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English Speaking and Grammar Through Hindi

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Learn English Speaking using correct grammar. The best book - full guarantee.

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Preface

This 'English Speaking & Grammar' book of Cromosys Language Research and Education Center is designed to teach you English from very basic to the advanced level. The lessons and study materials uniquely designed, which you will not find in any other books, are to guide you to be fluent following correct usage of grammar. Having done the research over English in twelve years, I am confident to assure you that it has everything that you need to get a good command over English. Its step-by-step explanation to tense, modals, advanced modals, voice and preposition with rules and alerts guarantee your success. You will feel that this is the only book you were always in the need of.

The communication in any language without following the rules degrades the standard and corrupts the meaning. As the world is changing day by day, English is incorporating in all the sectors of human life around the globe. Every day, the use of English is increasing and a person with good knowledge of it is able to get a good job. And so, the call centers and print and visual media have great demand of those who are good in this language. The modern ventures of newspapers, magazines, and movies have contributed a lot to make English strong, sense-touching, smooth and beautiful. As English has advanced a lot in last twenty-five years, the universal standard of it has adopted many new sentence structures and grammar patterns, which are never taught to the students in academic schools. And that is why English remains difficult to many people.

Considering that point, I prepared this magnificently powerful quality guide to help you gain the improvement on Spoken English. Around eight years ago I went to the USA where I got a chance to get an exclusive training of this language. I have been communicating with English-speaking people around the world while managing a team in several call centers, and in part time, I have been teaching this language globally with high exposure. So being able to understand linguistic science, I promise that the knowledge that you are going to get from this book will definitely sharpen your ability so that you can make your way of success without any hindrance.

Cromosys, our language research and education center, saving human efforts from being wasted, is to make you as good as native English speaker. This path-breaking pioneer training institute for English Speaking, Mass Communication, Foreign Languages, Computer Training, and Academic Tuition, is committed to enlightening human mind with educational endeavors, and we are doing the same for last successful fifteen years. We not only hope but believe that your success is in your hand now, and this book will take you miles ahead in your expectation. We always respect the views and comments of readers, so for any communication with regards to assistance, enquiry or collaboration, we are always there at your reach as it helps us improve our ability.

Niranjan JhaFounder: Cromosys CorporationWeb: www.cromosys.in

facebook.com/cromosysContact no. +91-9561450045Email address: [email protected]

My other books-English Word Power | Voice Accent and Pronunciation | Dynamic Grammar of English | Teach Yourself Spanish | Teach Yourself French

MODALS

Can

IkgPkku%& ldrk gS] ldrh gS] ldrs gSa Rule : Sub + can + v1 + obj

AffirmativeeSa ;g dke dj ldrk gwaA I can do this work.vki mlls fey ldrs gSaA You can meet him.ge ogkaa igqap ldrs gSaA We can reach there.og Qzsap cksy ldrh gSA She can speak French.

Negativeog eq>s enn ugha dj ldrk gSA He can not help me. cPps ogka ughsa tk ldrs gSaA The Children can not go there.vki mlls ckr ugha dj ldrs gSaA You can not talk to him.ge mls /kks[kk ughsa ns ldrs gSaA We can not cheat him.

InterrogativeD;k og i= fy[k ldrh gS\ Can she write a letter?D;k vki bulokyksa ds tokc ughsns ldrs gSa\ Can you not answer these questions?ge mlls dSls fey ldrs gSa\ How can we meet him?rqe Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksy ldrs gks\ Why can you not speak French?

Exercisevki ;g dke dj ldrs gSaA og vkidks MkaV ldrh gSA D;k vki eq>s dqN crk ldrs gSa\ og lc dqN le> ldrk gSA f”k{kd rqEgsa loky iwN ldrs gSaA dfork fufru ls D;ksa ugha fey ldrh gS\ vki eq>s :i;s dc ns ldrs gSa\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

ExerciseeSa ;g dke dy dj ldrk gwaA iqfyl mls fxjQrkj D;ksa ugha dj ldrh gS\ D;k og ;gka vk ldrk gS\ vki mlls ;g loky iwN ldrs gSaA rqe ijh{kk ikl dj ldrs gksA fufru Qzsap ugha cksy ldrk gSA vki mls ;gka dc cqyk ldrs gSa\ ge ;gka dSls Bgj ldrs gSa\ D;k eSa ;g ?kM+h csp ldrk gwa\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Hint- v1 = go, v2 = went, v3 = gone, v4 = going, v5 = goes

2

Could

IkgPkku%& ldk] ldh] lds] ldk Fkk] ldh Fkh] lds FksRule : Sub + could + v1 + obj

Affirmativege ogkaa le; ij igqap ldsA We could reach there on time.og esjs lkFk Qzsap cksy ldhA She could speak French with me.eSa ;g dke Bhd rjg dj ldk A I could do this work properly.og eq>s iSls ls enn dj ldhA She could help me with money.

NegativecPps ogka ughsa tk ldsA The Children could not go there.vki mlls ckr ugha dj ldsA You could not talk to him.og gesa /kks[kk ughsa ns ldk A He could not cheat us.vki bu lokyksa ds tokc ughas ns ldsA You could not answer these questions.

InterrogativeD;k og rqEgsa enn dj ldh\ Could she help you?D;k vki fdrkc ugha [kjhn lds\ Could you not buy the book?og eq>ls D;kass ughsa fey ldk\ Why could he not meet me?vki ;g dke dSls dj lds\ How could you do this work?

ExerciseeSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA D;k vki mlls dksbZ loky iwN lds\ cPps gkWdh D;ksa ugha [ksy lds\ eSa ;g dye mls ugha ns ldkA vki mlls dc fey lds\ og eq>s /kks[kk ughsa ns ldhA rqEgkjk HkkbZ ?kj dc igqap ldk\ eSa fufru ls ckr ugha dj ldkA rqe vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tk lds\ D;k cPps Ldwy ugha igqap lds\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exerciserqe Qzsap ugha lh[k ldrs gksA rqe Qzsap ugha lh[k ldsA og eq>s ugha Hkwy ldrh gSA og eq>s ugha Hkwy ldhA vki mlls dgka fey ldrs gSa\ vki mlls dgka fey lds\ ge ogka ugha Bgj ldrs gSaA ge ogka ugha Bgj ldsA og ;g dke ugha dj ldrk gSA og ;g dke ugha dj ldkA vki i= D;ksa ugha fy[k ldrs gSa\ vki i= D;ksa ugha fy[k lds\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

3

ShouldIkgPkku%& uk pkfg,] uh pkfg,] us pkfg,Rule : Sub + should + v1 + obj

Affirmativegesa ogka le; ij igqapuk pkfg,A We should reach there on time.mls esjs lkFk Qzsap cksyuh pkfg,A He should speak French with me. eq>s ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A I should do this work today.mls iSls ls esjh enn djuh pkfg,A He should help me with money.

NegativecPpksa dks ogka ugha tkuk pkfg,A The children should not go there.vkidks mlls ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A You should not talk to him.gesa ;g fdrkc ugha [kjhnuh pkfg,A We should not buy this book.mUgsa ;g dke ugha djuk pkfg,A They should not do this work.

InterrogativeD;k cPpksa dks Qzsap lh[kuh pkfg,\ Should the children learn French?gesa mlls dSls feyuk pkfg,\ How should we meet him?mls ;g fQYe D;ksa ugha ns[kuh pkfg,\ Why should he not see this film?eq>s vc dgka tkuk pkfg,\ Where should I go now?

Exercisevkidks mls i<+kuk pkfg,A D;k eq>s mlls feyuk pkfg,\ gesa bu lokyksa ds tokc ughsa nsus pkfg,A f”k{kd dks mls ugha MkaVuk pkfg,A rqEgsa ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A gesa vc D;k djuk pkfg,\ D;k eq>s ;g ?kM+h cspuh pkfg,\ gesa mlls dgka feyuk pkfg,\ eq>s ;g dye ugha [kjhnuh pkfg,A yksxksa dks vc ?kj tkuk pkfg,A cPpksa dks ;gka ugha Bgjuk pkfg,A

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercisemls dkWQh ugha ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ugha ih ldrk gSA og dkWQh ugha ih ldkA gesa ;g dke D;ksa ugha djuk pkfg,\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj lds\ D;k mls iqfyl dks dqN ugha crkuk pkfg,\ og rqEgsa /kks[kk ughsa ns ldhA jfo ?kj dc igqap ldk\ ge fufru ls ckr ugha dj ldsA vki vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tk lds\ D;k yksxksa dks vc ?kj tkuk pkfg,\ For word meaning see last page of the book.

4

WouldIkgPkku%& rk gksxk] rh gksxh] rs gksaxsRule : Sub + would + v1 + obj

Affirmativevki mlls feyrs gksaxsA You would meet him.og dkWQh ihrk gksxkA He would drink coffee.cPps jkst Ldwy tkrs gksaxsA The children would go to school daily.dfork fufru dks tkurh gksxhA Kavita would know Nitin.

Negativeog rqEgsa I;kj ugha djrh gksxhA She would not love you.vki mls ilan ugha djrs gksaxsA You would not like her.rqEgkjk HkkbZ nokbZ ugha ysrk gksxkA Your brother would not take medicine.os rqEgsa enn ugha djrs gksaxsA They would not help you.

InterrogativeD;k og ”kjkc ihrk gksxk\ Would he drink wine?D;k cPps dfork i<+rs gksaxs\ Would the children read poems?og jkst dgka tkrh gksxh\ Where would she go daily?vesfjdu Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksyrs gksaxs\ Why would Americans not speak French?

Exerciseog teZuh esa jgrk gksxkA rqe mldk uke tkurs gksxsA dfork fufru ls ckr ugha djrh gksxhA f”k{kd rqEgsa Bhd rjg ugha i<+krs gksaxsA D;k og fQYesa ns[krh gksxh\ og vkWLVzsfy;k dSls tkrk gksxk\ ;gka dkSu jgrk gksxk\ gesa ;g dke djuk pkfg,A eq>s ;g ?kM+h ugha cspuh pkfg,A gesa mlls dgka feyuk pkfg,\ cPpksa dks ;gka D;ksa Bgjuk pkfg,\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercisevki pk; ugha ihrs gksaxsA vki pk; ugha ih ldrs gSaA vki pk; ugha ih ldsA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh pkfg,A og rqels ckr ugha dj ldrh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldhA og rqels ckr ugha djrh gksxhA vki mls ilan djrs gksaxsA og dkWQh ugha ihrk gksxkA mls dkWQh ugha ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ugha ih ldrk gSA og dkWQh ugha ih ldkA gesa ;g dke D;ksa ugha djuk pkfg,\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj lds\ EkSa mls dqN ugha crk ldkA gesa mlls dgka feyuk pkfg,\ eq>s ;g dke dSls djuk pkfg,\ og ;gka ugha Bgj ldrh gSA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

5

Have toIkgPkku%& uk gS] uh gS] us gSa] iM+rk gS] iM+rh gS] iM+rs gSaRule : Sub + have to / has to + v1 + obj

Note- I, we, you, they, plural noun = have to he, she, it, name, singular noun = has to

AffirmativerqEgsa pk; ihuh gS / rqEgsa pk; ihuh iM+rh gSA You have to drink tea.mls fdzdsV [ksyuk gSA He has to play cricket.eq>s mlls ckr djuh gSA I have to talk to him.gesa mlls vkt feyuk gSA We have to meet him today.

Negativegesa ;g dke ugha djuk gSA We have not to do this work.f”k{kd dks Qzsap ugha i<+kuh gSA The teacher has not to teach French.cPpksa dks vkt Ldwy ugha tkuk gSA The children have not to go to school today.vkidks mlls ckr ugha djuh gSA You have not to talk to him.

InterrogativeD;k mls eq>ls ckr djuh gS\ Has he to talk to me?D;k vkidks mlls ugha feyuk gS\ Have you not to meet him?gesa ogka dc igqapuk gS\ When have we to reach there?cPpksa dks Qzsap D;ksa lh[kuh gS\ Why have the children to learn French?

ExerciseD;k rqEgsa ;g fQYe ns[kuh gS\ mls eq>ls D;k iwNuk gS\ gesa ;gka D;ksa Bgjuk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks Qzsap ugha lh[kuh gS\ mls vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha jguk gS\ rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks ”kknh dc djuh gS\ mUgsa ;g ”kgj vkt NksM+uk gSA eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA D;k vki mlls dksbZ loky iwN lds\ cPps gkWdh D;ksa ugha [ksy lds\ eSa ;g dye mls ns ldrk gwaA og vkidk uke tkurh gksxhA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

ExerciserqEgsa Qzsap cksyuh gSA rqe Qzsap cksyrs gksxsA rqEgsa Qzsap cksyuh pkfg,A rqe Qzsap cksy ldsA rqe Qzsap cksy ldrs gksA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh gSA vki pk; ugha ihrs gksaxsA vki pk; ugha ih ldrs gSaA vki pk; ugha ih ldsA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh pkfg,A mls rqels ckr ugha djuh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldrh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldhA og rqels ckr ugha djrh gksxhA mls rqels ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A For word meaning see last page of the book.

6

Had toIkgPkku%& uk Fkk] uh Fkh] us Fks] iM+rk Fkk] iM+rh Fkh] iM+rs Fks] iM+k] iM+h] iM+sRule : Sub + had to + v1 + obj

Affirmativegesa dkWQh ihuh FkhA gesa dkWQh ihuh iM+rh FkhAgesa dkWQh ihuh iM+hA We had to drink coffee. mls vkt ;gka vkuk FkkA He had to come here today.eq>s ;g dke iwjk djuk FkkA I had to complete this work.gesa mlls vkt feyuk FkkA We had to meet him today.

Negativemls Ldwy ugha tkuk FkkA He had not to go to school.gesa mlls ckr ugha djuh FkhA We had not to talk to him.mUgsa ;g ?kM+h ugha [kjhnuh FkhA They had not to buy this watch.f”k{kd dks Qzsap ugha i<+kuh FkhA The teacher had not to teach French.

InterrogativeD;k vkidks eq>ls dy feyuk Fkk\ Had you to meet me yesterday?gesa ogka dSls igqapuk Fkk\ How had we to reach there?rqEgsa mlls dc ”kknh djuh Fkh\ When had you to marry him?mls eq>ls ckr D;ksa djuh Fkh\ Why had he to talk to me?

Exerciseeq>s mlls ,d loky iwNuk FkkA mls vHkh ;gka vkuk FkkA eq>s MkWDVj cuuk FkkA gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc nsuk FkkA D;k vkidks mlds lkFk dkWQh ihuh Fkh\ iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj D;ksa djuk Fkk\ D;k eq>s mldh enn djuh Fkh\ D;k vkidks mlls ckr djuh Fkh\ gesa ;g fdrkc i<+uh FkhA mls ;gka dc igqapuk Fkk\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercisemls ;g dke dSls djuk Fkk\ mls ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ og ;g dke dSls djrk gksxk\ mls ;g dke dSls djuk pkfg,\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldk\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gS\ vkidks mlls feyuk FkkA vkidks mlls feyuk gSA vki mlls feyrs gksxsA vkidks mlls feyuk pkfg,A vki mlls fey ldsA vki mlls fey ldrs gSaA rqe mldk fny thr ldrs gksA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

7

Used toIkgPkku%& vk djrk Fkk] vk djrh Fkh] vk djrs FksRule : Sub + used to + v1 + obj

Affirmativege mlls ckr fd;k djrs FksA We used to talk to him.og i= fy[kk djrh FkhA She used to write letters.eSa vesfjdk tk;k djrk FkkA I used to go to America.rqe mlls feyk djrs FksA You used to meet him.

Negative

They used not to speak English.rqe mlls ugha feyk djrs FksA You used not to meet him.

Interrogative

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og dkWQh ugha ih;k djrh FkhA She used not to drink coffee.cPps QqVckWy ugha [ksyk djrs FksA The children used not to play football.os baxfy”k ugha cksyk djrs FksA

D;k vki mlls feyk djrs Fks\ Used you to meet him?og Qzsap dSls lh[kk djrh Fkh\ How used she to learn French?vki mls enn D;ksa ugha fd;k djrs Fks\ Why used you not to help him?fufru dgka tk;k djrk Fkk\ Where Nitin used to go?

Alertog [ksyk djrk FkkA He used to play.mls [ksyuk FkkA He had to playmls [ksyuk iM+kA He had to play.og [ksyrk gksxkA He would play.

ge mls :i;s fn;k djrs FksA rqe mls D;ksa MkaVk djrs Fks\ og eq>ls jkst feyk djrh FkhA vki ogka dSls jgk djrs Fks\ dfork fufru dks lykg fn;k djrh FkhA eSa mls jkst Ldwy Hkstk djrk FkkA bjkd dqoSr ls D;ksa yM+k djrk Fkk\ D;k cPps jkst Ldwy tk;k djrs Fks\ vki f”k{kd ls ckr D;ksa ugha fd;k djrs Fks\

D;k og baxfy”k cksyk djrk Fkk\D;k mls baxfy”k cksyuh Fkh\D;k mls baxfy”k cksyuh gS\D;k og baxfy”k cksyrk gksxk\D;k mls baxfy”k cksyuh pkfg,\D;k og baxfy”k cksy ldk\D;k og baxfy”k cksy ldrk gS\og cqjs dke fd;k djrk FkkA eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA mls eq>ls ckr ugha djuh FkhA og eq>ls D;ksa feyk djrh Fkh\ gesa vc D;k djuk gS\

8

Need toIkgPkku%& t:jr gS] vko”;Drk gS Rule : Sub + need to + v1 + obj

Affirmativeeq>s ;g dke vkt djus dh t:jr gSA I need to do this work today.gesa vkils ckr djus dh t:jr gSA We need to talk to you.mls vHkh ;gka vkus dh t:jr gSA He need to come here now.

Negativegesa ;g dke djus dh t:jr ugha gSA We need not to do this work.mls baxfy”k lh[kus dh t:jr ugha gSA He need not to learn English.cPpksa dks ;g fQYe ns[kusdh t:jr ugha gSA The children need not to see this

film.

InterrogativeD;k vkidks nokbZ ysus dh t:jr gS\ Do you need to take medicine?D;k mls ;g dke djus dh t:jr gS\ Does he need to do this work?gesa ogka dc igqapuss dh t:jr gS\ When do we need to reach there?

Exercisemls Qzsap lh[kus dh t:jr gSA eq>s mldk uke iqNuk FkkA vki mlls vkt D;ksa ugha fey lds\ gesa ogka dc igqapuk pkfg,\ vki mls enn ugha djrs gksaxsA iqfyl mlls ;g loky iwN ldrh gSA Hkkjr dks bl eSp ds fy, D;k djuk pkfg,\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldk\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gS\ vkidks mlls feyuk FkkA vkidks mlls feyuk gSA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercisemls ;g dke vkt D;ksa djuk Fkk\ og vkids lokyksa dk tokc ugha nsrh gksxhA dfork fufru ls D;k iwNk djrh Fkh\ cPpksa dks fdzdsV ugha [ksyuk gSA mls ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ eSa mlls ugha fey ldkA rqe mldk fny dSls thr ldrs gks\ D;k vkidks xk;d cuuk gS\ rqEgsa ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A gesa vc D;k djuk pkfg,\ D;k eq>s ;g ?kM+h cspuh pkfg,\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Alerteq>s ;g dke djus dh t:jr gSA I need to do this work.eq>s ;g dke djuk gSA I have to do this work.eq>s ;g dke dju k pkfg,A I should do this work.

9

MustIkgPkku%& vo”;] t:jRule : Sub + must + v1 + obj

Affirmativemls ;g dke vo”; djuk pkfg,A He must do this work. gesa mlls vo”; feyuk pkfg,A We must meet him.yksxksadks vius ns”kls izse vo”; djuk pkfg,A The people must love their country.

NegativerqEgsa ?keaMh vo”; ugha gksuk pkfg,A You must not be proud.

vo”; ugha vkuk pkfg,A The student must not come here.

Interrogativevo”; cksyuh pkfg,\ Must he speak English?

vo”; tkuuk pkfg,\ Must I know about him?

vo”; dekus pkfg,dekus pkfg,dekus gSa

Exercisevo”; feyuk pkfg,A vo”; ugha djuh pkfg,A vki mls Qzsap D;ksa

ugha i<+k lds\ D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ vesfjdk esa jg ldrk gS\ eSa ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gwa\ og >wB ugha cksy ldhA gesa muls D;k iwNuk pkfg,\ jfo fQYe ugha ns[k ldkA dfork xhr ugha xk ldhA vkidk HkkbZ mls tkurk gksxkA cPps oga dSls tk;k djrs Fks\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

vo”; ysuk pkfg,\ D;k djuh pkfg,\ vki mls Qzsap D;ksa ugha i<+k lds\ D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ ;gka D;ksa ugha jg ldrk gS\ eSa mls dSls cqyk ldrk gwa\ For word meaning see last page of the book.

Nk= dks ;gka vkidks mls ekQ vo”; ugha djuk pkfg,A You must not forgive him.

D;k mls baxfy”k D;k eq>s mlds ckjs esa D;k xjhcksa dks dM+h esgur vo”; djuh pkfg,\ Must the poor work hard?

AlertrqEgsa iSls A You must earn money.rqEgsa iSls A You should earn money.rqEgsa iSls A You have to earn money.

mls nksLrksa ls gesa xjhcksa ls uQjr

iqfyl ogka le; ij ugha igqap ldhA vkidks ekQh ekaxuh pkfg,A rqe mlls “kknh ugha dj ldrs gksA vki ogka dc igqap ldrs gSa\ og eq>s dqN D;ksa ugha crk ldh\ rqEgsa mldks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,A D;k rqEgsa mlls :i;s gesa xjhcksa ls uQjr

10

MayIkgPkku%& ldrk gS] (laHkkouk) Rule : Sub + may + v1 + obj

Affirmativevkt ckfj”k gks ldrh gSA It may rain today.os ;gka igqap ldrs gSaA They may reach here.bl txg vkx yx ldrh gSA This place may catch fire.

Negativeog ckgj ugha tk ldrh gSA She may not go out.vkWfQlj NqV~Vh ugha ys ldrs gSaA The officers may not take leaves.;g ?kM+h ugha py ldrh gSA This watch may not work.

InterrogativeD;k yksx eq>ls ;g loky iwN ldrs gSa\May the people ask me this question?vkt ckfj”k D;ksa ugha gks ldrh gS\ Why may it not rain today?rqEgsa vkt nsjh D;ksa gks ldrh gS\ Why may you get late today?

Exerciseog vkidks lp crk ldrh gSA fufru dfork ls >wB cksy ldrk gSA vkidks mlls dqN iwNuk pkfg,A rqe ogka le; ij igqaprs gksxsA og eq>s D;ksa ugha le> ldh\ mls vc lc dqN Hkwy tkuk pkfg,A iqfyl mls fxjQrkj ugha dj ldhA gesa vc dgka tkuk pkfg,\ D;k mls eq>ls ckr djuh gS\ og vkidk uke ugha tkurh gksxhA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exerciserqe dkWQh ih ldrs gks rqe dkWQh ih ldsA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuk pkfg,A rqe dkWQh ihrs gksxsA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh gSA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh FkhA rqe dkWQh ih;k djrs FksA rqEgsa dkWQh vo”; ihuh pkfg,A

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Alertog ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA (laHkkouk) She may pass the exam.“kk;n og ijh{kk ikldj ldrhgSA (cgqr de laHkkouk) She might pass the exam.og ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA ({kerk) She can pass the exam.

({kerk)A dfork dks

rqels dc feyuk gS\ cPps ogka D;wa ugha tk ldrs gSa\ eq>s mls enn djuh pkfg,A D;k vki mls ugha i<+k;k djrs Fks\ og vc D;k dj ldrk gS\

11

TENSEPresent IndefiniteIkgPkku%& rk gS] rh gS] rs gSa] rk gwa

AffirmativeRule : Sub + v1/v5 + objNote: I, we, you, they, plural noun = v1 He, she, it, name, singular noun = v5

eSa fdzdsV [ksyrk gwaA I play cricket.og fdzdsV [ksyrk gSA He plays cricket.ge Ldwy tkrs gSaA We go to school.dfork xhr xkrh gSA Kavita sings songs.

NegativeRule : Sub + do/does + not + v1 + obj

rqe Ldwy ugha tkrs gksA You do not go to school.She does not go to school.

InterrogativeRule : Do/does + sub + v1 + obj

Do they speak English?

Double Interrogative

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Note :- the fdlh fuf”pr oLrq ds fy,] tSls the book = dksbZ fuf”pr fdrkc; a fdlh vfuf”pr oLrq ds fy,] tSls a book = dksbZ fdrkc;

og Ldwy ugha tkrh gSAeSa dkj ugha pykrk gwaA I do not drive a car.ge fQYesa ugha ns[krs gSaA We do not see films.

D;k os baxfy”k cksyrs gSa\D;k rqe Ldwy tkrs gks\ Do you go to school?D;k dfork xhr xkrh gS\ Does Kavita sing songs?D;k vki mls ilan ugha djrs gSa\ Do you not like him?

vki baxfy”k dSls lh[krs gSa\ How do you learn English?og gkWdh dc [ksyrh gS\ When does she play hockey?rqe ogka D;k djrs gks\ What do you do there?os dgka jgrs gSa\ Where do they live?vki Qzsap D;ksa cksyrs gSa\ Why do you speak French?;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksyrk gS\ Who plays cricket here?;g dke dkSu djrk gS\ Who does this work?

eSa i= fy[krk gwaA vki mls ugha tkurs gSaA D;k og ;gka vkrh gS\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tkrs gks\ vki mlls ckr D;ksa djrs gSa\ dfork rqels dc feyrh gS\ cPps ogka dSls tkrs gSa\ eSa mls enn djrk gwaA D;k vki mls ugha i<+krs gSa\ og ;gka D;k djrk gS\ rqe mldk uke dSls tkurs gks\ vki baxfy”k D;ksa ugha cksyrs gSa\ og rqels dgka feyrh gS\ og eq>s D;ksa cqykrk gS\

12

13

Present ContinuousIkgPkku%& jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gwa

AffirmativeRule : Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj

Note: I = amWe, you, they, plural noun = are

He, she, it, name, singular noun = is

og ge ogka tk jgs gSaA We are going there.eSa I am playing cricket.

NegativeRule : Sub + is/am/are + not + v4 + obj

os fQYe ugha ns[k jgs gSaA They are not seeing a film.The teacher is not teaching French.

InterrogativeRule : Is/am/are + sub + v4 + obj

Are you calling him?

Double Interrogative

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

i= fy[k jgh gSA She is writing a letter.

fdzdsV [ksy jgk gwaA

f”k{kd Qzsap ugha i<+k jgs gSaA og ;gka ugha vk jgk gSA He is not coming here.

D;k rqe mls cqyk jgs gks\D;k os baxfy”k cksy jgs gSa\ Are they speaking English?rqe ogka dSls tk jgs gks\ How are you going there?

rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ What are you doing there?os dgka jg jgs gSa\ Where are they living?vki Qzsap D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\ Why are you speaking French?;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksy jgk gS\ Who is playing cricket here?;g dke dkSu dj jgk gS\ Who is doing this work?

og pk; ihrh gSA og pk; ih jgh gSA vki ;g dke D;ksa djrs gSa\ vki ;g dke D;ksa dj jgs gSa\ og eq>s D;ksa cqykrk gS\ og eq>s D;ksa cqyk jgk gS\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tkrs gks\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tk jgs gks\ vki mlls ckr D;ksa djrs gSa\ vki mlls ckr D;ksa dj jgs gSa\ og rqels D;k iwNrh gS\ og rqels D;k iwN jgh gS\

14

Present PerfectIkgPkku%& pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] fy;k gS]

AffirmativeRule : Sub + have/has + v3 + obj

Note: I, we, you, they, plural noun = have He, she, it, name, singular noun = has

ge mls :i;s ns pqds gSaA We have given him money.og fdrkc [kjhn pqdk gSA He has bought a book.Hkkjr eSp thr pqdk gSA India has won the match.og She has written a letter.

InterrogativeRule : Have/has + Sub + v3 + obj

Have they seen the film?

Double Interrogative

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

i= fy[k pqdh gSA

D;k os fQYe ns[k pqds gSa\D;k f”k{kd Qzsap i<+k pqds gSa\ Has the teacher taught French?D;k og ;gka vk pqdh gS\ Has she come here?D;k dfork xhr xk pqdh gS\ Has Kavita sung a song?

og dgka igqap pqdk gS\ Where has he reached?vki mls D;k crk pqds gS\ What have you told him?rqe mls dgka Hkst pqds gks\ Where have you sent him?

cPps Ldwy tk pqds gSaA D;k vki mlls ckr dj pqds gSa\ D;k dfork rqels fey pqdh gS\ iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gSA D;k vki mls i<+k pqds gSa\ D;k og vkils ckr dj pqdh gS\ D;k rqe ogka igqap pqds gks\ ge mlls ckr dj pqds gSaA D;k og rqels loky iwN pqdh gS\ D;k vki mls fdrkc ns pqds gSa\

og fdzdsV [ksyrk gSA og fdzdsV [ksy jgk gSA og fdzdsV [ksy pqdk gSA D;k vki mlls ckr djrs gSa\ D;k vki mlls ckr dj jgs gSa\ D;k vki mlls ckr dj pds gSa\ og ;gka ugha vkrk gSA D;k og pk; ugha ih jgh gS\ vki ;g dke dc dj jgs gSa\ rqe mls dSls tkurs gks\ D;k og fdzdsV [ksy pqdh gS\ D;k og eq>s cqyk jgk gS\ vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\ os vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tkrs gSa\

15

Present Perfect ContinuousIkgPkku%& rk vk jgk gS] rh vk jgh gS] rs vk jgs gSa

AffirmativeRule : Sub + have/has + been + v4 + obj

Note: since = (fuf”pr le;) lssince Monday = lkseokj ls, since 1947 = 1947 ls

for = (vfuf”pr le;) lsfor two hours = nks ?kaVs ls] for three years = rhu lkyksa ls

og ,d ?kaVs ls

os nl feuV ls fQYe ns[krs vk jgs gSaAThey have been seeing a film for ten minutes.eSa mlls lkseokj ls feyrk vk jgk gwaAI have been meeting him since Monday.os nks fnu ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs gSaAThey have been playing a match for two days.

InterrogativeRule : Have/has + sub + been + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

i= fy[krh vk jgh gSAShe has been writing a letter for an hour

D;k f”k{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gSa\Has the teacher been teaching French for ten minutes? D;k og rqels ?kaVksa ls ckrsa djrh vk jgh gS\Has she been talking to you for hours?D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs gSa\Have you been drinking coffee since morning?ge vk/ks ?kaVs ls dgka tkrs tk jgs gSa\Where have we been going for half an hour?

D;k vki Qzsap i<+krs gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+k jgs gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+k pqds gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gSa\ eSa nl feuV ls i= fy[krk vk jgk gwaA eSa i= fy[k pqdk gwaA eSa i= fy[k jgk gwaA eSa i= fy[krk gwaA D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhnrs gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhn jgs gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhn pqds gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhnrs vk jgs gSa\

16

Past IndefiniteIkgPkku%& vk] bZ] ,] rk Fkk] rh Fkh] rs FksAffirmativeRule : Sub + v2 + obj

mlus fQYe ns[kh / og fQYe ns[krk Fkk A He saw a film.eSaus mls cqyk;kA I called him.ge ogka x;sA We went there.mlus eq>s enn dhA He helped me.

NegativeRule : Sub + did + not + v1 + obj

vkius mls ugha i<+k;kA You did not teach him.The police did not arrest him.

InterrogativeRule : Did + sub + v1 + obj

Did Kavita sing a song?

Double Interrogative

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

For word meaning see last page of the book.

iqfyl us mls fxjQrkj ugha fd;kArqe Ldwy ugha x;sA You did not go to school.eSaus dkj ugha pykbZA I did not drive the car.

D;k dfork us xhr xk;k\D;k fufru us gkWdh [ksyk\ Did Nitin play hockey?D;k mlus vkidks cktkj esa ns[kk\ Did he see you in the market?D;k vkius muls ckr ugha dh\ Did you not talk to them?

vkius baxfy”k dSls lh[kh\ How did you learn English?mlus gkWdh dc [ksyk\ When did he play hockey?rqeus ogka D;k fd;k\ What did you do there?os dgka jgrs Fks\ Where did they live?vki Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksyrs Fks\ Why did you not speak French?;gka fdzdsV fdlus [ksyk\ Who played cricket here?

eSaus i= fy[kkA og ;gka ughsa vk;hA D;k rqe ogka ugha x;s\ vkius mlls ckr D;ksa ugha dh\ dfork eq>ls ugha feyhA cPps ogka dSls x;s\ eSa mls ugha tkurk FkkA vki baxfy”k cksyrs gSaA vki baxfy”k cksy jgs gSaA vki baxfy”k cksy pqds gSaA vkius baxfy”k cksyhA

vki mlls D;k iwNrs gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwN pqds gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwNrs vk jgs gSa\ vkius mlls D;k iwNk\ mlus vkidks D;k dgk\ D;k vki mldk uke tkurs gSa\ eSa mls :i;s ns jgk gwaA Hkkjr us ;g eSp ugha thrkA iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh gSA D;k vkius mlls “kknh dh\ mlus esjs loky dk tokc ugha fn;kA rqe mldk uke dSls tkurs Fks\ og rqels dgka feyh\ geus mlls dksbZ loky ugha iwNkA

17

Past ContinuousIkgPkku%& jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks

AffirmativeRule : Sub + was/were + v4 + obj

Note: I,he, she, it, name, singular noun = wasWe, you, they, plural noun = were

NegativeRule : Sub + was/were + not + v4 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Was/were +sub + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

ge ogka tk jgs FksA We were going there.og i= fy[k jgh FkhA She was writing a letter.f”k{kd Qzsap i<+k jgs FksA The teacher was teaching French.

og ;gka ugha vk jgk FkkA He was not coming here.eSa mls ugha cqyk jgk FkkA I was not calling him.os fQYe ugha ns[k jgs FksA They were not seeing the film.

D;k os baxfy”k cksy jgs Fks\ Were they speaking English?D;k fufru dkWQh ih jgk Fkk\ Was Nitin drinking coffee?vki dy dgka tk jgs Fks\ Where were you going yesterday?

vki mlls ckr dj jgs FksA vkius mlls ckr dhA vki mlls nks ?kaVs ls ckr djrs vk jgs FksA vki mlls ckr dj pqds gSaA vki mlls ckr dj jgs gSaA vki mlls ckr djrs gSaA vki mlls ckr dj ldrs gSaA vki mlls ckr dj ldsA vkidks mlls ckr djuh pkfg,A vki mlls ckr djrs gksaxsA vkidks mlls ckr djuh gSA vkidks mlls ckr djuh FkhA vki mlls ckr fd;k djrs FksA

ge mlls ugha feys\ D;k og vkidks dqN iwN jgh Fkh\ ge ogka D;ks ugha tk jgs gSa\ D;k vki mldk uke tkurs Fks\ f”k{kd baxfy”k i<+k pqds gSaA eSa mls /kks[kk ugha ns jgk gwaA og rqEgsa I;kj D;ksa ugha djrh gS\ cPpksa us xhr dc xk;k\ D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh Fkh\ og ;gka dSls vk jgh Fkh\

18

Past PerfectIkgPkku%& pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] x;k FkkAffirmativeRule : Sub + had + v3 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + had + not + v3 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Had + sub + v3 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.Note :- English esa Past Perfect negative sentence dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tcfd fgUnh esa ughaA

og fdrkc [kjhn pqdk FkkA He had bought the book. ge mls :i;s ns pqds FksA We had given him money.Hkkjr eSp thr pqdk FkkA India had won the match.ge mlls fey pqds FksA We had met him.

og eq>s :i;s ugha ns pqdk FkkA He had not given me money.vki fdrkc ugha [kjhn pqds FksA You had not bought the book.f”k{kd Qzsap ugha i<+k pqds FksA The teacher had not taught French.os fQYe ugha ns[k pqds FksA They had not seen the film.

D;k og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\ Had she sung the song?D;k rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ Had you written the letter?D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ Had the children played hockey?D;k og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ Had she come here?D;k vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\ Had you sent them to school?

D;k og fQYesa ns[krk gS\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgk gS\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k pqdk gS\ D;k og lqcg ls fQYesa ns[krk vk jgk gS\ D;k mlus fQYesa ns[kh\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgk Fkk\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k pqdk Fkk\

eSa mls enn dj pqdk FkkA ge ?kj igqap pqds FksA mlus rqEgsa D;ksa MkaVk\ og xzkmaM esa D;ksa nkSM+ jgk gS\ D;k rqe mlls :i;s ysrs gks\ rqeus ogka D;k lquk\ vki mls xkyh D;ksa ns jgs Fks\ geus mls dqN ugha crk;kA eSa lc dqN le> pqdk FkkA

19

Past Perfect ContinuousIkgPkku%& rk vk jgk Fkk] rh vk jgh Fkh] rs vk jgs FksAffirmativeRule : Sub + had been + v4 + obj

The teacher had been teaching French for ten minutes.

InterrogativeRule : Had + sub + been + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh FkhAShe had been writing a letter for an hour.os nl feuV ls fQYe ns[krs vk jgs FksAThey had been seeing a film for ten minutes.eSa mlls lkseokj ls feyrk vk jgk FkkAI had been meeting him since Monday.os nks fnuksa ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs FksAThey had been playing the match for two days.f”k{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs FksA

D;k og rqels ?kaVksa ls ckrsa djrh vk jgh Fkh\Had she been talking to you for hours?D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs Fks\Had you been drinking coffee since morning?D;k os nl feuV ls i= fy[krs vk jgs Fks\Had they been writing a letter for ten minutes?D;k vki nks lky ls baxfy”k lh[krs vk jgs Fks\Had you been learning English for two years?D;k og ?kaVksas ls rqEgkjs loky dk tokc nsrh vk jgh Fkh\Had she been answering your questions for hours?

og nks lkyksa ls vkidks enn djrk vk jgk FkkA og vkidks enn dj pqdk FkkA og vkidks enn dj jgk FkkA mlus vkidh enn dhA og nks lkyksa ls vkidks enn djrk vk jgk gSA og vkidks enn dj pqdk gSA og vkidks enn dj jgk gSA og vkidks enn djrk gSA rqe i= D;ksa fy[k jgs gks\ D;k dfork rqels ugha feyrh gS\ og ;g dke D;ksa dj jgk Fkk\ f”k{kd rqels D;k iwN jgs Fks\

D;k rqe tkurs gks og rqels D;ksa feyrh vk jgh Fkh\ mlus D;k ns[kk tc og cktkj x;kA D;k vki ns[k jgs gSa cPps Dykl esa D;k dj jgs gSa\ vki i<+ jgs Fks ysfdu og [ksy jgk FkkA eSaus vkils loky iwNk ysfdu vkius tokc ugha fn;kA rqe D;k dj jgs gks vxj og dkj pyk jgh gS\ eSaus mls :i;s fn;s ysfdu mlus fdrkc ugha [kjhnhA og D;k djrh gS tc og Qzkal esa jgrh gS\ iqfyl mls ihV jgh gS vkSj og jks jgk gSA Hkxoku mls enn djrk gS tks (who) nwljksa dks enn djrs gSaA

20

Future IndefiniteIkgPkku%& xk] xs] xh

AffirmativeRule : Sub + will + v1 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + will + not + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Will + sub + v1 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.Note- vktdy shall dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA

eSa mls :i;s nwaxkA I will give him money.og fdrkc [kjhnsxkA He will buy a book.rqe mlls vkt feyksxsA You will meet him today.og rqels “kknh djsxhA She will marry you.

ge mls ugha i<+k;saxsA We will not teach him.og rqels ckr ugha djsxhA She will not talk to you.cPps fdzdsV ugha [ksysaxsA The children will not play cricket.ge Qzkal ugha tk;saxsA We will not go to France.

D;k Hkkjr ;g eSp thrsxk\ Will India win this match?D;k iqfyl mls fxjQrkj ugha djsxh\ Will the police not arrest him?fufru dkWQh dc ih;sxk\ When will Nitin drink coffee?vki dy dgka tk;saxs\ Where will you go tomorrow?

D;k vki ;g dke djrs gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke dj jgss gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke dj pqds gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke djrs vk jgs gSa\ D;k vkius ;g dke fd;k\ D;k vki ;g dke dj jgs Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke dj pqds Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke djrs vk jgs Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke djsaxs\

eSa mlls ;g loky iwNwaxk vxj og eq>ls feyrk gSA vki mls D;k crk;saxs tc vki mlls :i;s ysaxs\ eSa ugha tkurk gwa og dy D;k djsxkA og eq>s ilan djrh gS ysfdu eSa mls ilan ugha djrk gwaA mlus Qzsap lh[kk tc og Qzkal esa jgrk FkkA vki mls dSls crk;saxs fd vki mls I;kj djrs gSa\ D;k rqeus mlls iwNk mlus eq>s :i;s D;ksa fn;s\

21

Future ContinuousIkgPkku%& rk jgsxk] rh jgsxh] rs jgsaxsAffirmativeRule : Sub + will be + v4 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + will + not + be + v4 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Will + sub + be + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og dkWQh ihrk jgsxkA He will be drinking coffee.rqe dkj pykrs jgksxsA You will be driving the car.cPps xhr xkrs jgsaxsA The children will be singing songs.ge fQYesa ns[krs jgsaxsA We will be seeing films.

cPps xhr ugha xkrs jgsaxsA The children will not be singing songs.fufru dkWQh ugha ihrk jgsxkA Nitin will not be drinking coffee.ge fQYesa ugha ns[krs jgsaxsA We will not be seeing films.og dkj ugha pykrh jgsxhA She will not be driving the car.

D;k Hkkjr eSp [ksyrk jgsxk\ Will India be playing match?D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihVrh jgsxh\ Will the police be beating the thief?D;k vki mls i<+krs jgsaxs\ Will you be teaching him?D;k ge gj eghus Qzkal tkrs jgsaxs\ Will we be going to France every month?ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha djrs jgsaxs\ Why will we not be doing this work?

f”k{kd mls i<+krs gSaA f”k{kd mls i<+k jgs gSaA f”k{kd mls i<+k pqds gSaA f”k{kd mls i<+krs vk jgs gSaA f”k{kd us mls i<+k;kA f”k{kd mls i<+k jgs FksA f”k{kd mls i<+k pqds FksA f”k{kd mls i<+krs vk jgs FksA f”k{kd mls i<+k;saxsA f”k{kd mls i<+krs jgsaxsA

mlus vki ij Hkjkslk fd;k ysfdu vkius mls /kksdk fn;kA eSa tkurk gwa vki eq>ls D;k pkgrs gSaA rqe mlls “kknh D;ksa ugha djrs gks vxj rqe mls I;kj djrs gks\ og eq>s ugha crk;sxk og dgka jgrk gSA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxk vxj vki mls ugha i<+krs gSa\ D;k mlus rqEgsa crk;k eSaus mls D;k fn;k\

22

Future PerfectIkgPkku%& pqdsxk] pqdsxh] pqdsaxsAffirmativeRule : Sub + will have + v3 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + will + not + have + v3 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Will + sub + have + v3 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og fdrkcsa [kjhn pqdsxkA He will have bought the books. ge eSp thr pqdsaxsA We will have won the match.f”k{kd Qzsap i<+k pqdsaxsA The teacher will have taught French.og rqels fey pqdsxhA She will have met you.

ge mls :i;s ugha ns pqdsaxsA We will not have given him money.og rqels ugha fey pqdsxhA She will not have met you.dfork xhr ugha xk pqdsxhA Kavita will not have sung the song.fufru gkWdh ugha [ksy pqdsxkA Nitin will not have played hockey.

D;k vki mls i<+k pqdsaxs\ Will you have taught him?D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqdsaxs\ Will the children have played hockey?D;k iqfyl mls fxjQrkj djpqdsxh\ Will the police have arrested him? D;k ge ;g fQYe ns[k pqdsaxs\ Will we have seen this film?

vki mls i<+k pqds gSaA vki mls i<+k pqds FksA vki mls i<+k pqdsaxsA D;k og vkils fey pqdh gS\ D;k og vkils fey pqdh Fkh\ D;k og vkils fey pqdsxh\ eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdk gwaA eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdk FkkA eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdwaxkA

D;k vki mls enn djrs gSa\ D;k vki mls enn dj jgs gSaSa\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqds gSa\ D;k vkius mls enn dh\ D;k vki mls enn dj jgs Fks\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqds Fks\ D;k vki mls enn djsaxs\ D;k vki mls enn djrs jgsaxs\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqdsaxs\ og eq>s D;ksa ugha crkrh gS fd og eq>s ilan djrh gS\ eSaus i= fy[kk ysfdu mlus ugha i<+kA eSa mls MkaVrk gwa fQj Hkh og cqjs dke djrk gSA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxh vxj og ges”kk [ksyrh jgsxh\ fufru tkurk gS dfork mls fdruk I;kj djrh gSA rqe D;k dj jgs Fks tc og dkj pyk jgh Fkh\ eSas mls :i;s nsrk gwa ysfdu og fdrkc ugha [kjhrk gSA

23

Future Perfect ContinuousIkgPkku%& rk vk jgk gksxk] rh vk jgh gksxh] rs vk jgs gksaxsAffirmativeRule : Sub + will have + been + v4 + objNote :- ls = from

InterrogativeRule : Will + sub + have been + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

os nks fnuksa ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs gksaxsAThey will have been playing the match from two days.f”k{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gksaxsAThe teacher will have been teaching French from ten minutes.og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh gksxhAShe will have been writing a letter from ten minutes.cPps nl feuV ls fQYe ls ns[krs vk jgs gksaxsAThe children will have been seeing the film from ten minutes.og lkseokj ls rqels feyrh vk jgh gksxhAShe will have been meeting you from Monday.

D;k og ?kaVksa ls rqels ckr djrh vk jgh gksxh\Will she have been talking to you from hours?D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs gksaxs\Will you have been drinking coffee from morning?

D;k os ikap feuV ls ;g dke ;g dke djrs vk jgs gksaxs\Will they have been doing this work from five minutes?D;k og vxys lky ls gkWdh [ksyrk vk jgk gksxk\Will he have been playing hockey from next year?D;k f”k{kd mls eaxyokj ls i<+krs vk jgs gksaxs\Will the teacher have been teaching him from Tuesday?

eSaus ;g fdrkc ugha [kjhnhA vkius mlls ckr D;ksa ugha dh\ D;k og rqels jkst feyrk gS\ D;k cPps vkt QqVckWy [ksysaxs\ ge vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha jgsaxs\ og ;gka dc vkrh gS\ D;k cPps ;g fQYe ns[k pqds gSa\

eSaus ugha ns[kk mlus ogka D;k fd;kA vki mlls D;k iwNrs gSa tc vki mlls feyrs gSa\ iqfyl us rqEgsas fxjQrkj D;ksa fd;k vxj rqe mlls ugha yM+s\ vki baxfy”k cksyrs gSa ysfdu vkidk ckWl Qzsap cksyrk gSA rqeus dSls tkuk fd mlus rqEgsa /kksdk fn;k\ D;k rqe lqu jgs gks tks eSa rqEgsa crk jgk gwa\ (tks=what) eSa ns[k jgk gwa rqe mlds lkFk dgka tk jgs gksA

24

Exercise

vki xhr xkrs gSaA vki xhr xk jgs gSaA vki xhr xk pqds gSaA vkius xhr xk;kA vki xhr xk jgs FksA vki xhr xk pqds FksA vki xhr xk;saxsA vki xhr xkrs jgsaxsA vki xhr xk pqdsaxsA eSa mlls ckr djrk gwaA eSa mlls ckr dj jgk gwaA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdk gwaA eSaus mlls ckr dhA eSa mlls ckr dj jgk FkkA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdk FkkA eSa mlls ckr d:axkA eSa mlls ckr djrk jgwaxkA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdwaxkA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

Exercisetranslate into Hindi

She does not go to school. Did Kavita sing the song? We have given him money. He has bought a book. India has won the match.

She has written a letter.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

vki Qzsap D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\ ;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksy jgk gS\ ;g dke dkSu dj jgk gS\ D;k og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\ D;k rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ D;k og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ D;k vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\ rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ ;g dke dkSu dj jgk Fkk\

We will not give him money. She will not have met you. You will meet him today. Did Nitin play hockey?

He will buy a book. Did he see you in the market? We do not see films. She will marry you. Did you not talk to him? Will you have taught him? I do not drive a car. Will the police have arrested him? Why are you speaking French? Who is playing cricket here? Had she come here? Had you sent them to school? What are you doing there? I will give him money.

ge mlls fey pqds gSaA ge mllss fey pqds FksA ge mlls fey pqdsaxsA vki D;k djrs gSa\ vkius D;k fd;k\ vki D;k djsaxs\ og D;ksa [ksy jgh gSa\ og D;ksa [ksy jgh Fkh\ og D;ksa [ksyrh jgsxh\ vki Qzsap D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\ D;k og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\ D;k rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ D;k og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ D;k vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\ rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ D;k vki mls enn djrs gSa\ og eq>s ilan djrh gSA eSaus i= fy[kkA mlus ugha i<+kA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxh\ dfork mls I;kj ugha djrh gSA eSas mls :i;s nsrk gwaA

25

ADVANCED MODALS

Will have toIkgPkku%& uk gksxk@uk iM+sxkAffirmativeRule : Sub + will have to + v1 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + will + not + have to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Will + sub + have to + v1 + obj

Alert:- D;k rqe tkvksxs\ Will you go?D;k rqEgsa tkuk gS\ Have you to go?D;k rqEgsa tkuk gksxk\ Will you have to go?D;k rqe tk pqdksxs\ Will you have gone?D;k rqe tkuk pkgrs gks\ Do you want to go?

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

eq>s ;g dke dy djuk gksxk@eq>s ;g dke dy djuk iM+sxkI will have to do this work tomorrow.mls vkt ;gka vkuk gksxkA He will have to come here today.cPpksa dks Dykl esa Qzsap cksyuh gksxhAThe children will have to speak French in class.

eq>s mldks :i;s ugha nsus gksaxsAI will not have to give him money.cPpksa dks ;g dfork ;kn ugha djuh gksxhAThe children will not have to memorize this poem.gesa mlls dqN ugha iwNuk gksxkAWe will not have to ask him anything.

D;k mls esjs HkkbZ ls ckr djuh gksxh\Will he have to talk to my brother?gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc D;ksa nsuk gksxk\Why will we have to answer these questions?eq>s blds fy, D;k djuk gksxk\What will I have to do for this?

rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh gksxhA rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh FkhA rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh gSA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnk djrs FkssA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnrs gksxsA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhn ldsA rqEgsa ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnuh pkfg,A og esjs lkFk ugha jg ldkA gesa vHkh ?kj ugha tkuk gSA cPps jkst Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk;k djrs Fks\ D;k vkidks ;g ckr mls crkuh Fkh\ gesa ;g dke vkt iwjk djuk gksxkA rqEgsa mldks lp crkuk gksxkA vkidks ;gka Bgjuk gksxkA

Would have toIkgPkku%& uk iM+rk gksxkAffirmativeRule : Sub + would have to + v1 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + would + not + have to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Would+ sub + have to + v1 + obj

Alert:- og [ksysxkA He will play.og [ksyrk gksxkA He would play.mls [ksyuk gksxkA He will have to play.mls [ksyuk iM+rk gksxkA He would have to play.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

mls “kjkc ihuh iM+rh gksxhAHe would have to drink wine.rqEgsa mlds lkFk jguk iM+rk gksxkA You would have to live with him.cPpksa dks lqcg tYnh mBuk iM+rk gksxkAThe children would have to get up early in the morning.

mls fdrkcsa ugha [kjhnuh iM+rh gksxhAHe would not have to buy books.vkidks mls lykg ugha nsuh iM+rh gksxhAYou would not have to advise him.f”k{kd dks dgkfu;ka ugha lqukuh iM+rh gksxhAThe teacher would not have to narrate the stories.

D;k mls vius HkkbZ ls jkst feyuk iM+rk gksxk\ Would he have to meet his brothers daily?D;k mUgsa Lisfu”k cksyuk iM+rk gksxk\Would they have to speak Spanish?D;k yksxksa dks ogka eNfy;ka [kkuh iM+rh gksxh\Would the people have to eat fish there?

mls dkWQh ihuh iM+rh gksxhA mls dkWQh ihuh iM+sxhA mls dkWQh ihuh gSA mls dkWQh ihuh FkhA og dkWQh ihrk gksxkA mls dkWQh ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ih;k djrk FkkA og dkWQh ihrk gSA og dkWQh ih jgk gSA og dkWQh ih pqdk gSA mlus dkWQh ihA og dkWQh ih jgk FkkA og dkWQh ih pqdk FkkA og dkWQh ih;sxkA og dkWQh ihrk jgsxkA og dkWQh ih pqdsxkA

26

27

May have toIkgPkku%& uk iM+ ldrk gSAffirmativeRule : Sub + may have to + v1 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + may + not + have to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : May + sub + have to + v1 + obj

Alert:- mls tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA He may have to go.og tk ldrk gSA (laHkkouk) He may go.“kk;n og tk ldrk gSA (de laHkkouk) He might go.mls tkuk iM+rk gSA He has to go.“kk;n mls tkuk iM+ldrk gSA(de laHkkouk) He might have to go.

ExerciseiM+ ldrk gSA iM+rk gksxkA iM+sxkA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

mUgsa ;g “kgj NksM+uk iM+ ldrk gSA They may have to leave this city.gesa mldks dqN :i;s nsuk iM+ ldrk gSA We may have to give him money.vkidks MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA You may have to go to the doctor.

mls dkj ugha [kjhnuh iM+ ldrh gSAHe may not have to buy a car.vkidks ;g dke ugha djuk iM+ ldrk gSAYou may not have to do this work.gesa nokbZ ugha ysuh iM+ ldrh gSA We may not have to take the medicine.

D;k vkrafd;ksa dks ikfdLrku ls ckgj tkuk iM+ ldrk gS\May the terrorists have to go out of Pakistan?D;k iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj djuk iM+ ldrk gS\May the police have to arrest him?D;k mls ;g dfork ;kn djuh iM+ ldrh gS\May he have to memorize this poem?

mls ;gka Bgjuk mls ;gka Bgjuk mls ;gka Bgjuk mls ;gka Bgjuk gSA mls ;gka Bgjuk FkkA og ;gka Bgjrk gksxkA mls ;gka Bgjuk pkfg,A gesa yksxksa ls ckr djuh iM+ ldrh gSA rqEgsa dM+h esgur djuh iM+ ldrh gSA yksxksa dks eqlhcr dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA gesa mldk uke iwNuk iM+ ldrk gSA mls Lisfu”k lh[kuh gksxhA cPps vkils D;k iwNk djrs Fks\ gesa ogka dSls igqapuk Fkk\ “kkfyuh dks jfo ds ckjs esa D;k tkuuk gS\

28

Having toIkgPkku%& uk iM+ jgk gSAffirmativeRule : Sub + is/am/are + having to + v1 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + is/am/are + not + having to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Is/am/are + sub + having to + v1 + obj

Alert:- gesa lh[kuk iM+rk gSA We have to learn.gesa lh[kuk iM+ jgk gSA We are having to learn.gesa lh[kuk iM+ jgk FkkA We were having to learn.ge lh[k jgs gSaA We are learning.ge lh[krs vk jgs gSaA We have been learning. gesa lh[kuk iM+ ldrk gSA We may have to learn.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ jgh gSAHe is having to learn French.eq>s ;gka jguk iM+ jgk gSA I am having to live here.gesa jkr esa i<+kbZ djuh iM+ jgh gSAWe are having to study in the night.

mls nokbZ ugha ysuh iM+ jgh gSA He is not having to take medicine.vkidks ;g dke ugha djuk iM+ jgk gSAYou are not having to do this work.gesa dM+h esgur ugha djuh iM+ jgh gSAWe are not having to do hard work.

D;k mls ogka Lisfu”k cksyuh iM+ jgh gS\ Is she having to speak Spanish there?rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks “kjkc D;ksa ihuh iM+ jgh gS\Why is your brother having to drink wine?rqEgsa vdsys D;ksa jguk iM+ jgk gS\Why are you having to live alone?

mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+ jgh gSA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+ ldrh gSA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+rh gksxhA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+sxhA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+rh gSA mls baxfy”k cksyuh iM+rh FkhA og baxfy”k cksyrk gksxkA gesa fdrkcsa D;ksa [kjhnuh iM+ jgh gSa\ vkidks mls :i;s D;ksa nsus iM+ jgs gSa\ fonsf”k;ksa dks Hkkjr esa fgUnh cksyuh iM+ jgh gSA D;k vkidks eq>ls dqN iwNuk Fkk\ yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa ugha tkurs gksaxsA Hkkjr dks ;g eSp thruk gksxkA mls esjk uke D;ksa tkuuk gS\ vkidks mlls “kknh dc djuh gS\

29

Could have + v3IkgPkku%& ldrk Fkk] ldrh Fkh] ldrs Fks ladsr:- “kfDr Fkh ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;kAffirmativeRule : Sub + could have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

NegativeRule : Sub + could + not + have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

InterrogativeRule : Could + sub + have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

Alert:- vki baxfy”k cksy ldrs gSaA You can speak English.vki baxfy”k cksy ldsA You could speak English.vki baxfy”k cksyldrs FksA ( ) You could have spoken English.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

os ;g eSp thr ldrs FksA thrs ughsa They could have won this match.og ;gka vk ldrk FkkA vk;k ugha He could have come here.vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA i<+k;s ugha You could have taught him.

og ijh{kk ikl ugha dj ldrk FkkA ysfdu ikl fd;kHe could not have passed the exam.ge mlls vkt ugha fey ldrs FksA ysfdu feysWe could not have met him today.eSa ;g dke iwjk ugha dj ldrk FkkA ysfdu iwjk fd;k I could not have completed this work.

D;k iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj ldrh Fkh\ ugha fd;kCould the police have arrested him?D;k ge mls ;gka cqyk ldrs Fks\ ugha cqyk;sCould we have called him here?D;k vki mlds loky dk tokc ns ldrs Fks\ ugha fn;sCould you have answered his question?

”kfDr Fkh&cksyss ugha

eSa ;g dke dj ldrk gwaA eSa ;g dke dj ldkA eSa ;g dke dj ldrk FkkA eq>s ;g dke djuk pkfg,A eq>s ;g dke djuk gSA eq>s ;g dke djuk FkkA rqe ;g dke djrs gksxsA vki mls enn dj ldrs FksA ge mls yanu Hkst ldrs FksA D;k og viuk uke cny ldrk Fkk\ vki mlls :i;s ys ldrs FksA yksx vehj D;ksa ugha cu lds\ gesa mlls vkt D;ksa feyuk gS\ vki mls MkaV ldrs FksA vki mlds ckjs esa D;k tkurs gSa\ rqe ogka D;ksa tk jgs gks\

30

Sould have + v3IkgPkku%& uk pkfg, Fkkladsr:- drZO; Fkk ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;kAffirmativeRule : Sub + should have + v3 + obj

( )

(x;s )

( )

NegativeRule : Sub + should + not + have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

InterrogativeRule : Should + sub + have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

Alert:- mls tkuk pkfg, FkkA (drZO; Fkk&x;k ug ) He should have gone.og tk ldrk FkkA ( &x;k ug ) He could have gone.mls tkuk pkfg,A He should go.og tk ldrk gSA He can go.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

vkidks mlls ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA fd;s ughsaYou should have talked to him.gesa ogka tkuk pkfg, FkkA ughsa We should have gone there.mUgsa xjhcksa dh enn djuh pkfg, FkhA dh ughsaThey should have helped poor.

mls “kjkc ugha ihuh pkfg, FkhA ysfdu ih;kHe should not have drunk wine.rqEgsa ;g ?kM+h ugha cspuh pkfg, FkhA ysfdu csphYou should not have sold this watch.vkidks mls lcdqN ugha crkuk pkfg, FkkA ysfdu crk;k You should not have told him everything.

D;k eq>s ml ij fo”okl djuk pkfg, Fkk\ ugha fd;k Should I have believed him?D;k yksxksa dks usrkvksa ls dqN mEehn djuh pkfg, Fkh\ ugha dhShould the people have expected anything from the politicians?gesa ogka dc igqapuk pkfg, Fkk\ ugha igqapsWhen should we have reached there?

h”kfDr Fkh h

rqEgsa mlls feyuk pkfg, FkkA rqe mlls fey ldrs FksA rqEgsa mlls feyuk gSA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+ ldrk gSA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+sxkA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+rk gksxkA rqe mlls feyrs gksxsA rqe mlls feyk djrs FksA rqEgsa baxfy”k lh[kuh pkfg, FkhA og vkidks :i;s ns ldrk FkkA gesa ;g dke ugha djuk FkkA vki mlls dgka feyk djrs Fks\ mlus esjs lkFk ,slk D;ksa fd;k\ rqe mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNrs gks\ vki eq>s ;g fdrkc dc nsaxs\ yksx vkils ;g loky D;ksa iwN jgs Fks\

31

Would have + v3IkgPkku%& pqdk gksrk] fy;k gksrk] vk gksrkladsr:- laHkkouk Fkh ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;kAffirmativeRule : Sub + would have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

NegativeRule : Sub + would + not + have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

InterrogativeRule : Would + sub + have + v3 + obj

( )

( )

( )

Alert:- og [ksy ldrk FkkA ( ) He could have played.mls [ksyuk pkfg, FkkA (drZO; ) He should have played.og [ksy pqdk gksrkA (laHkkouk Fkh ) He would have played.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og i= fy[k pqdk gksrkA fy[kk ughsa He would have written a letter.cPps baxfy”k lh[k pqds gksrsA lh[ks ugha The children would have learnt English.ge viuk dke dj pqds gksrsA fd;s ugha We would have done our work.

mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh gksrhA ysfdu ikl dhShe would not have passed the exam.ge mls :i;s ugha fn;s gksrsA ysfdu fn;ssWe would not have given him money.cPpksa us vkils dksbZ loky ugha iwNk gksrkA ysfdu IkwNk The children would not have asked you any question.

D;k og rqEgsa ;g ckr crk pqdh gksrh\ ugha crk;kWould she have told you this matter?D;k iqfyl vkrafd;ksa dks ekj pqdh gksrh\ ugha ekjkWould the police have killed the terrorists?D;k og eq>ls “kknh dj pqdh gksrh\ ugha dhWould she have married me?

”kfDr Fkh&[ksyk ugha Fkk&[ksyk ughaa

&[ksyk ugh

og rqels ckr dj ldrh FkhA mls rqels ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA og rqels ckr dj pqdh gksrhA vki ;g fQYe ugha ns[k ldrs FksA vkidks ;g fQYe ugha ns[kuh pkfg, FkhA vki ;g fQYe ugha ns[k pqds gksrsA D;k eSa mls enn dj ldrk Fkk\ D;k eq>s mldh enn djuh pkfg, Fkh\ D;k eSa mldh enn dj pqdk gksrk\ os ;g dke dj ldrs gSaA vki mls enn dj ldrs FksA ge mls yanu Hkst ldrs FksA vki mlls :i;s ys ldrs FksA yksx vehj D;ksa ugha cu lds\ gesa mlls vkt D;ksa feyuk gS\ vki mls MkaV ldrs FksA og esjs ckjs esa D;k tkurh gS\

32

May have + v3IkgPkku%& pqdk gksxk] fy;k gksxkladsr:- laHkkouk gS fd dke gks x;k gSAffirmativeRule : Sub + may have + v3 + obj

( )

NegativeRule : Sub + may + not + have + v3 + obj

InterrogativeRule : May + sub + have + v3 + obj

Alert:- ( ) He could have written.( ) He should have written.

( ) He would have written.( ) He may have written.

( ) He might have written.Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og i= fy[k pqdh gksxh@mlus i= fy[k fy;k gksxkA ”kk;n fy[k fy;k gSShe may have written a letter.cPps fQYe ns[k pqds gksaxsA The children may have seen the film.iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gksxhAThe police may have arrested him.

mlus [kkuk ugha cukk;k gksxkAHe may not have cooked food.mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh gksxhAHe may not have passed the exam.f”k{kd us mls vkt ugha i<+k;k gksxkA The teacher may not have taught him today.

D;k iqfyl vkradh dks ekj pqdh gksxh\May the police have killed the terrorist?D;k og yanau igqap pqdk gksxk\May he have reached London.D;k vesfjdk ikfdLrku ls nksLrh rksM+ pqdk gksxk\May America have broken friendship with Pakistan?

og fy[k ldrk Fkk “kfDr Fkh&fy[kk ughamls fy[kuk pkfg,Fkk drZO; Fkk&fy[kk ughaog fy[k pqdk gksrk laHkkouk Fkh&fy[kk ughaog fy[k pqdk gksxk “kk;n fy[k fy;k gS“kk;n og fy[kpqdk gksxk cgqr de laHkkouk

cPps Ldwy tk pqds gksaxsA cPps Ldwy tk pqds gksrsA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk pkfg, FkkA cPps Ldwy tk ldrs FksA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iM+rk gksxkA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iMsxkA rqEgkjs nksLr ?kj igqap pqds gksaxsA mls esjs ckjs esa D;k tkuuk Fkk\ yksx jktuhfr ilan D;ksa ughsa djrs gSa\ og esjk dke ugha dj ldrk FkkA gesa mlls D;k iwNuk pkfg, Fkk\ rqe ogka dbZ nksLr cuk pqds gksxsA

33

Must have + v3IkgPkku%& vo”;...pqdk gS

AffirmativeRule : Sub + must have + v3 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Must + sub + have + v3 + obj

Alert:- rqe dkWQh ih pqds gks You must have drunk coffee.rqe dkWQh ih pqds gks You have drunk coffee.rqe dkWQh ih ldrs Fks You could have drunk coffee.rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh pkfg, Fkh You should have drunk coffee.rqe dkWQh ih pqds gksrs You would have drunk coffee.rqe dkWQh ih pqds gksxs You may have drunk coffee.

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og viuk dke vo”; iwjk dj pqdk gSA He must have completed his work.rqe mlls vo”; fey pqds gksAYou must have met him.os esjk uke vo”; tku pqds gSaA They must have known my name.cPps ?kj vo”; igqap pqds gSaAThe children must have reached home.

D;k vki mls :i;s vo”; ns pqds gSa\ Must you have given him money?D;k og vkidk irk vo”; Hkwy pqdh gS\Must she have forgotten your address?D;k rqe mlds loky dk tokc vo”; ns pqds gks\Must you have answered his question?D;k cPps ?kj vo”; igqap pqds gSa\Must the children have reached home?

vo”;

vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA vkidks mls i<+kuk pkfg, FkkA vki mls i<+k pqds gksrsA vki mls i<+k pqds gksaxsA vki mls i<+k pqds gSaA vki mls i<+k pqds FksA vki mls i<+k pqdsaxsA rqeus mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNk\ mlus eq>s rqEgkjs lkFk dc ns[kk\ rqEgsa mldks ekQ dj nsuk pkfg, FkkA yksxksa dks ogka le; ij igqapuk pkfg, FkkA vki mlds fy, dqN vPNk dj ldrs FksA mls vkt dgka tkuk Fkk\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ vki esjk irk mlls iwN ldrs FksA mls vijkf/k;ksa dk lkFk ugha nsuk pkfg, FkkA

Have had toIkgPkku%& djuk gh gS AffirmativeRule : Sub + have had to + v1 + obj

NegativeRule : Sub + have + not + had to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Have + sub + had to + v1 + obj

Alert:- I have had to go eq>s tkuk gh gSAI have got to go eq>s tkuk gh gSAI must have to go eq>s vo”; tkuk gSAI should have to go eq>s tkuk gh pkfg,AI have to go eq>s tkuk gSAI need to go eq>s tkus dh t:jr gSAI must go eq>s vo”; tkuk pkfg,AI am to go eSa tkus dks gwaAI am about to go eSa tkus okyk gwaAI should go eq>s tkuk pkfg,A

Exercisemls fQYe ns[kuh gSA mls fQYe ns[kuh FkhA mls fQYe ns[kuh gksxhA mls fQYe ns[kuh iM+ ldrh gSA og fQYe ns[k ldrk FkkA mls fQYe ns[kuh pkfg, FkhA og fQYe ns[k pqdk gksrkA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

eq>s ;g dke djuk gh gSA I have had to do this work / I have got to do this work.mls baxfy”k lh[kuh gh gSA He has had (got) to learn English.vkidks mlls ckr djuh gh gSAYou have had (got) to talk to him.

gesa ogka vkt igqapuk gh ugha gSAWe have not had (got) to reach there today.iqfyl dks vkradh dks ekjuk gh ugha gSA The police has not had to kill the terrorist.mls yanau igqapuk gh ugha gSA He has not had to reach London.

D;k rqEgsa dEI;wVj lh[kuk gh gS\Have you had to learn computer?D;k vkidks mlls cnyk ysuk gh gS\Have you had to take revenge on him?D;k mls bl lky “kknh djuh gh gS\Has he had to marry this year?

34

35

Had had toIkgPkku%& djuk gh Fkk Affirmative

Rule : Sub + had had to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Had + sub + had to + v1 + obj

Alert:- She had had to play mls [ksyuk gh FkkAShe had got to play mls [ksyuk gh FkkAShe had to play mls [ksyuk FkkAShe had played og [ksy pqdh FkhAShe had been playing og [ksyrh vk jgh FkhA

Exercisegesa baxfy”k lh[kuh gSA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh FkhA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh gksxhA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh iM+ ldrh gSA ge baxfy”k lh[k ldrs FksA gesa baxfy”k lh[kuh pkfg, FkhA ge baxfy”k lh[k pqds gksrsA vki eqlhcrksa dk lkeuk dj ldrs FksA mls esjs ckjs esa fdlus crk;k\ vki mls Lisfu”k dSls i<+krs gSa\ ge mls vkt ;gka ugha cqyk;saxsA vkidks ;g dke dy djuk pkfg, FkkA rqe mlds ckjs esa eq>s crk ldrs gksA gesa mlls D;k ckr djuh gS\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

gesa vkt ogka tkuk gh FkkA We had had to go there today / We had got to go there today.eq>s ;g dke djuk gh FkkA He had had to do this work.mls baxfy”k lh[kuh gh FkhAHe had had to learn English.vkidks mlls ckr djuh gh FkhAYou had had to talk to him.

D;k rqEgsa dEI;wVj lh[kuk gh Fkk\Had you had to learn computer?D;k vkidks mlls cnyk ysuk gh Fkk\Had you had to take revenge on him?D;k mls bl lky “kknh djuh gh Fkh\Had he had to marry this year?D;k gesa ;g loky mlls iwNuk gh Fkk\Had we had to ask him this question?

36

Could have had toIkgPkku%& uk iM+ ldrk Fkkladsr:- dke etcwjh esa fd;k tk ldrk Fkk&ysfdu ugha fd;k x;k

AffirmativeRule : Sub + could have had to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Could + sub + have had to + v1 + obj

Alert:- mls Qzsap lh[kuh Qzsap lh[kuh gh Fkh She had had to learn French.

mls Qzsap lh[kuh gh gS She has had to learn French.og Qzsap lh[k ldrh Fkh She could have learnt French.mls Qzsap lh[kuh Fkh She had to learn French.

Exercisemls i= fy[kuk iM+ ldrk FkkA gesa ;g dke djuk iM+ ldrk FkkA rqEgsa ;gka Bgjuk pkfg, FkkA rqEgkjk HkkbZ ijh{kk ikl pqdk gksxkA gesa vkils dqN ugha iwNuk gSA eSa mls dSls Hkwy ldrk gwa\ og esjs ckjs esa dqN ugha lksprh gSA rqeus esjs ?kj esa mls D;ksa cqyk;k\ yksx mls xkyh D;ksa ugha nsaxsA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

gesa ogka tkuk iM+ ldrk FkkA We could have had to go there.mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ ldrh FkhA He could have had to learn French.rqEgsa nokbZ ysuh iM+ ldrh FkhAYou could have had to take medicine.cPpksa dks dfork fy[kuh iM+ ldrh Fkh\The children could have had to write poems?

D;k gesa mlls ckr djuh iM+ ldrh Fkh\Could we have had to talk to him?D;k iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj djuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\Could the police have had to arrest him?D;k eq>s bu lokyksa dk tokc nsuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\Could I have had to answer these questions?D;k mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\Could they have had to go to the doctor?

iM+ ldrh Fkh She could have had to learn French.mls

37

Would have had toIkgPkku%& uk iM+k gksrkladsr:- dke etcwjh esa fd;k tkrk&ysfdu ugha fd;k x;k

AffirmativeRule : Sub + would have had to + v1 + obj

InterrogativeRule : Would + sub + have had to + v1 + obj

Alert:- mls tkuk

Exercisemls Lisfu”k cksyuk

For word meaning see last page of the book.

mls dkWQh ihuh iM+h gksrhA He would have had to drink coffee.vkidks ;g fQYe ns[kuh iM+h gksrhA You would have had to see this film.gesa vesfjdk tkuk iM+k gksrkAWe would have had to go to America.eq>s ;g dEI;wVj Bhd djuk iM+k gksrkAI would have had to repair this computer.

D;k mls ;gka vkuk iM+k gksrk\Would he have had to come here?D;k yksxksa dks usrkvksa ls feyuk iM+k gksrk\Would the people have had to meet the politicians?D;k gesa ;g dke vkt iwjk djuk iM+k gksrk\Would we have had to complete this work today?D;k mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+k gksrk\Would they have had to go to the doctor?

iM+k gksrk He would have had to go.mls tkuk iM+ ldrk Fkk He could have had to go.og tk pqdk gksrk He would have gone.og tk ldrk Fkk He could have gone.

iM+rk gksxkA vki mls D;k i<+k;k djrs Fks\ gesa vkt ogka D;ksa tkuk Fkk\ vkidks ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ rqEgsa viuh xyfr;ka ugha Hkwyuh pkfg,A yksx mlds ckjs esa tku pqds gksaxsA eq>s mlls dqN ugha iwNuk pkfg, FkkA gesa vkt vkWfQl ugha tkuk gksxkA vki mls esjk irk ns ldrs FksA mlus ;g loky eq>ls D;ksa iwNk\ D;k og rqEgsa enn djrk gS\ D;k vkius mlls “kknh ugha dh\ dfork eq>ls ugha feyrh gSA ge dy ogka igqap pqdsaxsA

VOICEPresent IndefiniteAffirmativeActive Voice :- Sub + v1/v5 + obj

Passive Voice :- Obj + is/am/are + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + v3

Cricket is played here.

NegativeActive :- Sub + do/does + not + v1 + obj

Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + not + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive:- Obj + is/am/are + not + v3

InterrogativeActive :- Do/does + sub + v1 + obj

Passive :- Is/am/are + obj + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive:- Is/am/are + obj + v3

Exerciseog QqVckWy [ksyrk gSA QqVckWy mlds }kjk [ksyk tkrk gSA QqVckWy Hkkjr esa [ksyk tkrk gSA rqe mls D;ksa MkaVrs gks\ mls rqEgkjs }kjk D;ksa MkaVk tkrk gS\ mls D;ksa MkaVk tkrk gS\ vki ;g dke dSls djrs gSa\ ;g dke vkids }kjk dSls fd;k tkrk gS\ ;g dke dSls fd;k tkrk gS\ fdzdsV vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha [ksyk tkrk gS\ D;k og vkidks ilan djrh gS\ os vkils dc feyrs gSaS\ og eq>s I;kj ugha djrh gSA eq>s mlds }kjk I;kj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA eq>s I;kj ugha fd;k tkrk gS\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

rqe fdzdsV [ksyrs gksAYou play cricket.

fdzdsV rqEgkjs }kjk [ksyk tkrk gSACricket is played by you.

fdzdsV ;gka [ksyk tkrk gSA

eSa mls ugha i<+krk gwaAI do not teach him.

mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tkrk gSAHe is not taught by me.

mls baxfy”k ugha i<+k;h tkrh gSAHe is not taught English.

D;k og fQYesa ns[krh gS\Does she see films?

D;k fQYesa mlds }kjk ns[kh tkrh gSa\Are the films seen by her?

D;k fQYesa ;gka ns[kh tkrh gSa\Are the films seen here?

38

39

Present ContinuousAffirmativeActive :- Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj

Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + being + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + being + v3

English is being spoken in class.

og eq>s ugha cqyk jgh gSAShe is not calling me.eq>s mlds }kjk ugha cqyk;k tk jgk gSAI am not being called by her.eq>s ogka ugha cqyk;k tk jgk gSAI am not being called there.

vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\What are you asking him?mls vkids }kjk D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\What is he being asked by you?mls D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\What is he being asked?

Alert:- og i<+ jgk gSA He is reading.mls i<+k;k tk jgk gSA He is being taught.og i<+krk gSA He teaches.mls i<+k;k tkrk gSA He is taught.

ExerciseD;k og fQYesa ns[k jgh gS\ D;k fQYesa mlds }kjk ns[kh tk jgh gSa\ D;k fQYesa ogka ns[kh tk jgh gSa\ D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh gS\ D;k pksj dks iqfyl ds }kjk ihVk tk jgk gS\ D;k pksj dks ihVk tk jgk gS\ og :i;s ugha nsrk gSA og :i;s ugha ns jgk gSA mls :i;s ugha fn;s tkrs gSaA mls :i;s ugha fn;s tk jgs gSaA rqe ;g dke dc iwjk djrs gks\ og eqlhcr dk lkeuk dSls djrk gS\ vki gesa /kks[k D;ksa ns jgs gSa\ gesa vkids }kjk /kks[kk D;ksa fn;k tk jgk gS\ gesa /kks[kk D;ksa fn;k tk jgk gS\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

cPps baxfy”k cksy jgs gSaAThe children are speaking English.

baxfy”k cPpksa }kjk cksyh tk jgh gSAEnglish is being spoken by the children.

baxfy”k Dykl esa cksyh tk jgh gSA

40

Present PerfectActive :- Sub + have/has + v3 + obj

Passive :- Obj + has/have + been + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive:- Obj + has/have + been + v3

eSa ;g dke ugha dj pqdk gwaAI have not done this work.;g dke esjs }kjk ugha fd;k tk pqdk gSAThis work has not been done by me.;g dke vHkh rd ugha fd;k tk pqdk gSAThis work has not been done till now.

D;k vki mls :i;s ns pqds gSa\Have you given him money?D;k mls vkids }kjk :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSa\Has he been given money by you?D;k mls :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSa\Has he been given money?

Alert:- eSa :i;s ns pqdk gwaA I have given money.eq>s :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSaA I have been given money.eSa :i;s nsrk gwaA I give money.eq>s :i;s fn;s tkrs gSaA I am given money.eSa :i;s ns jgk gwaA I am giving money. eq>s :i;s fn;s tk jgs gSaA I am being given money.

ExerciseD;k og :i;s [kpZ dj pqdk gS\ D;k :i;s mlds }kjk [kpZ fd;s tk pqds gSa\ D;k lHkh :i;s [kpZ fd;s tk pqds gSa\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tkrh gS\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tkrh gS\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk gS\ eq>s ;g loky D;ksa iwNk tk jgk gS\ vki mls ;gka dc cqyk jgs gSa\ yksx ogka dSls igqap jgs gSa\ mls D;ksa MkaVk tk jgk gS\ eq>s ;g ckr crk;h tk pqdh gSA

For word meaning see last page of the book.

iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gSAThe police has arrested him.

mls iqfyl ds }kjk fxjQrkj fd;k tk pqdk gSAHe has been arrested by the police.

mls fxjQrkj fd;k tk pqdk gSAHe has been arrested.

41

Past IndefiniteAffirmativeActive :- Sub + v2 + obj

Passive :- Obj + was/were + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + was/were + v3

eSaus mls ugha i<+k;kAI did not teach him.mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k x;kAHe was not taught by me.mls ugha i<+k;k x;kAHe was not taught.

vkius ;g dke D;ksa ugha fd;k\Why did you not do this work?;g dke vkids }kjk D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k\Why was this work not done by you?;g dke vkt D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k\Why was this work not done today?

Alert:- mlus D;k crk;k\ What did he tell?mls D;k crk;k x;k\ What was he told?D;k mlus dqN crk;k\ Did he tell anything?

Exercisevkius mlls D;k iwNk\ mls vkids }kjk D;k iwNk x;k\ mls vkt D;k iwNk x;k\ og eq>s le>k pqdh gSA eq>s mlds }kjk le>k;k tk pqdk gSA eq>s le>k;k tk pqdk gSA rqe mls ilan D;ksa ugha djrs gks\ D;k mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh\ vki mlls dc feyrs gSa\ ;g ?kM+h D;ksa ugha csph x;h\ “kjkc bl gkWVsy esa ugha ih tkrh gSA og vesfjdk esa dSls jgrk gS\ vkius mlls “kknh D;ksa ugha dh\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

mlus fdrkc [kjhnhAHe bought the book.

fdrkc mlds }kjk [kjhnh x;hAThe book was bought by him.

;g fdrkc dy [kjhnh x;hAThis book was bought yesterday.

42

Past ContinuousActive :- Sub + was/were + v4 + obj

Passive :- Obj + was/were + being + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive:- Obj + was/were + being + v3

This

og fQYe ugha ns[k jgh FkhAShe was not seeing a film.fQYe mlds }kjk ugha ns[kh tk jgh FkhAA film was not being seen by her. ;g fQYe ugha ns[kh tk jgh FkhAThis film was not being seen.

vki D;k dj jgs Fks\What were you doing?vkids }kjk D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\What was being done by you?vc rd D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\What was being done till now?

Alert:- og D;k crk jgh Fkh\ What was she telling?mls D;k crk;k tk jgk Fkk\ What was she being told?mlus D;k crk;k\ What did she tell?mls D;k crk;k x;k\ What was she told?

Exerciseog Qzsap cksy jgk FkkA Qzsap mlds }kjk cksyh tk jgh FkhA Qzsap Dykl esa cksyh tk jgh FkhA D;k vkius mls viuk uke crk;k\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;g eSSp dSls thrk x;k\ mls D;k i<+k;k tk jgk Fkk\ Lisfu”k Hkkjr esa ugha cksyh tkrh gSA vki baxfy”k dSls lh[k jgs gSa\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha dj jgs Fks\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk Fkk\ ;gka mlds }kjk D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\ ;gka D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og i= fy[k jgk FkkAHe was writing a letter.

i= mlds }kjk fy[kk tk jgk FkkAA letter was being written by him.

;g i= fy[kk tk jgk FkkAletter was being written.

43

Past PerfectAffirmativeActive :- Sub + had + v3 + obj

Passive :- Obj + had been + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + had been + v3

eSa mls ugha i<+k pqdk FkkA I had not taught him.mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkAHe had not been taught by me.mls ugha i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkAHe had not been taught.

D;k vki dEI;wVj Bhd dj pqds Fks\Had you repaired the computer?D;k dEI;wVj vkids }kjk Bhd fd;k tk pqdk Fkk\Had the computer been repaired by you?D;k ;g dEI;wVj Bhd fd;k tk pqdk Fkk\Had this computer been repaired?

Alert:- eSa i<+k pqdk FkkA I had taught.eq>s i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkA I had been taught.eSa i<+krk vk jgk FkkA I had been teaching.

ExerciseD;k vkius ;g dkj pyk;h\ D;k ;g dkj vkids }kjk pyk;h x;h\ D;k ;g dkj pyk;h x;h\ Hkkjr us ;g eSp dSls thrk\ ;g eSp Hkkjr ds }kjk dSls thrk x;k\ ;g eSp dSls thrk x;k\ vkius mls ;gka dc cqyk;k\ mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNk x;k\ D;k mls vesfjdk Hkstk tk pqdk gS\ vki mls D;k crk jgs Fks\ rqEgsa D;k i<+k;k tkrk gS\ ;g dke dc iwjk fd;k tk jgk gS\ rqe mls ilan D;ksa ugha djrs gks\ D;k mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh\ vki mlls dc feyrs gSa\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

cPps fdrkcsa [kjhn pqds FksAThe children had bought the books.

fdrkcsa cPpksa }kjk [kjhnh tk pqdh FkhAThe books had been bought by the children.

;s fdrkcsa [kjhnh tk pqdh FkhAThese books had been bought.

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Future IndefiniteActive :- Sub + will + v1 + obj

Passive :- Obj + will be + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive:- Obj + will be + v3

eSa mls ekQ ugha d:axkAI will not forgive her.mls esjs }kjk ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkAShe will not be forgiven by me. mls ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkAShe will not be forgiven.

vki mls D;ksa MkaVsaxs\Why will you scold him?mls vkids }kjk D;ksa MkaVk tk;sxk\Why will he be scolded by you?mls D;ksa MkaVk tk;sxk\Why will he be scolded?

Alert:- eSa D;k iwNwaxk\ What will I ask?eq>ls D;k iwNk tk;sxk\ What will I be asked?D;k eSa dqN iwNwaxk\ Will I ask anything?

Exerciserqe mls dSls gjkvksxs\ mls rqEgkjs }kjk dSls gjk;k tk;sxk\ mls dSls gjk;k tk;sxk\ vki mls dgka Hkst jgs gSa\ mls vkids }kjk dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ mls dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ D;k og lp crkrk gS\ rqe mlls uQjr D;ksa djrs gks\ ;g leL;k dSls lqy>k;h tk;sxh\ mldk bykt dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ D;k mls ekQ ugha fd;k x;k\ os “kgj NksM+ pqds FksA D;k vkius mls viuk uke crk;k\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;g eSSp dSls thrk x;k\ mls D;k i<+k;k tk jgk Fkk\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha dj jgs Fks\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk Fkk\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

og nhokjsa jaxsxkAHe will paint the walls.

nhokjsa mlds }kjk jaxh tk;sxhAThe walls will be painted by him.

;s nhokjsa vkt jaxh tk;sxhAThese walls will be painted today.

45

Future PerfectAffirmativeActive :- Sub + will have + v3 + obj

Passive :- Obj + will have been + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + will have been + v3

eSa mls ugha i<+k pqdwaxkAI will not have taught him.mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk pqdsxkAHe will not have been taught by me.mls ugha i<+k;k tk pqdsxkAHe will not have been taught.

Alert:-

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

MkWDVj ejht dk bykt dj pqdsaxsAThe doctor will have cured the patient.

ejht dk MkWDVj ds }kjk bykt fd;k tk pqdsxkAThe patient will have been cured by the doctor.

bl ejht dk bykt fd;k tk pqdsxkAThis patient will have been cured.

D;k rqe ;g leL;k lqy>k pqdksxs\Will you have solved this problem?D;k ;g leL;k rqEgkjs }kjk lqy>k;h tk pqdsxh\Will this problem have been solved by you?D;k ;g leL;k dy rd lqy>k;h tk pqdsxh\Will this problem have been solved till tomorrow?

og /kks[kk nsxkA He will cheat.mls /kks[kk fn;k tk;sxkA He will be cheated.og /kks[kk ns pqdsxkA He will have cheated.mls /kks[kk fn;k tk pqdsxkA He will have been cheated.

eSa mls dSls Hkwywaxk\ mls esjs }kjk dSls Hkwyk;k tk;sxk\ mls dSls Hkwyk;k tk;sxk\ rqe ;g dke dSls djksxs\ ;g dke rqEgkjs }kjk dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ ;g dke vkt dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ ge ;g dke dy iwjk djsaxsA mlus eq>ls ;g loky D;ksa iwNk\ gesa :i;s dc fn;s tk;saxs\ vijk/kh ls D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\ vki yksxksa ls ckr D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;s nhokjsa D;ksa jaxh tk;sxh\

46

VOICE OF MODALS Can/Could/Should/Would/May/Must

Active :- Sub + modal + v1 + obj

Passive :- Obj + modal + be + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + be + v3

Continuous :- Sub + modal + be + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

rqEgsa ;g dke djuk pkfg,AYou should do this work.

;g dke rqEgkjs }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,AThis work should be done by you.

;g dke vkt fd;k tkuk pkfg,AThis work should be done today.

rqEgsa ;g dke djrs jguk pkfg,AYou should be doing this work.

fufru mls ugha i<+k ldkANitin could not teach him.mls fufru ds }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk ldkAHe could not be taught by Nitin.mls ugha i<+k;k tk ldkAHe could not be taught.fufru mls ugha i<+krk jg ldkANitin could not be teaching him.

D;k og “kjkc ihrk gksxk\Would he drink wine?D;k “kjkc mlds }kjk ih tkrh gksxh\Would wine be drunk by him?D;k “kjkc ogka ih tkrh gksxh\Would wine be drunk there?D;k og “kjkc ihrk jgrk gksxk\Would he be drinking wine?

mls fxjQrkj dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks fdzdsV [ksyrs jguk pkfg,\ rqEgsa baxfy”k ugha i<+k;h tkrh gksxhA mUgsa dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\ dfork fufru ls ckr djrh jgrh gksxhA vkius ;g loky mlls D;ksa ugha iwNk\ ;g ?kM+h dSls Bhd dh tk;sxh\ vki vijk/kh ls D;k mEehn dj ldrs gSa\ ;g jgL; ugha [kksyk tk ldrk gS\ ;s isM+ ugha dkVs tkus pkfg,A rqe [kqndks (yourself) /kksdk D;ksa ns jgs gks\

47

Have to/Has to/Had to/Used to/Need to

Active :- Sub + modal + to + v1 + obj

Passive :- Obj + modal + to + be + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + to + be + v3

Continuous :- Sub + modal + to + be + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

gesa mlls dqN iwNuk gSAWe have to ask him something.

mls gekjs }kjk dqN iwNk tkuk gSAHe has to be asked something by us.

mls vc dqN iwNk tkuk gSAHe has to be asked something.

gesa mlls dqN iwNrs jguk gSAWe have to be asking him something.

vkidks ;g leL;k lqy>kuh FkhAYou had to solve this problem.;g leL;k vkids }kjk lqy>k;h tkuh FkhAThis problem had to be solved by you.;g leL;k dy lqy>k;h tkuh FkhAThis problem had to be solved yesterday.vkidks leL;kvksa dks lqy>krs jguk FkkAYou had to be solving the problems.

eq>s vc D;k djuk gS\What have I to do now?vc esjs }kjk D;k fd;k tkuk gS\What has to be done by me now?vc D;k fd;k tkuk gS\What has to be done now?eq>s D;k djrs jguk gS\What have I to be doing?

mls ;gka dSls yk;k tkuk gS\ vkidks ;g dke djrs jguk gSA gesa mlls ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A mls mRlkfgr dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ rqe dfork ls D;ksa feyk djrs Fks\ vkius ;g eSp D;ksa ugha ns[kk\ mldk thou dSls cpk;k tk ldrk gS\ gesa dqN ugha iwNk tk;sxkA vkrafd;ksa dks dSls ekjk tk ldk\ mls fxjQrkj dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks fdzdsV [ksyrs jguk pkfg,\ rqEgsa baxfy”k ugha i<+k;h tkrh gksxhA mUgsa dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\ dfork fufru ls ckr djrh jgrh gksxhA vkius ;g loky mlls D;ksa ugha iwNk\ ;g ?kM+h dSls Bhd dh tk;sxh\

48

Could have/Should have/Would have/May have/Must have

Active :- Sub + modal + have + v3 + obj

Passive :- Obj + modal + have + been + v3 + by + sub

Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + have + been + v3

Continuous :- Sub + modal + have + been + v4 + obj

Exercise

For word meaning see last page of the book.

vki mls i<+k ldrs FksAYou could have taught him.

mls vkids }kjk i<+k;k tk ldrk FkkAHe could have been taught by you.

mls baxfy”k i<+k;h tk ldrh FkhAHe could have been taught English.

vki mls i<+krs jg ldrs FksAYou could have been teaching him.

gesa bl loky dk tokc nsuk pkfg, FkkAWe should have answered this question.bl loky dk tokc gekjs }kjk fn;k tkuk pkfg, FkkAThis question should have been answered by us.bl loky dk tokc fn;k tkuk pkfg, FkkAThis question should have been answered.gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc nsrs jguk pkfg, FkkAWe should have been answering these questions.

D;k cPps dkWQh ih pqds gksrs\Would the children have drunk coffee?D;k dkWQh cPpksa }kjk ih tk pqdh gksrh\Would coffee have been drunk by the children?D;k dkWQh gkWVsy esa ih tk pqdh gksrh\Would coffee have been drunk in the hotel?D;k cPps dkWQh ihrs jgrs\Would the children have been drinking coffee?

mls ;g “kgj NksM+ nsuk pkfg, FkkA ge mlls vkt fey pqds gksrsA rqe ;g ykWVjh thr ldrs FksA mls Ldwy Hkstk tkuk pkfg, FkkA gesa ogka dSls igqapuk gS\ ;g dkj dc csph tk;sxh\ ge ;g dke dSls NksM+ ldrs gSa\ vkius mls vkt D;k i<+k;k\ mls vkt D;k i<+k;k x;k\ vki gesa dgka Hkst jgs gSa\ gesa dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ rqe ;s ?kfM+;ka csp ldrs FksA ;s ?kfM+;ka csph tk ldrh FkhA mls ;g dke djrs jguk gSA

49

SMART VERBSStart IkgPkku%& yxrk gS Rule : Sub + start + v4 + obj

rqe [ksyus yxrs gksAD;k rqe [ksyus yxrs gks\ Do you start playing?rqe D;ksa [ksyus yxrs gks\ Why do you start playing?

og nkSM+us yxhA She started running. / She began to run.D;k og nkSM+us yxhA Did she start running?og D;ksa nkSM+us yxhA Why did she start running?

f”k{kd i<+kus yxsaxsA The teacher will start teaching.D;k f”k{kd i<+kus yxsaxs\ Will the teacher start teaching?f”k{kd D;ksa i<+kus yxsaxs\ Why will the teacher start teaching?

Alert :- rqe [ksyrs gksA You play.rqe [ksyus yxrs gksA You start playing.rqe [ksyus yxs gksA You have started playing.

Continue IkgPkku%& jgrh gS Rule : Sub + continue + to + v1 + obj og [ksyrh jgrh gSA She continues to play./She keeps on playing.

D;k og [ksyrh jgrh gS\ Does she continue to play?og D;k [ksyrh jgrh gS\ What does she continue to play?

f”k{kd i<+krs jgsA The teacher continued to teach.D;k f”k{kd i<+krs jgs\ Did the teacher continue to teachf”k{kd D;ksa i<+krs jgs\ Why did the teacher continue to teach?

og nkSM+rh jgsxhA She will continue to run.D;k og nkSM+rh jgsxh\ Will she continue to run?og D;ksa nkSM+rh jgsxh\ Why will she continue to run?

Alert :- og [ksyrh gSA She plays.og [ksyus yxrh gSA She starts playing.og [ksyrh jgrh gSA She continues to play.og [ksyus yxh gSA She has started playing.og [ksyrh jgh gSA She has continued to play.

You start playing. / You begin to play.

50

Would

1. rk gksxkog Qzsap tkurk gksxkA He would know French.

2. de laHkkoukog dy ;gka vk;sxhA (de laHkkouk) She would come here tomorrow.

3. vk djrk Fkk (dHkh&dHkh)fufru dfork ls feyk djrk FkkA Nitin would meet Kavita.

4. vkxzg ;k fuosnuD;k vki eq>s mldk uke crk;saxs\ Would you tell me his name?

5. Narration esas Indirect Speech esa will ds cnys would yxrk gSjke us dgk fd og [ksysxkA Ram said that he would play.

6. dk”k!dk”k! og ;gka gksrkA Would that he were here!

Alert :- og Ldwy tk;k djrh FkhA She would (used to) go to school.og Ldwy tk;sxhA She will go to school.og Ldwy tkrh gksxhA She would go to school.

Exercise :-Translate into HindiI would not tell him anything. She would not like your habits. Will he start doing his work? Will the police continue beating the thief? She said that she would meet me next day. I would like to know your address. He starts speaking French. What does she start doing there? I started meeting him. The people will start hiding the truth. What did you start asking him? Why did you start scolding him? He starts weeping. He continues to weep. She may pass the exam. She can pass the exam. They will talk to you. They would talk to you.

Exercise :-Translate into Englishog ogka D;k djrk gS\ og ogka D;k djus yxrk gS\ og ogka D;k djrk jgrk gS\ vkius mls D;ksa MkaVk\ vki mls D;ksa MkaVus yxs\ vki mls D;ksa MkaVrs jgs\ og eq>ls ckr djrh gSA og eq>ls ckr djus yxrh gSA og eq>ls ckr djrh jgrh gSA rqe mlls loky D;ksa iwNus yxs\ rqe mlls loky D;ksa iwNrs jgs\

For word meaning see last page of the book.

51

Have

1. vius ikl j[kuk/gksukI have a book for you. esjs ikl vkids fy, ,d fdrkc gSA

2. [kkuk/ihukWould you have coffee with me? D;k vki esjs lkFk dkWQh ih;saxs\

3. ysuk/xzg.k djuk Have your seat please. d`i;k viuk LFkku xzg.k dhft,AHave fun. etk yhft,A

4. uk gS]iM+rk gSThey have to live in America. mUgsa vesfjdk esa jguk gS/jguk iM+rk gSAI do not have to talk to him. eq>s mlls ckr ugha djuh gSA (New Grammar)

5. djokukShe will have her hair colored. og vius cky dyj djok;sxhAI will have him call you. eSa mlls vkidks dkWy djokmaxkA

6. pqdk gSI have told you everything. eSa rqEgsa lc dqN crk pqdk gwaA

7. vehjThere are two kinds of people in the world; have and have-not.nqfu;k esa nks rjg ds yksx gksrs gSa; vehj vkSj xjhcA

Exercise :-Translate into HindiDoes he have a black pen? I do not have to give him money. When will you have them caught? What time are you going to have dinner today? She would be your best companion. They asked me how much they would pay for that. Did he have enough money to survive? I have sent the children to school. I have to send the children to school. I am having to send the children to school. I have had to send the children to school. You have to have them with you. For word meaning see last page of the book.

52

Get

1. ikuk/How much did you get for it? rqEgsa blds fy, fdrus :i;s feys\

2. yxukI am getting cold. eq>s BaM yx jgh gSA

3. le>ukShe got your point very clear. mls rqEgkjh ckr fcYdqy le> esa vk;hA

4. fnykukGet me your manager on the phone. vius eSustj dks Qksu ij ykvksA

5. djokukThey will get this work done. os yksx ;g dke djok ysaxsA

6. gksukIt is getting darker. va/ksjk T;knk gks jgk gSA

Go1. tkukWhen is he going from here? og ;gka ls dc tk jgk gS\

2. gksukWhy are you going mad about it? rqe blds fy, ikxy D;ksa gks jgs gks\

3. fcdukHow are the mangoes going these days? vke bu fnuksa dSls fcd jgs gSa\

4. lQyrkIt is a big go of my life. ;g esjs thou dh cM+h lQyrk gSA

5. izxfr”khyIf you are go, life is good to you. vxj vki izxfr”khy gSa rks ftUnxh vkids fy,

vPNh gSA

feyuk

53

Be

1. gS / FkkI am to go from here. eSa ;gka ls tkus dks (okyk) gwaA

2. cuukWill you be my friend? D;k rqe esjk nksLr cuksxs\

3. gksuk You have to be positive about it. rqEgsa blds fy, ikWtsfVo gksuk gSA

4. gks / gks tk;s (vkns”k)He be hanged. mls Qkalh ns nh tk;sAPraised to be Jesus Christ. thll dzkbLV dh t; gksA

5. being = vfLrRoWe are losing our being. ge viuk vfLrRo [kks jgs gSaA

Look1. ns[kukLook at the girls dancing in the party. ikVhZ esa ukprh yM+fd;ksa dks ns[kksA

2. fn[kukYou look very tired today. rqe vkt cgqr Fkds fn[krs gksA

3. ns[kks! Look! I will not do this work. ns[kks] eSa ;g dke ugha d:axkA

4. fn[kkoVThe look of the hotel has to be changed. gkWVsy dk yqd cnyk tkuk gSA

5. QS”kuGo behind the originality, not the look. okLrfodrk ds ihNs tkvks] Qs”ku ds ughaA

6. ut+jShe gave me a look from the corner. mlus dksus ls eq> ij ,d ut+j MkyhA

Do

1. djukWhen are you doing this work? rqe ;g dke dc dj jgs gks\

2. v/;;u djukI did English in my school. eSaus baxfy”k dh i<+kbZ Ldwy esa dhA

3. lqy>kukHe did the puzzle in a second. mlus it+y dks ,d lsdaM esa lqy>k fn;kA

4. rksI do know him. eSa mls tkurk rks gwaA

5. yk;d gksukIt will not do for me. ;g esjs fy;s ugha pysxkA

May1. ldrk gS (laHkkouk)She may pass this exam. og ;g ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA

2. vkns”kYou may leave now. rqe vc tk ldrs gksA

3. vuqjks/kMay I have your name please? D;k eSa vkidk uke tku ldrk gwa\

4. dkeuk djukMay you get the victory! esjh dkeuk gS fd vki fot;h gksaA

5. might = cgqr de laHkkoukShe might accept my proposal. “kk;n og esjk izLrko Lohdkj djsA

5. might = “kfDrTruth disappears in the shadow of might. “kfDr ds lk;s esa lp xk;c gks tkrk gSA

54

55

PREPOSITIONS About

yxHkxIt is about 4 o’clock. dh rS;kjh esaHe is about to leave. og tkus dh rS;kjh esa gSAds ckjs esaWhat are you talking about? rqe fdlds ckjs esa ckr dj jgs gks\dh ;kstuk esaI know what she is about. eSa tkurk gwa og fdl ;kstuk esa gSA

Abovels mijThe fan is hanging above the table. ia[kk Vscy ds mij yVdk gqvk gSAls vf/kdYou are getting above your salary. rqEgsa viuh lWyjh ls vf/kd fey jgk gSAls vehjHe married in above his family. mlus vius ls vehj ifjokj esa “kknh dhAJs’BThe clerk should respect his above. DydZdks viuss lhfu;j dk lEeku djuk pkfg,Ale> ls ckgjFrench is above you. Qzsap rqEgkjh le> ls ckgj gSAls T;knkYou speak above your age. rqe viuh mez ds fglkc ls T;knk cksyrs gksA

After ds cknDon't read after mid-night. vk/kh jkr ds ckn er i<+ksAds pDdj esaThe pick-pocket is after his money. ikWdsVekj mlds iSls ds pDdj esa gSAds dkj.kHe died after malaria. og eysfj;k ds dkj.k ej x;kAls vf/kdGive me all you have after 400 Rs. 400 :i;s lsvf/kd rqEgkjs ikl ftruk gS eq>s nksA ls ihNsI am after you. eSa rqEgkjs ckn gwaAdh mez ds cknHe changed his career after 25. mlus 25 ds ckn viuk djh;j cny fy;kAckn dkI can not be sure about after-world. ijyksd ds ckjs esa eSa fuf”pr ugha gks ldrk gwaAds uke ijHe was named after the name of the city. “kgj ds uke ij mldk uke j[kk x;kA

yxHkx pkj cts gSA

Atds le; ijThe bus reached me at 4 pm. cl us eq>s pkj cts igqapk;kAds iklHe is standing at the gate. og xsV ds ikl gSAds fdukjsThe temple is at the river. eafnj unh ds fdukjs gSAds fglkc lsHe was hired at 100 Rs. a day. mls 100 : fnu ds fglkc ls dke is j[kk x;kAdh rjQWhat are you looking at? rqe fdl rjQ ns[k jgs gks\esaHe will live rest of his life at village. og viuh ckadh ftanxh xkao esa xqtkjsxkAdh jQrkj lsThe car is running at full speed. dkj iwjh jQrkj ls py jgh gSA(vkf[kj) esaShe agreed to marry me at last. og vkf[kj esa eq>ls “kknh djus rS;kj gqbZAds djhcThe old man is at death. cw<+k vkneh e`R;q ds djhc gSAijGetting furious at what I saw, I slapped him. eSaus tks ns[kk ml ij xqLlk gksdj

eSaus mls rekpk ekjkAAgainst

ds f[kykQThe public is against the vote. yksx oksV ds f[kykQ gSAds lgkjs] ls yx djI was standing against the tree. eSa isM+ ds lgkjs [kM+k FkkAds fy,He received 500 Rs. against the rent. mls fdjk;s ds fy, 500 : feysAds foijhrThe boat is sailing against the wind. cksV gok ds foijhr pyk;k tk jgk gSA

Beforels igysThere was no one before 2 pm. nks cts ls igys dksbZ ugha FkkAds lkeusEverything is open before you. lc dqN vkids lkeus [kqyk gSAigysBefore education was not so important. igys f”k{kk bruh t:jh ugha FkhA

56

57

Byls

rqe dkj ls D;ksa tk jgs gks\}kjkThis work can not be done by the labors. ;g dke etnwjksa }kjk ugha gks ldrk gSAds lgkjs

iqfyl us pksj dks cky ls idM+kArd

og “kke rd okil vk;sxkA(ek=k) ls

xksyh mls ,d bap NksM+ ds fudy x;hAds ikl ls

mlus taxy ds ikl ls dkj pyk;hAikl

vkvks vkSj esjs ikl cSBksA

oSls vkidk ;gka dSls vkuk gqvk\ds fglkc ls

vkidks lIrkg ds fglkc ls iSls fn;s tk;saxsABehind

ds ihNsxsV ds ihNs dkSu [kM+k Fkk\

esa “kkfeyiqfyl lkft”k esa “kkfey xqugxkj dks

ls de tkurh gSA eSa (tkudkjh esa) rqels de ugha gwaA

le; ls ihNs?kM+h le; ls ihNs py jgh gSA

Fromls

rqe eq>ls D;k pkgrs gks\le; ls

Ldwy 16 twu ls [kqysxkAls nwj

LVs”ku ;gka ls fdruk nwj gS\le; le; ij

rqEgsa mldks le; le; ij ns[kus tkuk gSAdkj.k ls

og cq[kkj ls ej x;kAifjokj ls

og ,d vPNs ifjokj ls gSA

Why are you going by car?

The police caught the thief by his hair.

He will come back by evening.

The bullet missed him by an inch.

He drove the car by the jungle.

Come and sit by me. By the way = oSlsBy the way what brings you here?

You will be paid by the week.

Who was standing behind the gate?

The police knows the culprit behind the plot.

I am not behind you.

The watch is running behind the time.

What do you want from me?

thThe school would open from 16 June.

How long the station is from here?

You have to visit him from time to time.

He died from fever.

He is from a noble family.

58

For

rqEgsa vius deZ dh ltk Hkksxuh gksxhA:i;s esa

eSaus bls 10 : esa [kjhnkAle; ls

eSa nks ?kaVs ls bartkj dj jgk gwaAdks ysdj

og vius opu dks ysdj ej ldrk gSAftlds fy,

ftlds fy, mlus iwjs ns”k dh ;k=k dhAds fglkc ls

;g dkj 60 fdeh izfr yhVj pyrh gSAds okLrs

og flQZ [kkus ds okLrs th jgk gS\D;ksa

rqe eq>s D;ksa iwN jgs gks\cpkus ds fy,

og viuh tku cpkus nkSM+kAIn

LFkku esaog rhu lIRkkg ls yanau esa gSA

le; esarqe lqcg esa D;k dj jgs Fks\

ds ckneSa rqels ,d lIrkg ckn feywaxkA

eghus esatkM+s dk ekSle fMlsEcj esa vkrk gSA

vanjog eq>s vanj ysds tk jgh gSA

jax esayky jax ls ugha fy[kksA

iji{kh isM+ ij cSBs gSaA

Intods vanj

fdrkc ds vanj ns[kksAesa

og dw,a esa fxj x;kA(nsj jkr) esa

eSaus mls nsj jkr esa i<+rs ns[kkA

ds fy,You have to pay for your deeds.

I bought it for 10 Rs.

I have been waiting for two hours.

He can die for his words.

For he traveled across the country.

This car runs 60 km for a liter.

He is living for bread only. What...for = What are you asking me for?

He ran for life.

He is in London for three weeks.

What were you doing in the morning?

I will meet you in a week.

Winter falls in December.

She is taking me in.

Don't write in red.

The birds are sitting in the tree.

Look into the book.

He fell into the well.

I saw her studying into the night.

59

On ijdEI;wVj dks Vscy ij j[k nksA

dkseSa eaxyokj dks tkmaxkA

esavkWfQllZ vkWfQl vkus ds fy, jkLrs esa gSaA

de iSls ijetnwj de iSls esa thou th jgs gSaA

tkjhtax vxys nks lky rd tkjh FkkA

NqV~Vh ijog eka cuus dh NqV~Vh ij gSA

gksus ijih ysus ij og xkyh nsus yxkA

LFkku ijrqe dgka jgrs gks\

rjQmlus viuh ihB HkhM+ dh rjQ eksM+ yhA

Of lsdqRrksa ls lko/kku!

dk cuk gqvktSdsV ysnj dk cuk gqvk gSA

dkif”pe ds yksx “kknh dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha ysrsA

esa lsrqeesa ls dkSu T;knk rst+ nkSM+ ldrk gS\

ds dkj.kog ,M~l ds dkj.k ejhA

Off nwj = nwj gks tkvksAnwljh vksj

og fdukjs ls nwljh vksj D;ksa tk jgk gS\can = dEI;wVj can dj nksA ls gVdj

fyad jksM ls nwj gVdjNqV~Vh

vxys lkseokj eSa NqV~Vh ywaxkAe`r

og ej x;k gSA(pay off) = ns dj NqVdkjk ik ysuk

eSaus mls iSls nsdj NqVdkjk dj fy;kA

Put the computer on the table.

I will be leaving on Tuesday.

The officers are on the way for office.

The labors are living on the low wages.

The war was on for the next two years.

She is on maternity leave.

On getting drunk he started abusing.

Where do you put on?

He turned his back on the crowd.

Beware of dogs!

The jacket is made of leather.

The people of west neglect marriage.

Which of you can run faster?

She died of AIDS.

Get off.

Why is he sailing off the shore? Turn off the PC.

Off Link Road.

I will have off next Monday.

He is off.

I paid him off.

60

Over

mlds lj ds mij ?kM+h Vaxh gSAbl ikj ls ml ikj

pksj nhokj ds bl ikj ls ml ikj Qkan x;kAls T;knk

dkj 60 ls T;knk dh xfr ls py jgh gSAlekIr

“kks lekIr gksus tk jgk gSAcgqr T;knk

cgqr T;knk izfrHkkoku fn[kusokyk O;ogkj er djksATo

dksog vesfjdk (dks)s tk jgk gSA

rdbls vius rd lhfer j[kksA

}kjkrqe lc ds }kjk tkus tkrs gksA

lseSaus mls rqels ckr djus dks dgkA

esaHkkjr esa vkidk Lokxr gSA

iklesjs ikl 6 cts ls igys pys vkukA

rdnl ls iPphl rd fxuksA

ls4 dks 6 ls xq.kk djksA

ls denl ctus esa 15 fefuV de gSA

ijbls fny ij er yksA

Upmij

mls igkM+h ls mij mBk;k x;kApkyw

baVjusV vc pkyw gks x;kAp<+ko

fctusl cgqr mrkj p<+ko ls Hkjk gSAmijh

njokt+s dk mijh fgLlk VwVk gSA

mijThere is a clock hanging over his head.

The thief jumped over the wall.

The car is running over 60.

The show is getting over.

Don't behave to be over-talented.

He is going to America.

Keep it to yourself.

You are known to all.

I told him to talk to you.

Welcome to India.

Come to me before 6 pm.

Count from 10 to 25.

Multiply 4 to 6.

It is quarter to ten.

Don't take it to your heart.

He was lifted up the hills.

The internet is up now.

The business is full of ups and downs.

The upside of the door is broken.

61

Withds lkFk

og viuh pkph ds lkFk jg jgk gSAls

eSa uhys isu ls fy[k jgk gwaArS;kjh ds lkFk

lgh ;ktukvksa ds lkFk dke “kq: djksAls Hkjk gqvk

mldk fnekx /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk ls Hkj fn;k x;kA esa

rh[ks uSu uD”kdh yM+dh esjh iM+kslu gS

Some more prepositions

He is living with his aunt.

I am writing with a blue pen.

Start the work with proper plans.

His brain is washed with fanaticism.

The girl with sharp feature is my neighbor.

According to ds vuqlkj In order to ds fy,Agreeably to ls lger gksrs gq, In reference to ds lanHkZ esaAlong with ds lkFk In regard to ls tqM+k gqvkAway from ls nwj In the event of ds ?kVuk dze esaBecause of ds dkj.k On account of ds dkj.kBy dint of dh rkdr ls On condition that dh fLFkfr esaBy means of ds tfj;s Owing to ds dkj.kBy reason of ds dkj.k ls With a view to ds utfj;s lsBy virtue of ds ne ijBy way of ls gksdjConformably to ds tSlkFor the sake of dh [kkfrjIn accordance with ds eqrkfcdWith reference to ds lanHkZ esaIn addition to ls tksM+rs gq,On the behalf of dh rjQ lsIn case of dh fLFkfr esaIn comparison to ls rqyuk djrs gq,In compliance with ds eqrkfcdIn consequence of ds ifj.kke esaIn course of ds dze esaIn favor of ds fgr esaIn lieu of dh txg ij

62

Word MeaningeSa I og yM+dk herqe you og yM+dh shege we os yksx they

eSa I esjk my eq>s merqe you rqEgkjk your rqEgsa youge we gekjk our gesa usog he mldk his mls himog she mldh her mls heros they mudk their mUgsa them

Verb Patternsfy[kuk write wrote writteni<+uk read read readcksyuk speak spoke spokeni<+kuk teach taught taughtnkSM+uk run ran runysuk take took takennsuk give gave given[kjhnuk buy bought boughtcspuk sell sold soldjksuk cry cried criedgaluk laugh laughed laughedihVuk beat beat beatenMkaVuk scold scoldedscoldedcrkuk tell told toldHkstuk send sent sentlquuk hear heard heardthruk win won wondjuk do did donelqukuk narrate narrated narratedI;kj djuk love loved lovedxkuk sing sang sungxkyh nsuk abuse abused abusedikuk get got gottenjguk live lived livedenn djuk help helped helpediwNuk ask asked asked

63

tokc nsuk answer answered answeredilan djuk like liked likedHkjkslk djuk trust trusted trustedBgjuk stay stayed stayed[ksyuk play played playedns[kuk see saw seenihuk drink drank drunk[kkuk eat ate eatentkuk go went gonevkuk come came come/kks[kk nsuk cheat cheated cheatedcukuk make made madeekjuk kill killed killedejuk die died diedgjkuk defeat defeated defeatedlykg nsuk advise advised advisedrksM+uk break broke broken“kknh djuk marry married marriedpykuk drive drove drivencqykuk call called calledigqapuk reach reached reachedj[kuk put put putfn[kkuk show showed showedmBuk get up got up got upcSBuk sit sat satckr djuk talk talked talkedfeyuk meet met mettkuuk know knew knownfxjQrkj djuk arrest arrested arrestedle>uk understand understood understoodlh[kuk learn learnt learntyM+uk fight fought foughtHkwyuk forget forgot forgotten

Word Meaningnq?kZVuk accidentHkfo’; futuremToy brightmRlkfgr djuk encouragens”kizse country-loveHkh alsoxqtjk le; past

64

Word Meaning;gka here D;ksafd becauseogka there okil backjkst daily “kgj citydksbZ any iwjk djuk completeloky question rHkh only thenogka ls from there ftUnk jguk survivedqN anything ;s thesepksj thief lcdqN everythingbu fnuksa these days ;kn j[kuk rememberfdruk how much cuuk betcrd until fdruk how muchysfdu but ds fy, fortc when rkjhQ djuk appreciatefQj Hkh still ckjs esa aboutvxj if fo”okl djuk believetks who / what lkFk nsuk supportnwljs other Nqikuk hidefd that jktusrk politiciansflQZ only xqejkg djuk misleadBhd rjg properly lkeuk djuk faceges”kk always lgh properyksx people cnyuk changeblfy, so i<+kbZ djuk studylkspuk think jktuhfr politics?kj home igys beforeysuk take vkSj T;knk any morelp truth vc rd till now>wB cksyuk lie with TkqYe djuk oppressdekuk earn bykt djuk curejksduk stop flikgh soldierxjhc poor cnnqvk nsuk cursetSlk as deZ deedsuQjr djuk hate [kpZ djuk spendeqf”dy trouble lykg adviceNksM+uk leave ckj ckj again and againekQ djuk forgive [kkuk cukuk cook;g lc all this ds :Ik esa asekaQh ekaxuk apologize mEehn djuk exceptxyrh mistake lkeku luggageleL;k problem gVkuk removelqy>kuk solve Mjuk fearfons”kh foreigner cgkuk excuse“kd doubt cpkuk savenwj djuk clear lEeku djuk respectdkSu lh which [kksyuk openHkk’kk language jgL; secretfu;qDr djuk apoint