EXAMINATION 1981

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title: - 20 An important part ofmanagement is the making of rules. As a means of regulating thefunctioning of an organisation so that most routine matters are resolved without referring eachissue to the manager they are an essential contribution to efficiency. The mere presence ofcarefully considered rules has the double-edged advantage of enabling workers to know how farthey can go, what is expected of them and what channels of action to adopt on the one side, and,on the other, of preventing the management from the behaving in a capricious manner. The bodyof rules fixed by the company for itself acts as its constitution, which is binding both onemployees and employers, however, it must be remembered that rules are made for people, notpeople for rules. If conditions and needs change rules ought to change with them. Nothing issadder than the mindless application of rules which are out-date and irrelevant. An organisationsuffers from mediocrity if it is too rule-bound. People working in will do the minimum possible.It is called “working to rule or just doing enough to ensure that rules are not broken. But thisreally represents the lowest level of the employer/employee relationship and an organisationafflicted by this is in an unhappy condition indeed. Another important point in rule-making is toensure that they are rules which can be followed. Some rules are so absurd that althougheveryone pays lip-service to them, no one really bothers to follow them. Often the managementknows this but can do nothing about it. The danger of this is, if a level of disrespect for one ruleis created this might lead to an attitude of disrespect for all rules. One should take it for grantedthat nobody likes rules, nobody wants to be restricted by them, and, given a chance, riots peoplewill try and break them. Rules which cannot be followed are not only pointless, they are actuallydamaging to the structure of theorganization.2. Critically examine the following passage: 20Some societies have experimented with eliminating the middleman. Prices can certainly becontrolled better if the government acts as the middleman, because, after all, goods have to belifted and transported to the other parts of the country. But governments are not usually veryefficient or quick in these matters. Nor are they economical — a lot of file-and-paperworkinvolving a lot of people adds up to a lot of indirect expense. Although in theory it ought to bepossible to reduce prices by eliminating the middleman, in practice it seems to be an essentialevil.Business can be left to find its own level in accordance with the so-called ‘laws’ of supplyand demand. By and large, Pakistan is what is called a ‘sellers’ market because essential goodsare usually in short supply or are inclined to fall below the needs of an overgrowing population.Market manipulation in such a situation is easy and unfortunately fairly common. Goods usuallydisappear at about the time they are needed most, leading to price spirals and malpractices. Pricecontrol under such circumstances becomes a little unrealistic unless a huge department can be setup with vigilance terms and inspectors empowered to raid shops and warehouses. The efforts tocontrol a seller’s market is so great and the costs so high that in fact not a great deal of ôontrolcan be exercised. And alternative method is to encourage the growth of buyer’s market in whichthe customer has a choice between many competing products. Competition automatically-forcesgood quality and low prices on the goods. This is at present only possible in the high productionareas of the world. But competition leads to malpractices of a different kind. Survival for abusiness often depends upon the destruction of competing business and big companies have anatural advantage over small ones. An obsessive drive to ‘sell’ is generated in such a system.Huge sums are spent on advertising, the costs of which are transferred to the buyer. People aretricked and badgered into buying things they do not really need.3. a) Use any five of the following pairs of words in your own sentences so as to bring out their

meanings: -i) Canvas, canvass, ii) Cast, caste,iii) appraise, apprise iv) allusion, illusionv) continual, continuous vi) berth, birthvu) apposite, opposite viii) artist, artisteix) adapt, adopt.b) Use any five of the following expressions in sentences so as to bring out theirmeaning: 10i) to have your cake and eat it too,ii) between the devil and the deep blue sea,iii) to be in hot water,iv) to be on the carpet,v) it never rains but it pours,vi) a miss is as good as a mile,vii) to give oneself airs,viii) to have the courage of one’s convictions,ix) the onlooker sees most of the game, -x) out of sight out of mind.4. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics:a) The authoritarian society.b) Civilized dissent is necessary for social progress.c) Life is a tragedy for those who feel and a comedy for those who think.d) Eventually all human action must be judged by its moral content.e) Those who can, do, those who can’t teach.5. Write a paragraph on one of the following topics: 20a) What we-call progress is largely delusory.b) Speak no evil, hear no evil, see no evil.c) Render unto Caeser that which is Caescr’s, and unto God that which is God’s.d) A man’s personality, morality, intellect and attitudes are all the product of his bodilychemistry.e) All the world’s a stage.

EXAMINATION 1982

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage in about 100 words and suggest a title: 20 Objectivespursued by, organisations should be directed to the satisfaction of demandsresulting from the wants of mankind. Therefore, the determination of appropriate objectives fororganised activity must be preceded by an effort to determine precisely what their wants are.Industrial organisations conduct market studies to learn what consumer goods should beproduced. City Commissions make surveys to ascertain what civic projects would be of mostbenefit. Highway Commissions conduct traffic counts to learn what constructive programmesshould be undertaken. Organisations come into being as a means for creating and exchangingutility. Their success is dependent upon the appropriateness of the series of acts contributed tothe system. The majority of these acts is purposeful, that is, they are directed to theaccomplishment of some objective. These acts are physical in nature and find purposefulemployment in the alteration of the physical environment. As a result utility is created, which,through the process of distribution, makes it possible for the cooperative system to endure.Before the Industrial Revolution most cooperative activity was accomplished in smallowner-managed enterprises, usually with a single decision maker and simple organisationalobjectives. Increased technology and the growth of industrial organisations made necessary theestablishment of a hierarchy of objectives. This, in turn, required a divison of the management,function until today a hierarchy of decision maker exists in most organisations..The effective pursuit of appropriate objectives contributes directly the organisationalefficiency. As used here, efficiency is a measure of the want satisfying power of the cooperativesystem as a whole. Thus efficiency is the summation of utilities received from the organisationdivided by the utilities given to the organisation, as subjectively evaluated by each contributor.The function of the management process is the delineation of organisational objectives andthe coordination of activity towards the accomplishment of these objectives. The system ofcoordinated activities must be maintained sothateach contributor, including the manager, gainsmore than he contributes.2. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:After a situation has been carefully analysed and the possible outcomes have been evaluatedas accurately as possible, a decision can be made. This decision may include the alternative ofnot making a decision on the alternatives presented. After all the data that can be brought to bearon a situation has been considered, some areas of uncertainty may be expected to remain. If adecision is to be made, these areas of uncertainty must be bridged by the consideration andevaluation of intangibles. Some call the type of evaluation involved in the consideration ofintangibles, intuition, others call it hunch on judgement, whatever it be called, it is inescapabletat this type of thinking must always be the final part in arriving at a decision about the future.There is no other way if action is to be taken. There appears to be a marked difference inpeople’s abilities to come to sound conclusions, when some facts relative to a situation aremissing, those who possess sound judgement, are richly rewarded.But as effective as as intuition, hunch on judgement may some times be, this type of thinkingshould be reserved for those areas where facts on which to base a decision, are missing.a) How is it possible to come to a sound decision when facts are missing?b) What part in your opinion. does decision making play in the efficient functioning of anorganisation.ORBring out the implications of the following observation. Traveller, there is no path:paths are made by walking.3. Make sentences to illustrate the meaning of any five of the following:i) To come to a dead end.ii) To turn a deaferiii) Every dark cloud has a silver liningiv) Blowing hot and cold together

v) To let the cat out of the bagvi) To put the cart before the horsevii) To sail in the same boatviii) A Swan Song.Use any five of the following pairs of words in your own sentences to bring out theirmeaning: -i) Mitigate, Alleviate ii) Persecute, Prosecutehi) Popular, Populace iv) Compliment, Complement -v) Excite, Incite vi) Voracity, Veracityvii) Virtual, Virtuous viii) Exceptional, Exceptionable5. Write a paragraph on at least 100 words on any one of the following topics:20a) All that glitters is not gold.b) Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.c) Problems of developing countries.d) There is no short cut to success.c) To err is human, to forgive is divine.

EXAMINATION 1983

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title: 25Rural development lies at the heart of any meaningful development strategy. This is the onlymechanism to carry the message to the majority of the people and to obtain their involvement inmeasures designed to improve productivity levels. Rural population exceeds 70 percent of thetotal population of the country, despite a rapid rate of urbanization. Average rural income is 34percent less than per capita urban income. A large part of under employment is still concealed invarious rural activities particularly in the less developed parts of the country. For centuries, thetrue magnitude of poverty has been concealed from view by pushing a large part of it to the ruralareas. This set in motion a self-perpetuating mechanism. The more enterprising and talented inthe rural society migrated to the cities in search of dreams which were seldom realized. Suchmigrants added to urban squalor. The relatively more prosperous in the rural society opted forurban residence for different reasons. The rural society itself has in this way systematically beendenuded of its more enterprising elements, as rural areas developed the character of a huge andsprawling slum. Development in the past has touched rural scene mainly via agriculturaldevelopment programmes. These are essential and would have to be intensified. Much moreimportant is a large scale expansion of physical and social infrastructure on the village scene.These included rural roads, rural water supply and village electrification as a part of the changein the physical environment and primary education and primary health care as the agents ofsocial change. The task is to provide modern amenities as an aid for bringing into motion theinternal dynamics of the rural society on a path leading to increase in productivity and self-help,changing the overall surrounding, while preserving coherence, integrated structure and the richcultural heritage of the rural society.2. Read the following passage carefully and answer any two of the Questions that followin your own words: (20)“The third great defect of our civilization is that it does not know what to do with itsknowledge. Science has given us powers fit for the gods, yet we use them like small children.For example, we do not know how to manage our machines. Machines were made to be man’sservants, yet he has grown so dependent on them that they arc in a fair way to become hismasters. Already most men spend most of their lives looking after and waiting upon machines.And the machines are very stern masters. They must be fed with coal, and given petrol to drink,and oil to wash with and they must be kept at the right temperature. And if they do not get theirmeals when they expect them, they grow sulky and refuse to work, or burst with rage, and blowup and spread ruin and destruction all round them. So we have to wait upon them very attentivelyand do all that we can to keep them in a good temper. Already we find it difficult either to workor play without the machines, and a time may come when they will rule us altogether, just as werule the animals. And this brings me to the point at which I asked “What do we do with all timewhich the machines have saved for us, and the new energy they have given us?” On the whole, itmust be admitted, we do very little. For the most part we use our time and energy to make moreand better machines, but more and better machines will only give us still more time and stillmore energy and what are we to do with them? The answer, I think, is that we should try to

become more civilized. For the machines themselves, and the power which the machines havegiven us, are not civilization but aids to civilization. But you will remember that we agreed at thebeginning that being civilized meant making and liking beautiful things, thinking freely, andliving rightly and maintaining justice equally between man and man. Man has a better chancetoday to do these things than he ever had before, he has more time, more energy, less to fear andless to fight against. lf he will give his time and energy which his machines have won for him tomaking more beautiful things, to finding out more and more about the universe to removing thecauses of quarrels between nations, to discovering how to prevent poverty, then I think ourcivilization would undoubtedly be the greatest, as it would be the most lasting that there has everbeen.”a) What is your concept of “Civilization”? Do you agree with the author’s views on thesubject?b) Science has given us powers fit for the gods. If it a curse or blessing?c) The use of machines has brought us more leisure and energy?Are we utilizing it to improve the quality of human life?d) Instead of making machines our servants, the author says, they have become our masters.In what sense has this come about?3. Expand the idea contained in one of the following:i) “Give every man thy ear but few thy voice”ii) “if winter comes, can spring be far behind”iii) To err is human, to refrain from laughing, humane.iv) House are built to live in and not to look onv) “Full many a flower is born to blush unseen And waste its sweetness on the desert air”vi) What is this life, if full of careWe have no time to stand and stare?vii) A Yawn is a Silent Shout.4. Use any five of the following pairs of words in your own sentences so as to bring out theirmeaning:i) allusion, illusion, ii) ardour, order, iii)conquer, concur, iv)Cite, site, vi) addict, edict, vi)proceed, precede, vii) right, rite, viii) Weather, wether.5. Fill in the blanks:1) Much ___________ about nothing.ii) _______ is the last refuge of the Scoundrel.iii) To put the____before the _______iv) ________of the same ______ flock-together.v) A _______ in time saves _______vi) ______ Dog seldom ___vii) Sweet are the uses of______viii) Eternal ________is the price of_____ix) A __________ child _______ the fire.x) One man’s _ is another man’s ________6. Check and write the word or phrase you believe is nearest to the meaning of any ten of thefollowing words:i) Moratorium: a) Large tomb b) waiting period c) Security for debt d) Funeral house.ii) Prolific: a) Skilful b) Fruitful c) Wordy d) Spread out.iii) Bi-Partisan: a) Narrow minded b) Progressive c) representing two parties d) Divided.iv) Unequivocal: a) careless b) unmistakable c) variable d) Incomparable.v) Covenant a) Prayer b) debate c) garden d) agreementvi) Tentative: a) expedient b) nominal c) provisionalvii) Demographic: Relating the study of:a) Government b) Demons c) Communications d) Population.viii) Sonar Apparatus to:a) detect something in the air

b) locate objects under water.c) measure raind) anticipate earthquake.ix) Progeny: a) a genius b) offsprings c) ancestors d) growth.x) Empirical: a) Relay on theory b) based on experiencec) having vision of power d) disdainful.xi) Polarize: a) chill (b) to separate into opposing extremes (c) slant(d) cause to be freely movable.xii) Apolitical: a) conservative b) rudec) non-political d) radicalxiii) Plenary: a) Timely b) Combined c) Florid d) full.xiv) Entourage: a) decorators b) Tourist c) attendant d) adversaries.xv) Diagnosis: a) identification of an illness b) Prophecy c) Plan d) likeness.xvi) Nucleus: a) Core b) outer part c) inedible nut d) quality.

EXAMINATION 1984

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 100

1. Write a Précis of the following Passage and suggest a suitable title:It is no doubt true that we cannot go through life without sorrow. There can be no sunshinewithout shade. We must not complain that roses have thorns, but rather be grateful that thornsbear flowers. Our existence here is so complex that we must expect much sorrow and muchsuffering. Many people distress and torment themselves about the mystery of existence. Butalthough a good man may at times be angry with the world, it is certain that no man was everdiscontented with the world who did his duty in it. The world is a looking-glass, if you smile, itsmiles, if you frown, it frowns back. If you look at it-through a red glass, all seems red and rosy:if through a blue, all blue, if through a smoked one, all dull and dingy. Always try then to look atthe bright side of things, almost everything in the world has a bright side. There are somepersons whose smile, the sound of whose voice, whose very presence seems like a ray ofsunshine and brightens a whole room. Greet everybody with a bright smile, kind words and apleasant welcome. It is not enough to love those who are near and dear to us. We must show thatwe do so. While, however, we should be grateful, and enjoy to the full the innumerable blessingsof life, we cannot expect to have no sorrows or anxieties. Life has been described as a comedy tothose who think, and a tragedy to those feel. It is indeed a tragedy at times and a comedy veryoften, but as a rule, it is what we choose to make it. No evil, said Socrates, can happen to a goodman, either in Life or Death. -2. Read the following Passage carefully and answer any two questions given at the end:During the last few decades medicine has undoubtedly advanced by huge strides inconsequence of innumerable discoveries and inventions. But have we actually become healthieras a result of this progress? Admittedly, tuberculosis or cholera is today a much rare cause ofdeath in many countries. On the other hand, various other no less dangerous diseases haveappeared, which we term “time diseases”. They include not only certain impairments of the heartand the circulatory system, of the skeletal structure and internal organs, but also an increasedpsychic instability, the addiction to all manner of drugs etc., and states of nervous shock andexhaustion.According to Bodamer, “Man’s hystorical and vain attempt to overtax and do violence to hisnature in order to adjust it to the technical world leads to a dangerous threat to health.” In otherwords, our organs can no longer cope with the noise, the bustle and all the inevitableconcomitants of our modern civilization. A man’s body is simply not a machine to be used as hethinks fit, and as long as he likes. It is something living, a part of the image of God in which wewere created. That is why the body has a rhythm of its own, a rhythm that can make itself heard.The most deep-seated of all the diseases of our time is that man no longer takes God intoaccount, that he has lost confidence in God’s dominion over the world, that he considers thevisible as the ultimate, the only, reality. But man without God suffers from hi-s fate because hecannot accept it from the hand of God. He suffers from the world because he senses itsdisordered state without being able to put it right. He begins to suffer from his work -because itexhausts him without satisfying him. He begins to suffer from his fellowmen because they arenot his neighbours, to whom God would have him turn, but because he less them get on hisneighbours, to whom God would have him turn, but because he-lets them get on his nerves andmake him ill. And he suffers from himself because he finds himself out of tune and dissatisfiedwith himself. It is only because our time is no longer centered in God that its structure isincreasing becoming what critics of our civilization call “pathological” dominated by the fear oflife as well as by the lust for life, ending in the splitting of personality. 20a) How does the expression “time diseases” indicate that these various ailments havesomething fundamental in common? Explainb) Why does modern man suffer from his time? It is not because he has not adapted hisbody sufficiently to the demands of the machine?- It is not rather because he hassurrendered his soul to time and its powers?c) What cure would you suggest to combat these ills?d) Explain the last sentence fully.3.Make sentences to illustrate the meaning of any five of the following: 15

a) To look a gift horse in the mouth.b) To have an axe to grind.c) To wash one’s dirty linen in public.d) To pocket an insult.e) To take to one’s heels.. -f) To win laurels.g) A gentleman at large.4. Examine the following word groups. Explain and use any five of them in sentences todetermine where genuine differences of meaning and function exist within the group:a) Table, brand b) opinion, judgementc) uninterested, disinterested d) revolt, mutinye) decay, spoil f) adjourn, postponeg) ignore, neglect h) conspiracy, plot5. Discuss each of the following situations and determine the validity of the direct testimonyinvolved:a). A witness testifies to seeing a holdup and identifies one of the gunmen. it is establishedthat this witness was about two hundred yards from the scene of the crime. Under crossexamination,the attorney for the defence brings out the fact that the witness habitually wearsglasses to correct a severe condition of nearsightedness, but that on the day of holdup, his glasseswere broken and he had just left them to be repaired.b) A series of witnesses agrees that a-particular crime was committed by a man who is bald,walks with a slight lip, is about 510 tall, and wears thick glasses. They differ on the matter of thecolour of his clothing, the type of shoes he was wearing, and the size of satchel he was carrying.ORExplain as clearly as you can any two of the following statements:.a) The political structure of a society is always the power structure of that society.b) It is better to be silent and be thought stupid than to speak and prove it’s true.c) The only knowledge worth having is that which is applicable to some part of theeconomic life of the community: -d) Any “labour-saving” device is the most in-human aspect of work.

EXAMINATION 1985

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Make a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title: 25 Climate influenceslabour not only by enervating the labourer or by invigorating him,

but also by the effect it produces on the regularity of his habits. Thus we find that no peopleliving in a very northern latitude have ever possessed that steady and unflinching industry forwhich the inhabitants of temperate regions are remarkable. In the more northern countries theseverity of the weather, and, at some seasons, the deficiency of light, render it impossible forthe people to continue their usual out-of-door employments. The result is that the workingclasses, being compelled to cease from their ordinary, pursuits, arc rendered move prone todesultory habits, the chain of their industry is, as it were, broken, and they lose that impetuswhich long-continued and uninterrupted practice never fails to give. Hence there arises a nationalcharacter more fitful-and capricious than that possessed by a people whose climate permits theregular exercise of their ordinary industry. Indeed so powerful is this principle that we perceiveits operations even under the most opposite circumstances. It would be difficult to conceive agreater difference in government, laws, religion, and manners, than that which distinguishesSweden and Norway, on the one hand, from Spain and Portugal on the other. But these fourcountries have one great point in common. In all of them continued agricultural -industry isimpracticable. In the two Southern countries labour is interrupted by the dryness of the weatherand by the consequent state of the soil. In the northern countries the same effect is produced bythe severity-of the winter and the shortness of the days. The consequence is that these fournations, though so different in other respects, are all remarkable for a certain instability andfickleness of character.2. Read the following passage carefully and answer any two questions given at the end:20Whoever starts a new diary does it, if he is wise, in secret, for if it be known to his friendsthat he keeps a punctual record of his doings and theirs, they will treat him with a reticence thatmay embarrass him. That is the first rule of diary keeping, but others, such as whether the diaryshould be regular, or irregular, are more disputable. It is, however, a fatal practice to attemptregularity in amount.., to aim, as some do, at filling a page or two a day. It is equally futile tostrive for uniformity of style or, indeed forany styleat all. The advantage of the diary form is thatit exempts its users from all ordinary rules, you may spell as you like, abbreviate, or wander intoside-tracks as-and when it pleases you. Above all, you need preserve no sense of proportion orresponsibility. A new hat may oust a new Parliament, a new actress who amused you may,without any complaints, sweep all the armies and potentates of Europe over your margin intonothingness and oblivion. Nobody’s feelings have to be considered, no sense of critical audienceneed force gaiety from a mood of sadness or cast a shadow on the spirits of Puck.Why, then does not everyone keep a diary if it is so full of the delights of freedom andomnipotence? Perhaps it is because we like to have an audience for what we say, and grow alittle tired of entertaining our great-great-grand-children. Some aver that all diarists are vain, butit would appear, on the contrary, if they keep their secret and let none pry into their lockeddrawer, that they have an irrefutable claim to modesty. it is possible, of course, that they may bepuffing themselves up before the mirror of posterity, but that is such a remote and pardonableconceit — particularly, if we remember that posterity is far more likely to mock than to admirethat nobody who turns over the blank pages of this year and wonders what other fingers will turnthem some day need be ashamed of his diarist’s dream.a) What are your own impressions about diary-keeping? Write a short paragraph of about100 words:b) State in your own words why the writer thinks that a diary should be kept in secret.c) Explain the Linderlined portions.3. Use any live of the following pairs of words in your own sentences so as to bring out thedifference in meaning clearly: 15a) Eminent, Imminent b) Deference, Differencec) Eligible, Illegible d) Judicial, Judiciouse) President, Precedent f) Superficial, Superfluousg) Immigrant, Emigrant h) Rightful, Righteousj) Contemptible, Contemptuous k) Ingenious, Ingenuous.4. Make sentences to illustrate the meaning of any five of the following: 10

a) By and by b) The lion’s sharec) In black and white d) To bring to booke) To read between the lines 0 To stick to one’s gunsg) To be under a cloud h) By fits and starts.5. Use any five of the following phrases in your own sentences so as to make their meaningclear: 10Ab initio, Bona fides: En bloc; Ex paste, Sine die, Status quo, Ad valorum; Alter ego.6. Expand the idea contained in any one of the following in a passage of about 150 words:20a) “Men are not hanged for stealing horses but that horses may not be stolen.”b)- “Three may keep a secret if two are dead.”c) “All philosophy is in two words, sustain or abstain.”

EXAMINATION 1986

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage, suggesting a suitable title: 25 One of thefundamental facts about words is that the most useful ones in our languagehave many meanings. That is partly why they are so useful: they work overtime... Think of -all

the various things we mean by the word “foot” on different occasion: one of the lowerextremities of the human body, a measure of verse, the ground about a tree, twelve inches,- the floor in front of the stairs. The same is true of nearly every common noun or verb...considering the number of ways of taking a particular word, the tusk of speaking clearly andbeing understood would seem pretty hopeless if it were not for another very important fact aboutlanguage. Though a word may have many senses, these senses can be controlled, up to a point,by the context in which the word is used. When we find the word in a particular verbal setting -we can usually decide quite definitely which of the many senses of the word relevant. If a poetsays his verse has feet, it doesn’t occur to you that he could mean it’s a yard long or is threelegged(unless perhaps you are a critic planning to puncture the poet with a pun about his“lumping verse”). The context rules out these maverick senses quite decisively.2. Read the following passage carefully and answer any two questions given at the end inabout 70 words each: 20Biofeedback is a process that allows people with stress-related illnesses such as high bloodpressure to monitor and improve their health by learning to relax. In biofeedback, devices thatmonitor skin temperature are attached to a patient’s arm, leg, or forehead. Then the person triesto relax: As he or she relaxes completely, the temperature of the area under the devices risesbecause more blood reaches the area. When a machine that is attached to the devices detects therise in temperature a buzzer sounds, or the reading on a dial changes. As long as the patient isrelaxed, the buzzer or dial gives encouragement.The next part of the biofeedback process is learning how to relax without the monitoringdevices. The patient recalls how he or she or she felt when the buzzer or’ dial indicatedrelaxation and then tries to imitate that feeling without having to check the biofeedback machine.After succeeding in doing so, the patient tries to maintain the relaxed feeling throughout the day.Stress may cause as much as 75 percent of all illness, therefore,biofeedback promises to bean outstanding medical tool.1) What is a biofeedback? Describe in your own way.2) Can learning to relax improve health? Explain your view-point.3) Why is biofeedback considered to be an instrument with great potential for the treatmentof stress-related illnesses?3. Use any five of the following pairs of words in your own sentences to differentiate themin their meaning and functions:a) Complement, Compliment b) Outbreak, Breakoutc) Facilitate, Felicitate d) Precede, Proceede) Layout, outlay 0 Cease, Seizeg) Career, Carrier h) Acculturate, Acclimitise4. Transform any five of the following sentences into direct/Indirect Form as the case may be:’15a) He said, “Don’t open the door.”b) He offered to bring me some tea.c) He aid, “Thank you!”d) He said, “Can you swim?” and I said, “NO”.e) He told Aslam to get his coat.0 “If 1 were you, I would wait,” I said.g) He ordered the peon to lock the door.h) He warned me not to leave my car unlocked as there had been lot of stealing from cars.5. Describe the meaning of any five of the following foreign phrases: - 10a) Prima facie b) Ex post factoc) Fait accompli d) Vis-a-vise) Modus operandi 0 Aide memoire -g) Laissez faire h) Au revoir.6. Explain briefly any three in your own words to illustrate the central idea containedtherein in about 50 words each: 15

a) Give every man thy ear but few thy voice.b) To rob Peter to pay Paul.c) The child is father of the man.d) Art lies in concealing art.e) Life without a philosophy is like a ship without rudder.

EXAMINATION 1987

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Make a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title: 25 The incomparablegift of brain, with its truly amazing powers of abstraction, has rendered obsolete the slow andsometimes clumsy mechanisms utilized by evolution so far.Thanks to the brain alone, man, in the course of three generations only, has con4uered the realmof air, while it took hundreds of thousands of years for animals to achieve the same resultthrough the process of evolution. Thanks to the brain alone, the range of our sensory organs hasbeen increased a million fold, far beyond the wildest dreams, we have brought themoon within thirty miles of us, we see the infinitely small and see the infinitely remote, we hearthe inaudible, we have dwarfed distance and killed physical time. We have succeeded inunderstanding them thoroughly. We have put to shame the tedious and time consuming methodsof trial and error used by Nature, because Nature has finally succeeded in producing itsmasterpieces in the shape of the human brain. But the great laws of evolution are still active,even though adaptation has lost its importance as far as we are concerned. We are nowresponsible for the progress of evolution. We are free to destroy ourselves if we misunderstandthe meaning and the purpose of our victories. And we are free to forge ahead, to prolongevolution, to cooperate with God if we perceive the meaning of it all, if we realize that it canonly be achieved through a whole-hearted effort toward moral and spiritual development. Ourfreedom, of which we may be justly proud, affords us the proof that we represent the spearheadof evolution: but it is up to us to demonstrate, by the way in which we use it, whether we areready yet to assume the tremendous responsibility which has befallen us almost suddenly.2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given at the end: 20 There isa sense in which the aim of education must be the same in all societies. Two hundred yearsfrom now there will be no one alive in the world who is alive today. Yet the sum total ofhuman skill and knowledge will probably not be less than it is today. It will almost certainlybe greater. And that this is so is due in large part to the educational process by which we passon to one generation what has been learned and achieved by previous generations. Thecontinuity and growth of society is obviously dependent in this way upon education, bothformal and informal. If each generation had to learn for itself what had been learned by itspredecessor, no sort of intellectual or social development would he possible and the presentstate of society would be little different from the society of the old stone age. But this basicaim of education is so general and so fundamental that it is hardly given consciousrecognition as an educational purpose. It is rather to be classed as the most important socialfunction of education and is a matter of interest to the sociologist rather than to theeducational theorist, Education does this job in any society and the specific way in which itdoes it will vary from one society to another. When we speak in the ordinary way about theaims of education, we are interested rather in the specific goals set by the nature of societyand the purposes of its members.The educational system of any society is a more or less elaborate social mechanismdesigned to bring about in the persons submitted to it certain skills and attitudes that arejudged to be useful and desirable in the society. ‘a) How is the continuity and growth of society dependent upon education?b) In what way the aims of education are related with a society and its members?c) What importance does the writer give to the education system of a society?

3. Use any live of the following pairs of words in your own sentences so as to bring out thedifference in meaning clearly:Disclosure, exposure, rigorous, vigorous, custom, habit, peculiar, particular, prescribe,proscribe, accident, incident, choice, preference, ascent, assent, emigrant, immigrant, continuous,continual.4. Make sentences to illustrate the meaning of any five of the following: 10 to back out, to keepout of, bang into, to smell a rat, to burn one’s fingers, null and void,to catch up with, to stand up for, to skim through. to narrow down.5. Complete any five of the following sentences supplying the missing word or phrase ineach: 10a) He wondered _________ he had lost his money.b) Her father knew that she ____________________________________ disobey him.c) When Ahmed saw me coming hed) Don’t imagine you can get awaye) He puts up almost anything.f) 1 have applied ______ a new job.g) Her parents strongly object ________ her travelling alone.h) As soon as the plane had refuelled ______i) __________ you take this medicine, you will feel better.j) A car with a good engine can go6. Expand the idea contained in any one of the following in about 150 words:20a) Learn to walk before you run.b) Marriage is a lottery.c) Success has many friends.

EXAMINATION 1988

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum mark: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage and suggest suitable title: 25The touring companies had set up their stages, when playing for towns-folk and not for thenobility in the large inn yards where the crowd could sit or stand around the platform and thesuperior patrons could seat themselves in the galleries outside the bedrooms of the inn. TheLondon theatres more or less reproduced this setting, though they were usually round or oval inshape and stage was more than a mere platform, having entrances at each side, a curtained innerstage and an upper stage or balcony. For imaginative Poetic drama this type of stage had manyadvantages. There was no scenery to be changed, the dramatist could move freely and swiftlyfrom place to place. Having only words at his command, be had to use his imagination andcompel his audience to use theirs. The play could move at great speed. Even with such limitedevidence as we possess, it is not hard to believe that the Elizabethan audience, attending a poetictragedy or comedy, found in the theatre an imaginative experience of a richness and intensity thatwe cannot discover in our own drama.2. Read the following passage and answer any two questions given at the end: 20 Anotherintellectual effect of almost all teaching, except the highest grade of university tuition, is that

it encourages docility and the belief that definite answers are known on questions which arelegitimate matters of debate. I remember an occasion when a number of us were discussingwhich was the best of Shakespeare’s plays. Most of us were concerned in advancingarguments for unconventional opinions but a clever young man, who, from the elementaryschools, had lately risen to the university, informed us, as a fact of which we wereunaccountably ignorant, that Hamlet is the best of Shakespeare’s plays. After this the subjectwas closed. Every clergyman in America knows why Rome fell: it was owing to thecorruption of morals depicted by Juvenal and Petronius. The fact that morals becameexemplary about two centuries before the fall of the Western Empire is unknown or ignored.English children are taught one view of the French Revolution, French children are taughtanother, neither is true, but in each case it would be highly imprudent to disagree with theteacher, and few feel any inclination to do so. Teachers ought to encourage intelligentdisagreement on the part of their pupils, even urging them to read books having opinionsopposed to those of the instructor. But this is seldom done, with the result that much educationconsists in the instilling of unfounded dogmas in place of spirit of inquiry. This results, notnecessarily from any fault in the teacher, but from a curriculum which demands too muchapparent knowledge, with a consequent need of haste and definiteness.a) What is the main defect of teaching? Describe in your own words.b) What are the causes of the instilling of unfounded dogmas in the mind of students?c) Briefly describe the main points presented by the writer of this passage.3. Write an essay about 200 words on any one of the following: 20a) Competition in Educationb) Science and Religionc) My View of Life4. Use any five of the following idioms in your sentences: 15a) As cool as a cucumber.b) Have your cake and eat too.c) In a Pickle.d) Take a cake.e) Sell like hot cakes.f) As flat as a Pancake.g) Take something with a grain of salt.h) Like two peas in a pod.5. Use any five of the following pairs of words in your sentences to differentiate theirmeaning: 10Custom, habit, deface, efface, differ ,defer, conduct, character, considerate, considerable,complement, compliment, feet, feat, fair, fare, enviable, envious.6. Transform any five of the following sentences into Indirect form: 10a) The boy said to his teacher, “I do not know the answer”.b) The beggar said, “May you live long and grow rich”c) "It is very hot today, “cried the boys, “we cannot play.”d) She said, “what a fine morning it is!”e) She said, “I am not telling a lie.”f) He said, "I will come to see you tomorrow.”g) He said to him, “I really need your help.”h) She said. “Can you tell me what the time is.”

EXAMINATION 1989

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum mark: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title:The Greatest” civilization before ours was the Greek. They, too, lived in a dangerousworld. They were a little, highly civilized people, surrounded by barbarous tribes and alwaysthreatened by the greatest Asian power, Persia. In the end they succumbed, but the reason theydid was not that the enemies outside were so strong, but that their spiritual strength had givenway. While they had it, they kept Greece unconquered. Basic to all Greek achievements wasfreedom. The Athenians were the only free people in the world. In the great empires of antiquity— Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Persia — splended though they were, with riches and immensepower, freedom was unknown. The idea of it was born in Greece, and with it Greece was able toprevail against all the manpower and wealth arrayed against her. At Marathon and at Salamisoverwhelming numbers of Persians were defeated by small Greek forces. It was proved there thatone free man was superior to many submissively obedient subjects of a tyrant. And Athens,where freedom was the dearest possession, was the leader in those amazing victories.Greece rose to the very height, not because she was big, she was very small, not because shewas rich, she was very poor, not even because she was wonderfully gifted. So doubtless wereothers in the great empires of the ancient world who have gone their way leaving little for us.She rose because there was in the Greeks the greatest spirit that moves in humanity, the spiritthat sets men free.”2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given at the end:“Teaching more even than most other professions, has been transformed during the lasthundred years from a small, highly skilled profession concerned with a minority of thepopulation, to a large and important branch of the public service. The profession has a great andhonourable tradition, extending from the dawn of history until recent times, but any teacher inthe modem world who allows himself to he inspired by’ the ideals of his predecessors is likely tobe made sharply aware that it is not his function to teach what he thinks, but to instill such beliefsand prejudices as are thought useful by his employers. In former days a teacher was expected tobe a man of exceptional knowledge or wisdom, to whose words men would do well to attend. Inantiquity, teachers were not an organized profession, and no control was exercised over whatthey taught. It is true that they were often punished afterwards for their subversive doctrines.Socrates was put to death and Plato is said to have been thrown into prison, but such incidentsdid not interfere with the spread of their doctrines. Any man who has the genuine impulse of theteacher will be more anxious to survive in his books than in the flesh. A feeling of intellectualindependence is essential to the proper fulfillment of the teacher’s functions, since it is hisbusiness to instill what he can of knowledge and reasonableness into the process of formingpublic opinion.In our more highly organized world we face a new problem. Something called education isgiven to everybody, usually by the State the teacher has thus become, in the vast majority ofcases, a civil servant obliged to carry out the behests of men who have not his learning, who haveno experience of dealing with the young, and whose only attitude towards education is that of thepropagandist.”a) What change has occurred in the profession of teaching during the last hundred years?b) What do you consider to be the basic functions of a teacher?c) What handicaps does a modern teacher face as compared to the teachers in the oldendays?

3. Use any five of the following pairs of words in your own sentences so as to bring outthe difference in meaning clearly: 15-a) Collision, Collusion, b) Verbal, Verbose,c) Facilitate, Felicitate, d) Conscious, Conscientious,e) Wave, Waive, Wreck, Wreak,g) Virtual, Virtuous, h) Flatter, Flutter,i) Deference, Difference, j) Humility, Humiliation.4. Make sentences to illustrate the meaning of any five of the following: 10a) Account for, b) Carry weight,c) To fall back upon, d) To be taken aback,e) A wild goose chase, f) By leaps and bounds,g) As cool as a cucumber, h) To burn midnight oil.5. Given below area number of key-words. Select any five and indicate the word or phraseyou believe is nearest in meaning to the key word: 10i) Foible: a) Witty refort b) Petty lie c) Personal weakness.ii) Premise: a) Assumption b) Outline c) Commitment.iii) Sacrosanct: a) Peaceful b) Sacred c) Mundane d) Painful.iv) Calumny: a) Misfortune b) Praised) Quietness d) Slander.v) . Viable: a) Credible b) Questionable c) Workable d) Vital.vi) Decorum: a) Style of decoration b) Innocence c) Social conformity d) Modestly.vii) Touch stone: a) Goal post b) worry bead c) Magic Jewel d) Standard or Criterion.viii)Sheepish: a) Embarrased b) Conforming c) Cowardly d) Unfortunate.6. Expand the idea contained in any one of the following in about 150 words: 20a) “If winter comes, can spring be far behind.”b) “Slow and steady wins the rae”c) Eternal vigilance is the. Price of Liberty.d) Man does not live by bread alone.e) Full many a flowers is born to blush unseen and waste its sweetness on the desert air.f) “Foreign Aid” — Is it a blessing or a curse? -

EXAMINATION 1990

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum mark: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title: 25 Not all the rulerssigned the Instrument of Accession at once. Afraid that the SocialistCongress Party would strip him of his amusements, flying, dancing girls and conjuring delightswhich he had only just begun to indulge since he had only recently succeeded his father to thethrone, the young Maharajah of Jodhpur arranged a meeting with Jinnah. Jinnah was aware thatboth Hindu majority and geographical location meant that most of the Princely states would goto India, but he was gratified by the thought that he might be able to snatch one or two fromunder Patel ‘s nose. He gave Jodhpur a blank sheet of paper.‘Write your conditions on that’ he said, 'and I’ll sign it’Elated, the Maharajab returned to his hotel to consider. It was an unfortunate- move on hispart, for V. P. Menon was there waiting for him. Menon’s agents had alerted him to whatJodhpur was up to. He told the young ruler that his presence was requested urgently at viceroy’sHouse, and reluctantly the young man accompanied him there. The urgent summons had been anexcuse, and once they had arrived, Menon had to go on a frantic search for Viceroy, and tell himwhat had happened. Mountbatten responded immediately. He solemnly reminded Jodhpur thatJinnah could not guarantee any conditions he might make, and that accession to Pakistan wouldspell disaster for his state. At the same time, he assured him that accession to India would flotautomatically mean end of his pleasure. Mountbatten left him alone with Menon to sign aprovisional agreement.2. Read the following passage carefully and answer any four questions given at the end asbriefly as possible. 10Mountbatten was taking his family to Simla to snatch a few days’ rest. He had broughtwith him a copy of the Draft Plan for the transfer of power (which he had sent to London forapproval). Menon had come up and they were expecting Nehru for the weekend. Mountbattcnwas delighted that Edwina (his wife) and Jawaharlal had taken to each other so much. It couldonly help his work, and it seemed to do them both so much good.Nehru himself had been in fine form. Mieville and George Nicolis (Principal Secretary tothe Viceroy and Deputy Personal secretary to the Viceroy respectively) had shown some -dismay at Viceroy’s openness with the Indian leader but Mountbatten chose to ignore them.Despite his continuing optimism for the Plan, Menon's contention that it would not be wellreceived by the Congress had given him more than usual pause for thought. After dinner onSaturday night, he invited Nehru in the Viceregal Lodge for a nightcap.The Viceroy handed Nehru his drink, and then quite suddenly crossed the room to the safeand unlocked it, taking out the Draft Plan handed him the papers (giving free run his instinctwhatever the result). Nehru took the Draft Plan eagerly and sat down with it. immersinghimself in it immediately. Mountbatten watched him... The Indian had stopped reading thePlan, and was riffling angrily through the final pages. His face was-drawn and pale.Mountbatten was shaken. He had never seen Nehru so furious.

Nehru made an effort to control himself.... ‘I will try to summarise my thoughts tonightand leave you a note of my objections. This much I can tell you now: Congress will neveragree to plan of India’s fragmentation into a host of little states'.The following day, the Viceroy sat on the secluded rear terrace of Viceregal Lodge whileV. P. Menon read over Nehru’s promise memorandum of objections.‘Mr. Nehru only questions certain Section of the Plan, said Menon.‘Yes — the key ones!’ snapped Mountbatten. ‘Look we have tO redraft and resubmitimmediately,- in the light of his comments. Can you do it?”‘Very well, Your Excellency,’ said Menon.‘..-... I want it (the fresh draft) by six O’clock this evening.’a) How did Lord Mountbatten view the relationship between his wife, Lady Edwina andJawaharalal Nehru? -b) How did the officers on the staff of Lord Mountbatten view his close relationship withNehru and what was Mountbatten’s reaction to it? -c) Why did Lord Mountbatten show the Draft Plan to Nehru?d) Did Lord Mountbatten show the Draft Plan to Quaid-e-Azam? If not, what will -theshowing of secret Draft Plan to Nehru alone will be called?e) What motivated the drawing up of a fresh Plan for transfer of power?f) Within what time was the fresh plan prepared and by whom?g) Was the person who drew up the fresh plan, under orders of Mountbatten, a neutral andimpartial person, not connected with any Indian community? -3. Make sentences to illustrate the meaning of any four of the following: 8a) White elephant, b) Blue Blood,c) Cleanse the Augean stable, d) Apple of discord,e) In good books, 0 Between the devil and the deep sea,g) Stare in the face, h) Make off with.4. Use any three of the following sets of words in sentences so as to bring out clearly thedifference in their meaning: 18a) Adept, Adopt, Adapt, b) Alleged, Accused, Suspected,c) Bear, Borne, Born d) Raise, Rise, Raze,e) Smeel, Stink, Scent, f) Least, Less, Lest,g) Quiet, quite, Quite, h) Their, There, They’re5. Gwen below are a number of key words: Select any three and indicate the word or phraseyou believe is nearest in meaning to the key word:i) Domesticate: a) to turn native, b) be exclusive, c) cut claws, d) tame.ii) Antics: a) expectation, b) temper, c) string games,- d) absurd behaviour.iii) Recapitulate: a) to surrender, b) be indecisive, c) summarisè, d) retract.iv) Hypothetical: a) philosophical, b) truce, c) assumed, d) volatile.v) Data: a) ideas, b) belief, c) point of origin, d) information.vi) - Era: a) a disaster, b) cycle, c) period of history, d) -curious event.vii) Trait: a) a narrow enclosure, b)strong point, c) distinguishing feature, d) footprint.6. Develop the idea contained in any one of the following in about 150 words: 20a) A thing of beauty is a joy for ever, -b)Cowards die many times before their death,c) In matters of conscience, the law of majority has no place,d)Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter,e) Unity, Faith, Discipline.

EXAMINATION 1991

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum mark: 1001. Make a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title: 25 Generally, Europeantrains still stop at borders to change locomotives and staff. This isoften necessary. The German and French voltage systems are incompatible. Spain — though notPortugal — has a broad guage track. English bridges are lower than elsewhere, and passengerson German trains would need a ladder to reach French platforms, twice as high as their own. Butthose physical constraints pale in comparison to an even more formidable barrier — nationalchauvinism. While officials in Brussels strive for an integrated and efficiently run rail network torelieve the Continent’s gorged roads and airways, and cut down on pollution, three membercountries —France, Germany and Italy—are working feverishly to develop their own expensiveand mutually incompatible high-speed trains.2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end as briefly as possibleinto 2 lines each):“Heads of Government attending the London economic summit will have no excuses if theyfail to curb the level of arms exports. A new definitive study by the International Monetary Fund,not generally known for its liberal views, makes it plain that high levels of arms spending insome developing countries have retarded social programmes, economic development projectsand the private sector, the latter being an issue with which the seven richest market economiescan identify.The IMF, however, picks out 10, consistent offenders among developing countries whichspend more than 15 percent of their ODP on the military. They are: Israel, Angola, Oman,Yemen, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Libya. Employing some unusually forcefullanguage the Fund says, High levels of military expenditure certainly led to low growth anddomestic economic hardship in some countries by diverting fund from social programmes,economic development projects and the private- sector”.The study poses a couple of other serious problems for the summitteers. It shows forinstance, that military expenditure is very sensitive to financial constraints. Thus if countries are

deprived of resources then they are forced to cut back on armaments:a)- What are the heads of Government doing at the summit?b) What are the findings of the new study?c) How does military expenditure affect domestic economy of a country and inwhat ways?d) What is the relationship between military spending and economic growth?e) How is military expenditure related to resources?3. Use any five of the following pairs of words in your own sentences demonstratingdifference in their meaning:a) Access, Excess, b) Ascent, Accent,c) Resources, Recourse, d) Whether, Weather,e) Premier, Premiere, f) Ingenious. Ingenuous,g) Felicitate, Facilitate, h) Conscious, Conscientious,i) Disease, Decease.4. For each of the phrases at the left, write in your answer book the word closest in meaning tothe phrase from the four words given on the right: 10i) Clear away a) Clean b) empty c) removed) finish,ii) Break down - a) collapse b) enter c) Cut off d) begin,iii) Keep up a) restrain b) control c) continue d) maintain,iv) Turn out a) refuse b) start c) produced) arrive,v) See over a) examine b) repair C) discovered) Enquire.5. Make sentences for any five of the following to illustrate their meaning: 10i) Damocles’ sword, ii) Every inch,iii) Spade a spade, iv) On the sky,v) Palm off, vi) Lip service,vii) A turn coat, viii) A wild goose chase.6. Write a note of about 150 words on any one of the following ideas: 20 i) What ca't be curedmust be endured,ii) A bee in one’s bonnet,iii) Make a virtue of necessity, -iv) A red rag to a bull.

EXAMINATION 1992

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum mark: 1001. Write a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title: 25 Throughout theages of human development men have been subject to miseries of two kinds: those imposed byexternal nature, and, those that human beings misguidedly inflicted upon each other. At first, byfar the worst evils were those that were due to the environment. Man was a rare species, whosesurvival was precarious. Without the agility of the monkey, without any coating of fur, he hasdifficulty in escaping from wild beasts, and in most parts of the world could not endure the

winter’s cold. He had only two biological advantages: the upright posture freed his hands, andintelligence enabled him to transmit experience.Gradually these two advantages gave him supremacy. The numbers of the human speciesincreased beyond those of any other large mammals. But nature could still assert her power bymeans of flood and famine an pestilence and by exacting from the great majority of mankindincessant toil in the securing of daily bread.In our own day our bondage to external nature is fast diminishing, as a result of the growth ofscientific intelligence. Famines and pestilence still occur, but we know-better, year by year, whatshould be done to prevent them. Hard work is still necessary, but only because we are unwise:given peace and co-operation, we could subsist on a very moderate amount of toil. With existingtechnique, we can, whenever we choose to exercise wisdom, be free of many ancient- forms -ofbondage to external nature.But the evils that men inflict upon each other have not diminished in the same degree.There are still wars, oppressions, and hideous cruelties, and greedy men still snatch wealth fromthose who are less skilful or less ruthless than themselves. Love of power still leads to vasttyrannies, or to mere obstruction when its grosser forms are impossible. And fear-deep -scarcely conscious fear — is still the dominant motive in very many lives. -2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given at the end:“Moral self-control, and external prohibition of harmful acts, are not adequate methods ofdealing with our anarchic instincts. The reason they are inadequate is that these instincts arecapable of many disguises as the Devil in medieval legend, and some of these disguises deceiveeven the elect. The only adequate method is to discover what are the needs of our instinctivenature, and then to search for the least harmful way of satisfying them. Since spontaneity is whatis most thwarted by machines, the only thing that can be provided is opportunity, the use made ofopportunity must be left to the initiative of the individual. No doubt, considerable expense wouldbe involved but it would not be comparable to the expense of war. Understanding of humannature must be the basis of any real improvement in human life. Science has done wonders inmastering the laws of the physical world, but our own nature is much less understood, as yet,than the nature of stars and electrons. When science learns to understand human nature, it will beable to bring happiness into our lives which machines and the Physical Science have failed tocreate.”a) Why are moral self-control, and external prohibition inadequate to deal with our anarchicinstincts?b) What is the adequate method of anarchic instincts?c) What should be the basis of any real improvement in human life? d)- How can sciencehelp humanity to achieve happiness?3. Use any five of the following pairs of words in your own sentences so as to bring out thedifference in their meaning:1) Assent, Ascent ii) Ballot, Balletiii) Corps, Corpse iv) Due, Dewv) Diary, Dairy vi) Momentary, momentousvii) Route, Rout viii) Veil, Vale.4. Frame sentences to illustrate the meaning of any five of the following:i) Between the devil and ii) A wild goose chase, the deep sea, iii) Over head and ears,iv) Time and tide, v) To live from hand to mouth,vi) To beat about the bush, vii) To fish in troubled waters, viii) A bird’s eye-view.5. Given below are a number of key words: Select any five and indicate the word, you believeis nearest in meaning to the key word:i) Perturb: a) to upset b) to cause doubt c) to burden d) to test.ii) Wry: a) twisted b) sad c) witty d) suffering.iii) Ferret: a) to search b) to trap c) to hide d) to flee.iv) Pallid: a) weak b) pale c) dull d) scared.v) Intrepid: a) fearless b) cowardly c) dull d)fool hardy.

vi) Reprisal: a) surprise b) award c) revision d) retaliation.vii) Viable: a) wavering b) divided C) capable of living d) fading.viii) Resurgent: a) revolutionary b) fertile c) rising again d) fading. -6. Expand the idea contained in any one of the following in about 200 words:i) “Uneasy lies the head, that wears a crown”ii) “If winter comes, can spring be far behind”iii) “Mankind is an abstraction, man is a reality”iv) “The Press and the Nation rise and fall together”v) Environmental pollution — a global problemvi) Population explosion.

EXAMINATION 1993

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum mark: 1001. Make a Précis of the following passage, and suggest a suitable title: 25 The best aid to give isintellectual aid, a gift of useful knowledge. A gift of knowledgeis infinitely preferable to a gift of material things. There are many reasons for this. Nothingbecomes truly one’s own except on the basis of some genuine effort or sacrifice. A gift ofmaterial goods can be appropriated by the recipient without effort or sacrifice; it therefore rarelybecomes his own and is all too frequently and easily treated as a mere windfall. A gift ofintellectual goods, a gift of knowledge, is a very different matter. Without a genuine effort ofappropriation on the part of the recipient there is no gift. To appropriate the gift and to make itone’s own is the same thing, and ‘neither moth nor rust doth corrupt’. The gift of material goodsmakes people dependent, but the gift of knowledge makes them free. The gift of knowledge alsohas far more lasting effects and is far more closely relevant to the concept of ‘development.’Give a man a fish, as the saying goes, and you are helping him a little bit for a very short time,teach him the act of fishing, and he can help himself all his life. further, if you teach him to makehis own fishing net, you have helped him to become not only self-supporting, but also self-reliantand independent, man and businessman.This, then should become the ever-increasing preoccupation of aid-programmes to make menself-reliant and independent by the generous supply of the appropriate intellectual gifts, gifts ofrelevant knowledge on the methods of self-help. This approach, incidentally, has also theadvantage of being relatively cheap, of making money go a long way. For POUNDS 100/- you may be able to equip one man with certain means of production, hut for the same moneyyou may well be able to teach and hundred men to equip themselves. Perhaps a little ‘pumppriming’by way of material goods will in some cases, be helpful to speed the process ofdevelopment.(E. F. Schumacher)2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in your own wordswithout lifting sentences from the given text 20Recently the mass media, formerly subservient to the medical profession, have becomeincreasingly, restive, and occasionally hostile. In Germany, in particular, the newspapers andtelevision have given a great deal of time and space to the complaints against the medicalprofession. In Britain on BBC radio and television, the medical practices have come under sharpand aggressive criticism.Is this antagonism to the profession justified? And if so, why? I have tried to answer thatquestion by looking at the way it deals with some of the diseases of our civilisation, including themost lethal, heart-attacks and cancer. If what emerges is an indictment of the profession, then Iwould rebut the charge that I am anti-doctor. Montaigne said: ‘I honour physicians not for theirservices but for themselves.’ That goes for me too. (Brian Inglis)a) What do you understand by the mass media?b) What is Brian Inglis stance, towards the medical profession?c) What is a lethal disease? -d) Is there a radical change in the presentation of the art of healing by the mass media?3. Use any five of the following pairs of words so as to bring out the difference in theirmeanings: 10a) Queue: cue, b) Differ: defer,c) Conscious: conscience, d) Confidant: confidante,e) Atheist: agnostic, f) Loose: Lose,g) Briefing: debriefing, h) Dual: duel,i) - Complement: compliment4. Indicate the meaning of any five of the following: 10a) Brag, B) Antiquarian,c) Input, d) Prodigal,

e) Bibliophile, f) Nostalgia,g) Output, h) Feedback,i) Agrarian.5. Use any five of the following in your sentences to bring out their exact meanings: 10a) Play truant, b) Play down,c) Turn turtle, d) Turn the corner,e) A fair weather friend, f) Under a cloud,g) Burn one’s boats, h) Horse-trading.6. Comment on any one of the following about 200 words: 20a) To err is human, to forgive divine,b) The child is father of the man,c) God helps those who help themselves,d) Beggars are no choosers,e) - Handsome is one who handsome does,f) The impossible is often the untried,g) Man has his will and woman her way.

EXAMINATION 1994

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Make a Précis of the following passage in about 125 words and suggest a suitable title:25 marks.“Education does not develop autonomously: it tends to be a mirror of society and is seldomat the cutting edge of social change. It is retrospective, even conservative, since it teaches theyoung what others have experienced and discovered-about the world. The future of educationwill be shaped not by educators, but by changes in demography, technology and the family. Itsends - to prepare students to live and work in their society - are likely to remain stable, but itsmeans are likely to change dramatically”.“Schools, colleges and universities will be redefined in fundamental ways: who is educated,how they are educated, where they are educated - all are due for upheaval. B Ut their primaryresponsibility will be much the same as it is now: to teach knowledge of languages, science,history, government, economics, geography, mathematics and the arts, as well as the skillsnecessary to understand today’s problems and to use its technologies. In the decades ahead, therewill be a solid consensus that, as Horace Mann, an American educator, wrote in 1846,“Intelligence is a primary ingredient in the wealth of nations”. In recognition of the power of thisidea, education will be directed purposefully to develop intelligence as a vital national resource”.“Even as nations recognize the value of education in creating human capital, the institutionsthat provide education will come under increasing strain. State systems of education may notsurvive demographic and technological change. Political upheavals in unstable regions and thecase of international travel will ensure a steady flow of immigrants, legal and illegal, from poornations to rich ones. As tides of immigration sweep across the rich world, the receiving nationshave a choice: they can assimilate the newcomers to the home culture, or they can expect aproliferation of cultures within their borders. Early this century, state systems assimilatednewcomers and taught them how to fit in. Today social science frowns on assimilation, seeing itas a form of cultural coercion, so state systems of education are likely to eschew culturalimposition. In effect, the state schools may encourage trends that raise doubts about the purposeor necessity of a state system of education”. (Diane Ravieh).2. Read the following passage and answer the question given at the end in your own words.20 marks.

“Piecing together the story of human evolution is no easy task. The anthropologist RichardLeakey has identified four key steps in our evolution from the earliest hominid to modernhumans. First, the occurrence of binedilism between 10 and 4 million years ago. Then theevolution of Homo, with its large brain and capacity to make stone tools — the earliest examplesof which are 2.5 million years old. Next, the evolution of Hemo erects almost 2 million yearsago, followed by its migration out of Africa into Eurasia. And finally the appearance of modernhuman less than 150000 years ago”.“Through the 10 million years of human evolution, the Earth’s climate has changedconsiderably. During the period that Michael Sarrnthies of Kie has called the “Golden era”— up to 3 million years ago — the world was much warmer than it is now. Then conditionsstarted to deteriorate, and there was a gradual build-up of ice at the poles. Around 2.6 millionyears ago the climate became cyclical: ice ages characterized by huge ice sheets covering muchof North America and northern Europe were followed by interglacial, when conditions werecomparable to those we see today. Elizabeth Vrba of Yale University, one of the most vigorousproponents of the idea of punctuated equilibrium, has shown that this change in the world’sclimate 2.6 million years ago had sudden and dramatic effects in Africa. A predominantly warmand moist climate was transformed into one which was colder and morearid”. (Mark Maslim)a. Give dictionary meanings of the underlined words.b. How did the climate become cyclical?c. Define the term “Golden era”.d. Describe the various stages in the development of the human species.3. Expand the idea embodied in One of the following in about 200 words. 20a. The administration of justice is the firmest pillar of government.b. Art is long and time is fleeting.c. The better part of valour is discretion.d. Conscience is God’s presence in man. -e. Capital is only the fruit of labour, and could never have existed if labour had not first existed.4. Complete any five of the -following sentences supplying the missing word in each:10a. From this happy ______ he is awakened by his child asking him to read ______ anincredibly long and boring story about wolves.b. The this is that, when we do travel, we never seem to these people.c. The _______ objects were not changes, but the ______ things had altered beyondrecognition.d. More than ten days ______ before I again had any ______ with Mrs. Reed.e. His ______ has fallen off, revealing a ______ of dirt on his bald head.f. No, we must accept the ______ with what grace we can and leave the weather to its owng. Take all you need but leave your______ behind is sound- - for the holidaymaker.h. Modern advertisements often ______ the human race in a __________ light.5. Use any Five of the following pairs of words your own sentences to bring out thedifference in their meaning:- 10i. All Awl; (ii) Boy, Buoy; (iii) Fallow, Fellow: (iv) Jewry, Jury; (v) Functional,Disfunctional; (vi) Yew, Eue; (vii) Allusive, Elusive; (viii) Ladylike, Ladyship.6. Frame sentences to illustrate the meaning of any five of the following: 15Between Scylla and Charybidis; (ii) Hobson’s choice; (iii) Sting in the tail; (iv) With open arms;(v) Wash one’s hand of (To): (vi) Count one’s chickens (To); (vii) Burn midnight oil (To).

EXAMINATION 1995

ENGLISH (Précis & Composition)Time allowed: 3 hours Maximum marks: 1001. Make a Précis of the following passage and suggest a suitable title:When you see a cockroach or a bed-hug your first reaction is one of disgust and that isimmediately, followed by a desire to exterminate the offensive creature. Later, in the garden, yousee a butterfly or a dragonfly, and you are filled with admiration at its beauty and grace.Man’s feelings towards insects are ambivalent. He realizes that some of them for example, -flies and cockroaches arc threats to health. Mosquitoes and tsetse flies have in the past sappedthe vitality of entire tribes or nations. Other insects are destructive and cause enormous losses.Such arc locusts, which can wipe out whole areas of crops in minutes; and termites, whose ofteninsidious ravages, unless checked at an early stage, can end in the destructing of entire rows –ofhouses.Yet men’s ways of living may undergo radical changes if certain species of insects were tobecome extinct. Bees, for example, pollinate the flowers of many plants which are food sources.In the past, honey was the only sweetening agent known to man in some remote parts of theworld. Ants, although they bite and contaminate man’s food are useful scavengers whichconsume waste material that would otherwise pollute the environment.Entomologists who have studied insect fossils believe them to have inhabited the earth fornearly 400 million years. Insects live in large numbers almost everywhere in the world, from thehottest deserts and the deepest caves to the peaks of-high mountains and even the snows of thepolar caps.Some insect communities are complex in organizations, prompting men to believe that theypossess an ordered intelligence. But such organized behaviour is clearly not due to- developed brains. If we have to compare them to humans, bee and ant groups behave likeextreme totalitarian societies. Each bee or ant seems to have a determined role to playinstinctively and does so without deviation.The word “instinct” is often applied to insect behaviour. But some insect behaviour appearsso clear that one tends to think that some sort of intelligenceis at work. For example, the workerbee, upon relating to the hive after having found a new source of nectar, communicates hisdiscovery by a kind of dance which tells other bees the direction and distance away of the nectar.

2. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. Use your own English as much aspossible -otherwise you will not score high marks:A political community may be viewed as a group of people living together under a commonregime, with a common set of authorities to make important decisions for the group as a whole.To the extent that the regime is “legitimate” we would further specify that the people haveinternalized a common set of rules. Given the predominantly achievement-oriented norms whichseem to be a necessary concomitant of industrial society, these rules must apply equally to theentire population or Precisely those criteria (e.g. language) which are a basis for blockingindividual social mobility, can become the basis for cleavage which threatens the disintegrationof the political community. -Among post-tribal multilingual populations where the masses are illiterate, generallyunaware of national events, and have low expectations of social and economic mobility, theproblems is largely irrelevant even if such populations have a linguistically distinct elite group.In contrast, when the general population of a society is going through the early stages of socialmobilization, language group conflicts seem particularly likely to occur; they may developanimosities which take on a life of their own and persist beyond the situation which gave rise tothem. The degree to which this happens may be significantly affected by the type of policywhich the government adopts during -the transitional period.The likelihood that linguistic division will lead to political conflict is particularly great whenthe language cleavages are linked with the presence of dominant group which blocks the socialmobility of members of a subordinate group, partly, at least, on the basis of language factors.Where a dominant group holds the positions of power at the head of the major bureaucracies in amodern society, and gives preference in recruitment to those who speak the dominant language,any submerged group has the options of assimilations, non-mobility or group-resistance. If anindividual is overwhelmed numerically or psychologically by the dominant language, if hisgroup is proportionately too small to maintain a self contained community within the society,assimilation usually occurs. In contrast, if one is part of a numerous or geographicallyconcentrated minority group, assimilation is more difficult and is more likely to seemunreasonable. If the group is numerous and mobilized, political resistance is likely.a. A political community is identified as a group of people who have three things in common;What are they?b. Why are the rules important7c. Give an other word or paraphrase fori. cleavage; ii, disintegration.d. In the second paragraph the authors distinguish between two types of society: What are they?e. What problem is irrelevant to the first type?f. What is likely to happen to the second?g. -When will language create political conflict?h. What is assimilation and when does it occur?i. When does group resistance occur?j. Give the opposite of the term “dominant group” used in the text.3. Using about 250 words, comment on One of the following subjects: 25a. Conscience is the basis of justice.b. The Industrial Society has reached its logical end.c. Eye for eye and tooth for tooth, has gone on too long in the world.d. In freedom lies the happiness of the individual.e. Children have no childhood in Pakistan.f. To be clever enough to get all that money, one must be stupid enough to want it.4. A woman is talking to her next-door neighbour about an elderly married couple sheknows, and about their personalities. Using only Adjectives, complete the blanks accordingto the explanations she gives either before or afterwards. Vague words like “good”, etc. willnot-be acceptable. Write out the passage in your answer books underlying the words you havefilled in: 20

“Well, yesterday I met old Mrs. Ahmad. Lovely old lady she is, always cheerful and helpfuland ever so__ which is more than I can say about that husband of her’s. He is so_____, arguingand shouting and complaining all the time. And I thought my husband was ______ until I sawthe way he holds on to his money! Not that she worries or complains. I have never known anyone so____ But he is really' ,I mean he never thinks about her or what she wants. He’s got nofeelings at all, the ______ old devil! They are just so different: If you tell her about yourproblems, she listens and tries to understand and gives you advice, you now, very_____. And it’sonly because of her that children have turned so polite and charming, such ______ young people.He just gave them discipline, told them what they couldn’t do like some _____ school master.Still, Mrs. Ahmad keeps smiling and happy. I don’t think I’d be that _____, married to him!”5. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as thesentence printed before it: 10a. One of the local development authority’s responsibilities is town planning. The localdevelopment authorityb. Pop tars are corrupted by the adulation of their fans. It’s the way their _____c. There was little contact-between these small groups. These small groupsd. I find funny clothes the most irritating about the modem Youth, What ______e. He sounds as if he spent all his life abroad. He givesf. Apart from Muhammad Ali, every one else at the meeting was a party member. Withg. He was driving very fast because he didn’t know the road was icy. If______h. Whenever you are on a bus, you hear someone talking about politics. You can’t goi. How long is it since they went to Gilgit? When _____j. Most of the theories use the methods of experimental science without first paying attentionto play’s aesthetic quality Most of theories do not take -

EXAMINATION- 1996

ENGLISH (PRÉCIS & COMPOSITION)

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum marks: 1001. Make a Précis of the following passage about one third of its length and suggest a suitable title.(25)Along with the new revelations of science and psychology there have also occurred distortions ofwhat is being discovered. -Most of the scientists and psychologists have accepted Darwin’stheory of evolution and his observations on “survival of the fittest” as a final word. Whileenunciating his-postulate on the concept of the fittest, Darwin primarily projected physical forceas the main criterion, and remained unmindful of the culture of mind, The psychologist, on theother hand, in his exclusive involvement with the psyche, has overlooked the potential of man’sphysical-self and the world outside him. No synthesis has been attempted between the two withthe obvious result of the one being sacrificed at the altar of the other. This has given birth to acivilisation which is wholly based on economic considerations, transforming man into a mere“economic being” and limiting, his pleasures and sorrows to sensuous cravings.With the force of his craft and guns, this man of the modern world gave birth to two cannibalisticphilosophies, the cunning capitalism and the callous communism. They joined hands to block theevolution of man as a cultural entity, denuding him of the feelings of love, sympathy, andhumanness. Technologically, man is immensely powerful; culturally, he is the creature ‘of stoneage,as lustful as ever, and equally ignorant of his destiny. The two world wars and the resultantattitudes display harrowing distortion of the purposes of life and power. In this agonizingsituation the Scientist is harnessing forces of nature, placing them at the feet of his country’sleaders, to be used against people in other parts of the world. This state of his servility makes thefunctions of the scientist appear merely to push humanity to a state of perpetual fear, and leadman to the inevitable destruction as a species with his own inventions and achievements. Thisirrational situation raises many questions. They concern the role of a scientist, the function ofreligion, the conduct of politician who is directing the course 5f history, and the future role ofman as a species. There is an obvious mutilation of the purpose of creation, and the relationship.between Cosmos, Life, and Man is hidden from eyes; they have not been viewed collectively.2. Read the following passages and answer the questions given at the end in your own words.(20)"In countless other places, companies locating overseas are causing environmental harm. Japanhas come in for heavy criticism from environmentalists in Southeast Asia for allegedly locatingextremely harmful processes abroad because they no longer can pass environmental muster athome. A Malaysian subsidiary of the Mitsubishi Kasei Corp. was forced by court order to closeafter years of Protests by local residents that the plant’s dumping of radioactive thorium was toblame for unusually high leukemia rates in the region. Several multinational corporationsoperating in South Africa, including local subsidiaries of the Bayer Pharmaceuticals concern anda Duracell battery plant, have been implicated by local environ mentalists in toxic catastrophesthat they believe have-caused cancer and other severe health problems among workers.Despite the threats, international markets also help diffuse many environmentally helpfulproducts around the world. Trade in pollution control technologies is on the rise, particularly asenvironmental laws are strengthened in developing countries. International trade also can putpressure on companies to match the environmental immolations of their internationalcompetitors, as in the U.S. Car industry’s response to Japan’s advances in fuel efficiency. -Meanwhile, there are indications that, contrary to some people's expectations, being open toforeign investment can help prevent the caution of pollution havens rather than cause them.Research by Nancy Birds all and David Wheeler of the World Bank found that dirty industriesdeveloped faster in Latin American economies relatively in hospitable to foreign investment thanin open ones. Another World Bank study looked at the rates at which 60 different countries itsway to nations open to foreign investment far more rapidly than those closed toll The authors ofthese studies suggests several possible explanations for such trends. For one, closed economiesprotect capital __________ Intensive, pollution-intensive industries in situations where low-costlabour otherwise would have been a draw to less polluting industries, Second, companies trying tosell their goods in industrial countries need to please the growing number of “green consumers”

there. Finally the equipment used by multinational tends on balance to be newer and cleaner thanthat employed by national industries.(a) Why is Japan under heavy criticism?(b) What did the court decree in Malaysia? and why?(c) How does a certain industry cause cancer to the local resident?(d) What could be the role of international markets in controlling pollution?(e) What is a “pollution-haven”?(f) What does the research by Nancy Birds all and David Wheeler say?(g) What does “the other study” by World Bank reveal?(h) Who is a “green consumer"?(i) How do you explain capital-intensive” and “pollution-intensive”?(j) How can we save the local residents from the pollution hazards?3. Write a comprehensive note of approximately 250 words on ONE of the followingsubjects: (25)(a) Religion is the greatest benefactor of human race;(b) The devotional believers coin baseless stories about their gurus;(c) And when I love thee not chaos 13 come again;(d) Every system of government emerges from its economic system;(e) Cleanliness is next to Godliness.4. - Correct the following sentences: (10)(a) When public transport is better developed, there will no longer be so many carsdriving people to work.(b) The subject of my paper-is about-air pollution;(c) The princess's father was-a good man and who was kind;(d) A morality play is where the characters represents virtue and vices;(e) A-square is when all four sides are the same length;(f) Evil and suffering has always troubled man;(g) Why does such disturbing things exist?’(h) Neither her cousins nor her aunt were at home;(i) Neither Tariq nor Khalid are worthy of her;(j) The first fleet of cars were made of copper;(k) To be honest lies must never be told5. Explain FIVE of the following idioms by using them into sentences: (10)Bear out Back out Carry over Come offFall back, Figure out; Live with Set in; Cover up; Iron out.- -6. Use FIVE of the following pairs of words or phrases into- sentences so, that the difference inthe meaning of each pair is made clear:- (10)(1) altogether, all together(ii) ambiguous, ambivalent;(iii) apprise, appraise; (iv) bad, badly;(v) compare, contrast; (vi) deduce, imply;(vii) differ from; differ with; (viii)) farther, further.

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONCOMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS INPBS-17, UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2003ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION)TIME ALLOWED : THREE HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS: 100

1. Make a precis of the given passage and give a suitable heading:(20) If then a practical end must be assigned to a University course, I say it is that of training good members of a society. Its ah is the art of social life, and its end is fitness for the world. It neither confines its views to particular professions on the one hand, not creates heroes or inspires genius on the other. Works indeed of genius fall under no art; heroic minds come under no rule; a University is not a birthplace of poets or of immortal authors, of founders of schools, leaders of colonies, or conquerors of nations. It does not promise a generation of Aristotle or Newtons of Napoleons or Washingtons of Raphaels or Shakespearcs though such miracles of nature it has before now contained within its precincts. Nor is it content on the other hand with forming the critic or the experimentalist, the economist or the engineer, through such too it includes within its scope. But a University training is the great ordinary means to a great ordinary end; it aims at raising the intellectual tone of society, at cultivating the public mind, at purifying the national taste, at supplying true principles to popular aspirations. It is the education which gives a man a clear conscious view of his own opinions and judgments, a truth in developing them, an eloquence in expressing them, and a force in urging them, ft teaches him to sec things as they arc, to go right to the point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical and to - discard what is irrelevant. It prepares him to fill any post with credit, and to master any subject with facility. (John H. Ncwman)

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end, in YOUR OWN WORDS. 20 My father was back in work within days of his return home. He had a spell in the shipyard, where the last of the great Belfast liners, the CANBERRA, was under construction, and then moved to an electronics firm in the east of the city. (These were the days when computers were the size of small houses and were built by sheet metal workers). A short time after he started in this job, one of his colleagues was sacked for taking off time to get married. The workforce went on strike to get the colleague reinstated. The dispute, dubbed the Honeymoon Strike, made the Belfast papers. My mother told me not long ago that she and my father, with four young sons, were hit so hard by that strike, that for years afterwards they were financially speaking, running to stand still. I don't know how the strike ended, but whether or not the colleague got his old job back, he was soon in another, better one. I remember visiting.him and his wife when I was still quite young, in their new bungalow in Belfast northern suburbs. I believe they left Belfast soon after the Troubles began.My father then was thirty-seven, the age I am today. My Hither and I are father and son, which is to say we are close without knowing very much about one another. We talk about events, rather than emotions. We keep from each other certain of our hopes and fears and doubts. I have never for instance asked my father whether he has dwelt on (he direction his life might have taken if at certain moments he had made certain other choices. Whatever, he found himself, with a million and a half of his fellows, living in what was in all but name a civil war.As a grown up 1 try often to imagine what it must be like to be faced with such a situation. What, in the previous course of your life, prepares your for arriving, as my father did, at the scene of a bomb blast close to your brother's place of work and seeing what you suppose, from the colour of the hair, to be your brother lying in the road, only to find that you arc cradling the remains of a woman?(Glciin Patterson)

(a) From your reading of (he passage what do you infer about the nature of (he 'Troubles" (he writer mentions.(b) What according to the writer were (he working conditions in the Electronics firm where his father worked?(c) Why was his father's colleague sacked?(d) How docs the writer show that as father and son they do not know much about each other?

(e) Explain the underlined words/phrases in the passage:Made the Belfast papers, had a spell, dubbed, was sacked, hit hard.

3. Write a comprehensive note (250-300) words on ONE of the following: (20)(1) Lots of people confuse bad management with destiny.(2) If a window of opportunity appears don't pull down the shade.(3) We are all inclined to judge ourselves by our ideals: others by their act.(4) Goodwill is earned by many acts: it can be lost by one.

4. Change the voice of the verb in the following sentences:(10)(1) The assassins shot the leader in broad daylight.(2) The President inaugurated the Motorway recently.(3) Will you negotiate the matter with the opposition?(4) Why should I be suspected by you?(5) The establishment is pleased with your performance.(6) The Parliament members gave a hard time to the Prime • Minister.(7) The Prisoners in Cuba arc being treated cruelly, by the so-called Human Rights custodians.(8) The present Government is serving the people honestly! .(9) Who did this?(10) The Palestinians are avenging the death of their leaders.

5. Change the following to reported speech: (10)(1) "This is your house, isn't it?" asked Jcmmic.(2) "Where do you want to be dropped?" said the taxi driver.(3) "Call (he first witness," said the judge.(4) "Don't blame him for the accident," the boy's mother said.

(5) He said, "I baiigcd on Cliffs door but he did not answer".(6) "Where is the boat? Hurry up we are being chased", she cried.(7) "I have lost my way. Can you direct me to the Post Office please?" said the old lady.(8) He said to me, "what a pity you missed such an important meeting.(9) "How wonderful! Why didn't you suggest this plan earlier".(10) He said, "Let's wait till the road gets cleared".

6. Correct the following sentences:(1) The hostel provides boarding and lodging to students.(2) My cousin-brother will come to meet me.(3) He lives backside of my house.(4) You have read it. Isn't it?(5) We discussed about this question.(6) I am studying in an University for an year.(7) Neither he nor I arc at fault.(S) The committee have issued a notice.(9) One must boast of his great qualities.(10) . It is one of the best speeches that has ever been made in the General Assembly.

7. Use the following in your own sentences to bring out their meaning: (10)(1) Kick the bucket

(2) Bolt from the blue(3) Put your foot down(4) Worth your salt(5) Down the drain(6) All cars(7) Swan song(8) Cheek by Jowl(9) in a nutshell(10) Give me five

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BPS-17,

UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2004

ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION)

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 100

1. Make a precis of the given passage and suggest a suitable heading:

We're dealing with a very dramatic and very fundamental paradigm shift here. You may try" to lubricate your' social interactions with personality techniques and skills, but in the process, you may truncate the vital character base. You can't have the fruits without the roots. It's the principle of sequencing: Private victory precedes Public Victory. Self-mastery and self-discipline are the foundation of good relationship with others. Some people say that you have to like yourself before you can like others. I think' that idea has merit but if you don't know yourself, if you don't control yourself, if you don't have mastery over yourself, it's very hard to like yourself, except in some short-term, psych-up, superficial way. Real self-respect comes from dominion over*self from true independence. Independence is an achievement. Inter dependence is a choice only independent people can make. Unless we are willing to achieve real independence, it's foolish to try to develop human relations skills. We might try. We might even have some degree of success when the sun is shining. But when the difficult times come - and they will - We won't have the foundation to keep things together. The most important ingredient we put into any relationship is not what we say or what we do, but what we are. And if our words and our actions come from superficial human relations techniques (the Personality Ethic) rather than from our own inner core (the character Ethic), others will sense that duplicity. We simply won't be able to create and sustain the foundation necessary" for effective interdependence. The techniques and skills that really make a difference in human interaction are the ones that almost naturally flow from a truly independent character. So the place to begin building any relationship is inside ourselves, inside our Circle of Influence, our own character. As we become independent - Proactive, centered in correct principles, value driven and able to organize and execute around the priorities in our life with integrity - we then can choose to become interdependent - capable of building rich, enduring, highly productive relationships with other people.

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end, in YOUR OWN WORDS. (20)

We look before and after, wrote Shelley, and pine for what is not. It is said that this is what distinguishes us from the animals and that they, unlike us, live always for and in the movement and have neither hopes nor regrets. Whether it is so or not I do not know yet it is undoubtedly one of our distinguishing mental attributes: we are actually conscious of our life in time and not merely of our life at the moment of experiencing it. And as a result we find many grounds for melancholy and foreboding. Some of us prostrate ourselves on the road way in Trafalgar Square or in front of the American Embassy because we are fearful that our lives, or more disinterestedly those of our descendants will be cut short by nuclear war. If only as" squirrels or butterflies are supposed to do, we could let the future look after itself and be content to enjoy the pleasures of the morning breakfast, the brisk walk to the office through autumnal mist or winter fog, the mid-day sunshine that sometimes floods through windows, tne warm, peaceful winter evenings by the fireside at home. Yet all occasions for contentment are so often spoiled for us, to a greater or lesser degree by our individual temperaments, by this strange human capacity for foreboding and regret - regret for things which we cannot undo and foreboding for things which may never happen at all. Indeed were it not for the fact that over breaking through our human obsessions with the tragedy of time, so enabling us to enjoy at any rate some fleeting moments untroubled by vain yearning or apprehension, our life would not be intolerable at all. As it is, we contrive, everyone of us, to spoil it to a remarkable degree.

1. What is the difference between our life and the life of an animal? (3)

2. What is the result of human anxiety? (3)

3. How does the writer compare man to the butterflies and squirrels? (3)

4. How does anxiety about future disturb our daily life? (3)

5. How can we make our life tolerable? (3)

6. Explain the underlined words/phrases in the passage. (5 )

3. Write a comprehensive note (250-300 words) on ONE of the following: (20)

1. One may smile and smile, and be a villain.

2. Gather ye rosebuds while ye may.

3. No sensible man ever made an apology.

4. Our thoughts are ours, their ends none of our own.

4. (a) Choose the word that is nearly similar in meaning to the word in capital letters. * (5)

(1) ARCHIPELAGO:

1. Reef

2. Glacier

3. Cluster of islands

4. Lagoon

(2) PIAZZA:

1. Cheese dish

2. Veranda

3. Public Square

4. Style or dash

(3) BAKLAVA:

1. Stringed instrument

2. Dessert

3. Whining dance

4. Gratuity

(4)  IONIC:

1. Indian stone monument

2. Greek architecture

3. Roman Sculpture

4. Mediterranean Sea

(5) CICERONE:

1. Teacher

2. Literary classic

3. Chaperone

4. Guide

(b) Pick the one most nearly opposite in meaning to the capitalized word: * (5)

(1) DESICCATE:

1. Lengthen

2. Hallow

3. Exonerate

4. Saturate

5. Anesthetize

(2) APOTHEOSIS:

1. Departure from tradition

2. Impatience with stupidity

3. Demotion from glory

4. Surrender to impulse 5. Cause for grief

(3) SPUNK:

1. Success

2. Timidity

3. Growing awareness

4. Loss of prestige

5. Lack of intelligence

(4) CAVIL:

1. Discern

2. Disclose

3. Introduce

4. Flatter

5. Commend

(5) RAUCOUS:

1. Orderly

2. Absorbent,

3. Buoyant

4. Mellifluous

5. Contentious

5. (a) Change the Voice of any FIVE of the following sentences: (5)

1. International Humanitarian Law forbids actions leading to unnecessary death and suffering.

2. Why should I antagonize you?

3. Let Manchoo be told about the jokes of Mulla Nasiruddin.

4. Whv have the roads not been constructed by the government in this part of the country?

5. Do not kill your ability by roaming in the streets.

6. Your cousin is drawing a large sum of money from his account.

7. The arrangements of holding the Art Exhibition could not be completed on time.

8. Build your house when cement is cheap;

(b) Correct any FIVE of the following sentences: (5)

1. Passing through ten different cities, Karachi is the most active.

2. He was laid up for six weeks with two broken ribs.

3. Someone showed the visitors in the room.

4. Until you remain idle you will make no progress.

5. It is very wrong to be devoted to lying and cheating.

6. He told me that he is waiting for me since a long time.

7. The .house stood up in the dull street because of its red door.

8. He brought the articles to the market which he wanted to sell.

6. (a) Use any FIVE of the following in your own sentences to bring out their meaning: (5)

1. To bring grist to the mill.

2. Set one s cap at.

3. To draw the long bow.

4. To send a person to Coventry .

5. Beer and skittles.

6. The acid test.

7. A skeleton in the cupboard.

8. To discover a mare's nest.

Use FIVE of the following pairs of words in your own sentences so as to bring out their meanings: * (10)

1. Auger, Augur

2. Fain, Feign

3. Emigrate, Immigrate

4. Envy, Jealousy

5. Invade, Attack

6. Trifling, Trivial

7. Simulation, Dissimulation

8. Venal, Venial

English (precis & Composition)

TIME ALLOWED: 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS: 100

1. MAKE A PRÉCIS OF THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE IN ABOUT ONE THIRD OF ITS LENGTH. Suggest a suitable title also. (20)

Besant describing the middle class of the 9th century wrote " In the first place it was for more a class apart. "In no sense did it belong to society. Men in professions of any kind (except in the Army and Navy) could only belong to society by right of birth and family connections; men in trade—bankers were still accounted tradesmen—could not possibly belong to society. That is to say, if they went to live in the country they were not called upon by the county families and in the town they were not admitted by the men into their clubs, or by ladies into their houses… The middle class knew its own place, respected itself, made its own society for itself, and cheerfully accorded to rank the deference due."

Since then, however, the life of the middle classes had undergone great changes as their numbers had swelled and their influence had increased.

Their already well –developed consciousness of their own importance had deepened. More critical than they had been in the past of certain aspects of aristocratic life, they wee also more concerned with the plight of the poor and the importance of their own values of society, thrift, hand work, piety and respectability thrift, hand work, piety and respectability as examples of ideal behavior for the guidance of the lower orders. Above all they were respectable. There were divergences of opinion as to what exactly was respectable and what was not. There were, nevertheless, certain conventions, which were universally recognized: wild and drunker behaviors were certainly not respectable, nor were godlessness or avert promiscuity, not an ill-ordered home life, unconventional manners, self-indulgence or flamboyant clothes and personal adornments.

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given at the end in your own words. (20)The vitality of any teaching, or historical movement, depends upon what it affirms rather than upon what it affirms rather than upon what it denies, and its survival and continued power will often mean that its positives are insufficiently regarded by opposing schools. The grand positives of Bentham were benevolence and veracity: the passion for the relief of man’s estate, and the passion for truth. Bent ham’s multifarious activities, pursued without abatement to the end of a long life, wee inspired by a "dominant and all-comprehensive desire for the amelioration of human life"; they wee inspired, too, by the belief that he had found the key to all moral truth. This institution, this custom, this code, this system of legislation-- does it promotes human happiness? Then it is sound. This theory, this creed, this moral teaching – does it rightly explain why virtue is admirable, or why duty is obligatory? The limitation of Bentham can be gauged by his dismissal of all poetry (and most religion) as "misrepresentation’; this is his negative side. But benevolence and veracity are Supreme Values, and if it falls to one of the deniers to be their special advocate, the believers must have long been drowsed. Bentham believes the Church teaches children insincerity by making them affirm what they cannot possibly understand or mean. They promise, for example, to fulfill the undertaking of their god---parents, that they will "renounce the devil and all his works, the pomps and vanity of this wicked world" etc. ‘The Devil" Bentham comments: " who or what is he, and how is it that he is renounced?" Has the child happened to have any dealings with him? Let the Archbishop of Canterbury tell us, and let him further explain how his own "works" are distinguished from the aforesaid "Pomps and Vanity". What king, what Lords Temporal or Spiritual, have ever renounced them? (Basil Willey)

(a) What does the writer mean by the following expressions:

Multifarious activities, amelioration of human Life, it is sound, be their special advocate, Renounce the devil, drowsed, gauged, aforesaid.

(a) On what grounds does Bentham believe that the Church

(b) What is Bentham’s philosophy based upon?

(c) What according to the writer is Bentham’s limitation?

Teaches children insincerity?

(d) In what context has the Archbishop of Canterbury been quoted i.e. is he praised or condemned?

3. Write a comprehensive note (250 –300 words) on ONE of the following subjects:

(20)

(a) Society is produced by our wants and government by our wickedness (Thomas Pain).

(b) We learn from history that we do not learn from history. (Hegel)

(c) Liberty doesn’t work as well in practice as it does in speeches. (Will Rogers)

(d) Politics is strife of interests masquerading as a contest of principles. (Ambrose Pierce)

4. Correct the following sentences:

(a) The lake free zed rapidly.

(b) The firm was unwilling to forego its usual commission.

(c) We watched the lambs gamble on the green.

(d) He belonged to the gild of carpenters.

(e) He hadn’t ought to have spoken.

(f) Is this his half – brother?

(g) Hay! Watch out for the car!

(h) This is the historical spot where he was shot dead.

(i) We bought a Japanee print.

(j) Fresh flowers smell sweetly.

5. Use any FIVE of the following idioms in sentences to make their meaning clear:

(i) Blow one’s top,

(ii) A cock-and-bull story,

(iii) Find one’s feet,

(iv) Call it a night,

(v) The tip of the iceberg,

(vi) Below par,

(vii) From pillar to post,

(viii) Hang up,

(ix) Turn some one in,

(x) By and by.

6. Use FIVE of the following pairs of words in sentences of your own to bring out the difference: (10)

Knead, need; Queue, cue; quarts, quartz; choral, coral; discrete, discreet; epoch, epic; Libel, liable; male, mail; banned, band; barred, bard;

7. Complete the conversation with the correct idiom in the correct form: (10)

Keep regular hours, an unearthly hour, the small hours, a night owl, have a night out, at any moment, have one’s moments, have a minute to all one’s own, a night on the town, on the spur of the moment:

"morning, Paul! You look tired". "Yes I am. I had a late night last night. I’m not usually------------------but I ----------------------- ------ with some friends yesterday. I have been so busy all week that I’ve hardly---------------------------------- , so I really enjoyed -------------------------------------------- . I start work early, so I usually -------------- ------- ------ -- but yesterday was an exception. I didn’t think. I got into bed and must have fallen asleep, because the next thing I knew my landlady was shaking me, saying she was sorry to wake me at such----------------------------------- , but she thought there was a burglar in the kitchen".

"Well where was her husband?"

"Mr. Dick’s working on the night-shift, and I was the only man in the house. I am usually a coward, but I do-----------------------------------, so I grabbed my tennis racket, which was the only thing I could think of -----------------------------, and crept downstairs".

"And then?"

" I saw a dark figure in the kitchen with a knife in his hand, ready to strike------------------------------ . I was just about to hit him with the racket, when a voice shouted out, " "Hey! It’s me! It was Mr. Dick. He had forgotten his sandwiches".