ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES … · Environmental Management Best Practice Guidelines for Nursery Industry 2002 Page 1 of 44 INTRODUCTION Purpose and scope These

Miscellaneous Publication 2/2002ISSN 1326-4168

April2002

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTBEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR

THE NURSERY INDUSTRY

In conjunction with: Canning Catchment Coordinating Group

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO COMPLEMENT THEBEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR THE NURSERY INDUSTRY

Water and RiversCommission

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTBEST PRACTICE GUIDELINESFOR THE NURSERY INDUSTRY

Prepared by:

The Centre of Excellence in Cleaner Production at Curtin University in collaborationwith the Department of Agriculture WA, Water and Rivers Commission and

Nursery and Garden Industry WA

In conjunction with: Canning Catchment Coordinating Group

IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER

The Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and the State of Western Australia accept no liabilitywhatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise arising from use or release of this information or any part of it.

Water and RiversCommission

FOREWORD

I am pleased to say that the nursery and garden industry in Western Australia has a commitment toenvironmental responsibilities which pre-dates the production of the environmental best practiceguidelines.

The two most important environmental issues relating to nurseries are water use and water pollution.

Humans, animals and plants (including natural environments) have a right to reasonable quantities ofusable water. Licensing regulations seek to balance these needs and penalise those wasting orpolluting water by any means, accidental or deliberate.

Scientific analysis shows that the nursery industry impacts upon water quality through nutrient andpesticide run-off. Energy costs are significant in our industry especially in relation to irrigationthrough pumping costs. Air pollution and disposal, of organic and inorganic waste are also part of theequation.

Finally the nursery industry plays a key role in providing plants to regenerate our land, producehealthy quality food and relaxation for the people of Western Australia .

I commend the content of the Environmental Management Best Practice Guidelines and thank thecontributors. I urge all members of the nursery industry to adopt environmental best practices.

Joanne HarrisPRESIDENTNURSERY AND GARDEN INDUSTRY OF WESTERN Australia

________________________________

The Canning Catchment Coordinating Group is a community group dealing with Natural ResourceManagement issues on the length of the Canning River System. One of our goals is to work withindustry groups to improve the environment for the benefit of future generations. This set ofguidelines is a tool to allow nursery operators to manage their enterprises to the highest levels.

The willingness of the Nursery and Garden Industries, Department of Agriculture and Water andRivers Commission to work together on developing these guidelines augers well for their adoption.We look forward to the use of these guidelines in the nursery industry.

Pat HartCHAIRPERSONCANNING CATCHMENT COORDINATING GROUP

________________________________

The environmental management best practice guidelines for the nursery industry are the result of ateam approach by agencies and with the full involvement of the nursery industry. The Department ofAgriculture is pleased to be able to coordinate and fund this activity.

The initiative shown by the Canning Catchment Coordinating Group in bringing together the nurseryindustry, the Department of Agriculture, the Water and Rivers Commission and the Curtin Universityof Technology is commendable.

The guidelines can be used by members of both the wholesale and retail sectors of the nurseryindustry to identify areas of their enterprise that could be improved. The topics covered includenutrient management, chemical use, water use and irrigation efficiency and areas of pollution control.

Adopting these and other best practices will go a long way to reducing off-site impacts and improveenterprise efficiency and profits.

Terry HillPROGRAM MANAGERHORTICULTUREDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1Purpose and scope ................................................................................................ 1Content and use of the guidelines ........................................................................ 1Collaboration, acknowldgements and support ..................................................... 1Contacts and comments ....................................................................................... 2

Guidance Note 1. Business benefits of Environmental Management ..................... 3Pressures for improved environmental performance ........................................... 3Benefits of improvement ..................................................................................... 4Future challenges and opportunities .................................................................... 4

Guidance Note 2. Implementing Environmental Management .............................. 6Environmental Management for nurseries ........................................................... 6Significant environmental impacts issues and risks ............................................ 7Environmental Management checklist ................................................................ 9

Guidance Note 3. Strategies for water efficiency and reducing water pollution ... 111. Planning ................................................................................................... 112. Improve delivery of water and fertiliser to pots ............................................. 113. Improve the retention of water and fertiliser in the growing medium ............................................................................................. 124. Investigate recycling run-off ........................................................................... 125. Prevent run-off of other contaminants ............................................................ 13Annex I to Guidance Note 3. Siting of nurseries in relation to sensitive water resources .............................. 14Annex II to Guidance Note 3. Conceptual wastewater recycle system for nurseries ........................................ 16

Guidance Note 4. Optimising the irrigation system ................................................. 171. Selecting the optimal irrigation system .......................................................... 172. Requirements for efficient operation .............................................................. 18

Top watering systems ...................................................................................... 18Bottom watering .............................................................................................. 19

3. Irrigation control .............................................................................................. 20

Annex to Guidance Note 4: Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation system types ................................................................................... 21

Guidance Note 5. Fertiliser and potting media management................................... 23Basic steps for good fertiliser management in nurseries ..................................... 23Explanation 1: Organic fertilisers .................................................................... 24Explanation 2: Use split applications ............................................................... 24Explanation 3: Potting media storage and handling ........................................ 24Explanation 4: Recommended nutrient and total salt levels for soluble fertiliser

applications .............................................................................. 24Guidance Note 6: Pesticide management ........................................................... 26

1. Pest control strategy ................................................................................... 262. Pesticide management practices ................................................................. 27

Plan and prepare for pesticide use .............................................................. 27Take precautions when mixing pesticides and filling equipment .............. 27Take precautions in application .................................................................. 28

ii

Control pesticide drift ................................................................................. 28

Annex to Guidance Note 6:Selection of pesticides and assessing risks ................................................. 29

Guidance Note 7: Che micals storage and handling .......................................... 311. Storage ................................................................................................... 312. Preparation areas ........................................................................................ 313. Spill response ............................................................................................. 324. Waste disposal ............................................................................................ 33

Guidance Note 8: Waste management - general .............................................. 341. Hazardous waste ......................................................................................... 34

Disposal of pesticide containers ................................................................. 34Disposal of unwanted pesticides and other chemicals ............................... 34

2. Organic wastes ........................................................................................... 353. Inorganic wastes ......................................................................................... 35

Guidance Note 9: Other environmental issues .................................................. 371. Energy management ................................................................................... 372. Air emissions .............................................................................................. 373. Noise and vibration .................................................................................... 38

Appendix 1: References and sources of further information ............................ 39

References ................................................................................................... 39

Further information .............................................................................................. 39

Appendix 2: Sources of environmental pollution ............................................... 401. Impacts on water ........................................................................................ 402. Impacts on soil ........................................................................................... 423. Impacts on air ............................................................................................. 44

Environmental Management Best Practice Guidelines for Nursery Industry 2002 Page 1 of 44

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and scope

These guidelines are intended to help nurseries improve their management and productivity aswell as protect the environment. They:

• provide a summary of environmental management best practice for production andretail nurseries, large and small;

• focus on practices for containerised plant nurseries although some of the generalprinciples apply to field nurseries and other types of horticultural systems;

• have Western Australian conditions in mind but the principles apply generally,especially in areas where water conservation and leachate run-off are concerns.

Content and use of the guidelines

The guidelines consider management and technical matters, and are based on currentknowledge and experience. They:

• provide summarised information and recommendations only. It is for individualoperators to apply professional judgement and obtain more detailed information asappropriate;

• are not intended to replace but to complement existing detailed guidelines and codes.Some of these are listed in Appendix 1 together with other sources of information;

• provide general but not specific guidance on regulatory compliance. For such mattersthe relevant local authority, State department, or Nursery and Garden Industry (WA)should be consulted as appropriate.

Periodic revision will be required as experience, technology and legislative changes occur.To aid in future revisions, your comments on this publication are requested (see contactsbelow).

Some terms not defined in the text are explained in Appendix 2.

Collaboration, acknowledgements and support

The guidelines have been developed by the Centre of Excellence in Cleaner Production(Curtin University of Technology) for the Canning Catchment Coordinating Group (CCCG),in collaboration with the WA Department of Agriculture, Department of Environment, Waterand Catchment Protection (DEWCP) and the Nursery and Garden Industry WA (NGI(WA)).The project was initiated by Pat Hart of CCCG and supported by a grant from the NationalHeritage Trust.

Preparation of the guidelines was greatly assisted by documents and information sourcesprovided by Sandy Pate of NGI(WA) (see Appendix 1 for references), and by visits to thefollowing nurseries whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged: Benara Nurseries(Wanneroo), Birnam Nurseries (Canning Vale), Frasers Garden Centre (Canning Vale),Lansam Wholesale Nursery (Canning Vale), Lullfitz Nursery (Wanneroo), Plants Plus(Kewdale - telephone interview), SwanView Plant Farm (High Wycombe) and SunnyvalePlants (Huntingdale).

Page 2 of 44 Environmental Management Best Practice Guidelines for Nursery Industry 2002

Contacts and comments

For further information and comments on the guidelines, contact:

Gerry Parlevliet, Department of AgriculturePhone: (08) 9368 3219,E-mail: [email protected]

Stephen Wong, Water and Rivers Commission (DEWCP)Phone (08) 9222 7101E-mail: [email protected]

Sandy Pate, Nursery and Garden Industry WAPhone: (08) 9485 1144Mobile: 0417 909 288E-mail [email protected]


GUIDANCE NOTE 1

BUSINESS BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Environmental sense is business sense

All nurseries can gain business benefits from pursuing environmental management bestpractice - systematically improving the efficiency of materials, energy and water use, whilereducing waste, pollution and other environmental impacts. Besides direct cost savings,improved environmental performance may result in hidden cost savings, productivityimprovements, enhanced licence to operate and other benefits.

Pressures for improved environmental performance

Dealing effectively with environmental issues is now an essential part of good managementand competitive success. Resource use and waste represent costs as well as environmentalimpacts. Failure to manage these is a mark of business inefficiency.

Businesses must increasingly operate in ways which are environmentally acceptable tocustomers, regulators, the public, neighbours and pressure groups. Demands for businessimprovement are increasing as environmental problems increase.

… also an opportunity

The environment is not just a threat and problem. It also represents a great competitiveopportunity for businesses able to develop innovative and environmentally friendly solutions.

Nurseries - room for improvement

Many nurseries recognise the need to manage their operation in an environmentallyresponsible manner but there is always room for improvement. The nursery industry is by nomeans the main contributor to environmental problems it is beneficial for all businesses andmembers of the community to adopt environmentally sound practices. Some practices thathave been used for many years may need to be changed to reflect new circumstances. Forexample, there has been a tendency to over-use water, fertilisers and pesticides.

Pressures

• Competitive and cost pressures.

• Customer concerns.

• Public concerns.

• Demands for environmental qualityandprotection.

• Increased regulations and enforcement.

• Drought and controls on water use.

• Availability, costs of and controls over landfill.

• Demands to reduce greenhouse gases.

• Increasing resource costs.

Incentives and opportunities forbusiness to ……

• Reduce waste and pollution.

• Use materials, energy and water moreefficiently.

• Seek innovative solutions.


Over-use of water

Many nurseries use excessive quantities of water and no WA operations are currentlyrecycling run-off. Water availability and efficiency may increasingly be a strategic risk issuefor nurseries if, as is likely, there are greater constraints on water use in future.

Over-use and run-off of chemicals

Many nurseries may be using fertilisers and pesticides inefficiently. Besides wasting costlymaterials, excess may be washed away with site water run-off and contribute to river andgroundwater pollution. There will be increasing future requirements to prevent suchpollution, especially in sensitive catchment areas.

Benefits of improvement

Benefits may include:

•• Cost savings: e.g. from the improved efficiency of fertiliser, pesticides, and energyuse and reduced waste

•• Improved plant growth and productivity: excess water and fertiliser may be counter-productive

•• Better planning of new operations: e.g. improved ability to renew planningpermission or to gain permission for new operations, especially in run-off-sensitive areas

•• Improved access to water licensing: by demonstrating responsible management

•• Avoidance of potential fines for breach of regulations: e.g. from chemical spill intoa watercourse or breach of pesticides regulations

•• Avoidance of site contamination: maintenance of site value and avoidance ofcleanup costs

•• Defence against unwarranted complaints: e.g. regarding the use of pesticides

Future challenges and opportunities

Competition: Nurseries will increasingly be expected to manage environmental mattersalongside other issues. In an intensively competitive market, every avenue for businessimprovement must be explored.

Water availability and licensing : Water is likely to be an increasingly critical issue fornurseries and other businesses. They cannot expect indefinite continuation of the presentsituation; using water as a cheap and unlimited resource.

•• Reduced rainfall is the likely future norm.

•• There is no cheap way in which supply can be increased, e.g. desalinisation and pipingfrom the Kimberley are high cost options.

•• Water metering and stricter enforcement of abstraction licensing are being considered.

These factors will encourage nurseries to give greater attention to water use. Increasingenergy costs are forcing attention to energy efficiency where water pumping costs aresignificant.

Run-off will be a continuing problem leading to greater controls over nursery operations insensitive catchment areas. In such areas, water and nutrient recycling could become arequirement for new operations.


Incentives: There could be opportunities too. For example, businesses which demonstratethat they are using water efficiently may be permitted to extend the land area of theiroperations without having to apply for an additional licence.

Product opportunities: There may also be product opportunities to meet the needs of achanging market. While the WA market has shown limited interest in drought resistant nativeplants in the past, this situation could change under conditions of long-term drought and waterrestrictions.

Refer to Appendix 1 to this set of Guidance Notes for further reading andinformation.


GUIDANCE NOTE 2

IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

As with any aspect of running a business, the benefits of improved environmentalmanagement are more likely to be achieved if environmental issues and risks are managedin a planned and systematic way based on research, good information, effective review ofoptions, and action for improvement.

Nurseries, like any business, can benefit from applying the basic elements of goodmanagement within a simple plan-do-check-act approach.

Management systems provide the means for continuous improvement in environmentalperformance through a process similar to total quality management. This involves setting upa process for the continuing identification, planning, implementation and review ofenvironmental issues and improvements. The International Standard for EnvironmentalManagement Systems ISO 14001 provides a detailed management framework. For a simplersystem in a small business the following elements should be sufficient.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR NURSERIES

Elements Main tasks

PLANNING

Reviewing environmental impactsissues and risks(See note below)

Identify which impacts, issues and risks are significant*.

• Potential environmental harm.• Cost.• Concern to regulators.• Concern to neighbours.• Concern to customers.• Other.* See note below on key impacts, issues and risks..

Reviewing and ensuringcompliance with legislation andvoluntary initiatives

Review compliance with:.• Catchment protection regulations.• Pesticide regulations.• Nurseries industry accreditation.Do any particular requirements apply to the site, e.g. proximity to awatercourse?

Plan Do

CheckAct


ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR NURSERIES

Elements Main tasks

PLANNING

Developing objectives, targets forimprovement

• Consider existing operations and each significant issue in turn.• Review the quantities, costs and current methods.• Identify and evaluate options for improvement.

(See notes on technical options.)• Evaluate the financial, productivity and environmental benefits of the

option.• Set priorities.• For each significant issue set an objective, target and plan for

improvement.

DOING

Implementing improvementprograms and projects

Implement plans for:• new equipment or facilities;• improved management controls;• further investigation or trial of options.

Developing control proceduresand practices

Identify where improvements in practices would improve performance orreduce risks.Write simple instructions for staff.

Staff responsibilities, awarenessand training

Ensure:• staff trained as necessary for job.• all staff aware of and follow instructions.

CHECKING

Monitoring, checking andreviewing progress

Use methods appropriate to the business, e.g.:• routine monitoring;• self check audits.

Records Keep records:• Data on performance e.g. materials, energy consumption;• Records of monitoring and audits;• Tracking of improvement.

ACTING Take corrective or improvement action based on the checks in relation toobjectives and targets.

Significant environmental impacts, issues and risksIn general an impact becomes a significant issue when it is a concern to a regulator, neighbour or other interestedparty, or when it represents a significant cost item. A risk is a potential impact or issue.

ISSUESThe two most important environmental impacts or issues relating to nurseries are:

• Water use: Water is a primary environmental resource and potential licensing constraint on operations.

• Water pollution: Nutrient and pesticide run-off is primary concern because of the potential to contaminategroundwater and rivers. Nursery run-off water is a mixture of drainage water from pots (leachate), run-offfrom between pots, and from paths roads and other areas. Leachate poses a particular problem, while otherpotential contaminants include pesticides, wetting agents and oil from vehicles and machinery.

Other related issues which may be significant include:

• Materials use: All materials are derived from the environment and generate environmental impacts in theirproduction. Reducing their use, particularly of fertilisers and pesticides therefore reduces these indirectenvironmental impacts as well as the direct pollution impacts of their use. In particular, optimal use of


materials saves the cost of unnecessary purchasing and the lost value of leached material. Sub-optimal usemay also be detrimental to plant growth and business productivity.

• Energy use: Energy use represents a significant cost for many businesses, particularly for pumping.Efficient use of water is therefore a priority for some nurseries in order to minimise energy costs as well as toconform to any licensing requirements. Efficient use of energy also helps to reduce associated greenhouseand other impacts (see Appendix).

• Air pollution: Nurseries may generate various forms of air pollution which can pose a health hazard ornuisance problem, e.g. dispersion of pesticide mist.

• Waste: Nurseries generate various organic and inorganic wastes. While many wastes are recycled there isroom for improvement and all nurseries should ensure compliance with Waste Regulations.

Nurseries may also impact on the natural environment, e.g. directly if they cause or contribute to river or wetlandpollution, and indirectly if their plants cause problems when released into the wild.


Environmental management checklist

Use the following checklists to assess how well you are managing relevant environmentalissues for your nursery:

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST

Issue Yes/No Notes

1. Environmental managementa. Are environmental issues being managed systematically?b. Are any of the following significant issues for your nursery?

• Water use• Water pollution• Fertiliser use• Pesticide use• Waste• Energy use• Air pollution• Noise• Other

c. Is information on environmental costs and quantitiescollected and maintained?

d. Have options for improvement been identified andevaluated?

e. Have objectives, targets and plans for improvement beendeveloped?

f. Are there control procedures and instructions for key issues?g. Are responsibilities assigned?h. Is awareness and training provided?i. Are monitoring, checking and auditing carried out?j. Are records maintained?

2. Regulatory compliancea. Do any environmental regulations apply to your nursery?

If so which?b. Is it near a classified Sensitive Water Resource?c. Is it at risk of breaching regulations?

3. Water usea. Has the irrigation system been thoroughly reviewed for

optimal use?b. Have alternatives been considered in detail?c. Has the delivery system been designed to optimise

irrigation?• Nozzle types• Uniformity of application• Pot numbers and zoning• Elimination of leaks• Optimal pressure• Avoiding blow outs• Controller type and setting for flexibility and according

to conditions


Environmental management checklist continued …

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CHECKLIST

Issue Yes/no Notes

4. Water pollution prevention and fertiliser usea. Is the fertiliser application rate minimised to the desired

growth rate and quality?b. Are controlled release fertilisers used where possible?c. Where liquid systems must be used, is application according

to plant needs and not a fixed time schedule, and based oncation exchange capacity?

d. Are fertiliser applications split?e. Are higher CEC media used?f. Are measures taken to minimise leaching?g. Is irrigation intensity reduced to optimise rewetting?h. Is pulse watering used ?i. Are wetting agents used?j. Has water and nutrient recycling been considered?k. Are steps taken to minimise other polluting run-off, e.g.

avoiding or cleaning up pesticide spills?

5. Pesticide managementa. Have pesticides been selected to minimise environmental

impacts considering the site and soil characteristics, i.e.:• low solubility• high binding capacity• low volatility• short breakdown period?

b. Has integrated pest management (IPM) been considered andused where possible?

c. Are makers instructions followed for mixing andapplication?

d. Are pesticides applied by trained personnel following safetyprecautions?

e. Are steps taken to minimise drift?6. Chemicals storage and handling

a. Are pesticides stored safely in a locked shed, and separatelyfrom fertilisers?

b. Are chemicals mixed in a covered, contained area?c. Are spill prevention precautions taken?d. Are staff trained in spill response procedures?

7. Waste managementa. Are waste pesticides, pesticide containers and other

hazardous material safely stored until collection?b. Are all non-recyclable wastes collected for disposal by

licensed waste contractors?c. Are all wastes reduced, reused or recycled where possible?

8. Other issuesa. Is energy use being monitored?b. Have options for reducing energy use been considered?c. Are steps being taken to reduce energy use, e.g. turning off

equipment when not required?d. Are steps being taken to reduce air pollution?e. Are steps being taken to reduce noise and other nuisance to

neighbours?

Note: Refer to Appendix 1 to this set of Guidance Notes for further reading and information.


GUIDANCE NOTE NO. 3

STRATEGIES FOR WATER EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING WATER POLLUTION

Substantial savings in fertiliser as well as water use can be made in most nurseries relying on overheadsprinklers. Many of these changes do not require large capital expenditure and may lead to better plantgrowth and quality.For most nurseries the main strategies for reducing nutrient run-off are:

• improved delivery of water and fertiliser to pots;• improved retention of water and fertliser in the growing media.

An option to consider, especially for new developments, is recycling run-off water.Other polluting run-off can be prevented or minimised by efficient pesticide use and good chemicalmanagement and housekeeping (see Guidance Notes 5 and 6 )

1. Planning

Develop a plan for improvement based on priorities.

WATER EFFICIENCY AND POLLUTION: IDENTIFY PRIORITIES

Review current practices• Sample run-off: Is there a problem?• Review water use: Are current practices efficient?• Other run-off: What are the risks?

Establish sensitivity of site in consultation with authorities• Consult with your local authority, Environmental Health Department and/or Department of

Environment Water and Catchment Protection (formerly Water and Rivers Commission and theDepartment of Environmental Protection), on the sensitivity of your existing location for any plannednew developments, and on any specific requirements on existing operations, e.g. if you are near ariver.

Refer to the WRC Water Quality Protection Note Nurseries and Garden Centres which categorises watersource protection areas and provides general guidelines on siting of new developments and on irrigation,fertiliser and pesticide management. Activities posing risks are generally not permitted in Priority 1 areasand are restricted in Priority 2 areas. Activities in Priority 3 areas are subject to management guidelinessuch as the Water Protection Note.See Appendix I below to Note 3.

2. Improve delivery of water and fertiliser to pots

Consider the following options (see Guidance Notes 4 and 5 for details).

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING WATER AND FERTILISER DELIVERY TO POTS

Irrigation systemWhere practical and economical, use:• Drip irrigation in preference to overhead sprinklers.• Booms for seedlings.• Sub-irrigation in any new greenhouse production areas.

Where sprinklers must be usedImprove the uniformity of sprinkler application by:• Using best available nozzles at appropriate spacing.• Using line pressures that minimise blow-outs.• Maximising the number of pots within sprinkler areas.• Hydro-zoning pots so that plants with similar water requirements are grouped in common stations.

Fertigation• Where liquid fertilisers are used, feed through drip irrigation lines.


3. Improve the retention of water and fertiliser in the growing medium

Consider the following (see also Guidance Note 5).

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING WATER AND FERTLISER RETENTION

Fertiliser type• Use controlled release fertilisers in preference to liquid, soluble or manure.

Fertliser rate• Use the minimum fertiliser rate to achieve the desired growth rate and quality.• Split fertiliser application.

Media• Use higher CEC media.

Irrigation control• Reduce the volume of irrigation water to minimise the leaching fraction (see references in

Appendix for guidance on appropriate fractions).• Reduce the irrigation intensity to optimise the rewetting of the medium.• Use pulse watering - reduce the duration but increase the frequency of irrigation.• Irrigate when needed, adjusting the application rates for seasonal and, if possible daily differences

in water requirements.

Wetting agents• Use wetting agents with media which are difficult to rewet.

4. Investigate recycling run-off

Feasibility issues to consider for existing or proposed new operations are (see Annex II to thisnote).

CONSIDERATIONS IN RECYCLING RUN-OFF

Site sensitivity and water use• Is run-off a problem based on sampling (see above)?• Can water use be significantly reduced before considering recycling?• Would choosing a less sensitive site be a more practical and economical option?

Economic and technical feasibility and options• Does the site lend itself to water collection for part or all of the area, e.g. size, slope, presence of relatively

permeable areas, possible location for a dam, sump or tank for water collection?• Can drains be sealed to facilitate collection?• Could a plastic layer be laid to collect run-off?• For new developments would a concrete layer be an economical and effective alternative to the blue metal and

limestone layer needed anyway to control plant disease?• Consider savings and other benefits, e.g. reduced purchased fertilisers, access to licensing.

Collection and reuse• Filter sediments from run-off water using reed beds, hay bales, etc.• Collect waste water into a dam, sump or tank.• Sterilise to destroy pathogens.• Recirculate directly or via a storage tank.• Give particular attention to water from propagation areas and to the first part of the run-off following heavy

rains.

Water quality and nutrient recycling• Monitor storage water quality and adjust the fertiliser program to make use of recycled nutrients.


5. Prevent run-off of other contaminants

Beside leachate run-off, other polluting run-off may be minimised by following good practicein pesticides and other chemical use, including oils (see also Guidance Notes 4, 5 and 6).

STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTING OTHER POLLUTING RUN-OFF

Pesticides minimise or avoid toxic pesticide residues by:• minimising pesticide use; and• using the methods which are effective with least environmental harm, e.g. Integrated Pest

Management where possible or biodegradeable pesticides (see Guidance Note 5).

Chemical mixing, storage and handling• Mix and store chemicals and handle oils in covered, contained areas in order to prevent spills which

may be washed away. Clean up spills immediately.



ANNEX I TO GUIDANCE NOTE 3:

Siting of Nurseries in Relation to Sensitive Water Resources

(Source WA Water and Rivers Commission Water Quality Protection Note: See Appendix 1,Reference 5.)

Sensitive water areas may include Public Drinking Water Source Areas (PDWSAs),Waterways Management Areas, conservation category and resource enhancement wetlands,multi-use waterways and unconfined groundwater. A PDWSA is a collective description fora surface or groundwater resource protected for public drinking water supplies. They includeUnderground Water Pollution Control Areas and Water Reserves and Catchment Areasdeclared under various legislative Acts.

PDWSA protection framework

The Department of Environment, Water and Catchment Protection is responsible formanaging and protecting Western Australia’s water resources. Policies for the protection ofPDWSAs include three levels of priority classification on land within PDWSAs.

Priorityclassification

Defined to ensure Declared over landwhere

Managementprinciple

Permitted activities

Priority 1(P1)Sourceprotectionareas

No degradation ofthe water source

The provision of thehighest quality publicdrinking water is theprime beneficial landuse, e.g. crown lands

Risk avoidance Land developmentand activity posingrisks is generally notpermitted


No increased riskof pollution to thewater source

Low intensitydevelopment (e.g. rural)already exists butprotection of publicwater supply sources is ahigh priority

Risk minimisation Restricteddevelopment (withconditions) and lowrisk activity isallowed


Management of therisk of pollution tothe water source

Water supply sourcesneed to coexist withother land uses, e.g.residential, commercialand light industrial

Protection throughmanagementguidelines formeasures limitingrisks

New or expandedactivities subject toapproval by WRCwhere there is a riskto water resources

Existing activitiespresenting risks towater resources to beprogressivelymanaged to reducerisks

Wellhead protection zones are areas defined within the immediate surrounds of waterproduction wells where special restrictions apply. In these zones, groundwater moves rapidlytowards wells and any contamination leaching from the ground surface could find its way intoscheme water supplies before effective remedial action can take place. Wellhead protectionzones are usually circular with a radius of 500 metres in P1 areas and 300 metres in P2 and P3areas. These zones do not extend outside PDWSAs.

Siting considerations for nurseries

Appropriate siting is essential for minimising the environmental impact of nurseries. Thehighest risk of harmful leaching from nurseries applies where there are sandy or gravelly soilsoverlaying a shallow watertable. DEWCP requirements for nurseries will vary according totheir proximity to various types of sensitive water resource.

The DEWCP should be consulted on all proposed new developments or major extensions.


Sensitive water resource Requirements

Priority 1 and wellhead protectionareas

Nurseries are an unacceptable activity.

Priority 2 areas Nurseries are a conditional activity, i.e. possibly compatible with watermanagement objectives provided appropriate site managementpractices are followed.Activities may require a permit from WRC containing conditions toprotect water resources such as limitations of pesticide and fertliseruse. Monitoring of ground or surface water may be required where theoperation uses large quantities of contaminants.

Priority 3 areas Nursery activities are generally compatible. A permit maynevertheless be required from WRC as for Priority 2 areas.

Wetlands, streams and estuaries WRC recommends that adequate vegetated buffers be maintainedbetween nurseries and wetlands, estuaries and streams to minimise therisk of degradation to water quality and ecology.Nurseries near to conservation wetlands should provide a minimumseparation distance of 200 m.

Waterway Management Area Approval for developments within these areas must be obtained fromDEWCP. The DEWCP will advise on the location of these areas.Nurseries should have a minimum separation distance of 100 m fromthe banks of permanent waterways and at least 50 m from the banks ofnaturally intermittent waterways.

Nursery operations should be located at least 1.5 m above the maximum height of thewatertable and sited on gently sloping ground where gradients are between 1 in 200 and 1 in10. Slopes with gradients more than 1 in 10 produce excessive run-off with potential erosionproblems. Ponding and boggy areas occur on sites with a slope less than 1 in 200. Such areascan become conduits for the transport of contaminants to water bodies.


ANNEX II TO GUIDANCE NOTE 3:

Conceptual Wastewater Recycle System for Nurseries

(Source: Water and Rivers Commission: See References, Reference 5.)Supply

Waterstorage

tank

Water treatment-Filtration anddisinfection

Irrigationcontroller

Sol.valve

Emitter

Pot plants oncrushedrock base andliner on grade

Imperviouscollectionsump

Autopump

Retic pipe


GUIDANCE NOTE NO. 4

OPTIMISING THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Select and apply irrigation systems and methods to optimise water use. This will help to reducedemand on water resources and, for many, it will save on pumping costs. Avoiding over-use willalso help to improve plant productivity reduce leachate run-off, a waste of expensive fertiliser.

The most appropriate system for a nursery will depend on various factors, for example, itsproducts, the flexibility required in operations, costs, labour requirements, the quality andavailability of water.

Presently most nurseries use overhead irrigation systems that produce large amounts of excessrun-off. In most cases there may be scope for reducing use. In some cases water recycling maybe feasible.

System options are summarised in this Note. Refer to the references for more detailedguidelines, in particular ‘Nursery Industry Water Management Best Practice Guidelines’.

1. Selecting the optimal irrigation system

Select an optimal irrigation system, particularly when the opportunity for choice presentsitself in new developments or when upgrading existing facilities. Butterfly sprinklers are themost practical for outside applications, but use these in conjunction with delivery, fertiliserand water retention methods to minimise water use and run-off (see also Guidance Note 3).

IRRIGATION SYSTEM OPTIONS

Top watering•• Fixed overhead sprinklers: Various types including butterfly systems and jets. Cheap but can be

inefficient in water use.•• Mobile booms: Expensive but productivity advantages for watering seedlings in greenhouses plus

long-term savings.•• Hand watering: Generally not recommended.•• Drip irrigation: Best for lower turnover plants where the effort of changing feeds is less of a problem

than with high turnover plants.

Bottom watering•• Ebb and flow and flood floor systems: Options to consider, e.g. for flowers in greenhouses.•• Trough systems: Can be adapted to existing bench systems.•• Capillary mats and sand bed capillary systems: Other options to consider.

The advantages and disadvantages of the various types of system are detailed below in theAnnex to Guidance Note 4.


2. Requirements for efficient operation

Top watering systems

TOP WATERING SYSTEMS - CONSIDERATIONS FOR EFFICIENT OPERATION

Fixed overhead sprinklers•• Spacing and operating pressure: Arrange for uniform application.•• Spacings and discharge rates: Select to ensure mean application rate is less than the absorption rate

of the potting media.•• Nozzles: Where possible, use nozzles which reduce unwanted spray and drift, e.g. impact nozzles.•• Use pot holder racks where appropriate (i.e. where leachate buildup would not be a problem).

- the base retains water for capillary wetting.- leachate and water run-off is reduced.- the water surface area is minimal which reduces evaporation.- they prevent pots from falling over.

•• Use windbreaks to protect sprinklers and the trajectory of the jet stream, and reduceevapotranspiration.- erect at right angles to the prevailing wind or along the windward side of the nursery.- leeward shelter 4 to 6 times the height of the fence.- use porous windbreaks (solid ones create turbulence and reduce the zone of protection).- adjust needs for slopes.- windbreaks 2 times longer than their height.

Mobile boom sprinkler:•• Nozzles: Choose appropriate types and sizes.•• Application rate: Choose appropriate nozzle discharge rates and wetted area so that the instantaneous

application rate does not exceed 15 mm/hr.•• Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Hand watering•• Use aerators: Fit hose nozzles with aerators to reduce water pressure and maintain high volume, to

minimise disease spread through splash, and prevent potting media washing away from containers.•• Aisle space: Allow enough aisle space to allow easy access for staff to reach all containers.

Drip irrigatio•• Use nondraining drippers: For multi-outlet manifold connected to microtubes, use compensating

nondraining drippers to ensure even watering for each container.•• Dripper rates: Match to the potting media so that the maximum level spread of water occurs before

the bottom of the container.•• Pulsing: Fit pulsators or use the irrigation controller to program a pulsing cycle to the solenoid

valves - sustaining optimum water volume and a favourable environment for root development.

Bottom watering

Consider bottom watering for new greenhouse developments. Subirrigation techniques suchas flood, or ebb and flow systems are in use throughout Europe and in some areas of theUnited States. These systems may be completely closed and not allow the discharge of anycontaminated waters into the surrounding environment. The systems are either contained onbenches (flood benches) or on concrete floors (flood floors). The system allows the floor orbench to be flooded with 5 cm-7.5 cm of nutrient enriched water for enough time to allow theplants to take up both water and nutrients. The water is then removed by being pumped backto the collection tank. The cycle is repeated as required.


BOTTOM WATERING - CONSIDERATIONS FOR EFFICIENT OPERATION

Ebb and flowBenches are flooded for a short time to a depth of 20 mm to saturate the bottom of the pots and thendrained.•• Monitor water quality: Where water is recirculated attention must be given to the changing pH and

soluble salt content over time, as well as the spread of plant pathogens.•• Avoid heavy metal contamination: Bench surfaces as well as supply equipment should be non-

metallic to avoid heavy metal contamination.•• Leach top layers of media: Before dispatching plants, leach out the top layers of the pot media with

thorough overhead watering.

Flood floor systemsConcrete floor modules are fitted with underground piping allowing the water to flood and drain eachmodule rapidly.•• The floor must be built accurately to ensure complete and rapid drainage.•• Management considerations are similar to ebb and flow.

Trough systemsWater is supplied at a slow rate at one or both ends of a trough on benches, using a timed dripper, anddrains to a holding tank for reuse. The slow rate stops media washing away and allows watering bycapillary action.•• Monitor water quality: Salt levels may be high.•• Disinfect water: Disinfection of recirculated water is necessary as the system is prone to spread

pathogens.•• Management requirements are otherwise similar to ebb and flow and flood.

Capillary matsSynthetic fibrous material is laid on black polythene on a flat bench and both are covered with aperforated plastic sheet. The matting is kept constantly wet by enough drip feeds to keep the whole mat atthe same moisture content (to dilute the soluble salt effect). The perforated sheet helps to control algalgrowth.•• Pot drain holes: Pots must have enough drain holes to allow capillary watering.•• Pots of 150 mm diameter: These can receive almost the same amount of water through subirrigation

as overhead although the tops will usually remain dry.•• Avoid overwatering: Take care not to overwater plugs or flats, or underwater pots over 150 mm•• Requirements for deeper pots: These may require finer sized particles or more compaction.

Sand bed capillary systemsPots are placed in a moist watertight sand bed, at least 25 mm thick, on a bench. The surface sandremains moist but not saturated.Management considerations are similar to capillary mats.


3. Irrigation control

Follow these guidelines to reduce irrigation run-off:

IRRIGATION CONTROL

Scheduling♦♦ Schedule irrigation based on environmental conditions rather than a simple timed schedule. These

conditions include rainfall, humidity, wind, temperature and day length.

Irrigation system installation, operation and maintenance•• Appropriate system: Select appropriate system type and fittings (as described above and in

Appendix).•• Uniform application: Ensure uniformity of sprinkler application by using best available nozzles at

appropriate spacing and line pressures to minimise blow-outs.•• Operating properly: Ensure all sprinkler nozzles are properly installed and operating (i.e. not

spraying on roadways or unused areas of the nursery).•• No leaks: Eliminate all leaks.•• Pot layout.:

- Maximise the number of pots within sprinkler areas.- Hydro-zone pots so that plants with similar water requirements are grouped in common

stations.

ControllersSelect one with appropriate features for your operation. Features may include:•• Start and run times: Flexibility in start and run times.•• Area watering: The ability to combine and change valve groups to match plant requirements and

turn off empty areas.•• Watering or humidity control: Allowing watering or maintaining humidity from the same valves.•• Allowing daily adjustment or according to rain, with a single switch.•• Manual: Including a manual operation switch.•• Using a controller to backwash filters, inject fertiliser, control pumps and operate disinfection

systems.•• Security: Password: failure protection, warning of malfunction.•• Computer control: Sophisticated systems are available which can monitor weather and other

conditions and which can be tailored to a variety of requirements.



ANNEX TO GUIDANCE NOTE 4:

Advantages and disadvantages of Irrigation System Types

(a) Top watering

System Advantages Disadvantages

Fixed overheadsprinklers

♦ Relatively cheap to install♦ Low labour input♦ Durable♦ Keep foliage clean♦ Can use to cool plants and maintain

humidity

♦ Uneven watering (e.g. when run forenough time for the driest containers)

♦ Can lead to excessive water use andfertiliser leaching

Mobile boomsprinklers

♦ Even watering and consistentapplication allows accurate wateringand fertigation

♦ Light applications suitable forseedlings and bedding plants

♦ Nozzle range provides control of mistand irrigation during germination untilplugs fill their cells

♦ Use 40% less water than handwatering and 25% less than uprightsprinklers

♦ Less labour needed as automatic;better water control, adjusted to plantrequirements

♦ Cost may be prohibitive for smallernurseries

Hand watering ♦ Low capital cost♦ Flexible for a range of plants

♦ Uneven water distribution♦ High labour costs (for experienced staff

only)♦ Uses excessive water (water usually

applied at higher rates than the pottingmedia absorption rate)

♦ Leaching rates high♦ Low water retention♦ Lower quality of plants (possibly due to

compaction of top flooding, loss ofmedium, decreased aeration)

Drip irrigation ♦ Minimal run-off as only applied to thetop of the container

♦ Foliage is not wetted, reducing thedisease potential in some plants

♦ Potentially outperforms all othersystems in achieving high dry weightsof plants

♦ Allows excellent control of air-waterbalance in container to maximise plantgrowth

♦ Leaching can be controlled tominimise salt build-up in the media

♦ Can be used to irrigate a wide range ofplants and container sizes

• Costs• Multiple feeds needed for larger pots• Impractical for high turnover plants


(b) Bottom watering

System type Advantages Disadvantages

Ebb and flow ♦ Use least amount of water of allirrigation systems

♦ Need much less fertiliser than topwatering systems

♦ Can provide even water applicationAllow efficient use of liquid fertiliserRecirculation of water minimises run-ffLow risk of spreading pathogens

♦ No water on foliage reduces foliarpathogens

♦ Well suited to long lines of plants tospecified standards

♦ Costs♦ Only suitable for greenhouse application in

WA♦ Possible transmission of water borne

diseases♦ High cost of installation♦ Length of flooding critical♦ Excessive contact with water leads to leaf

damage♦ All insecticides, fungicides and herbicides

must be applied very carefully to ensurethere is no toxic build-up in the irrigationwater

Flood floorsystems

♦ Well suited to growing blocks of plants♦ Bottom heating can be incorporated into

the floor♦ Lower rates of fertliser required than

with top watering systems♦ Recirculation of water minimises run-off♦ Allows efficient use of liquid fertilisers

♦ As for ebb and flow

Trough systems ♦ Allows retro fitting of existing benchlayouts

♦ Allows good ventilation between plants♦ Allows plant stacking to better use space♦ Good control over water efficiencies

♦ As for ebb and flow and flood but lesscostly

♦ Most prone to the spread of pathogens♦ Disinfection of water is necessary before

reintroducing it to the system

Capillary mats ♦ Efficient where light levels andtemperatures are low and humidity high

♦ Suited to short crop cycles♦ Water level in containers remains

constant♦ Different plants and pot sizes can be laid

on the same matting

♦ Not ideal for dry WA conditions asevaporative losses can be high

♦ Salt buildup♦ Liquid fertilisers can produce algal

problems

Sandbed capillarysystems

♦ Cheapest subirrigation system♦ Similar features to capillary mats

♦ Pots larger than 9 L are not adequatelywatered

♦ Growth of roots onto the sandbed♦ Liquid fertlisers produce slime


GUIDANCE NOTE NO. 5

FERTILISER AND POTTING MEDIA MANAGEMENT

There has historically been a tendency to over-fertilise container-grown crops. This can lead to high levels ofnutrient leachates in run-off waters. This is especially the case with liquid fertilisers but excessive use ofcontrolled release fertilisers also contributes to pollution.The most critical nutrients to be concerned with are the leaching of nitrates into groundwater and the leaching ofphosphorus and ammonia into surface waters. Nitrates are very water-soluble and move easily through poroussoils into the groundwater.Carefully manage fertiliser use to deliver the correct amount for the plantSee also Guidance Note 7 for general guidelines on storage, handling and dealing with spills.Refer to Annex 2 for notes on water and soil pollution which may arise from fertilisers and potting media.

Over-fertilisation has been common practice partly due to the relatively low cost of fertiliserand the desire to reduce risk of under-fertilisation. The majority of nurseries involved incontainer production use controlled release fertilisers. These fertilisers release their nutrientsbased primarily on temperature and moisture. At various times during the plant growth cyclethere may be an excess release of nutrients, nitrogen in particular.

Good fertiliser management for nursery producers will include the following:

BASIC STEPS FOR GOOD FERTILISER MANAGEMENT IN NURSERIES

Selection• Use controlled release fertiliser where possible in preference to soluble.

Amount• Determine the correct amount to sustain yields.

Controlled release fertilisers• Apply at the manufacturer's recommended rate or less.• (Rates may vary due to circumstances such as rainfall, irrigation schedule and geographic location).• Use split applications (see explanation below).

Water soluble fertilisers• Apply at rate based on plant nutrient levels, or electrical conductivities not on a fixed time schedule

(see explanation below).• Do not exceed the soil infiltration capability.

Minimising fertiliser leaching• Use appropriate soil media and wetting agents to assist with water retention.• Use appropriate watering method (see Guidance Notes 3 and 4).

Storage and handling• Ensure proper handling and storage of fertilisers and potting media, disposal of fertiliser wastes and

cleanup of fertiliser spills (see Guidance Note 7).

Monitoring• Check drainage discharge - if contaminated, review watering methods, fertiliser application and soil

media.• If run-off is excessive and cannot be reduced, consider capturing and recirculating it (see Guidance

Note 3).


Explanation 1: Organic fertilisers

Composts, manures and other organic matter may be good sources of nutrients for containerproduction, although this will depend on their quality, the plants grown and practicality of thematerial for the production situation.

Explanation 2: Use split applications

The effects of temperature and moisture on the release of slow-release fertilisers means thatsplit applications are recommended. During the early stages of plant development there isless need for nutrients, especially nitrogen. Thus, large quantities of nitrogen are typicallyleached from the media at this stage. During the active growing stage, more nutrients areneeded and quite often are not available due to excess leaching earlier in the season. Ifapplications are split rather than single, excess leaching is reduced, nutrient levels aremaintained and nutrients are available when needed by the plants, making fertiliserapplication more efficient.

Explanation 3: Potting media storage and handling

On exposure to air, water and micro-organisms, potting media such as woodwaste releasessoluble compounds which are a potential source of polluting run-off. Such material should bestored and used so that run-off is avoided.

Explanation 4: Recommended nutrient and total salt levels for soluble fertiliserapplications

The optimal level of nutrients or electrical conductivity may vary between crops and the typeof soilless media used. Therefore, it is important for each operation to design a fertiliserprogram for its specific needs. There are guidelines for approximate levels of nutrients andelectrical conductivities that should be expected in a properly managed cultural environment.

The optimal levels for application of water-soluble fertiliser can be found by measuringnutrient levels in extracted water, electrical conductivity of extracted water, or foliar analysis.

The table below provides some general guidelines (see Reference 1 for further details).

Nutrient Saturated media extract Pour-through extraction

Nitrogen 100-199 PPM 50-100 PPM

Phosphorus 6-9 PPM 10-15 PPM

Potassium 150-250 PPM 30-50 PPM

Calcium 200-300 PPM 10-30 PPM

Magnesium 70-200 PPM 10-30 PPM

TOTAL SALTS 2 dS/m-3.5 dS/m

Soluble salts - Ericaceousplants

0.40 dS/m-0.75 dS/m

Soluble salts - other plants 0.75 dS/m-1.50 dS/m

PPM = parts per million.

dS/m = decisiemens per metre (1 dS/m = 1 mmhos/cm).

Saturated soil extraction involves the collection of media from a representative number ofcontainers, mixing all samples, then saturating the mixed sample with distilled water. Thewater is then drawn from the saturated media using vacuum extraction. (Usually conductedunder laboratory conditions.)


The pour-through method is much simpler, especially since it requires a minimum ofequipment. This method requires pouring enough water through the container two hours afterregular irrigation to collect 50 mL of leachate. A minimum of three samples should be takenrandomly from the container block and averaged to get the best approximation. It isrecommended that nurseries using soluble fertilisers use EC meters to monitor leachates on aregular basis.

Safety precautions and standards must be adhered to when applying chemicals through anirrigation system.



GUIDANCE NOTE NO. 6

PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT

Pesticides pose a health risk to employees and neighbours as well as a risk to the environmentthrough vapour drift, spills, run-off, and leaching through the soil into groundwater, aquifers orrivers. They also represent a significant cost for most nurseriesIt is important to know your risks and develop an effective strategy for pest control .This Note summarises the principles of pest and pesticide management for nurseries. Refer tothe references and information sources for more detailed guidance. Refer to Note 7 for pesticidestorage, handling and use.

1. Pest control strategy

Nursery systems often require zero tolerance for certain pests, and continuous vigilance totreat infestations of other pests before they can cause plant damage. The ability of pests toacquire resistance to certain pesticides over time further complicates pest control.Furthermore, banning or increased restrictions is likely to reduce the number of productsavailable to growers in the future.

A grower’s pest control strategy should include the following before deciding to apply apesticide:

STRATEGY FOR PEST CONTROL AND PESTICIDES USE

Monitor and evaluate pest problem• Monitor your nursery regularly for the maturity and population levels of any pests before making a

decision to apply a pesticide.• Identify the pest(s) correctly. If you cannot do this yourself, obtain external advice.

Selection• Select and judiciously use of the most appropriate control tactic for the situation.• Attempt to minimise the use of chemical pesticides, using the least harmful or IPM where possible.• Select pesticides according to pesticide characteristics, site characteristics and soil factors (see notes

below).• Only use recommended pesticides that are registered for the problem and crop.• The label must clearly specify correct use.

Rotation• Rotate chemical pesticides to reduce the potential for pests to gain resistance to specific active

ingredients.

Integrated pest management (IPM)• IPM practices should be an integral part of a grower's approach to pest control. IPM is a systems

approach to controlling pests and includes the following components.• Monitoring of pest populations and correct identification.• Use of economic thresholds to determine the need for pest control practices.• Timing of control practices based on population levels and pest life cycles.• Consideration of all available methods of controlling pests including biological agents, chemical

pesticides and cultural controls, For example, use of nematodes instead of fungicides.

Pollution prevention and safety• The timing, rate and method of pest control influence the potential for air and water contamination

and safety risk.• Pest management programs that focus on the identification of a need for controlling targeted pests in

specific situations are more environmentally sound than regularly scheduled pesticide application.


2. Pesticide management practices

There are many readily available sources of information, including the manufacturersinstructions that discuss the precautions to be taken to protect applicators and the environmentwhen using pesticides (see also Note 7 for pesticide storage handling and spill response).

Plan and prepare for pesticide use

GOOD PRACTICE IN PLANNING AND PREPARATION FOR PESTICIDE USE

Follow instructions• Read the label and follow all directions, including the safety precautions.

Select and prepare equipment• Ensure application equipment is in good working order and is properly calibrated.• Use application equipment that minimises drift.

Spill and emergency preparedness• Be prepared to handle a spill and other emergencies (see Guidance Note 7).

Safety• Wear appropriate clothing, ensuring personal protection.• Follow pesticide directions carefully for greenhouse venting and re-entry intervals. Under

uncharacteristic weather conditions, proper venting to dissipate "fog" or "smoke" pesticide residuemay still pose a threat to workers, neighbours and the environment.

Take precautions when mixing pesticides and filling equipment

PESTICIDES MIXING AND FILLINGMixing location and filling stations (if separate)Pollution prevention and safety.• Ensure sites are away from watercourses.• Always have water available for eye washing.• Have standby equipment close by that includes absorptive material, shovel, etc.• Enclosed storage for pesticides and empty containers (also at filling stations).

Mixing• Mix only the amount of pesticide you need for the application.Filling• Ensure an air gap of 30 cm is maintained between the end of the filling hose and the top of the sprayer

tank.• Have an approved backflow prevention device or air gap on the waterline used to fill the application

equipment.• Do not leave equipment unattended while filling.


Take precautions in application

PESTICIDES APPLICATION

Prevention of water pollution• Leave a pesticide-free zone of 10 m along all natural watercourses (e.g. ditches, streams, lakes,

wetlands) or around bores.• Do not irrigate shortly after pesticide application. This increases the chance of the pesticide being

carried away in the irrigation water.• Do not over-water: Excess irrigation speeds the leaching of pesticides through the growing medium

and/or soil.• Chemicals injected into the growing medium or soil to control pests are more readily leached than

those sprayed onto growing plants.

Application rate• Do not exceed the rate specified on the label.

Weather• Only apply in suitable weather conditions to minimise drift (see below).

Control pesticide drift

Drift refers to the movement of pesticide droplets or dust by wind or air currents away fromthe target area and onto a non-target area. Drifts may be in liquid droplet or vapour form.

Liquid droplet drift is related to droplet size. The smaller the droplets, the further the windcan carry them from the target. Vapour drift from volatile chemicals can continue long afterthe spraying operation. Small amounts of highly volatile pesticides can injure susceptibleplants, such as grapes or tomatoes, and impair a watercourse well outside the treated area.This injury often occurs during stable air conditions which allow the vapours to collect andremain undiluted.

CONTROL OF SPRAY DRIFT

Pressure• Use low spraying pressure to reduce the number of fine spray droplets produced.

Nozzles and sprayers• Use nozzles that produce drops more resistant to drift, such as low-pressure, flat-fans, flooding or

raindrop nozzles.• Replace or clean faulty nozzles which cause fogging.♦ Use special, low volume type sprayers.

Chemicals• Choose chemicals that do not require high-pressure and fine droplets.• Use low-volatility chemicals that reduce vapour drift.• Use antidrift additives which increase viscosity at the nozzle orifice to produce fewer fine droplets.

Conditions• Spray when conditions are still or winds are minimal*. Early morning and evening are often good times,

particularly for very volatile chemicals.* Less than 8 km/hr (5 miles/hour) if you have an anemometer.



ANNEX TO GUIDANCE NOTE 6:

Selection of Pesticides and Assessing Risks

Take the following factors into account before making pesticide use decisions.

1. Pesticide characteristics

Know the properties of the pesticides you are using. When you have a choice amongpesticides, choose those with low solubility, high capacity to bind in the soil, low volatilityand short breakdown period as better environmental options. Non chemical methods of pestcontrol are preferable.

By law, training and certification is required to use restricted pesticides.

Pesticide characteristicsPesticides differ in their chemical structure. The characteristics of the active ingredients inpesticides have implications for the risk of environmental contamination. The environmentalimpact of pesticides that leach into groundwater, or enter waterways via run-off can besevere. Many factors influence the probability of pesticides entering aquatic systems,including the climatic conditions and physical characteristics of pesticides used in thenursery. The factors that especially determine a pesticide's environmental threat are:♦♦ Solubility: The higher the solubility in water, the greater the likelihood of contamination♦♦ Adsorption, or how tightly the chemical binds with soil particles, a factor of both the soil

and the pesticide♦♦ Volatility, or how easily a pesticide vaporises into the atmosphere♦♦ Degradation: The faster a pesticide degrades in the soil, the less likely it is to be carried

to aquatic systems and groundwater in large quantities♦♦ Toxicity, or the degree to which a substance is harmful or poisonous♦♦ Persistence, or how long a pesticide and its transformation products remain availableNB: Even when using the same active ingredients there is scope for reducing impacts byusing the right formulations for controlling release of the active ingredients

2. Site characteristics

Identify risks of contamination influenced by the site characteristics, especially the sensitivityof the site. Pesticides are subject to specific controls in Public Drinking Water Source Areas(see Appendix to Guidance Note 2).

Site characteristicsSite conditions affecting the probability of pesticide contamination include:♦♦ The permeability of various geological deposits between the soil surface and

groundwater, affecting the speed and movement of water and pesticides to groundwater.For example, layers of gravel allow water to move rapidly downward.

♦♦ Depth to groundwater: The closer the watertable is to the surface, the greater theprobability of contamination.

♦♦ Slope of the ground surface, controlling the direction of contaminant movement.♦♦ Proximity to surface water bodies.


3. Soil factors

Identify soil factors influencing the probability of pesticide contamination.

Soil factors

Soil factors influencing the possibility of contamination include:

♦♦ Physical properties of soil, including the relative percentages of sand, silt, clay andorganic matter, influence water movement and the mobility of pesticides. Water moveseasily through coarse-textured soils (higher percentage of sand), and pesticides aretransported to groundwater with little retention. Fine-textured soils, such as clays, notonly impede the movement of water, but have a higher ability to bind chemicals, thustaking them out of the solution. The higher the organic component in a soil, the greaterits ability to hold water and chemicals and thus reduce the likelihood of migration.

♦♦ The permeability of soil, or hydraulic conductivity, is a measure of the soil's ability tomove water through the soil matrix. The more permeable the soil, the greater thepossibility of pesticides moving into the watertable. Hydraulic conductivity is affected bysoil texture (sand, silt, clay) and by soil structure, especially as the structure controls thesize of water-conducting pores.


GUIDANCE NOTE NO. 7

CHEMICALS STORAGE AND HANDLING

To prevent pollutants entering surface or groundwater, follow good practice in storing andhandling fertilisers and other chemicals.♦♦ Store in appropriate, locked stores.♦♦ Ensure careful handling and use by personnel trained to do so.♦♦ Deal with spills promptly and safely to prevent pollution.♦♦ Dispose of wastes responsibly.This Note provides guidance on chemicals storage and handling. Notes 4 and 5 provideguidance on use of fertilisers and pesticides respectively. The relevant State or localgovernment environmental or health and safety organisation should be contacted for moredetailed advice and information on regulatory requirements.

1. Storage

FERTILISERS - STORAGE

♦ Store in a well-ventilated, dry area, separately from pesticides.♦ Concrete floors help in clean-up and containment of spills.

PESTICIDES - STORAGE

Access and security♦♦ Store all pesticides in a shed, room or locker vented to the outside.♦♦ Restrict access to storage and preparation areas to qualified and authorised personnel only.♦♦ Separate the storage facility from working and living areas.♦♦ Keep locked when not in use.♦♦ To be away from watercourse to avoid contamination if a spill or fire.♦♦ Provide a sump to contain a spill.

Labels and signs♦♦ Follow label directions for storage.♦♦ Place a warning sign on entrances.

Containers and contents♦♦ Close containers tightly.♦♦ Do not store pesticides with food, feed, fertiliser or seed.♦♦ Do not use the storage facility for any pesticides that are not currently in use.♦♦ Do not store personal protective equipment in the storage facility. Keep it nearby in case of an

accident.♦♦ Store herbicides away from other pesticides.

Containment and spills♦♦ Install a sump made of concrete or other impervious material which will contain a spill.♦♦ Keep absorbent materials such as clay, kitty litter, sawdust, handy in case of a spill.♦♦ Provide a wash down shower for operators and a source of fresh water for eyewash.

Inventory♦♦ Keep an updated list of stored pesticides away from the storage facility and inform the local fire

department of the contents and location of the pesticide storage facility.

2. Preparation areas

Pesticides are generally toxic to the environment while concentrated fertiliser solution is acontaminant in the environment because of its high salt level and highly water-soluble


compounds. When preparing pesticides or liquid fertlisers the following precautions reducethe risk of accidental contamination of watercourses or groundwater.

FERTILISERS - PREPARATION AREAS

Floors♦♦ Should be concrete with a sump to contain spills and leakages.Water supply♦♦ Install an approved backflow prevention device on the water supply piping to the preparation area to

prevent contamination of the water supply.Tanks and filling♦♦ Do not leave fertiliser tanks unattended during the filling procedure.

PESTICIDES - PREPARATION AREAS

Mixing♦♦ Mix only the amount of pesticide you need for the application.♦♦ Always have water available for washing.♦♦ Do not exceed the rate specified on the label.

Water supply♦♦ Have an approved backflow prevention device or air gap on the waterline used to fill the application

equipment.

Filling♦♦ Do not leave equipment unattended while filling.♦♦ Wear appropriate clothing, ensuring personal protection.♦♦ Ensure the filling station is at least 10 m from all watercourses.♦♦ Have standby equipment close by that includes absorptive material, shovel, etc.♦♦ Ensure an air gap of 30 cm is maintained between the end of the filling hose and the top of the

sprayer tank.♦♦ If the air gap is bypassed, install a reduced-pressure principle backflow device.♦♦ Ensure a washdown shower and source of fresh water for an eyewash are available in case of

emergency.

3. Spill response

If a fertiliser spill occurs in a storage or preparation area, environmental contamination maybe avoided by prompt containment and clean-up.

Pesticide spills must be reported in accordance with DEWCP requirements. Any spill of atoxic chemical, however small, must be reported to DEWCP if it can give rise to a risk to theenvironment. If a pesticide spill occurs, proper cleaning and decontamination of the area canhelp avoid environmental contamination. Contaminated cleanup materials must also bedisposed of safely.

FERTILISER SPILLS

Granular fertiliser spills:♦♦ Promptly salvage as much of the product as possible♦♦ If spilled onto soil, collect the soil and use as a fertiliser

Concentrated liquid spills:♦♦ Immediately prevent from spreading♦♦ Cover the liquid with sawdust or other absorptive material

Recover the nutrient value of the spilled material if possible; otherwise dispose of to landfill(concentrated fertilisers or solutions may be toxic to plants if disposed of to land or be washed intowatercourses or groundwater)


PESTICIDE SPILLS

Safety measures♦♦ Prevent people from exposure to the pesticide and its fumes.♦♦ For personal safety, tell someone you are cleaning up a pesticide spill, where you will be, and when

you are expected to return.♦♦ Put on protective equipment before cleaning up the spill. Wear overalls, respirators and eye protection

for toxic pesticides. Remember that you are handling concentrated pesticides.♦♦ Ventilate the area.

Prevent the spread of the pesticide.♦♦ Cover a liquid pesticide with soil, sawdust or other absorptive material.♦♦ Dry formulations can be swept up and reused if they have not become wet or contaminated with soil or

debris.

Waste disposal♦♦ Once the liquid is absorbed into the material, put it in an empty waste container and contact DEWCP

or the local authority Environmental Health Officer for information on the disposal of thecontaminated material.

Decontamination♦♦ Decontaminate the surface.♦♦ Check the container label for specific directions. Washing the area with chlorine bleach and detergent

can detoxify many pesticides.♦♦ Absorb the excess liquid with more absorbent material and put it in the disposal container. Take care

to prevent the wash solution from spreading and contaminating a larger area.♦♦ If the spill occurs on the ground, remove the top 5 cm to 7 cm of soil. Cover the area with lime and a

layer of uncontaminated soil. Dispose of the soil in the same way as the contaminated materialindicated previously.

♦♦ If the spill occurs beside a watercourse, remove the top layer of contaminated soil immediately andrelocate it.

4. Waste disposal

See Guidance Note 8 for further guidance on waste management.

WASTE DISPOSAL - FERTILISER AND PESTICIDES

Fertiliser packaging♦♦ The packaging of fertiliser products commonly consists of paper and/or plastic bags.♦♦ Check with suppliers to see which types of packaging can be returned for recycling.♦♦ Dispose of non-recyclable material to a landfill.♦♦ Do not burn fertiliser packaging materials.Pesticide containers and unwanted pesticidesEmpty pesticide containers and unwanted pesticides can be hazardous to human health and theenvironment if not disposed of properly.♦♦ If containers and unwanted materials are not recovered by the supplier, store safely for collection and

disposal by a licensed waste contractor.



GUIDANCE NOTE NO. 8

WASTE MANAGEMENT - GENERAL

The following are good practice to save money, reduce environmental impacts and, in the case ofdisposal, comply with the law♦♦ Reduce the volumes of waste generated and materials discarded.♦♦ Reuse or recycle materials where possible.♦♦ Compost organic wastes such as plant debris, cardboard, paper and composite packaging material.♦♦ Substitute biodegradable materials for those that are not.♦♦ Use recyclable materials.♦♦ Use recoverable materials.♦♦ Where reuse or recycling is not possible, ensure safe disposal through a licensed waste contractor.

1. Hazardous waste

Store waste pesticides and containers safely for collection by a licensed waste contractor, or inthe case of oils, an oil recycler.

Disposal of pesticide containers

Empty pesticide containers can be hazardous to the environment if not disposed of properly.Take the following precautions for waste containers:

DEALING WITH WASTE PESTICIDE CONTAINERS

Draining and rinsing♦♦ Drain the container into the tank.♦♦ Rinse the container, pouring the rinse water into the sprayer tank each time.♦♦ Drums, metal, glass and rigid plastic containers be triple rinsed or pressure washed. Puncture all

containers and arrange for delivery to an appropriate landfill.♦ Clean sprayers or empty containers as far from a watercourse, ditch, or well as required to eliminate

the possibility of pesticides being washed back into the surface water or groundwater.

Prevent container reuse♦♦ Crush or puncture the container so it cannot be reused. Use caution if the container is glass.

Safe storage and disposal of containers♦♦ Store in a safe place for a short time until collection is made by a licensed waste contractor.♦♦ Burning or burying of pesticide containers on private property is not an environmentally acceptable

practice. Do not burn paper or plastic pesticide bags as this releases toxic fumes.

Disposal of unwanted pesticides and other chemicals

Disposal of unwanted pesticides must be carried out only by a licensed contractor. The bestprecaution against pesticide disposal is good planning.

UNWANTED PESTICIDES AND CHEMICALS

Pesticides planning♦♦ Only purchase quantities of pesticides that will be used up within one year.♦♦ Mix only the amount of pesticide required for the application.

Unwanted pesticides♦♦ Do not store any excess mixture in spraying equipment for an extended period♦♦ Spray out the excess to another area where its effect may be beneficial. If no such area can be found,

spray the mixture over an area of your property where it will cause no damage.♦♦ Do not exceed label application rates or respray just to dispose of the product required for that day.♦♦ Return unopened pesticide containers to the manufacturer or dealer.♦♦ Do not spread unused pesticide concentrate on land or put into sewers and drains.


Oils♦♦ Recycle via a licensed oil recycler.

Other chemicals♦♦ Dispose of leftover diluted solutions of disinfectants, sterilisers and bleaches to sewer systems or to

landfill via a licensed contractor.

2. Organic wastes

The major organic waste components include plant debris, cardboard and paper andcomposite packaging materials

ORGANIC WASTES

Plant debris♦♦ Composting is the preferred method of handling plant debris.

Cardboard and paper♦♦ Recycling of both cardboard and paper is well established and is the preferred and most

environmentally sound method.♦♦ Waste companies may leave recycling containers on your site or at central locations free of charge.

Composite packaging materials♦♦ Waste materials consisting mainly of paper or cardboard, but also containing plastic or wax are not

currently recyclable.♦♦ Reuse materials, such as bags and boxes, as often as possible before disposing of them at a municipal

landfill.♦♦ Choose products that are packaged in recyclable materials whenever possible.♦♦ Do no bury or burn these materials on your private property.

3. Inorganic wastes

The inorganic waste materials generated in nursery production include high-density rigidplastics, low-density plastic films and bags, polystyrene plastic and metal containers.

INORGANIC WASTES

High density rigid plasticsFor example, plant containers, plug trays, flats, pots, hanging baskets, and pesticide and nutrientcontainers.Pots♦♦ Sterilise and reuse plastic pots.♦♦ Do not discard until unusable due to plastic deterioration (will last up to 10 years).♦♦ The Recycling Company of WA would like broken or discarded pots for recycling into pipes and other

products.♦♦ Only dispose of as waste as a last resort.♦♦ Do not burn or bury on-site.High density polyethylene, e.g. extruded pipe, oil bottles and pesticide/fertiliser containers.♦♦ Recycle where facilities exist or suppliers will take back or provide refillable containers.Polystyrene, e.g. food packaging, egg cartons and disposable plates/cups.♦♦ Reuse flats, etc. on site where possible.♦♦ Grind up waste for use as a potting soil amendment.


Low density plastic films and bagsFor example, low-density polyethylene coverings for greenhouses and plastic packaging, including plasticmaterial in paper bags.♦♦ Generally these materials are not recyclable.♦♦ If cleaned they may be reused on-site or by businesses.♦♦ Ask your suppliers to accept the return of low-density waste plastics.♦♦ It may be advantageous to get a roller or a baler to compress waste plastics into smaller volumes for

ease and safety in handling.♦♦ Do not burn or bury (as above).

Metal containersIf recycling or scrap metal options are not available, arrange for delivery of metal waste to a municipallandfill for disposal.♦♦ Do not bury on your property.



NOTE NO. 9

OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

This Note describes environmental considerations not specifically covered in the other GuidanceNotes in this series, specifically energy use, air pollution and noise. Every effort should be made tominimise environmental impacts wherever these are relevant. For many nurseries, energy will alsobe a significant cost issue.

1. Energy management

It makes good business as well as environmental sense to save energy. Energy use canrepresent a significant cost item for nurseries, particularly those that pump large quantities ofwater or heat greenhouses in winter. Saving energy will also help reduce greenhouse gasemissions and other pollutants arising from electricity generation or produced directly by anursery in burning diesel fuel, gas or coal.

GOOD ENERGY PRACTICE

Pumping♦ Optimising water use will optimise electricity demand for pumping♦ Use the most appropriate, energy efficient, submersible pump for the job

Heating and cooling♦ Where greenhouses are heated or cooled, employ multi-span in preference to tunnel greenhouses

(heat losses are much less since there is less wall area).♦ Ensure distribution pipes are well insulated to minimise heat losses.♦ Ensure heating/cooling units are well maintained to optimise efficiency and avoid leaks of coolant.

Soil heating♦ Mat systems are more energy efficient than tube systems.

Lighting♦ Use energy efficient lighting, e.g. low energy fluorescent lights internally and metal halides externally.

Equipment purchasing♦ Consider energy efficiency in all equipment purchasing.

HousekeepingTurn off lights and equipment when not in use.

2. Air emissions

Air emissions may contribute to air pollution as well as nuisance to neighbours.

AIR EMISSIONS REDUCTION

Boilers♦ Where gas, coal or wood is burnt to produce hot water, ensure the plant is well maintained, pollution

is minimised and carbon monoxide production prevented.♦ Where coal is used, use the cleanest possible coal.

Pesticides♦ Avoid overspray and drift (see Note 6 Pesticide Management).

Burning♦ Do not burn waste on site see Note 8 Waste Management.

Dust♦ Minimise where a nursery is close to neighbours.


3. Noise and vibration

Noise and vibration created by equipment and activity is a normal part of nursery operationbut may cause complaints from adjoining neighbours if excessive. A noise level of up to65 decibels, about the same level as a normal conversation, at the property line of the farm isconsidered acceptable.

Growers should use good judgement in site planning and management to reduce the potentialfor excessive noise and vibration. Some precautions to help minimise unnecessary off-siteimpacts are:

NOISE AND VIBRATION

Site planning♦ Locate stationary machinery and noisy activities away from residences of neighbouring property

owners.♦ Use buildings or perimeter landscaping to block on-site noise levels.

Equipment maintenance♦ Scheduled maintenance of machinery and equipment.

Work planning♦ Plan noisiest activities during normal working hours.



APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF FURTHERINFORMATION

References

1. Nursery Industry Water Management: Best Practice Guidelines, Australia (1997).Nursery Industry Association of Australia and Horticultural Research and DevelopmentCorporation.

2. Managing Nursery Run-off: Techniques to Reduce Nutrient Leaching from Pots (1996).G.C. Cresswell and D.O. Huett, Horticultural Research and Development Corporationand NSW Agriculture.

3. NIASA Best Practice Guidelines for the Nursery Industry Accreditation Scheme,Australia (1997). Nursery Industry Association of Australia and AustralianHorticultural Corporation.

4. Best Practice Manual for Pesticide Application, November 2001. Draft 2, HorticulturalResearch and Development Corporation and the Centre for Pesticide Application andSafety, The University of Queensland.

5. Nurseries and Garden Centres: Water Quality Protection Note: Version 5, October2001. Water and Rivers Commission.

6. Developing an Environmental Management System: A Practical Guidebook forAgricultural Businesses: February 2001. Agriculture Western Australia (nowDepartment of Agriculture).

7. Environmental Guidelines for the Nursery and Turf Industry (1998). Province ofBritish Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture and Food: www.gov.bc.ca/agf/

Further information

1. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia: www.agric.wa.gov.au

2. Department of Environment, Water and Catchment Protection, Western Australia:www.environ.gov.au

3. Irrigation Association of Australia: www.irigation.org.au

4. National Registration Authority (for agricultural and veterinary chemicals):www.chemlink.com.au/nra.htm

5. Nursery and Garden Industry Australia: www.ngia.com.au

6. Water and Rivers Commission, Western Australia: www.wrc.gov.au

7. Worksafe Western Australia (on duty of care requirements): www.safetyline.wa.gov.au


APPENDIX 2: SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONImproper management of specific materials produced or used in a nursery operation can causepollution when released to the environment. This Appendix describes the characteristics ofnursery operations and activities that may pollute water, soil and air.

1. Impacts on water

Pollutants and sources Impacts

Ammonia (NH3)

Run-off ♦ Highly toxic to fish.Over fertilised land (can havea high concentration).Uncovered manure piles alsocontain ammonia.

NitrateFertiliser run-off ♦ Nitrogen in nitrate (NO3) form is water-soluble, does not attach to soil

particles so is easily leached.♦ Once past the root zone, nitrates can continue moving downwards to the

groundwater and into drinking water supplies.♦ In high concentrations nitrates in drinking water can cause a disease in

infants known as blue-baby syndrome.♦ Permitted levels for humans are set by drinking water guidelines.♦ Permitted levels for cattle are higher.

Other nutrients (mainlynitrogen and phosphorus)Fertiliser or manure goingdirectly into a watercourse

♦ Accelerate eutrophication of water bodies.♦ The most visible effects of eutrophication are massive blooms of

phytoplankton (algae).♦ Nitrogen can stimulate eutrophication in lakes, but phosphorus is

generally the critical limiting nutrient.♦ In streams both nitrogen and/or phosphorus can be the limiting nutrient.♦ Water with an excess of nutrients is toxic to cattle and can adversely

affect fish and fish habitat.

MetalsInclude nickel, manganese,lead, chromium, zinc, copper,iron and mercury from:♦ Manure♦ Non-agricultural organic

wastes (i.e. biosolids)♦ Waste oil♦ Hydraulic fluids♦ Acidic leachates from

woodwaste products

♦ Trace quantities are necessary for growth of biological life.♦ In even slightly elevated quantities they can interfere with many

beneficial uses of water.♦ Elevated levels are toxic to most living things.

Oxygen demandWaste entering a water body,e.g. manure or compostleachate

♦ Decomposition removes oxygen otherwise available for fish and otheraquatic life.

♦ Measured by either BOD (biological oxygen demand) or COD(chemical oxygen demand).

♦ Waste with high levels of BOD may kill fish when it enters awatercourse.


Impacts on water continued …

Pollutants and sources Impacts

SolidsOrganic wastesSuspended, e.g. clay, silt, oils,pathogens

♦ Harmful to fish and other aquatic life.

Dissolvede.g. nutrients, metals ♦ Other dissolved solids can cause the BOD of the water to rise. Upon

settling, suspended solids such as silt or sand can damage the gills offish or smother the eggs of aquatic life.

Pesticides♦ Run-off or leaching of soil

that has adsorbedpesticides

♦ Direct application ofpesticides to water, drift

♦ Accidents such as spills

♦ Pesticides can pollute both surface and groundwater.♦ Once water is polluted, it may affect any organism living in or using the

water. This includes people, domestic animals, fish, birds, plants andwildlife.

Fuels and other chemicalsPetroleum, antifreeze, paints,solvents, hydraulic fluids, andother oil substances, e.g.releases from spills

♦ Generally harmful in water supplies.♦ Oil in suspension acts on the gills of fish to interfere with respiration.♦ Petroleum destroys algae and other plankton, removing a source of fish

food and oxygen.♦ Oily substances that settle can coat the bottom of a water body, destroy

organisms, and interfere with spawning areas.♦ Soluble and suspended materials ingested by fish can taint the flavour

of the flesh or have a direct toxic action on fish or fish food.♦ If films of free oil are present they can interfere with the natural

processes of stream aeration and photosynthesis.♦ Petroleum products generally have low acute toxicity to humans and

animals; however, cancer has been linked to some forms of petroleum.

Woodwaste breakdownproductsi.e. where used as soilconditioner

Exposure to water, air and micro-organisms causes woodwaste to breakdown and release soluble compounds. Some are directly toxic to aquaticlife, e.g. tannins, tropolones and resin acids.♦ High BOD and COD levels (see above) in leachate cause the depletion

of oxygen levels in surface waters.♦ The acidity of the leachate will promote the movement of metals and

nutrients out of the soil and into receiving waters.♦ Metals can bioaccumulate in fish making them unfit for human

consumption.♦ Accumulation of metals can also kill fish.♦ Elevated nutrient levels will cause increased fungal and algal growth in

surface waters.


2. Impacts on Soil

The potential to contaminate nursery soil arises from the use of the items identified in thissection.

Pollutant Impact

Very high carbon:nitrogen (C:N ) ratioWood waste has a CNratio of 300:1

Soils have an equilibrium C:N ratio of the order 12-15:1.♦ The application of wastes with a higher C:N ratio will tie up free nitrogen in the

soil.♦ The continued application of such a waste will cause continued nitrogen

fixation until a new soil equilibrium is attained.♦ Soil with a high C:N ratio will have less nitrogen available for plant use.

MetalsSee water above, e.g.some types of manure,waste oil and hydraulicfluidsMetals are generallymore available in acidsoils (soils with a lowpH)

Most metals are relatively immobile and plant uptake is small..♦ Plant yield reduction or even toxicity can occur for some plants at relatively low

levels of metals.♦ If waste containing metals is applied to soil, precautionary measures must be

taken. Once buildup has occurred, and damage produced, it is too late tocorrect.

♦ Although levels in the soil may not harm plant growth, plant levels may betoxic to animals.

♦ Toxic effects of metals in livestock may be caused by the ingestion of plants orsoil.

NutrientsThe main sources ofnutrients are manure andfertiliser

If applied in excess amounts to soil, these nutrients can reduce plant yields orbecome toxic to plants.

Primarynitrogen, phosphorus,and potassiumSecondarysulphur, magnesium andcalciumMicroiron, magnesium, boron,chlorine, zinc, copper,and molybdenum

PesticidesThe accumulation ofexcess or unwantedpesticides on the siteincreases the potentialfor soil and watercontamination frompesticide storage.Pesticide losses mayoccur due to leaks orspills in handling

The specific characteristics of the pesticide used, particularly its persistence andsolubility, strongly influence the potential for soil pollution from spills whenhandling pesticides.Pesticide application can result in some amount of pesticide missing its target.When pesticide pollution of soil occurs, beneficial insects may be killed, crops maynot grow, or the type of crop grown may be limited. Animals including birds maybe harmed or killed.


Impacts on soil continued …

Fuelse.g. spills in handling ♦ Petroleum (gas, diesel, kerosene) and petroleum-based products (oils, greases,

solvents) are complex organic compounds which contain metals and otherpotential contaminants. Some petroleum products are volatile which results inthem being lost to the air; however, many others either firmly or loosely bind tosoil particles.

♦ In either case, petroleum products restrict the growth of plants♦ Petroleum products that are loosely bound to soil can be either washed or

leached into surface or groundwater.

Plant diseases♦ Transfer of plant

diseases is commonin areas wherenursery equipmentmoves either fromfield to field ornursery to nursery, orwhen plants arerelocated betweennurseries

♦ Often, bacteria, fungior other organismsgrowing on the cropor in the soil arepicked up byequipment

♦ Plant disease infestations can result in significant losses in quality and/orgrowth.

♦ Severe soil contamination may reduce the range of plants that can be grown.

Salts♦ Salt sources include

woodwaste from saltsorted logs, compostand fertiliser

♦ Elevated salinitylevels adverselyaffect many crops

♦ The salt content of a manure depends on the feed constituents.♦ Many manures contain between 10% and 13% salts (dry weight basis). High

annual application rates of manure can increase soil salinity in areas of lowprecipitation.

Woodwaste breakdownproducts

♦ Woodwaste breakdown by-products are also acidic and will cause certainmetals and nutrients to be released from the soil. Because the breakdownby-products are leachable, they can enter groundwater.

♦ High application rates of woodwaste to the soil surface or incorporated into thesoil will cause nutrient imbalances or shifts in soil microbial populations. Forexample, a heavy application of sawdust that is incorporated into the soil willcause nitrogen deficiencies (see Carbon:Nitrogen Ratio in this subsection) andmay cause the soil pH to drop.


3. Impacts on air

Issues relating to air pollution areas (including odour and noise nuisance as air pollutionissues).

Pollutant Impact

BurningOpen air burning ofwastes, such as plantdebris and plastics

♦ Introduces smoke, gases and particulates into the air.♦ Potential for fire and the smoke hazard.♦ May create toxic fumes.

‘Greenhouse’ gasesNurseries contribute togreenhouse emissionsdirectly in fuel use orburning, or indirectly byusing electricity

♦ When the sun's rays hit the earth, light energy is converted to heat energywhich is reradiated into the atmosphere. Certain gases in the atmosphere blockthe escape of this deflected heat energy resulting in a warming trend in theearth's atmosphere. This process is called the greenhouse effect.

♦ Carbon dioxide and other gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect areincreasing in concentration due to discharges caused by human activities,mainly from burning fossil fuels.

Ozone depletingsubstances (ODS)♦ The fumigant methyl

bromide is an ODS♦ ODSs are also used in

most cooling systems

♦ These are substances, including CFC refrigerants, which destroy thestratospheric ozone layer which protects the EARTH against harmful solarradiation.

Nitrogen oxides ♦ Nitrogen oxide emissions cause ground-level ozone formation during thesummer. Elevated values of ground-level ozone have been associated withcrop damage.

♦ Nitrogen oxides can be produced when nitrogen in the soil is denitrified.

PesticidesPest control activities ♦ Under normal application, air may be subjected to pesticides in the form of

spray droplets, mists, dusts or vapours. Once in the air they can be transportedto water bodies, non-target organisms or soil. Pesticides can also beconcentrated within enclosed spaces and harm applicators or non-targetorganisms.

OdoursHandling, burning,storage or composting ofplant debris, discardedproduce, pest controlprocedures

May create conflicts with neighbours over any nuisance created, rather than anyphysical harm.

NoiseActivities and equipment Potential for creating nuisance in densely populated areas where farm sites are

small and structures are built close to the property boundaries.

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