong is a phonetic sequence, consisting of a vowel and a glide, that is interpreted as a single vowel.
Types On-glide diphthong: Glide + Vowel Off-glide diphthong: Vowel + Glide
Reviving Sonus 39
Diphthongs(cntd.) Examples of on-glide diphthongs
a i u
j
w
Reviving Sonus 40
Diphthongs(cntd.) Examples of on-glide diphthongs
a i u
j ya[ja]
y[j]
yi[ji]
y[j]
yu[ju]
y[j]
w wa w wi w wu w
Reviving Sonus 41
Diphthongs (cntd.) Examples of off-glide diphthongs
(American English) midwestern dialect
a e a California dialect
a a See
http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/courses/ling210-901/course/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Diphthongs.html
Reviving SONUS 42
Diacritics for secondary articulationarticulation diacritic example words
aspirated C pin, repeatglottalized C spin, stringunreleased C stop, kickdevoiced C play, hushdentalized C tenth, cupfulpalatalized Cj(Cy) keep, beep
labialized C cool, bootvelarized C, tablesyllabic C C button, bottlenasalized v mean, nose
Reviving Sonus 43
Describing symbols voicing-(place 2nd)-place-(manner 2nd)-
manner examples
[p] voiceless bilabial stop [ph] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop [py] voiceless palatalized bilabial stop [phy] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop