Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789...Between the 16th and 18th centuries, a series of revolutions helped to usher in the modern era in Western history. Revolutions in both thought

Enlightenment and

Revolution 1550ndash1789

Previewing Main IdeasThe Scientific Revolution began when

astronomers questioned how the universe operates By shattering long-heldviews these astronomers opened a new world of discoveryGeography In what Russian city did Enlightenment ideas bloom

The thinkers of the Enlightenment challengedold ideas about power and authority Such new ways of thinking led toamong other things the American RevolutionGeography Where had Enlightenment ideas spread outside Europe

Between the 16th and 18th centuries a series of revolutionshelped to usher in the modern era in Western history Revolutions in boththought and action forever changed European and American societyGeography What city in Brandenburg-Prussia was an Enlightenment center

REVOLUTION

POWER AND AUTHORITY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

bull Interactive Mapsbull Interactive Visualsbull Interactive Primary Sources

INTERNET RESOURCES

Go to classzonecom forbull Research Links bull Mapsbull Internet Activities bull Test Practicebull Primary Sources bull Current Eventsbull Chapter Quiz

622 Chapter 22

How would you react to arevolutionary ideaYou are a university student during the late 1600s and it seems that the worldas you know it has turned upside down An English scientist named IsaacNewton has just theorized that the universe is not a dark mystery but a systemwhose parts work together in ways that can be expressed mathematically This isjust the latest in a series of arguments that have challenged old ways of thinkingin fields from astronomy to medicine Many of these ideas promise to open theway for improving society And yet they are such radical ideas that many peoplerefuse to accept them

EXAM I N I NG the I SS U ES

bull Why might people have difficulty accepting new ideas orways of thinking

bull What are the risks of embracing a different idea What aresome risks of always refusing to do so

Meet in small groups and discuss these questions As you discussthese and other issues recall other times in history when peopleexpressed ideas that were different from accepted ones As youread this chapter watch for the effects of revolutionary ideasbeliefs and discoveries

This painting by English artist Joseph Wright depicts adults and childrengazing at a miniature planetarium and its new ideas about the universe

Analyzing Causes Use a diagram to list the events and circumstances that led to the Scientific Revolution

TAKING NOTES

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment and Revolution 623

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Inthe mid-1500s scientists beganto question accepted beliefs andmake new theories based onexperimentation

Such questioning led to thedevelopment of the scientificmethod still in use today

bull geocentrictheory

bull ScientificRevolution

bull heliocentric theorybull Galileo Galileibull scientific methodbull Isaac Newton

SETTING THE STAGE As you recall the period between 1300 and 1600 wasa time of great change in Europe The Renaissance a rebirth of learning and thearts inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields Scholars began to question ideasthat had been accepted for hundreds of years Meanwhile the religious move-ment known as the Reformation prompted followers to challenge accepted waysof thinking about God and salvation While the Reformation was taking placeanother revolution in European thought had begun one that would permanentlychange how people viewed the physical world

The Roots of Modern ScienceBefore 1500 scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to anancient Greek or Roman author or to the Bible Few European scholars chal-lenged the scientific ideas of the ancient thinkers or the church by carefullyobserving nature for themselves

The Medieval View During the Middle Ages most scholars believed that theearth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe Accordingto that belief the moon the sun and the planets all moved in perfectly circularpaths around the earth Common sense seemed to support this view After all thesun appeared to be moving around the earth as it rose in the morning and set inthe evening

This earth-centered view of the universe was called the geocentric theoryThe idea came from Aristotle the Greek philosopher of the fourth century BCThe Greek astronomer Ptolemy (TOLbullabullmee) expanded the theory in the secondcentury AD In addition Christianity taught that God had deliberately placed theearth at the center of the universe Earth was thus a special place on which thegreat drama of life unfolded

A New Way of Thinking Beginning in the mid-1500s a few scholars publishedworks that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church As thesescholars replaced old assumptions with new theories they launched a change inEuropean thought that historians call the Scientific Revolution The ScientificRevolution was a new way of thinking about the natural world That way wasbased upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

The Scientific Revolution

624 Chapter 22

A combination of discoveries and circumstances led to the Scientific Revolutionand helped spread its impact During the Renaissance European explorers traveledto Africa Asia and the Americas Such lands were inhabited by peoples and ani-mals previously unknown in Europe These discoveries opened Europeans to thepossibility that there were new truths to be found The invention of the printingpress during this period helped spread challenging ideasmdashboth old and newmdashmore widely among Europersquos thinkers

The age of European exploration also fueled a great deal of scientific researchespecially in astronomy and mathematics Navigators needed better instrumentsand geographic measurements for example to determine their location in the opensea As scientists began to look more closely at the world around them they madeobservations that did not match the ancient beliefs They found they had reachedthe limit of the classical worldrsquos knowledge Yet they still needed to know more

A Revolutionary Model of the UniverseAn early challenge to accepted scientific thinking came in the field of astronomyIt started when a small group of scholars began to question the geocentric theory

The Heliocentric Theory Although backed by authority and common sense thegeocentric theory did not accurately explain the movements of the sun moon andplanets This problem troubled a Polish cleric and astronomer named Nicolaus

Copernicus (kohbullPURbullnuhbullkuhs) Inthe early 1500s Copernicus becameinterested in an old Greek idea that thesun stood at the center of the universeAfter studying planetary movementsfor more than 25 years Copernicusreasoned that indeed the stars theearth and the other planets revolvedaround the sun

Copernicusrsquos heliocentric or sun-centered theory still did not com-pletely explain why the planetsorbited the way they did He alsoknew that most scholars and clergywould reject his theory because it contradicted their religious views

Fearing ridicule or persecution Copernicus did not publish his findings until 1543the last year of his life He received a copy of his book On the Revolutions of theHeavenly Bodies on his deathbed

While revolutionary Copernicusrsquos book caused little stir at first Over the nextcentury and a half other scientists built on the foundations he had laid A Danishastronomer Tycho Brahe (TEEbullkoh brah) carefully recorded the movements ofthe planets for many years Brahe produced mountains of accurate data based onhis observations However it was left to his followers to make mathematicalsense of them

After Brahersquos death in 1601 his assistant a brilliant mathematician namedJohannes Kepler continued his work After studying Brahersquos data Kepler concludedthat certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion One of these laws showedthat the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles as waspreviously thought Keplerrsquos laws showed that Copernicusrsquos basic ideas were trueThey demonstrated mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun

RecognizingEffects

How didKeplerrsquos findingssupport the helio-centric theory

Sun JupiterMars

Mercury

Earth the stars

Saturn

This modelshows howCopernicus saw theplanets revolvingaround the sun

AnalyzingPrimary Sources

In what twoways does Galileoseek to appease the Church

Galileorsquos Discoveries An Italian scientist named Galileo Galilei built on the newtheories about astronomy As a young man Galileo learned that a Dutch lens makerhad built an instrument that could enlarge far-off objects Galileo built his owntelescope and used it to study the heavens in 1609

Then in 1610 he published a small book called Starry Messenger whichdescribed his astonishing observations Galileo announced that Jupiter had fourmoons and that the sun had dark spots He also noted that the earthrsquos moon had arough uneven surface This shattered Aristotlersquos theory that the moon and starswere made of a pure perfect substance Galileorsquos observations as well as his lawsof motion also clearly supported the theories of Copernicus

Conflict with the Church Galileorsquos findings frightened both Catholic and Protes-tant leaders because they went against church teaching and authority If peoplebelieved the church could be wrong about this they could question other churchteachings as well

In 1616 the Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend the ideas ofCopernicus Although Galileo remained publicly silent he continued his studiesThen in 1632 he published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World SystemsThis book presented the ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy but it clearlyshowed that Galileo supported the Copernican theory The pope angrily summonedGalileo to Rome to stand trial before the Inquisition

Galileo stood before the court in 1633 Under the threat of torture he kneltbefore the cardinals and read aloud a signed confession In it he agreed that theideas of Copernicus were false

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E With sincere heart and unpretendedfaith I abjure curse and detest theaforesaid errors and heresies [ofCopernicus] and also every other error contrary to the Holy Church and Iswear that in the future I will neveragain say or assert anything thatmight cause a similar suspicion toward me

GALILEO GALILEI quoted in The Discoverers

Galileo was never again a freeman He lived under house arrest anddied in 1642 at his villa near FlorenceHowever his books and ideas stillspread all over Europe (In 1992 theCatholic Church officially acknowl-edged that Galileo had been right)

The Scientific MethodThe revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus Kepler and Galileo beganeventually developed into a new approach to science called the scientific methodThe scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas It beginswith a problem or question arising from an observation Scientists next form ahypothesis or unproved assumption The hypothesis is then tested in an experimentor on the basis of data In the final step scientists analyze and interpret their data toreach a new conclusion That conclusion either confirms or disproves the hypothesis

Galileo standsbefore the papalcourt

626 Chapter 22

Bacon and Descartes The scientific method did not develop overnight The workof two important thinkers of the 1600s Francis Bacon and Reneacute Descartes(daybullKAHRT) helped to advance the new approach

Francis Bacon an English statesman and writer had a passionate interest inscience He believed that by better understanding the world scientists would gen-erate practical knowledge that would improve peoplersquos lives In his writings Baconattacked medieval scholars for relying too heavily on the conclusions of Aris-totle and other ancient thinkers Instead of reasoning from abstract theories heurged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions This approach is calledempiricism or the experimental method

In France Reneacute Descartes also took a keen interest in science He developedanalytical geometry which linked algebra and geometry This provided an impor-tant new tool for scientific research

Like Bacon Descartes believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptionsand teachings As a mathematician however he approached gaining knowledge dif-ferently than Bacon Rather than using experimentation Descartes relied on mathe-matics and logic He believed that everything should be doubted until proved byreason The only thing he knew for certain was that he existedmdashbecause as hewrote ldquoI think therefore I amrdquo From this starting point he followed a train of strictreasoning to arrive at other basic truths

Modern scientific methods are based on the ideas of Bacon and DescartesScientists have shown that observation and experimentation together with generallaws that can be expressed mathematically can lead people to a better understandingof the natural world

Newton Explains the Law of GravityBy the mid-1600s the accomplishments of Copernicus Kepler and Galileo had shat-tered the old views of astronomy and physics Later the great English scientist IsaacNewton helped to bring together their breakthroughs under a single theory of motion

ContrastingHow did

Descartesrsquosapproach to sciencediffer from Baconrsquos

1520 1570 1620

1566 Marie de CosteBlanche publishes The

Nature of the Sun and Earth

1543 Copernicus publishes heliocentric theory

Vesalius publishes human anatomy textbook

1609 Kepler publishes first two laws of planetary

motion

1610 Galileo publishes Starry Messenger

1620 Baconrsquos book Novum Organum (New Instrument) encourages

experimental method

1590 Jansseninvents

microscope

NicolausCopernicus beganthe ScientificRevolution with hisheliocentric theory

Changing Idea Scientific Method

Scholars generally relied on ancientauthorities church teachings commonsense and reasoning to explain thephysical world

In time scholars began to use observationexperimentation and scientific reasoning togather knowledge and draw conclusionsabout the physical world

Old Science New Science

Newton studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University By the timehe was 26 Newton was certain that all physical objects were affected equally by thesame forces Newtonrsquos great discovery was that the same force ruled motion of theplanets and all matter on earth and in space The key idea that linked motion in theheavens with motion on the earth was the law of universal gravitation Accordingto this law every object in the universe attracts every other object The degree ofattraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them

In 1687 Newton published his ideas in a work called The MathematicalPrinciples of Natural Philosophy It was one of the most important scientific booksever written The universe he described was like a giant clock Its parts all workedtogether perfectly in ways that could be expressed mathematically Newtonbelieved that God was the creator of this orderly universe the clockmaker who hadset everything in motion

The Scientific Revolution SpreadsAs astronomers explored the secrets of the universe other scientists began to studythe secrets of nature on earth Careful observation and the use of the scientificmethod eventually became important in many different fields

Scientific Instruments Scientists developed new tools and instruments to makethe precise observations that the scientific method demanded The first microscopewas invented by a Dutch maker of eyeglasses Zacharias Janssen (YAHNbullsuhn)in 1590 In the 1670s a Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist namedAnton van Leeuwenhoek (LAYbullvuhnbullHUK) used a microscope to observe bacteriaswimming in tooth scrapings He also examined red blood cells for the first time

In 1643 one of Galileorsquos students Evangelista Torricelli (TAWRbulluhbullCHEHLbullee)developed the first mercury barometer a tool for measuring atmospheric pressureand predicting weather In 1714 the German physicist Gabriel Fahrenheit(FARbulluhnbullHYT) made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass Fahrenheitrsquosthermometer showed water freezing at 32deg A Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius(SEHLbullseebulluhs) created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742Celsiusrsquos scale showed freezing at 0deg

Medicine and the Human Body During the Middle Ages European doctors hadaccepted as fact the writings of an ancient Greek physician named Galen HoweverGalen had never dissected the body of a human being Instead he had studied theanatomy of pigs and other animals Galen assumed that human anatomy was muchthe same A Flemish physician named Andreas Vesalius proved Galenrsquos assumptionswrong Vesalius dissected human corpses and published his observations His

ClarifyingWhy was the

law of gravitationimportant

1620 1670 1720

1637 Descartesrsquos book Discourse on Method sets forth his scientific method of reasoning from the basis of doubt

1643 Torricelli invents barometer 1660 England establishes Royal

Society to support scientific study

1662 Boyle discovers mathematical relationship between the pressure and volume of gases known as Boylersquos law

1674 Leeuwenhoek observes bacteria through microscope

1714 Fahrenheit invents mercury thermometer

1687 Newton publishes law of gravity

1666 France establishes Academy of Sciences

1633 Galileo faces Inquisition

for support of Copernicusrsquos

theory

1628 Harvey reveals how

human heart functions

Isaac Newtonrsquoslaw of gravityexplained how thesame physical lawsgoverned motionboth on earth andin the heavens

628 Chapter 22

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull geocentric theory bull Scientific Revolution bull heliocentric theory bull Galileo Galilei bull scientific method bull Isaac Newton

USING YOUR NOTES2 Which event or circumstance

do you consider to be the most significant Why

MAIN IDEAS3 Before the 1500s who and

what were the final authoritieswith regard to most knowledge

4 How did the heliocentric theoryof the universe differ from thegeocentric theory

5 What are the main steps of thescientific method

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

Research a modern-day invention or new way of thinking and then describe it and its impacton society to the class in a poster or annotated diagram

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS ldquoIf I have seen farther than

othersrdquo said Newton ldquoit is because I have stood on theshoulders of giantsrdquo Could this be said of most scientificaccomplishments Explain

7 ANALYZING MOTIVES Why might institutions of authoritytend to reject new ideas

8 FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you agreewith Galileorsquos actions during his Inquisition Explain

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Create atelevision script for a discovery of the Scientific RevolutionInclude key people ideas and accomplishments

CONNECT TO TODAY

Causes of theScientific Revolution

book On the Structure of the Human Body(1543) was filled with detailed drawings ofhuman organs bones and muscle

In the late 1700s British physicianEdward Jenner introduced a vaccine to pre-vent smallpox Inoculation using live small-pox germs had been practiced in Asia forcenturies While beneficial this techniquecould also be dangerous Jenner discoveredthat inoculation with germs from a cattle dis-ease called cowpox gave permanent protec-tion from smallpox for humans Becausecowpox was a much milder disease the risksfor this form of inoculation were muchlower Jenner used cowpox to produce theworldrsquos first vaccination

Discoveries in Chemistry Robert Boyle pio-neered the use of the scientific method in

chemistry He is considered the founder of modern chemistry In a book called TheSceptical Chymist (1661) Boyle challenged Aristotlersquos idea that the physical worldconsisted of four elementsmdashearth air fire and water Instead Boyle proposed thatmatter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different waysBoylersquos most famous contribution to chemistry is Boylersquos law This law explains howthe volume temperature and pressure of gas affect each other

The notions of reason and order which spurred so many breakthroughs in sci-ence soon moved into other fields of life Philosophers and scholars across Europebegan to rethink long-held beliefs about the human condition most notably therights and liberties of ordinary citizens These thinkers helped to usher in a move-ment that challenged the age-old relationship between a government and its peo-ple and eventually changed forever the political landscape in numerous societies

Vocabulary Inoculation is theact of injecting agerm into a per-sonrsquos body so as tocreate an immunityto the disease

The famousDutch painterRembrandt paintedAnatomy Lesson ofDr Tulp in 1632from an actualanatomy lessonThe corpse was thatof a criminal

POWER AND AUTHORITY Arevolution in intellectual activitychanged Europeansrsquo view ofgovernment and society

The various freedoms enjoyed inmany countries today are aresult of Enlightenment thinking

bull Enlightenmentbull social contractbull John Lockebull philosophebull Voltaire

bull Montesquieubull Rousseaubull Mary

Wollstonecraft

SETTING THE STAGE In the wake of the Scientific Revolution and the newways of thinking it prompted scholars and philosophers began to reevaluate oldnotions about other aspects of society They sought new insight into the underly-ing beliefs regarding government religion economics and education Theirefforts spurred the Enlightenment a new intellectual movement that stressedreason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems Known alsoas the Age of Reason the movement reached its height in the mid-1700s andbrought great change to many aspects of Western civilization

Two Views on GovernmentThe Enlightenment started from some key ideas put forth by two English politicalthinkers of the 1600s Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Both men experiencedthe political turmoil of England early in that century However they came to verydifferent conclusions about government and human nature

Hobbesrsquos Social Contract Thomas Hobbes expressed his views in a workcalled Leviathan (1651) The horrors of the English Civil War convinced him thatall humans were naturally selfish and wicked Without governments to keeporder Hobbes said there would be ldquowar of every man against every manrdquoand life would be ldquosolitary poor nasty brutish and shortrdquo

Hobbes argued that to escape such a bleak life people had to hand over theirrights to a strong ruler In exchange they gained law and order Hobbes called thisagreement by which people created a government the social contract Becausepeople acted in their own self-interest Hobbes said the ruler needed total powerto keep citizens under control The best government was one that had the awesomepower of a leviathan (sea monster) In Hobbesrsquos view such a government was anabsolute monarchy which could impose order and demand obedience

The Enlightenment in Europe

Outlining Use an outline to organize main ideas and details

TAKING NOTES

Enlightenment in EuropeI Two Views onGovernment

II The PhilosophesAdvocate Reason

Changing Idea The Right to Govern

A monarchrsquos rule is justified bydivine right

A governmentrsquos power comes from theconsent of the governed

Old Idea New Idea

VocabularySatire is the use ofirony sarcasm orwit to attack follyvice or stupidity

Lockersquos Natural Rights The philosopher John Locke held a different morepositive view of human nature He believed that people could learn from experi-ence and improve themselves As reasonable beings they had the natural ability togovern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society Locke criticizedabsolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government

According to Locke all people are born free and equal with three natural rightsmdashlife liberty and property The purpose of government said Locke is to protect theserights If a government fails to do so citizens have a right to overthrow it Lockersquostheory had a deep influence on modern political thinking His belief that a govern-mentrsquos power comes from the consent of the people is the foundation of moderndemocracy The ideas of government by popular consent and the right to rebel againstunjust rulers helped inspire struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas

The Philosophes Advocate ReasonThe Enlightenment reached its height in France in themid-1700s Paris became the meeting place for people whowanted to discuss politics and ideas The social critics ofthis period in France were known as philosophes(FIHLbulluhbullSAHFS) the French word for philosophers Thephilosophes believed that people could apply reason to allaspects of life just as Isaac Newton had applied reason toscience Five concepts formed the core of their beliefs

1 Reason Enlightened thinkers believed truth could bediscovered through reason or logical thinking

2 Nature The philosophes believed that what wasnatural was also good and reasonable

3 Happiness The philosophes rejected the medievalnotion that people should find joy in the hereafter andurged people to seek well-being on earth

4 Progress The philosophes stressed that society andhumankind could improve

5 Liberty The philosophes called for the liberties thatthe English people had won in their GloriousRevolution and Bill of Rights

Voltaire Combats Intolerance Probably the most brilliantand influential of the philosophes was Franccedilois MarieArouet Using the pen name Voltaire he published morethan 70 books of political essays philosophy and drama

Voltaire often used satire against his opponents He madefrequent targets of the clergy the aristocracy and the govern-ment His sharp tongue made him enemies at the Frenchcourt and twice he was sent to prison After his second jailterm Voltaire was exiled to England for more than two years

Although he made powerful enemies Voltaire neverstopped fighting for tolerance reason freedom of religiousbelief and freedom of speech He used his quill pen as if itwere a deadly weapon in a thinkerrsquos war against humanityrsquosworst enemiesmdashintolerance prejudice and superstition Hesummed up his staunch defense of liberty in one of his mostfamous quotes ldquoI do not agree with a word you say but willdefend to the death your right to say itrdquo

ContrastingHow does

Lockersquos view ofhuman nature differfrom that ofHobbes

630 Chapter 22

Voltaire 1694ndash1778

Voltaire befriended several Europeanmonarchs and nobles Among themwas the Prussian king Frederick IIThe two men seemed like idealcompanions Both were witty andpreferred to dress in shabbyrumpled clothes

Their relationship eventuallysoured however Voltaire dislikedediting Frederickrsquos mediocre poetrywhile Frederick suspected Voltaire ofshady business dealings Voltaireeventually described the Prussianking as ldquoa nasty monkey perfidiousfriend [and] wretched poetrdquoFrederick in turn called Voltaire aldquomiser dirty rogue [and] cowardrdquo

RESEARCH LINKS For more onVoltaire go to classzonecom

Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers Another influential French writerthe Baron de Montesquieu (MAHNbulltuhbullSKYOO) devoted himself to the study ofpolitical liberty Montesquieu believed that Britain was the best-governed and mostpolitically balanced country of his own day The British king and his ministersheld executive power They carried out the laws of the state The members ofParliament held legislative power They made the laws The judges of the Englishcourts held judicial power They interpreted the laws to see how each applied to aspecific case Montesquieu called this division of power among different branchesseparation of powers

Montesquieu oversimplified the British system It did not actually separatepowers this way His idea however became a part of his most famous book On theSpirit of Laws (1748) In his book Montesquieu proposed that separation of pow-ers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the govern-ment ldquoPowerrdquo he wrote ldquoshould be a check to powerrdquo This idea later would becalled checks and balances

Montesquieursquos book was admired by political leaders in the British colonies ofNorth America His ideas about separation of powers and checks and balancesbecame the basis for the United States Constitution

Rousseau Champion of Freedom A third great philosophe Jean JacquesRousseau (roobullSOH) was passionately committed to individual freedom The sonof a poor Swiss watchmaker Rousseau won recognition as a writer of essays Astrange brilliant and controversial figure Rousseau strongly disagreed with other

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

Laws Protect FreedomBoth Montesquieu and Rousseau believed firmly that fairand just lawsmdashnot monarchs or unrestrained mobsmdashshouldgovern society Here Rousseau argues that laws establishedby and for the people are the hallmark of a free society

Laws Ensure SecurityWhile laws work to protect citizens from abusive rulersMontesquieu argues that they also guard against anarchyand mob rule

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS1 Analyzing Issues Why should citizens be the authors of societyrsquos laws according

to Rousseau2 Making Inferences Why does Montesquieu believe that disobeying laws leads to a

loss of liberty

I therefore give the name ldquoRepublicrdquo to everystate that is governed by laws no matter what

the form of its administration may be foronly in such a case does the public interestgovern and the res republica rank as areality Laws are properly speaking only the conditions of civil association Thepeople being subject to the laws ought to

be their author the conditions of the societyought to be regulated by those who come

together to form itJEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU The Social Contract

It is true that in democracies the people seemto act as they please but political libertydoes not consist in an unlimited freedom We must have continually present to

our minds the difference betweenindependence and liberty Liberty is aright of doing whatever the laws permitand if a citizen could do what they [thelaws] forbid he would be no longerpossessed of liberty because all his fellow-citizens would have the same power

BARON DE MONTESQUIEU The Spirit of Laws

Analyzing IssuesWhat advan-

tages didMontesquieu see inthe separation ofpowers

Enlightenment thinkers on many matters Most philosophes believed that reasonscience and art would improve life for all people Rousseau however argued thatcivilization corrupted peoplersquos natural goodness ldquoMan is born free and every-where he is in chainsrdquo he wrote

Rousseau believed that the only good government was one that was freely formedby the people and guided by the ldquogeneral willrdquo of societymdasha direct democracyUnder such a government people agree to give up some of their freedom in favorof the common good In 1762 he explained his political philosophy in a bookcalled The Social Contract

Rousseaursquos view of the social contract differed greatly from that of Hobbes ForHobbes the social contract was an agreement between a society and its govern-ment For Rousseau it was an agreement among free individuals to create a societyand a government

Like Locke Rousseau argued that legitimate government came from the consentof the governed However Rousseau believed in a much broader democracy thanLocke had promoted He argued that all people were equal and that titles of nobil-ity should be abolished Rousseaursquos ideas inspired many of the leaders of theFrench Revolution who overthrew the monarchy in 1789

Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice An Italian philosophe named CesareBonesana Beccaria (BAYKbulluhbullREEbullah) turned his thoughts to the justice system Hebelieved that laws existed to preserve social order not to avenge crimes Beccariaregularly criticized common abuses of justice They included torturing of witnessesand suspects irregular proceedings in trials and punishments that were arbitrary orcruel He argued that a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial andthat torture should never be used Moreover he said the degree of punishment shouldbe based on the seriousness of the crime He also believed that capital punishmentshould be abolished

Beccaria based his ideas about justice on the principle that governments shouldseek the greatest good for the greatest number of people His ideas influencedcriminal law reformers in Europe and North America

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Major Ideas of the Enlightenment

Fundamental to US Declaration of Independence

France United States and Latin American nations use separation of powers in new constitutions

Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen European monarchs reduce oreliminate censorship

Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe and the Americas

Guaranteed in US Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen European monarchs reducepersecution

Womenrsquos rights groups form in Europe and North America

Idea Thinker Impact

Natural rightsmdashlife liberty property

Separation of powers

Freedom of thought and expression

Abolishment of torture

Religious freedom

Womenrsquos equality

632 Chapter 22

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Charts1 Analyzing Issues What important documents reflect the influence of Enlightenment ideas 2 Forming Opinions Which are the two most important Enlightenment ideas Support your answer with reasons

Women and the EnlightenmentThe philosophes challenged many assumptions about gov-ernment and society But they often took a traditional viewtoward women Rousseau for example developed many pro-gressive ideas about education However he believed that agirlrsquos education should mainly teach her how to be a helpfulwife and mother Other male social critics scolded women forreading novels because they thought it encouraged idlenessand wickedness Still some male writers argued for moreeducation for women and for womenrsquos equality in marriage

Women writers also tried to improve the status of womenIn 1694 the English writer Mary Astell published A SeriousProposal to the Ladies Her book addressed the lack of edu-cational opportunities for women In later writings she usedEnlightenment arguments about government to criticize theunequal relationship between men and women in marriageShe wrote ldquoIf absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a statehow comes it to be so in a family If all men are born freehow is it that all women are born slavesrdquo

During the 1700s other women picked up these themesAmong the most persuasive was Mary Wollstonecraft whopublished an essay called A Vindication of the Rights ofWoman in 1792 In the essay she disagreed with Rousseauthat womenrsquos education should be secondary to menrsquos Rathershe argued that women like men need education to becomevirtuous and useful Wollstonecraft also urged women to enterthe male-dominated fields of medicine and politics

Women made important contributions to the Enlight-enment in other ways In Paris and other European citieswealthy women helped spread Enlightenment ideas throughsocial gatherings called salons which you will read aboutlater in this chapter

One woman fortunate enough to receive an education inthe sciences was Emilie du Chacirctelet (shahbulltlay) DuChacirctelet was an aristocrat trained as a mathematician andphysicist By translating Newtonrsquos work from Latin intoFrench she helped stimulate interest in science in France

Legacy of the EnlightenmentOver a span of a few decades Enlightenment writers challenged long-held ideasabout society They examined such principles as the divine right of monarchs theunion of church and state and the existence of unequal social classes They heldthese beliefs up to the light of reason and found them in need of reform

The philosophes mainly lived in the world of ideas They formed and popular-ized new theories Although they encouraged reform they were not active revolu-tionaries However their theories eventually inspired the American and Frenchrevolutions and other revolutionary movements in the 1800s Enlightenment think-ing produced three other long-term effects that helped shape Western civilization

Belief in Progress The first effect was a belief in progress Pioneers such asGalileo and Newton had discovered the key for unlocking the mysteries of nature inthe 1500s and 1600s With the door thus opened the growth of scientific knowledge

Mary Wollstonecraft 1759ndash1797

A strong advocate of education forwomen Wollstonecraft herself receivedlittle formal schooling She and hertwo sisters taught themselves bystudying books at home With hersisters she briefly ran a school Theseexperiences shaped much of herthoughts about education

Wollstonecraft eventually took a job with a London publisher Thereshe met many leading radicals of theday One of them was her futurehusband the writer William GodwinWollstonecraft died at age 38 aftergiving birth to their daughter MaryThis child whose married name wasMary Wollstonecraft Shelley went onto write the classic novel Frankenstein

RESEARCH LINKS For more on MaryWollstonecraft go to classzonecom

DrawingConclusions

Why do youthink the issue ofeducation wasimportant to bothAstell andWollstonecraft

634 Chapter 22

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Enlightenment bull social contract bull John Locke bull philosophe bull Voltaire bull Montesquieu bull Rousseau bull Mary Wollstonecraft

USING YOUR NOTES2 Which impact of the Enlight-

enment do you consider mostimportant Why

MAIN IDEAS3 What are the natural rights with

which people are bornaccording to John Locke

4 Who were the philosophes andwhat did they advocate

5 What was the legacy of theEnlightenment

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

PRESENTING AN ORAL REPORT

Identify someone considered a modern-day social critic Explore the personrsquos beliefs andmethods and present your findings to the class in a brief oral report

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 SYNTHESIZING Explain how the following statement

reflects Enlightenment ideas ldquoPower should be a checkto powerrdquo

7 ANALYZING ISSUES Why might some women have beencritical of the Enlightenment

8 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Do you think the philosopheswere optimistic about the future of humankind Explain

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Compare theviews of Hobbes Locke and Rousseau on governmentThen write one paragraph about how their ideas reflecttheir understanding of human behavior

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

seemed to quicken in the 1700s Scientists made key new discoveries in chemistryphysics biology and mechanics The successes of the Scientific Revolution gavepeople the confidence that human reason could solve social problems Philosophesand reformers urged an end to the practice of slavery and argued for greater socialequality as well as a more democratic style of government

A More Secular Outlook A second outcome was the rise of a more secular ornon-religious outlook During the Enlightenment people began to question openlytheir religious beliefs and the teachings of the church Before the ScientificRevolution people accepted the mysteries of the universe as the workings of GodOne by one scientists discovered that these mysteries could be explained mathemat-ically Newton himself was a deeply religious man and he sought to reveal Godrsquosmajesty through his work However his findings often caused people to change theway they thought about God

Meanwhile Voltaire and other critics attacked some of the beliefs and practicesof organized Christianity They wanted to rid religious faith of superstition and fearand promote tolerance of all religions

Importance of the Individual Faith in science and in progress produced a thirdoutcome the rise of individualism As people began to turn away from the churchand royalty for guidance they looked to themselves instead

The philosophes encouraged people to use their own ability to reason in order tojudge what was right or wrong They also emphasized the importance of the individ-ual in society Government they argued was formed by individuals to promote theirwelfare The British thinker Adam Smith extended the emphasis on the individual toeconomic thinking He believed that individuals acting in their own self-interestcreated economic progress Smithrsquos theory is discussed in detail in Chapter 25

During the Enlightenment reason took center stage The greatest minds ofEurope followed each otherrsquos work with interest and often met to discuss their ideasSome of the kings and queens of Europe were also very interested As you will learnin Section 3 they sought to apply some of the philosophesrsquo ideas to create progressin their countries

636 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITYEnlightenment ideas spreadthrough the Western world andprofoundly influenced the artsand government

An ldquoenlightenedrdquo problem-solving approach to governmentand society prevails in moderncivilization today

bull salonbull baroquebull neoclassical

bull enlighteneddespot

bull Catherinethe Great

SETTING THE STAGE The philosophesrsquo views about society often got them introuble In France it was illegal to criticize either the Catholic Church or the gov-ernment Many philosophes landed in jail or were exiled Voltaire for exampleexperienced both punishments Nevertheless the Enlightenment spread through-out Europe with the help of books magazines and word of mouth In timeEnlightenment ideas influenced everything from the artistic world to the royalcourts across the continent

A World of IdeasIn the 1700s Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe Youngpeople from around Europemdashand also from the Americasmdashcame to study phi-losophize and enjoy the culture of the bustling city The brightest minds of theage gathered there From their circles radiated the ideas of the Enlightenment

The buzz of Enlightenment ideas was most intense in the mansions of severalwealthy women of Paris There in their large drawing rooms these hostesses heldregular social gatherings called salons At these events philosophers writersartists scientists and other great intellects met to discuss ideas

Diderotrsquos Encyclopedia The most influential of the salon hostesses in Voltairersquostime was Marie-Theacuteregravese Geoffrin (zhuhbullfrehn) She helped finance the project ofa leading philosophe named Denis Diderot (DEEbullduhbullROH) Diderot created alarge set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articlesand essays He called it Encyclopedia and began publishing the first volumes in 1751

The Enlightenment views expressed in the articles soon angered both theFrench government and the Catholic Church Their censors banned the workThey said it undermined royal authority encouraged a spirit of revolt and fos-tered ldquomoral corruption irreligion and unbeliefrdquo Nonetheless Diderot contin-ued publishing his Encyclopedia

The salons and the Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas to edu-cated people all over Europe Enlightenment ideas also eventually spreadthrough newspapers pamphlets and even political songs Enlightenment ideasabout government and equality attracted the attention of a growing literate mid-dle class which could afford to buy many books and support the work of artists

The Enlightenment Spreads

Summarizing Use aweb diagram to listexamples of eachconcept related to thespread of ideas

TAKING NOTES

Spread of Enlightenment Ideas

art and literature monarchy

circulation of ideas

New Artistic StylesThe Enlightenment ideals of order and reason were reflected in the artsmdashmusicliterature painting and architecture

Neoclassical Style Emerges European art of the 1600s and early 1700s had beendominated by the style called baroque which was characterized by a grand ornatedesign Baroque styles could be seen in elaborate palaces such as Versailles (seepage 600) and in numerous paintings

Under the influence of the Enlightenment styles began to change Artists andarchitects worked in a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and themesfrom classical Greece and Rome The artistic style of the late 1700s is thereforecalled neoclassical (ldquonew classicalrdquo)

Changes in Music and Literature Music styles also changed to reflectEnlightenment ideals The music scene in Europe had been dominated by suchcomposers as Johann Sebastian Bach of Germany and George Friedrich Handel ofEngland These artists wrote dramatic organ and choral music During theEnlightenment a new lighter and more elegant style of music known as classicalemerged Three composers in Vienna Austria rank among the greatest figures ofthe classical period in music They were Franz Joseph Haydn Wolfgang AmadeusMozart and Ludwig van Beethoven

Writers in the 18th century also developed new styles and forms of literature Anumber of European authors began writing novels which are lengthy works of prosefiction Their works had carefully crafted plots used suspense and explored charac-tersrsquo thoughts and feelings These books were popular with a wide middle-class audi-ence who liked the entertaining stories written in everyday language Writersincluding many women turned out a flood of popular novels in the 1700s

Samuel Richardsonrsquos Pamela is often considered the first true English novel Ittells the story of a young servant girl who refuses the advances of her masterAnother English masterpiece Tom Jones by Henry Fielding tells the story of anorphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady

Cybercafeacutes These days when people around the worldgather to explore new ideas and discusscurrent events many do so at Internet cafeacutesThese are coffee shops or restaurants that alsoprovide access to computers for a small fee

While Internet cafeacutes originated in theUnited States they are thought to be on thedecline in America as more people becomeable to afford their own computers

Overseas however Internet cafeacutes continueto boom Observers estimate that some200000 operate in China Most of them areillegal Chinarsquos Communist government haslittle desire to give so many of its citizensaccess to the kind of uncensored informationthat the Internet provides As was the casewith the Enlightenment however the spreadof new ideas is often too powerful to stop

638 Chapter 22

Enlightenment and MonarchyFrom the salons artistsrsquo studios and concert halls of Europe the Enlightenmentspirit also swept through Europersquos royal courts Many philosophes includingVoltaire believed that the best form of government was a monarchy in which theruler respected the peoplersquos rights The philosophes tried to convince monarchs torule justly Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made reforms thatreflected the Enlightenment spirit They became known as enlightened despotsDespot means ldquoabsolute rulerrdquo

The enlightened despots supported the philosophesrsquo ideas But they also had nointention of giving up any power The changes they made were motivated by twodesires they wanted to make their countries stronger and their own rule more effec-tive The foremost of Europersquos enlightened despots were Frederick II of PrussiaHoly Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria and Catherine the Great of Russia

Frederick the Great Frederick II the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 com-mitted himself to reforming Prussia He granted many religious freedoms reducedcensorship and improved education He also reformed the justice system and abol-ished the use of torture However Frederickrsquos changes only went so far For exam-ple he believed that serfdom was wrong but he did nothing to end it since he

needed the support of wealthy landowners As a result he never tried to changethe existing social order

Perhaps Frederickrsquos most important contribution was his attitude towardbeing king He called himself ldquothe first servant of the staterdquo From the begin-ning of his reign he made it clear that his goal was to serve and strengthenhis country This attitude was clearly one that appealed to the philosophes

Joseph II The most radical royal reformer was Joseph II of Austria Theson and successor of Maria Theresa Joseph II ruled Austria from 1780 to1790 He introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press He also sup-

ported freedom of worship even for Protestants Orthodox Christians andJews In his most radical reform Joseph abolished serfdom and ordered that

peasants be paid for their labor with cash Not surprisingly the nobles firmlyresisted this change Like many of Josephrsquos reforms it was undone after his death

Catherine the Great The ruler most admired by the philosophes was Catherine IIknown as Catherine the Great She ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 The well-educated empress read the works of philosophes and she exchanged many letters withVoltaire She ruled with absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia

In 1767 Catherine formed a commission to review Russiarsquos laws She presentedit with a brilliant proposal for reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu andBeccaria Among other changes she recommended allowing religious tolerationand abolishing torture and capital punishment Her commission however accom-plished none of these lofty goals

Catherine eventually put in place limited reforms but she did little to improve thelife of the Russian peasants Her views about enlightened ideas changed after a mas-sive uprising of serfs in 1773 With great brutality Catherinersquos army crushed the

Analyzing MotivesWhy did the

enlightened despotsundertake reforms

VocabularySerfdom was a sys-tem in which peas-ants were forced tolive and work on alandownerrsquos estate

Joseph II

Changing Idea Relationship Between Ruler and State

The state and its citizens exist to serve themonarch As Louis XIV reportedly said ldquoIam the staterdquo

The monarch exists to serve the state andsupport citizensrsquo welfare As Frederick theGreat said a ruler is only ldquothe first servantof the staterdquo

Old Idea New Idea

rebellion Catherine had previously favored an end to serf-dom However the revolt convinced her that she needed thenoblesrsquo support to keep her throne Therefore she gave thenobles absolute power over the serfs As a result Russianserfs lost their last traces of freedom

Catherine Expands Russia Peter the Great who ruledRussia in the early 1700s had fought for years to win a porton the Baltic Sea Likewise Catherine sought access to theBlack Sea In two wars with the Ottoman Turks her armiesfinally won control of the northern shore of the Black SeaRussia also gained the right to send ships through Ottoman-controlled straits leading from the Black Sea to theMediterranean Sea

Catherine also expanded her empire westward intoPoland In Poland the king was relatively weak and inde-pendent nobles held the most power The three neighboringpowersmdashRussia Prussia and Austriamdasheach tried to asserttheir influence over the country In 1772 these land-hungryneighbors each took a piece of Poland in what is called theFirst Partition of Poland In further partitions in 1793 and1795 they grabbed up the rest of Polandrsquos territory Withthese partitions Poland disappeared as an independentcountry for more than a century

By the end of her remarkable reign Catherine had vastlyenlarged the Russian empire Meanwhile as Russia wasbecoming an international power another great powerBritain faced a challenge from its North Americancolonies Inspired by Enlightenment ideas colonial leadersdecided to do the unthinkable break away from their rulingcountry and found an independent republic

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull salon bull baroque bull neoclassical bull enlightened despot bull Catherine the Great

USING YOUR NOTES2 What are two generalizations

you could make about thespread of Enlightenment ideas

MAIN IDEAS3 What were the defining aspects

of neoclassical art

4 What new form of literatureemerged during the 18thcentury and what were its maincharacteristics

5 Why were several rulers in 18thcentury Europe known asenlightened despots

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS What advantages did salons have

over earlier forms of communication in spreading ideas

7 ANALYZING ISSUES In what way were the enlighteneddespots less than true reformers Cite specific examplesfrom the text

8 MAKING INFERENCES How did the Encyclopedia projectreflect the age of Enlightenment

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Imagine youare a public relations consultant for an enlighteneddespot Write a press release explaining why your clientis ldquoMost Enlightened Despot of the 1700srdquo

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

Use the Internet to find out more about a composer or writermentioned in this section Then write a brief character sketch on thatartist focusing on interesting pieces of information about his or her life

Catherine the Great 1729ndash1796

The daughter of a minor Germanprince Catherine was 15 when she washanded over to marry the Grand DukePeter heir to the Russian throne

Peter was mentally unstableCatherine viewed her husbandrsquosweakness as her chance for powerShe made important friends amongRussiarsquos army officers and becameknown as the most intelligent andbest-informed person at court In1762 only months after her husbandbecame czar Catherine had himarrested and confined Soonafterward Peter conveniently diedprobably by murder

SynthesizingHow accurately

does the termenlightened despotdescribe Catherinethe Great Explain

INTERNET KEYWORDSbiography European Enlightenment

Identifying Problemsand Solutions Use a chart to list the problemsAmerican colonists facedin shaping their republicand solutions they found

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

REVOLUTION Enlightenmentideas helped spur the Americancolonies to shed British rule andcreate a new nation

The revolution created arepublic the United States ofAmerica that became a modelfor many nations of the world

bull Declaration ofIndependence

bull ThomasJefferson

bull checks andbalances

bull federal systembull Bill of Rights

SETTING THE STAGE Philosophes such as Voltaire considered Englandrsquosgovernment the most progressive in Europe The Glorious Revolution of 1688had given England a constitutional monarchy In essence this meant that variouslaws limited the power of the English king Despite the view of the philosopheshowever a growing number of Englandrsquos colonists in North America accusedEngland of tyrannical rule Emboldened by Enlightenment ideas they wouldattempt to overthrow what was then the mightiest power on earth and create theirown nation

Britain and Its American ColoniesThroughout the 1600s and 1700s British colonists had formed a large andthriving settlement along the eastern shore of North America When George IIIbecame king of Great Britain in 1760 his North American colonies were grow-ing by leaps and bounds Their combined population soared from about 250000in 1700 to 2150000 in 1770 a nearly ninefold increase Economically thecolonies thrived on trade with the nations of Europe

Along with increasing population and prosperity a new sense of identity wasgrowing in the colonistsrsquo minds By the mid-1700s colonists had been living inAmerica for nearly 150 years Each of the 13 colonies had its own government andpeople were used to a great degree of independence Colonists saw themselves lessas British and more as Virginians or Pennsylvanians However they were stillBritish subjects and were expected to obey British law

In 1651 the British Parliament passed a trade law calledthe Navigation Act This and subsequent trade laws pre-vented colonists from selling their most valuable productsto any country except Britain In addition colonists had topay high taxes on imported French and Dutch goodsNonetheless Britainrsquos policies benefited both the coloniesand the motherland Britain bought American raw materi-als for low prices and sold manufactured goods to thecolonists And despite various British trade restrictionscolonial merchants also thrived Such a spirit of relativeharmony however soon would change

The American Revolution

This Frenchsnuffbox pictures (left to right) VoltaireRousseau andcolonial states-man BenjaminFranklin

Americans Win IndependenceIn 1754 war erupted on the North American continentbetween the English and the French As you recall theFrench had also colonized parts of North America through-out the 1600s and 1700s The conflict was known as theFrench and Indian War (The name stems from the fact thatthe French enlisted numerous Native American tribes tofight on their side) The fighting lasted until 1763 whenBritain and her colonists emerged victoriousmdashand seizednearly all French land in North America

The victory however only led to growing tensionsbetween Britain and its colonists In order to fight the warGreat Britain had run up a huge debt Because Americancolonists benefited from Britainrsquos victory Britain expectedthe colonists to help pay the costs of the war In 1765Parliament passed the Stamp Act According to this lawcolonists had to pay a tax to have an official stamp put onwills deeds newspapers and other printed material

American colonists were outraged They had never paidtaxes directly to the British government before Coloniallawyers argued that the stamp tax violated colonistsrsquo naturalrights and they accused the government of ldquotaxation with-out representationrdquo In Britain citizens consented to taxesthrough their representatives in Parliament The colonistshowever had no representation in Parliament Thus theyargued they could not be taxed

Growing Hostility Leads to War Over the next decadehostilities between the two sides increased Some colonialleaders favored independence from Britain In 1773 toprotest an import tax on tea a group of colonists dumped alarge load of British tea into Boston Harbor George IIIinfuriated by the ldquoBoston Tea Partyrdquo as it was calledordered the British navy to close the port of Boston

Such harsh tactics by the British made enemies of manymoderate colonists In September 1774 representativesfrom every colony except Georgia gathered in Philadelphiato form the First Continental Congress This groupprotested the treatment of Boston When the king paid littleattention to their complaints the colonies decided to formthe Second Continental Congress to debate their next move

On April 19 1775 British soldiers and American militia-men exchanged gunfire on the village green in Lexington Massachusetts Thefighting spread to nearby Concord The Second Continental Congress voted toraise an army and organize for battle under the command of a Virginian namedGeorge Washington The American Revolution had begun

The Influence of the Enlightenment Colonial leaders used Enlightenment ideas tojustify independence The colonists had asked for the same political rights as peoplein Britain they said but the king had stubbornly refused Therefore the colonists werejustified in rebelling against a tyrant who had broken the social contract

In July 1776 the Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration ofIndependence This document written by political leader Thomas Jefferson

Analyzing CausesHow did the

French and IndianWar lead to theStamp Act

Thomas Jefferson 1743ndash1826

The author of the Declaration ofIndependence Thomas Jefferson ofVirginia was a true figure of theEnlightenment As a writer andstatesman he supported free speechreligious freedom and other civilliberties At the same time he wasalso a slave owner

Jefferson was a man of manytalents He was an inventor as well asone of the great architects of earlyAmerica He designed the Virginiastate capitol building in Richmondand many buildings for the Universityof Virginia Of all his achievementsJefferson wanted to be mostremembered for three author of theDeclaration of Independence authorof the Statute of Virginia for ReligiousFreedom and founder of theUniversity of Virginia

INTERNET ACTIVITY Create a time lineof Jeffersonrsquos major achievements Goto classzonecom for your research

was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment The Declara-tion reflected these ideas in its eloquent argument for natural rights ldquoWe hold thesetruths to be self-evidentrdquo states the beginning of the Declaration ldquothat all men arecreated equal that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienablerights that among these are life liberty and the pursuit of happinessrdquo

Since Locke had asserted that people had the right to rebel against an unjust rulerthe Declaration of Independence included a long list of George IIIrsquos abuses The doc-ument ended by declaring the coloniesrsquo separation from Britain The colonies theDeclaration said ldquoare absolved from all allegiance to the British crownrdquo

Success for the Colonists The British were not about to let their colonies leave with-out a fight Shortly after the publication of the Declaration of Independence the twosides went to war At first glance the colonists seemed destined to go down in quickdefeat Washingtonrsquos ragtag poorly trained army faced the well-trained forces of themost powerful country in the world In the end however the Americans won their warfor independence

Several reasons explain the colo-nistsrsquo success First the Americansrsquomotivation for fighting was muchstronger than that of the British sincetheir army was defending their home-land Second the overconfidentBritish generals made several mis-takes Third time itself was on theside of the Americans The Britishcould win battle after battle as theydid and still lose the war Fightingan overseas war 3000 miles fromLondon was terribly expensive Aftera few years tax-weary British citizenscalled for peace

Finally the Americans did not fightalone Louis XVI of France had littlesympathy for the ideals of the AmericanRevolution However he was eager toweaken Francersquos rival Britain Frenchentry into the war in 1778 was decisiveIn 1781 combined forces of about9500 Americans and 7800 Frenchtrapped a British army commanded byLord Cornwallis near YorktownVirginia Unable to escape Cornwalliseventually surrendered The Americanshad shocked the world and won theirindependence

Arctic Circle 120deg

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

BritishFrenchRussianSpanishUS andGreat BritainUS and Spain

North America 1783

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Region What feature formed the western border of the

United States2 Human-Environment Interaction What European countries

had claims on the North American continent in 1783

642 Chapter 22

Changing Idea Colonial Attachment to Britain

American colonists considered themselvesto be subjects of the British king

After a long train of perceived abuses bythe king the colonists asserted their rightto declare independence

Old Idea New Idea

Population (in millions)

Total Pop 18 Years and Over

Reported Number of Registered Voters

Actually Voted

Total Pop 18 Years+ and Citizens

Source US Census Bureau Current Population Survey November 2000

Voters in the 2000 US Presidential Election

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

DemocracyAncient Greece and Rome were strong influences on the framers of the US system of government Democracy as it is practiced today however is different from the Greek and Roman models

The most famous democracy today is the United States The type ofgovernment the United States uses is called a federal republic ldquoFederalrdquomeans power is divided between the national and state governments In arepublic the people vote for their representatives Two key components ofdemocracy in the United States are the Constitution and voting

Enlightenment Ideas and the US ConstitutionMany of the ideas contained in the Constitution are built on the ideas ofEnlightenment thinkers

Who VotesVoting is an essential part of democracy Universal suffrage means that all adultcitizens can vote Universal suffrage is part of democracy in the United Statestoday but that was not always the case This chart shows how the UnitedStates gradually moved toward giving all citizens the right to vote

1 Synthesizing If so much of the USConstitution can be found in Europeanideas why were the framers of theUS Constitution so important

See Skillbuilder Handbook Page R21

2 Hypothesizing Why is it importantthat every citizen has and exerciseshis or her right to vote

US Constitutionbull There have been 27 amend-

ments to the Constitutionsince its creation

bull The US Constitution hasbeen used by many othercountries as a model for their constitutions

bull In 2002 over 120 establishedand emerging democraciesmet to discuss their commonissues

Votingbull In the 2000 US presidential

election only 361 percentof people between 18 and 24 years old voted

bull Some countries such asAustralia fine citizens for not voting Australiarsquos voterturnout has been over 90percent since 1925

RESEARCH LINKS For more on democracy go to classzonecom

The 15th Amendment

stated African- American men

could vote however many were

still prevented

Only white male property

owners can vote

The 19th Amendment was ratified

giving women the right to vote

Citizenship and the vote was extended to

include Native Americans

The 26th Amendment

is ratified changing the

legal voting age from 21 to 18

Today all citizens 18 or older

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

Making InferencesWhat was the

main cause of thenationrsquos problemsunder the Articles

644 Chapter 22

Americans Create a RepublicShortly after declaring their independence the 13 individual states recognizedthe need for a national government As victory became certain all 13 states rat-ified a constitution in 1781 This plan of government was known as the Articlesof Confederation The Articles established the United States as a republic a gov-ernment in which citizens rule through elected representatives

A Weak National Government To protect their authority the 13 states created aloose confederation in which they held most of the power Thus the Articles ofConfederation deliberately created a weak national government There were noexecutive or judicial branches Instead the Articles established only one body ofgovernment the Congress Each state regardless of size had one vote in CongressCongress could declare war enter into treaties and coin money It had no powerhowever to collect taxes or regulate trade Passing new laws was difficult becauselaws needed the approval of 9 of the 13 states

These limits on the national government soon produced many problemsAlthough the new national government needed money to operate it could onlyrequest contributions from the states Angry Revolutionary War veterans bitterlycomplained that Congress still owed them back pay for their services Meanwhileseveral states issued their own money Some states even put tariffs on goods fromneighboring states

A New Constitution Colonial leaders eventually recognized the need for a strongnational government In February 1787 Congress approved a ConstitutionalConvention to revise the Articles of Confederation The Constitutional Conventionheld its first session on May 25 1787 The 55 delegates were experienced statesmenwho were familiar with the political theories of Locke Montesquieu and Rousseau

Although the delegates shared basic ideas on government they sometimes dis-agreed on how to put them into practice For almost four months the delegatesargued over important questions Who should be represented in Congress Howmany representatives should each state have The delegatesrsquo deliberations producednot only compromises but also new approaches to governing Using the politicalideas of the Enlightenment the delegates created a new system of government

The Federal System Like Montesquieu the delegates distrusted a powerful cen-tral government controlled by one person or group They therefore established

The French RevolutionThe American Revolution inspired the growing number ofFrench people who sought reform in their own countryThey saw the new government of the United States as thefulfillment of Enlightenment ideals and longed for such agovernment in France

The Declaration of Independence was widely circulatedand admired in France French officers like the Marquis deLafayette (shown here) who fought for Americanindependence captivated his fellow citizens with accountsof the war One Frenchman remarked about this timeperiod ldquoWe talked of nothing but Americardquo Less than adecade after the American Revolution ended an armedstruggle to topple the government would begin in France

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Declaration of Independence bull Thomas Jefferson bull checks and balances bull federal system bull Bill of Rights

USING YOUR NOTES2 Which of the solutions that

you recorded represented acompromise

MAIN IDEAS3 Why did the colonists criticize

the Stamp Act as ldquotaxationwithout representationrdquo

4 How did John Lockersquos notion ofthe social contract influencethe American colonists

5 Why were the colonists able toachieve victory in the AmericanRevolution

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

CELEBRATING AMERICArsquoS BIRTHDAY

Create a birthday poster to present to the United States this July 4th The poster shouldinclude images or quotes that demonstrate the ideals upon which the nation was founded

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 MAKING INFERENCES Why might it be important to have

a Bill of Rights that guarantees basic rights of citizens

7 FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you think theAmerican Revolution would have happened if there hadnot been an Age of Enlightenment

8 ANALYZING CAUSES Why do you think the colonists atfirst created such a weak central government

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Summarize in severalparagraphs the ideas from the American Revolutionconcerning separation of powers basic rights of freedomand popular sovereignty

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

Analyzing IssuesWhat were the

opposing viewsregarding ratifica-tion of theConstitution

three separate branchesmdashlegislative executive and judicial This setup provided abuilt-in system of checks and balances with each branch checking the actions ofthe other two For example the president received the power to veto legislationpassed by Congress However the Congress could override a presidential veto withthe approval of two-thirds of its members

Although the Constitution created a strong central government it did noteliminate local governments Instead the Constitution set up a federal systemin which power was divided between national and state governments

The Bill of Rights The delegates signed the new Constitution on September 171787 In order to become law however the Constitution required approval by con-ventions in at least 9 of the 13 states These conventions were marked by sharpdebate Supporters of the Constitution were called Federalists They argued in theirfamous work the Federalist Papers that the new government would provide a bet-ter balance between national and state powers Their opponents the Antifederalistsfeared that the Constitution gave the central government too much power Theyalso wanted a bill of rights to protect the rights of individual citizens

In order to gain support the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights to theConstitution This promise cleared the way for approval Congress formally added tothe Constitution the ten amendments known as the Bill of Rights These amendmentsprotected such basic rights as freedom of speech press assembly and religion Manyof these rights had been advocated by Voltaire Rousseau and Locke

The Constitution and Bill of Rights marked a turning point inpeoplersquos ideas about government Both documents putEnlightenment ideas into practice They expressedan optimistic view that reason and reform couldprevail and that progress was inevitable Suchoptimism swept across the Atlantic However themonarchies and the privileged classes didnrsquot give uppower and position easily As Chapter 23 explains thestruggle to attain the principles of the Enlightenmentled to violent revolution in France

Early copy of theUS Constitution

European Values During the EnlightenmentWriters and artists of the Enlightenment often used satire to comment on European values Using wit and humor they ridiculed various ideas and customs Satire allowed artists to explore human faults in a way that is powerful but not preachy In the two literary excerpts and the painting below notice how the writer or artist makes his point

Using Primary Sources

B P R I M A R Y S O U R C EA P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

VoltaireVoltaire wrote Candide (1759) to attack a philosophy calledOptimism which held that all is right with the world Thehero of the story a young man named Candide encountersthe most awful disasters and human evils In this passageCandide meets a slave in South America who explains whyhe is missing a leg and a hand

ldquoWhen wersquore working at the sugar mill and catch our fingerin the grinding-wheel they cut off our hand When we try torun away they cut off a leg I have been in both of thesesituations This is the price you pay for the sugar you eat inEurope

ldquoThe Dutch fetishes [ie missionaries] who converted me[to Christianity] tell me every Sunday that we are all thesons of Adam Whites and Blacks alike Irsquom no genealogistbut if these preachers are right we are all cousins born offirst cousins Well you will grant me that you canrsquot treat arelative much worse than thisrdquo

Jonathan SwiftThe narrator of Gulliverrsquos Travels (1726) an English doctornamed Lemuel Gulliver takes four disastrous voyages thatleave him stranded in strange lands In the followingpassage Gulliver tries to win points with the king ofBrobdingnagmdasha land of giantsmdashby offering to show himhow to make guns and cannons

The king was struck with horror at the description I hadgiven of those terrible engines He was amazed how soimpotent and grovelling an insect as I (these were hisexpressions) could entertain such inhuman ideas and in sofamiliar a manner as to appear wholly unmoved at all thescenes of blood and desolation which I had painted as thecommon effects of those destructive machines whereof hesaid some evil genius enemy to mankind must have beenthe first contriver [inventor]

1 What is the main point thatVoltaire is making in Source AWhat technique does he use toreinforce his message

2 What does the kingrsquos reaction inSource B say about Swiftrsquos view ofEuropersquos military technology

3 Why might Hogarthrsquos painting inSource C be difficult for modernaudiences to understand Doesthis take away from his message

C P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

William HogarthThe English artist WilliamHogarth often used satire inhis paintings In thispainting Canvassing forVotes he comments onpolitical corruption Whilethe candidate flirts with theladies on the balcony hissupporters offer a manmoney for his vote

Enlightenment and Revolution 1550ndash1789

bull Heliocentric theory chal- lenges geocentric theory

bull Mathematics and observation support heliocentric theory

bull Scientific method develops

bull Scientists make discoveries in many fields

A new way of thinking about the world develops based on observation and a willingness to question assumptions Enlightenment writers chal-

lenge many accepted ideas about government and society

Enlightenment ideas sweep through European society and to colonial America

Colonists declare independ-ence defeat Britain and establish republic

bull People try to apply the scientific approach to aspects of society

bull Political scientists pro- pose new ideas about government

bull Philosophes advocate the use of reason to discover truths

bull Philosophes address social issues through reason

bull Enlightenment ideas appeal to thinkers and artists across Europe

bull Salons help spread Enlightenment thinking

bull Ideas spread to literate middle class

bull Enlightened despots attempt reforms

bull Enlightenment ideas influence colonists

bull Britain taxes colonists after French and Indian War

bull Colonists denounce taxation without representation

bull War begins in Lexington and Concord

Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Spread of Ideas American Revolution

646 Chapter 22

TERMS amp NAMESFor each term or name below briefly explain its connection toEuropean history from 1550ndash1789

1 heliocentric theory 5 salon

2 Isaac Newton 6 enlightened despot

3 social contract 7 Declaration of Independence

4 philosophe 8 federal system

MAIN IDEASThe Scientific Revolution Section 1 (pages 623ndash628)

9 According to Ptolemy what was the earthrsquos position in theuniverse How did Copernicusrsquos view differ

10 What are the four steps in the scientific method

11 What four new instruments came into use during theScientific Revolution What was the purpose of each one

The Enlightenment in Europe Section 2 (pages 629ndash635)

12 How did the ideas of Hobbes and Locke differ

13 What did Montesquieu admire about the government of Britain

14 How did the Enlightenment lead to a more secularoutlook

The Enlightenment Spreads Section 3 (pages 636ndash639)

15 What were three developments in the arts during theEnlightenment

16 What sorts of reforms did the enlightened despots make

The American Revolution Section 4 (pages 640ndash645)

17 Why did the Articles of Confederation result in a weaknational government

18 How did the writers of the US Constitution put intopractice the idea of separation of powers A system ofchecks and balances

CRITICAL THINKING1 USING YOUR NOTES

List in a table important new ideas that arose during theScientific Revolution and Enlightenment In the right columnbriefly explain why each idea was revolutionary

2 RECOGNIZING EFFECTSWhat role did technology play in the

Scientific Revolution

3 ANALYZING ISSUESHow did the US Constitution

reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment Refer to specificEnlightenment thinkers to support your answer

4 CLARIFYINGHow did the statement by Prussian ruler Frederick the Greatthat a ruler is only ldquothe first servant of the staterdquo highlightEnlightenment ideas about government

POWER AND AUTHORITY

Chapter 22Assessment

New Idea Why Revolutionary

Use the quotation and your knowledge of world history toanswer questions 1 and 2Additional Test Practice pp S1ndashS33

We the People of the United States in order to form amore perfect Union establish Justice insure domesticTranquility provide for the common defense promote thegeneral Welfare and secure the Blessings of Liberty toourselves and our Posterity do ordain and establish thisConstitution of the United States of America

Preamble Constitution of the United States of America

1 All of the following are stated objectives of the Constitutionexcept

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

2 With whom does the ultimate power in society lie accordingto the Constitution

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

Use this engraving entitled The Sleep of Reason ProducesMonsters and your knowledge of world history to answerquestion 3

3 Which of the following statements best summarizes the mainidea of this Enlightenment engraving

A Nothing good comesfrom relaxation orlaziness

B A lack of reason fosters superstition and irrational fears

C Dreams are notrestricted by theboundaries of reason

D Rulers that let downtheir guard risk rebellion andoverthrow

1 Interact with HistoryOn page 622 you examined how you would react to a differentor revolutionary idea or way of doing things Now that you haveread the chapter consider how such breakthroughs impactedsociety Discuss in a small group what you feel were the mostsignificant new ideas or procedures and explain why

2 WRITING ABOUT HISTORY

Re-examine the material on the ScientificRevolution Then write a three paragraph essay summarizing the difference in scientific understanding before and after thevarious scientific breakthroughs Focus on

bull the ultimate authority on many matters before the ScientificRevolution

bull how and why that changed after the Revolution

REVOLUTION

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT

Writing an Internet-based Research PaperGo to the Web Research Guide at classzonecom to learnabout conducting research on the Internet Use the Internetto explore a recent breakthrough in science or medicineLook for information that will help you explain why thediscovery is significant and how the new knowledge changeswhat scientists had thought about the topic

In a well-organized paper compare the significance of thediscovery you are writing about with major scientific ormedical discoveries of the Scientific Revolution Be sure to

bull apply a search strategy when using directories and searchengines to locate Web resources

bull judge the usefulness of each Web site

bull correctly cite your Web resources

bull revise and edit for correct use of language

TEST PRACTICE Go to classzonecom

bull Diagnostic tests bull Strategies

bull Tutorials bull Additional practice

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622 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

624 Chapter 22

RecognizingEffects

Sun JupiterMars

Mercury

Earth the stars

Saturn

626 Chapter 22

ContrastingHow did

1520 1570 1620

motion

experimental method

1590 Jansseninvents

microscope

1620 1670 1720

theory

628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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622 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

624 Chapter 22

RecognizingEffects

Sun JupiterMars

Mercury

Earth the stars

Saturn

626 Chapter 22

ContrastingHow did

1520 1570 1620

motion

experimental method

1590 Jansseninvents

microscope

1620 1670 1720

theory

628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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NextSection8

TAKING NOTES

624 Chapter 22

RecognizingEffects

Sun JupiterMars

Mercury

Earth the stars

Saturn

626 Chapter 22

ContrastingHow did

1520 1570 1620

motion

experimental method

1590 Jansseninvents

microscope

1620 1670 1720

theory

628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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WHclasszone2

PreviousPage5

BackGround2

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NextSection8

624 Chapter 22

RecognizingEffects

Sun JupiterMars

Mercury

Earth the stars

Saturn

626 Chapter 22

ContrastingHow did

1520 1570 1620

motion

experimental method

1590 Jansseninvents

microscope

1620 1670 1720

theory

628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

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WHclasszone2

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BackGround2

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NextSection8

626 Chapter 22

ContrastingHow did

1520 1570 1620

motion

experimental method

1590 Jansseninvents

microscope

1620 1670 1720

theory

628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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NextSection8

626 Chapter 22

ContrastingHow did

1520 1570 1620

motion

experimental method

1590 Jansseninvents

microscope

1620 1670 1720

theory

628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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1620 1670 1720

theory

628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

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628 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A GRAPHIC

CONNECT TO TODAY

Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

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Wollstonecraft

TAKING NOTES

Old Idea New Idea

ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

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PageID2

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ContrastingHow does

630 Chapter 22

loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

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PageID2

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loss of liberty

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

FullScreen0

NextSection5

ZoomIn0

PreviousPage10

PageID2

WebLink6

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WHclasszone2

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BackGround2

WebLink4

NextSection8

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Beccaria

Voltaire

Wollstonecraft

Idea Thinker Impact

Religious freedom

632 Chapter 22

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

FullScreen0

NextSection5

ZoomIn0

PreviousPage10

PageID2

WebLink6

PreviousSection5

PreviousPage2

NextSection2

PageID4

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WHclasszone2

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BackGround2

WebLink4

NextSection8

DrawingConclusions

634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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634 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

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636 Chapter 22

TAKING NOTES

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

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NextSection8

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

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PageID2

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NextSection8

638 Chapter 22

Joseph II

Old Idea New Idea

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

FullScreen0

NextSection5

ZoomIn0

PreviousPage10

PageID2

WebLink6

PreviousSection5

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NextSection8

of neoclassical art

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

POWER AND AUTHORITY

INTERNET ACTIVITY

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

FullScreen0

NextSection5

ZoomIn0

PreviousPage10

PageID2

WebLink6

PreviousSection5

PreviousPage2

NextSection2

PageID4

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WebLink1

PreviousSection4

ZoomIn10

WebLink2

WebLink3

WHclasszone2

PreviousPage5

BackGround2

WebLink4

NextSection8

TAKING NOTES

Problem Solution

640 Chapter 22

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

FullScreen0

NextSection5

ZoomIn0

PreviousPage10

PageID2

WebLink6

PreviousSection5

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NextSection2

PageID4

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WebLink1

PreviousSection4

ZoomIn10

WebLink2

WebLink3

WHclasszone2

PreviousPage5

BackGround2

WebLink4

NextSection8

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

FullScreen0

NextSection5

ZoomIn0

PreviousPage10

PageID2

WebLink6

PreviousSection5

PreviousPage2

NextSection2

PageID4

WebLink7

ZoomIn2

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PageID6

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ZoomIn10

WebLink2

WebLink3

WHclasszone2

PreviousPage5

BackGround2

WebLink4

NextSection8

W 40degW80degW

Tropic of Cancer

40degN

60degN

20degN

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

HudsonBay

Caribbean Sea

Riacuteo Grande

Col orado R

Mis souri R

ississippi

Ohio R

Mexico City

Boston

Quebec

Charleston

New Orleans

New York

FLORIDA

UNCLAIMED

UNITED STATES

C A N A D A

LOUISIANA

TERRITORY

ALASKA

SPAIN CUBA

JAMAICA

HONDURAS

SOUTHAMERICA

HISPANIOLA

PUERTORICO

BAHAMAS

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

North America 1783

642 Chapter 22

Old Idea New Idea

Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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Actually Voted

0 40 80 120 160 200

202609000 (100)

186366000 (919)

129549000 (695)

110826000 (595)

The 15th Amendment

still prevented

owners can vote

The 26th Amendment

can vote

1789 1870

Eligible Voters

1920 1924 1971

644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

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644 Chapter 22

SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

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SECTION ASSESSMENT4

REVOLUTION

CONNECT TO TODAY

Problem Solution

646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

PageID0

WebLink5

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646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

FullScreen6

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WebLink5

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646 Chapter 22

POWER AND AUTHORITY

A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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A justice

B liberty

C defense

D prosperity

A the church

B the military

C the citizens

D the monarchy

REVOLUTION

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Documents

Enlightenment and Revolution, 1550–1789...Between the 16th and 18th centuries, a series of revolutions helped to usher in the modern era in Western history. Revolutions in both thought