Ergonomics International 85

Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the

International Ergonomics Association 2-6 September 1985

Bournemouth, England

I.D. Brown, R. Goldsmith, K. Coombes and M.A. Sinclair Edited by

Taylor & Francis London and Philadelphia

1985

CONTENTS

Preface Congress Organisation Contents

POSTER PRESENTATIONS PP1

Product Design

1 "Computer-aided ergonomic design of a cash payment unit (CPU) for a large r e t a i l e r " S.A. Gibson, C.J. Osborne and M.C. Bonney (UK)

3 "Ergonomics assistance in building new of f i c e s and new f a c t o r i e s " F. Jankovsky (France)

4 "Bed design for back pain sufferers" A.S. Nicholson, J.W. Parnell and P.R. Davis (UK)

5 "Adapting respirators for use with aerosol drug delivery" N.M. Simonelli (USA)

6 " S t a t i s t i c a l analysis as the basis of the methodology of machine noise ergonomical diagnostics" M. Spychala (Poland)

Ergonomics and Education

7 "Project work by final-year ergonomics students at Loughborough University" 1. A.R. Galer (UK)

8 "Teaching of ergonomics in u n i v e r s i t i e s : ideas, viewpoints and many problems" A. Honkasalo (Finland)

1U "Function of orientation in the basic ergonomic training" K. Launis (Finland)

11 "Microcomputers in ergonomics/human factors education : survey r e s u l t s " D.B.D. Smith, M. Vercruyssen and H.W. Hendrick (USA)

12 "Teaching of ergonomics at Technical Universities in Poland" 2. Waszak (Poland)

vii

vm Contents

13 "Specific ergonomics training for ground crew 31 employed by the Swedish C i v i l Aviation Administration" C. Weibull and L. H§kansson (Sweden)

Ergonomics Methodology

14 "An apparatus for the determination of reach 34 envelopes" R.S. de Andrade and L. Matias ( B r a z i l )

l b "Modification of existing anthropometric methods 37 and instruments to meet ergonomics needs" A. Batogowska (Poland)

17 "Motografie : a method to record movements" 40 J.-H. Kirchner and E. Baum (FRG)

2U "A new method for gauging manual work" 43 S. Nakayama (Japan)

21 "Development of a three-dimensional system for 46 motion study" H. Nakayasu and M. Tsukihashi (Japan)

22 "Motion study of skiing by a three-dimensional 49 analysis system" H. Nakayasu and M. Tsukihashi (Japan)

23 "Quantitative comparison of step length, swing 52 period and walking speed from a point of view of types and weights of manual load carrying" Y. üguro and T. (Jhkubo (Japan)

24 "Search for establishing optimum amount of motion 55 a c t i v i t y at working post in seated position" D. Sek and K. J^apaczewska (Poland)

PAPER PRESENTATIONS AND SEMINARS

Al INDUSTRIAL WORK DESIGN : GENERAL ISSUES

1. "A comprehensive model of industrial work design" 58 B. Das (Canada)

2. "Ergonomics and connecting i t with planning 61 i n d u s t r i a l interviews" S. Herranen (Finland)

3. "Ergonomics problems of f l e x i b l e manufacturing 64 systems" B. Das and A. Kusiak (Canada)

4. "Ergonomical analysis of manufacturing processes" 67 L. Nawara and L. Nawara (Poland)

Contents ix

kZ HIGH TECHNOLOGY : DESIGN FOR USABILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY

1. "Evaluating software and documentation u s a b i l i t y " 70 A.S. Neal and R.M. Simons (USA)

2. " C e r t i f i c a t i o n of software u s a b i l i t y in IBM Europe" 73 D. Cantwell and A. Stajano ( I t a l y )

3. "User acceptability of a computer system : a case 7 6 study" F.A. Marquis and D.M. Douglas (UK)

4. "Effects of computerisation on j o u r n a l i s t s ' work 79 and s t r a i n " A. Leppänen (Finland)

A3 DESIGN AND USE OF HAND TOOLS

1. "Access and force requirements on spanner usage" 82 S. Mason, C.A. Ferguson, D. Golding and L.A. Morris (UK)

1. "A review of hand tool i n j u r i e s " 85 A. Mital and F. Aghazadeh (USA)

A4 DESIGN FOR THE DISABLED

1. "Workplace design for physically disabled" 88 E. Edsberg (Norway)

2. "Task analysis of s t a i r - c h a i r c l i e n t transfer from 91 ground to airplane : a case study" S. Kumar (Canada) and D.B. Chaffin (USA)

3. "A computer-aided gait analysis supporting system 94 based on knowledge engineering techniques" K. I t o , S. Honjo, Y. Kurose, S. Takemoto and Y. Umeno (Japan)

Ab "Has Ergonomics the same meaning i n Europe and North America?" Seminar Convenor : M. de Montmollin (France)

7. G. Salvendy (USA) 97

χ Contents

Α6 "Human Mental Workload" Seminar Convenor : H.W. Hendrick (USA)

1. "Mental workload assessment : the state of the art" 100 Ν. Meshkati (USA)

2. "KBAM : a prototype knowledge-based adaptive man- 103 machine system" P.A. Hancock, M.H. Chignell and A. Loewenthal (USA)

3. " E f f e c t s of individual differences and perceived 106 d i f f i c u l t y in coping with mental workload" M.M. Robertson and H.W. Hendrick (USA)

4. "Systematic development of a subjective measure of 109 workload" G. Reid (USA)

5. "A resource theoretical task battery for workload 112 and human performance research" CA. Shingledecker and R. Schlegel (USA)

6. "Considerations in the application of subjective 115 measures of workload" F.T. Eggemeier (USA)

Bl INDUSTRIAL WORK DESIGN : SPECIFIC FACTORS

1. "Man and technology of work on assembly l i n e s " 118 V.J. Parezanin (Yugoslavia)

3. "Ergonomics in meat cutting : Design and evaluation 121 of workstations for manual cutting" R. Ortengren, M. Magnusson, P. Hagström and T. Engström (Sweden)

4. "Some pra c t i c a l aspects of personal noise 124 dosemetry" L.G. da Costa (Portugal)

B2 HIGH TECHNOLOGY : ERGONOMICS DESIGN AIDS

1. "The log i c a l structure of human-computer 127 i n t e r a c t i o n " N. Moray (Canada)

2. "Aiding ergonomics design using an expert system" 130 N.K. Taylor, E.N. C o r l e t t (UK), G.J. Boggs and A. Fr e i v a l d s (USA)

4. "Task analysis in the design of nuclear power plant 133 control rooms" J. Jenkinson (UK)

Contents

B3 STUDIES OF LEISURE ACTIVITY

1. "Circadian rhythms and exercise: a brief review" T. R e i l l y (UK)

3. "A comparison of the patterns of play of squash" Μ. Hughes (UK)

4. "Some factors affecting distance running performance" C. McGowan, D. MacLaren, T. R e i l l y and P. Milroy (UK)

B4 VISUAL ASPECTS OF V.D.U. DESIGN

2. "Positive and negative visual display screens: a comparison" T.A.R. Berns (Sweden) and V.A. Herring (UK)

3. "Effect of V.D.U. colour on visual fatigue in the fovea and periphery of the visual f i e l d " N. Osaka (Japan)

Bb SHIFTWORK AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

1. "Succession of teams and r e l i a b i l i t y of processes with shiftwork" G. de Terssac, Y. Oueinnec, D. d'Artensac and E. Delfino (France)

3. "Individual differences in tolerance to s h i f t work" R. Moog and G. Hildebrandt (FRG)

4. "Masking effects on body temperature rhythms" R. Moog and G. Hildebrandt (FRG)

b. "Relationship between circadian changes in some psychophysical variables and personality types" I . Manenica (Yugoslavia)

B6 "Design of Auditory Warnings f o r A i r c r a f t , Industry and Hospitals" Seminar Convenor : R.D. Patterson (UK)

1. "Auditory warning systems for high-workload envi ronments" R.D. Patterson (UK)

2. "Auditory warning systems on commercial transport a i r c r a f t " A.G. Thorning and R.M. A b l e t t (UK)

xii Contents

3. "Requirements and applications of auditory warnings to m i l i t a r y helicopters" G.M. Rood, J.A. C h i l l e r y and J.B. C o l l i s t e r (UK)

4. "Auditory warnings in intensive care units and operating theatres" J.H. Kerr (UK)

CI INDUSTRIAL WORK DESIGN : ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

1. " C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of work stands in s a l t mines, based on burdensomeness and harmfulness of environmental factors" J.S. Marcinkowski , Z. Niewiedzial, B. Reder and A. Zietek-Berdychowska (Poland)

2. "The role of ergonomics in clean-room environments" S.J. Czaja (USA)

3. "Physical, technical and biological effects of acoustic adjustment designed by a research team from the Ergonomia Cooperative" W. Berdychowski and A. Arentowski (Poland)

4. "Ergonomics in the widest sense" M. J0rpeland (Norway)

C2 HIGH TECHNOLOGY : RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. "Packaging cognitive psychology for user-interface design" M.M. Gardiner and B. C h r i s t i e (UK)

2. "Accounting for individual differences : cognitive complexity as a moderator of effectiveness on a computer interactive task" M. Robertson, A. Loewenthal and H.W. Hendrick (USA)

3. "Ergonomic issues in speech recognition" J.V.F. Berman (UK)

4. "Research needs and European collaboration in human-computer interaction" H.J. B u l l i n g e r and D.G. Davies (UK), K-P. Faehnrich (FRG) and B. Shackel (UK)

Contents xiii

C3 HEALTH AND SAFETY

1. "Work environment factors and health of workstand 199 operators in s a l t mine industry" J. Marcinkowski , Z. Niew i e d z i a l , B. Reder and A. Zietek-Berdychowska (Poland)

2. "Physical f i t n e s s level required for the use of a 202 self-contained breathing apparatus" V. Louhevaara, J. Smolander and 0. Korhonen (Finland)

C4 MANUAL HANDLING EFFICIENCY

1. "Combining s t r e s s for manual materials handling 205 tasks" M.M. Ayoub (USA), H. Hafez (Egypt) and W. Karwowski (USA)

2· "Energy cost of l i f t i n g at three reaches in 208 s a g i t t a l and l a t e r a l planes" S. Kumar (Canada)

3. "An ergonomic and ergometric study of Swedish 211 tanker truck d r i v e r s " G. Hedberg (Sweden)

4. "A data base of the mechanical e f f i c i e n c y of the 214 human machine during l i f t i n g and lowering tasks" A.M. Genaidy, S.S. Asfour, M.M. Ayoub and T.M. Khali 1 (USA)

Cb "Ergonomics i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Machine Design and Üperati on" Seminar Convenor : L. S j 0 f l o t (Norway)

1. "Predicting the thermal discomfort and st r a i n of 217 vehicle d r i v e r s " R.M. Stayner, D.H. O'Neill and R.T. Whyte (UK)

2. "Improvements of the driver's comfort and safety by 220 various means of vibration reduction" H. Gölich and H. Weigelt (FRG)

3. "Reversible tractor for better working posture and 223 practical u t i l i s a t i o n " 0. B r e i v i k and L. S j t f f l o t (Norway)

xiv Contents

C6 "Design of Auditory Warnings f o r A i r c r a f t , Industry and Hospitals" (Cont'd from B6) Seminar Convenor : R.D. Patterson (UK)

1. "Specifying the sound lev e l s for auditory warnings 226 in noisy environments" M.C. Lower and P.D. Wheeler (UK)

2. "Pulse generation for auditory warning systems" 229 M.J. Shailor and R.D. Patterson (UK)

3. "Ergonomie factors in auditory warnings" 232 J. Edworthy and R.D. Patterson (UK)

Contents

POSTER PRESENTATIONS PP2

Ergonomics and Manufacturing Industry

1 "Process control room design : real work analysis and operators' involvement" M. Boel , F. Daniel l o u , E. Desmares and C. Teiger (France)

2 "The MAT/MAP System" A. J. B o l i j n (The Netherlands)

3 "The organisation of work as a modulating factor in the ef f e c t s of working schedules" C. Chabaud and Y. Queinnec (France)

4 "Development of c r i t e r i a for the design and selection of hearing protectors for s p e c i f i c work locations" G.J. Coleman and K.F. Sweetland (UK)

b "The impact of combining performance standard and feedback on productivity and s a t i s f a c t i o n " B. Das (Canada)

6 "Ergonomics in meat-cutting: investigation of physical workload and ef f i c i e n c y in different systems for materials handling" P. Hagström, Τ. Engström, Μ. Magnusson and R. örtengren (Sweden)

7 "Human supervisory performance in f l e x i b l e manufacturing systems" S.-L. Hwang and G. Salvendy (USA)

8 "Ergonomics in design of production processes" A. Jasiak (Poland)

9 "Ergonomics of meat-cutting: investigation of factors influencing the physical workload" M. Magnusson, R. örtengren, P. Hagström and G. Andersson (Sweden)

10 "Effects of tool and operator factors on vol i t i o n a l torque exertion c a p a b i l i t i e s of individuals" A. Mital (USA)

11 "An ergonomics survey of e l e c t r i c i t y generation and dis t r i b u t i o n " A.S. Nicholson (UK)

12 "Determination of the zone of precision manipulation" E. Nowak (Poland)

xvi Contents

13 "An indication of p r i o r i t i e s and sequence of 2 71 a c t i v i t i e s relating to ergonomics modernisation of manufacturing processes" L.M. Pacholski (Poland)

14 "Work-place structure" 274 R. Paluch (Poland)

l b "Optimising the organisation of rests on assembly 2 77 l i n e s " V.J. Parezanin and R.J. Parezanin (Yugoslavia)

16 "Man and the organisation of work on assembly 280 l i n e s " V.J. Parezanin and R. Parezanin (Yugoslavia)

17 "Supervisory control of a f l e x i b l e manufacturing 283 system: an exploratory investigation" J. Sharit and G. Salvendy (USA)

18 "Determination of the best angle of abduction of 286 the arm for maximum performance at the workplace" R. Singh ( I n d i a )

19 "Ergonomics in the forest industry" 289 T. Sjöblom (Finland)

20 "Machine-cycling errors with foot-switches in 292 repetitive tasks: a workstation design simulation experiment" T.R. Trump and J.R. Etherton (USA)

21 "Ergonomic design of work-stands" 295 E.S. Tytyk (Poland)

PAPER PRESENTATIONS AND SEMINARS

Dl DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND TRAFFIC SAFETY

1. "Driver behaviour and driving s t y l e " 298 G. Labiale (France)

2. "Are the elderly r e a l l y poor drive r s ? " 301 M.H. Jones and R.C. Peck (USA)

3. "Research on driving capability and extension of 304 safety counselling" F. Mori (Japan)

4. "Two actions equals no response: 307 misinterpretations of motorcycle c o l l i s i o n causes" S.L. Johnson (USA)

Contents

D2 STRESS AND SYSTEM DESIGN

1. "Influence of the nature of work on evaluation of psychological load" M. Tarniowa-Bagienska (Poland)

2. "Admissible time of exposure of work stand operators to environmental factors in wool industry plants" J.S. Marcinkowski , Z. Niewiedzial and K.L. Rogalinski (Poland)

3. "Mental s t r a i n on VDT tasks imposed by computer system response time" A. Komatsubara, Y. Yokomizo, S. Yamamoto and K. Noro (Japan)

4. "Effects of st r a i n on VDT work" K. Mikami and M. Kumashiro (Japan)

D3 DESIGN OF OFFICE SYSTEMS

2. "Microcomputers in the o f f i c e : design process and action a n a l y s i s " L. Pinsky, F. J e f f r o y , Μ. Lacoste and J. Theureau (France)

3. "Supporting computer user s t a f f in an automated o f f i c e : a case study assessment" D.M. Douglas and F.A. Marquis (UK)

4. "Methods used to improve s k i l l and comfort le v e l s of workers using V.D.T.s" N. Stern (USA)

D4 USING ERGONOMICS KNOWLEDGE

1. "Providing ergonomics information for industry: development of an ergonomic databank" A. Wegner (FRG)

2. "Some requirements for improving the indus t r i a l u t i l i t y of ergonomics" G.C. Simpson (UK)

3. "Design ergonomics: a r t , science or technology?" S.C. Brown (UK)

xviii Contents

"Ergonomics and management in the o i l industry" 340 A. Howie ( A u s t r a l i a )

"Ergonomic diagnosis of machine designs" 343 J. Slowikowski (Poland)

Db "Paced Work" Seminar Convenor : P.V. Bulat (Yugoslavia)

1. "Autonomous seif-managing workgroups: model A as 346 the result of humanisation of machine-paced work" V.P. Bu l a t , D. Marcovic, J. Danon, G. Janezic, B. Fatovic, V.J. Parezanin, R.J. Parezanin and P.J. Vukasovic (Yugoslavia)

2. "Job s t r e s s before and after the redesign of 349 semi paced production l i n e s " S. Klemola, I . Kuorinka, P. Seppälä, P. Koskinen and R. S i i k a r a n t a (Finland)

3. "Methodological issues in research on machine-paced 352 work" G. Salvendy (USA)

4. "Some problems in the measurement of paced work" 355 M. Culic (Yugoslavia)

D6 " P a r t i c i p a t o r y Ergonomics" Seminar Convenor : R.G. Sell (UK)

1. " I t takes both experts and job holders to design 358 jobs" R.G. Sell (UK)

2. "Need for pa r t i c i p a t i v e approach of ergonomics and 36ι company-wide ergonomic a c t i v i t i e s " K. Noro (Japan)

3. " P a r t i c i p a t i v e ergonomics: i t s u t i l i t y , i t s 364 appeal, and i t s necessity" A.S. Imada (USA)

4. "Participation as a design tool" 367 L.K. Martensson (Sweden)

b. "Participatory approach in applying ergonomics for 370 workplace improvements in developing countries" K. Kogi (Thailand)

Contents χΊχ

6. "Increasing community awareness of ergonomics: a 373 low-key educational approach" T.J. Fischhof ( A u s t r a l i a )

El OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION

1. "Occupational s t r e s s , job s a t i s f a c t i o n and mental 376 health of i n d u s t r i a l managers" A. Khaleque (Bangladesh)

2. "Job stress and s a t i s f a c t i o n in self-paced and non- 379 paced work" M. Rahman (Bangladesh)

3. "Psychological investigation on job s a t i s f a c t i o n 382 dynamics" A.N. Iwanowa and M.P. Radoslavova ( B u l g a r i a )

4. "Adult education and workers investigation: an 385 ergonomic survey by Leeds busworkers" K. Forrester (UK)

5. "Toward a model of stressor interactions" 388 P.A. Hancock (USA)

E2 OFFICE WORKSTATION DESIGN

1. "Ergonomics and visual display units" 391 S.-E. Hermansen (Denmark)

2. "Adjustable VDT workstations as experienced by 394 infrequent users" M. Launis and J. Lehtelä (Finland)

3. "Typist performance on electronic keyboards with 397 and without electromechanical features" A.S. Neal and W.H. Emmons (USA)

4. "Investigation of the lumbar flexion of o f f i c e 400 workers: e s p e c i a l l y in relation to furniture height and seat angle" A.C. Mandal (Denmark)

5. "Libraries : a f e r t i l e ground for ergonomics" 403 S.M. Grey and J.R. Wilson (UK)

Contents

E3 ERGONOMICS METHODOLOGY

1. "Remedial human factors engineering associated with 406 power plant control rooms" J.L. Seminara and S.O. Parsons (USA)

2. "Why do ergonomists need fuzzy s e t s ? " 409 W. Karwowski (USA)

3. "An evaluation procedure for selecting database 412 systems according to u s a b i l i t y and functionality c r i t e r i a " T.H. Penniall (UK)

4. "Shrinkage: a measure for the evaluation of 415 ergonomic designs" J.A.E. Eklund (Sweden) and E.N. C o r l e t t (UK)

E4 MEASUREMENT, ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF POSTURAL STRESS

1. "Visual, ocular, neck and postural s t r e s s : t h e i r 418 relationship, assessment and management" C.H. Bedwell (UK)

2. "Assessment and measurement of ocular and neck 421 s t r e s s by EMG" I . Lie and R. Watten (Norway)

3. " I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of ergonomics problems by means of 424 questionnaires for musculoskeletal troubles" B. Jonsson and B. Ydreborg (Sweden)

4. "Automatic three-dimensional measurement of human 427 movements: technical solution and data analysis for cockpit design" K.-P. Holzhausen (FRG)

E5 "New Technology and Road Safety" Seminar Convenor : Y . I . Noy (Canada)

1. "New technology and road safety: the role of 430 ergonomics" Y . I . Noy (Canada)

2. "The potential use of optical videodiscs in 433 automotive navigational systems - a prototype system" T. Held (USA)

3. "Driver a l e r t i n g devices: new technology, old 436 problems" D.M. Zaidel ( I s r a e l )

4. "In-vehicle information systems: the role of 439 Ergonomics" M. Galer (UK)

Contents

E6 "Ergonomics f o r Maintenance A c t i v i t i e s " Seminar Convenor : S. ueivanayagam (USA)

1. "Computer-aided design models to support ergonomics" J.W. McDaniel and W.B. Askrem (USA)

2. "Job demands in some maintenance operations" M.M. Ayoub, J.L. Smith, J.W. McDaniel and J.L. Sei an (USA)

3. "Maintainability ergonomics: human torque strength study" S. Deivanayagam (USA)

4. "Performance differences between preferred and non-preferred hand when using various tools" S. Konz and M. Warraich (USA)

F l POSTURAL WORKSTRESS

1. "Repetition Strain Injury and ergonomics: an Australian experience" T.6. Shinnick ( A u s t r a l i a )

2. "Keyboards designed to f i t hands and reduce postural s t r e s s " S.W. Hobday (UK)

3. "An ergonomic study of professional coastal fishing" M. Törner, R. Karlsson and R. Kadefors (Sweden)

4. "Working postures and associated stress in a nursing population" D. Baty, D.A. Stubbs, P.W. Buckle, M.P. Hudson and P.M. Rivers (UK)

5. "Ergonomics contributions to the rehabilitation of low back pain" T.M. K h a l i ! , S.S. Asfour, R. Steele and H.L. Rosomoff (USA)

F2 DESIGN AND USE OF SOFTWARE

1. "Impact of the depth of menu hierarchy on performance effectiveness in a supervisory task" P. Seppälä (Finland) and G. Salvendy (USA)

2. "Programming expertise and program understanding" F. Detienne (France)

xxii Contents

3. "Hierarchical p i a n i f i c a t i o n in programming" 475 A. Morais (France)

4. " A c t i v i t y representation and planning in o f f i c e 478 work" S. S e b i l l o t t e (France)

F3 TRANSFER EFFECTS ÜF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION

1. " I n t e r a c t i v e videodisc games and training in land 481 navigation" CM. Knerr, R.J. Seidel and H. Wagner (USA)

2. "The e f f e c t s of playing video games on performance 484 on t e s t s of tracking a b i l i t y " D. Bartram, M. Poots, S. Hayes and R. Bayliss (UK)

3. "The teaching of medical decision-making with a 487 two-person-game operation simulator" S. T r i s p e l , H. Klocke and G. Rau (FRG)

4. "The s o c i a l and psychological effects of excessive 490 computer usage" M.A. Shotton (UK)

b. "Signal detection theory in man-computer 493 i n t e r a c t i o n " K. Baer and F. Nachreiner (FRG)

F4 WORKLOAD MEASUREMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

1. "Problems of ergonomic analysis of strenuousness of 496 work in in d u s t r i a l practice" W.J. Grzybowski (Poland)

2. "An ergonomics methodology developed for applied 499 f i e l d research: a case study" K. Vanwonterghem (Belgium)

3. "Computer-aided assessment of workload using 502 predetermined motion-time systems" F.M. Kühn and W. Laurig (FRG)

4. " D i g i t a l and graphic displays for process control" 505 B.G. Coury and CM. Pietras (USA)

Contents

F5 "New Technology and Road Safety" (Cont'd from E5) Seminar Convenor : Y . I . Noy (Canada)

1. "Driver eye scanning, the information acquisition 508 process and sophisticated in-vehicle information displays and controls" H.T. Zwahlen (USA)

2. "Research methodology for ergonomics problems 511 involving the application of new technology in vehicle design" R.W. Allen (USA)

3. "Methodology and results for driver evaluation of 514 electronic automotive displays" H.L. Snyder (USA)

4. "Possible safety consequences of new technology" 517 J. Wachtel (USA)

F6 "Macroergonomics i n Organisations" Seminar Convenor : S.M. Dray (USA)

1. "Macroergonomics in organisations: an 520 introduction" S.M. Dray (USA)

2. "Escape clauses: a solution for the problem of 523 bounded technology in an unbounded world" D.A. Henderson (USA)

3. "Macroergonomics in organisations" 526 J.C. Gower (UK)

4. "Ergonomic considerations to the sociotechnical 529 design of information technology systems" K.D. Eason (UK)

xxiv Contents

POSTER PRESENTATIONS PP3

E f f e c t s of Stress

2 "Reduction of vibration s t r e s s with hand-operated 532 mowing machines" H.-J. B u l l i n g e r and W.F. Muntzinger (FRG)

3 "A portable simulator of altitude s t r e s s " 535 N. Clucus, T. R e i l l y and P. McLean (UK)

4 "Influence of socio-professional conditions on 538 blood-pressure l e v e l s : epidemiological study of 7700 subjects in the Paris d i s t r i c t " C. Fouriaud, M.C. Jacquinet-Salord, P. Deqoulet, T. Lang, F. Aime, J. Laprugne, J. Main, J. Oeconomos, J. Phalente and A. Prades (France)

5 "Thermal comfort for residing in tropical humid 541 conditions" F. G r i v e l , J.C. Deval and X. Berger (France)

6 Effects of o f f i c e climate on sedentary performance" 544 H.A. Hafez and M.Y. Beshir (Egypt)

7 "Transient myopia and individual dark focus after 547 working at visual displays" W. Jaschinski-Kruza (FRG)

8 " L i f t i n g and carrying in g e r i a t r i c care: a 550 comparison between differences in workspace layout, work organisation, and use of modern equipment" A. Kilbom, A.-S. Ljungberg and G. Hägg (Sweden)

9 "Low capacity of the shoulder muscles as a r i s k 553 factor for occupational cervicobrachial disorders" A. Kilbom and J. Persson (Sweden)

10 "Comparison of the r e l a t i v e effectiveness of 556 ergonomic design and physical exercise" K.S. Lee and L. Humphrey (USA)

11 "Effects of low-frequency sound on the human body" 559 N. Machida, Y. Yoshida and S. I t o h (Japan)

12 "Some age-related changes in visual scanning in 562 tasks with high perceptual demand" J.C. Marquie (France)

13 "Workrate allowances in industrial heat s t r e s s 565 c r i t e r i a : a potential source of error" L.A. M o r r i s , R.A. Graveling and G.C. Simpson (UK)

14 "Personal cooling garments for the a l l e v i a t i o n of 568 thermal s t r e s s in mining" A.G.McK. N i c h o l l , R.A. Graveling and R. Wildblood (UK)

Contents

17 "Heart-rate, work-load and perceived exertion in men and women during incremental and sustained exercise" P.K. Pedersen and K. Froberg (Denmark)

18 "Combined s t r e s s by muscular work and heat: analysis of f i e l d studies" H. Peters (FRG)

19 "Comparison of indices for assessing heat s t r e s s " J.D. Ramsey and M.Y. Beshir (USA)

20 "Electromyographic analysis of upper extremity postures in a VDT data entry task" R.R. Rosa and V.P. Anderson (USA)

21 "Relationship between eyestrain and mental s t r a i n of industrial workers" M. Saito and T. Hasegawa (Japan)

22 "An objective measurement of accommodation a f t e r e f f e c t in terms of display colour of VDT" T. Takeda, Y. Fukui , T. I i d a and K. Karasuyama (Japan)

23 "A qua l i t a t i v e evaluation method of the heat s t r e s s for rescuers, trained in heavy climatic conditions" K. Vanwonterghem (Belgium)

24 "Use of s e r i a l choice reactions to assess the effects of st r e s s o r s : a psychometric tool" M. Vercruyssen (USA)

2b "Laboratory validation of a model for predicting human response to thermal environments" I . Watkins and K.C. Parsons (UK)

26 "Effect of leg a c t i v i t y on foot swelling, lower leg/foot temperatures and discomfort during prolonged sedentary o f f i c e work" J. Winkel and K. Jorgensen (Sweden)

27 "Studies on the effec t s of low frequency vibration to the human body: physiological and psychological effects of low frequency v e r t i c a l vibration on females" Y. Yoshida, N. Machida and S. Itoh (Japan)

PAPER PRESENTATIONS AND SEMINARS

Gl FITNESS FOR SPECIFIC TASKS

1. "Job content and ergonomic questionnaires for assessment of work s t r a i n among engineering industry personnel" J. Kirjonen (Finland)

xxvi Contents

2. "Paviour, an unhealthy trade?" 607 E.A.P. Koningsveld (Netherlands)

3. The s t r a i n on the shoulder and neck muscles during 610 l e t t e r sorting" K. J0rgensen, N. F a l l e n t i n and B. Sidenius (Denmark)

5. Job demands and assessment of physical work 613 capacity in policemen's occupational health s e r v i c e " J. Smolander, V. Louhevaara, C.-H, Nygard, 0. Korhonen and M. Y l i k o s k i (Finland)

G2 CLASSIFICATION AND CAUSES OF UNRELIABLE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

1. "Development of a taxonomy for unsafe worker 616 behaviours" J.D. Ramsey, C.L. Burford and M.Y. Beshir (USA)

3. " D i f f e r e n t i a l automatization processes as a 619 function of the type of stimuli" S. Bagnara, A. Rizzo, M. V i s c i o l a and D. Salmaso ( I t a l y )

4. " R e l i a b i l i t y in a p a r t i a l l y automatised workshop: 622 the part played by the operators" M. Lenay, C. D a v i l l e r d and G. Krawsky (France)

G3 SYSTEM RELIABILITY IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

2. "Ergonomic c r i t e r i a for estimating the r e l i a b i l i t y 625 of i n d u s t r i a l production processes" M. Gorska-Formaniak (Poland)

3. "From accident prevention to applied ergonomics: 628 the collaboration between an insurance company, covering work accidents, and an ergonomics research i n s t i t u t e " K. Vanwonterghem (Belgium)

4. "Ergonomics problems associated with vehicle 631 maintenance in motor transport workshops" J.E. Ridd, G.C. David, A.S. Nicholson, D. Baty, P.W. Buckle and D.A. Stubbs (UK)

Contents xxvii

G4 INFORMATION DISPLAYS IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

1. "Preliminaries to an examination of the 634 effectiveness of ships navigation l i g h t s " R. Maciel and J. Spencer (UK)

2. "Analysing way-finding problems in new outpatient 637 departments" P.J. Venemans (Netherlands)

3. "Thoughts on task achievement strategies with 640 information and control redundancy" G. Santucci, R. Amalberti, C. Valot and J.P. Menu (France)

G5 PRODUCT DESIGN FOR TRANSPORTATION

1. "Anthropotechnical ch e c k l i s t for the design of 643 engine rooms aboard ships, based on ergonomic standard elements" H.B. Müller-Schwenn (FRG)

2. "Computer simulation of reach zones for the 646 agricultural driver" C.J. Reid, S.A. Gibson, M.C. Bonney and D. Bottoms (UK)

3. "Designs of selector levers for automatic 649 transmission" T. Nagano (Japan)

4. "A comparative evaluation of three supermarket 652 shopping ca r t s " L.E. King (USA)

G6 " I n t e r n a t i o n a l Standardisation i n the Fie l d of Ergonomics" Seminar Convenor : H. Jüptner (FRG)

1. "International standardisation in the f i e l d of 655 ergonomics" H. Jüptner (FRG)

3. "What i s so new about 'ergonomics' standards?" 658 P. Branton (UK)

6. "Information about I.S.O." 661 H.J. Sälzer (FRG)

xxviii Contents

Hl FITNESS FÜR WORK: INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. "Impact of changes in physical f i t n e s s on the 664 effectiveness of decision making" S. Suominen and G. Salvendy (USA)

2. "The degree of professional s u i t a b i l i t y of the 667 operators of a r t i s t i c handicraft stands" A. Zietek-Berdychowska (Poland)

3. "The e f f e c t of l i f t i n g l i g h t loads on the shape of 670 healthy and s c o l i o t i c female spines" CM. Gross (USA)

4. "On employment of the disabled as o f f i c e personnel" 673 R. Junker (FRG)

H2 TASK-SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF HUMAN RELIABILITY

1. "Man's l i a b i l i t y to i l l n e s s and accidents in 676 i n d u s t r i a l production systems" J.S. Marcinkowski (Poland)

2. "Human r e l i a b i l i t y in aviation" 6 7 9

J. Wheale (UK)

H3 WORKING TOWARDS STANDARDS

1. "A standard for ergostandards?" 682 H.C.W. Stockbridge (UK)

2. "Human factors guidelines for the design of 685 computer-based systems" A. Gardner, T. Mayfield, M. Maguire and J. McKenzie (UK)

3. "Developing human factors standards for dialogue 688 design: a case study" B. C. Taylor and S.D.P. Harker (UK)

4. "Implementing new work technologies: some 691 implications for human resource management" F. F a l l i k (USA)

Contents

H4 PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF COGNITIVE STRESS

1. "Psychophysiological investigations of a VDU repetitive task" R. Floru and F. Cail (France)

2. "Effects of hypoxia on visual and cognitive performance" J.L. Kobrick (USA)

3. "Effects of carbohydrate feeding on mental functions during sustained physical work" T. R e i l l y and W. Lewis (UK)

4. "Additive factors method in stressor research: effects of carbon dioxide breathing on stages of information processing" M. Vercruyssen (USA)

H5 "Ergonomics and Trades Union Action" Seminar Convenor: S. Bagnara ( I t a l y )

1. "American unions struggle with technology" M. Maccoby and R. Straw (USA)

H6 "Modelling Human R e l i a b i l i t y " Seminar Convenor: D.E. Embrey (UK)

1. "Models of the human operator in relation to human r e l i a b i l i t y " N. Moray (Canada)

2. "A methodology for assessing communication errors in high-risk systems" L.J. Bellamy and B.I. Kirwan (UK)

3. "An interactive technique for modelling and assessing the operator's mental model in complex man-machine systems" D.E. Embrey (UK)

J l MEASURING FITNESS FOR WORK

1. "Pre-employment screening procedures for effects of st r e s s " L.E. Allen (USA)

XXX Contents

2. "Evaluation of strength testing methods for employee screening" J.L. Smith and C.C. P l o t t (USA)

3. "Additivity of s t a t i c and dynamic strength of males" W. Karwowski, A. M i t a l and J.W. Yates (USA)

4. "A procedure for estimating physical work capacity" T.J. Gallwey and S. Foley ( I r e l a n d )

5. "Measurement and evaluation of vocational a b i l i t y of older workers" Y. Yokomizo and A. Komatsubara (Japan)

J2 STANDARDISATION: SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTS

1. "Ergonomic input to standards development for tunnelling machines" W.L. Chan and A.J. Pethick (UK)

2. "Present standardisation of t e s t procedures for ergonomic testing of tracked and wheeled vehicles of the Federal Armed Forces, Germany" D. Wiegand (FRG)

3. "Behavioural research on the maximum allowable concentration of carbon dioxide in self-contained breathing systems" M. Vercruyssen (USA)

4. "The problem of safe loading" S. Gracovetsky (Canada)

J3 HEAT, NOISE AND MOTOR-LOAD STRESS

1. "The relationship between s t r e s s and attention: evidence from performance under thermal extremes" P.A. Hancock (USA)

2. "Indicators of s t r e s s in m i l i t a r y l i f e support systems" L.E. Symington and H.L. Meiselman (USA)

3. "An attentional view of narrowing: the effect of noise and signal bias on discrimination in the peripheral visual f i e l d " G.R. D i r k i n and P.A. Hancock (USA)

4. "Effect of noise, vehicular control configuration and motor load on human performance" S.A.H. R i z v i , J.L. Batra and N.K. Sharma ( I n d i a )

Contents

5. "Effect of sex, vehicular control configuration and motor load on human performance" S.A.H. R i z v i , J.L. Batra and N.K. Sharma ( I n d i a )

J4 COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

1. "The ergonomics of the driver/passenger interface in the cabs of one-person-operated London buses" V.M. B e l l o t t i and R.R. Birnbaum (UK)

2. "Analyse des prises d'informations dans un poste informatise de regulation de t r a f i c de bus" C. Marine (France)

3. "Analyse des prises de decision de surveillance sur ecran dans une tache de regulation de t r a f i c de bus urbain" M. C e l l i e r (France)

4. "Analysis of communications during a f l i g h t task in a transport a i r c r a f t " C. Navarro (France)

Jb "Quantifying Human R e l i a b i l i t y " Seminar Convenor: D.E. Embrey (UK)

1. "Human r e l i a b i l i t y as an ergonomic tool: methodological review and examination of psychological antecedents" D. Meister (USA)

2. Stochastic computer simulation approach to human performance r e l i a b i l i t y determination: background and application examples" A . I . Siegel and J.J. Wolf (USA)

3. "SLIM-MAUD: a computer based technique for human r e l i a b i l i t y assessment" D.E. Embrey (UK)

J6 "Measurement and Management of I n d u s t r i a l Workload" Seminar Convenors: S c i e n t i f i c Research Centre f o r Development of Ergonomic Systems (Poland)

1. "The problem of practical correction in conditions of limited investment c a p a b i l i t i e s of enterprises" P. B i e r l a (Poland)

xxxii Contents

2. "The method of quantitative estimation of motor 784 a c t i v i t y " Μ. Zajäczkowski and P. B i e r l a (Poland)

3. "The problem of aggregation in the complex 787 estimation of workload arduousness" P. B i e r l a and M. Zajäczkowski (Poland)

4. "An assessment of the impact of energy expenditure 790 upon sensations of work arduousness" W. Pyrzowski (Poland)

5. "The actual production rate as one of the c r i t e r i a 793 of work arduousness" M. Zajäczkowski (Poland)

Contents

PUSTER PRESENTATIONS PP4

Ergonomics and Transport

1 "Computerisation of workstations: contribution of the ethological approach through a case study" N. Delvolve (France)

2 "The importance of anthropometric relationships in vehicle packaging" CM. Haslegrave (UK)

4 "Low back pain among container tractor drivers in harbour cargo transportation" Y. Kondo, H. M i t o , I . Kadowaki , N. Yamashita and M. Hosokawa (Japan)

5 "Researches on driver behaviour" S. Milosevic (Yugoslavia)

6 " V i s i b i l i t y studies under tunnel illumination" H. Mito and T. Shimizu (Japan)

7 "Combine harvesters cab design: a case study" R.M. Naveiro and E.N. Medeiros ( B r a z i l )

8 "Development of an economically designed monorail conveyer cab (MRCC)" H. Schnauber and W. Sander (FR6)

9 "The effectiveness of stationary versus moving police vehicles on compliance with speed l i m i t s " D. Shinar and J. Stiebel ( I s r a e l )

10 "Checklist for signposting" P.J. Venemans (The Netherlands)

11 "Investigations into car seat comfort te s t i n g : three different environments and the differences between driver and passenger responses" P. Wilkinson and J.M. Porter (UK)

Ergonomics and High Technology

12 "Current ergonomic research and development at Lockheed" S.O. Parsons and J.L. Seminara

14 "Active retouch of lig h t intensity r e l a t i o n s : an ergonomic component in human visual perception" J. Weckroth ( F i n l a n d )

16 "Polar coordinate process control displays" R.E. Schlegel, Τ.Η. Brace and J.B. Peacock (USA)

χχχΊΊΊ

796

799

802

805

808

811

814

817

820

823

826

829

832

xxxiv Contents

17 "Detection of on-coming off-normals in VDU trend presentation" P. van Schaik and J.E. Rijnsdorp (The Netherlands)

PAPER PRESENTATIONS AND SEMINARS

Kl CHANGING NEEDS FOR JOBS AND SKILLS

1. "Job d i v e r s i t y : a l i b e r a t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e ? " P.R. Michael and M. B a l l a n t i n e (UK)

2. "Training the non-specialist users of computer-based systems" R.B. Stammers (UK)

3. "Cognitive and a f f e c t i v e factors related to computer programming performance" R. Koubek, W.K. LeBold and G. Salvendy (USA)

4. "Ergonomics aspects in an automated factory" M.A. S i n c l a i r (UK)

K2 ERGONOMICS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1. "Future directions in ergonomics" J. Spencer (UK)

2. "Exchange of ergonomics information on i n d u s t r i a l l y developing countries" H. Shahnavaz and L. Gi1roy (Sweden)

3. "The ergonomist advising in a developing country" J. Wood (UK)

4. "Organisation of work in t r a d i t i o n a l a g r i c u l t u r e in India" P.K. Nag ( I n d i a )

K3 EFFECTS OF REPETITIVE LIFTING

1. "E.M.G., spinal motion and load acceleration during r e p e t i t i v e l i f t i n g : a preliminary i n v e s t i g a t i o n " T.M. Cook (USA)

2. "The relationship between frequency of l i f t and l i f t i n g capacity" S.S. Asfour, A.M. Genaidy and T.M. K h a l i l (USA)

Contents

3. "Modelling of the human k i n e t i c s during repetitive l i f t i n g " A.M. Genaidy, S.S. Asfour, and T.M. K h a l i l (USA)

4. "Modelling l i f t i n g c a p a b i l i t i e s of industrial workers for regular and extended work-shifts" A. Mi t a l (USA)

K4 TRAFFIC NUISANCE

1. "Assessment of the visual intrusion of trucks in the road environment" M. Fowkes, A. Rew and I . Wood (UK)

K5 "Increasing P a r t i c i p a t o r y Ergonomics and Organisational Function: a F i e l d Experiment" Seminar Convenor: H.W. Hendrick (USA)

1. "Increasing participatory ergonomics and organisational functioning through supervisory s k i l l t r a i n i n g " 0. Brown (USA)

2. "Effects of management commitment and reinforcement on a supervisory s k i l l s t r a i n i n g programme" M.D. Van Slyke (USA)

3. "Increasing participatory ergonomics and organisational functioning through a quality c i r c l e programme" H.W. Hendrick (USA)

4. "Results of supervisory s k i l l s t r a i n i n g : preliminary a n a l y s i s of a systems intervention" A.S. Imada (USA)

K6 "Epidemiological Studies of Cumulative Trauma Disorders: State of the A r t " Seminar Convenor: L.J. Fine (USA)

1. "Analysis and control of upper extremity posture" T. Armstrong, B. Buchholz, R. Radwin, S. Tobey and C. Woolley (USA)

2. "Cumulative trauma disorders of the hand and wrist in industry" B. S i l v e r s t e i n , L. Fine, T. Armstrong, B. Joseph, B. Buchholz and M. Robertson (USA)

xxxvi Contents

3. "Postural c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of jobs associated with 895 an elevated r i s k of rotor cuff tendonitis" L. Fine, B. S i l v e r s t e i n , T. Armstrong, B. Joseph and B. Buchholz (USA)

4. "An ergonomic control programme and i t s evaluation" 898 B.S. Joseph, J.K. Liker and T. Armstrong (USA)

LI LIFTING AND LOWERING TASKS

1. "E.M.G. a n a l y s i s : muscle load and fatigue in manual 901 work" C. Almström, R. Kadefors and K. Severinsson (Sweden)

2. "Organisation of industrial loading tasks based 904 upon a prediction of workers 1 s t r a i n " W. L a u r i g , M. Gencoglu, F.M. Kühn and A. Luttmann (FRG)

3. "Physiological responses to manual l i f t i n g in a hot 907 envi ronment" H.A. Hafez and M.M. Ayoub (USA)

4. " L i f t with your legs, not with your back: a 910 r e a l i s t i c d i r e c t i v e ? " R.A. Graveling, G.C. Simpson and M.T. Sims (UK)

L2 ERGONOMICS OF THE SCHOOL

1. "Ergonomic c r i t e r i a for designing didactic 913 environments" W. Prussak (Poland)

2. "Microcomputer learning environments" 916 A.R.J. Yeaman (USA)

3. "Hazard analysis of gymnastic apparatuses" 919 J.-H. Kirchner, Η.-Μ. Henken, Μ. Kleim and J. Rappsilber (FRG)

4. "User interfaces for computer assisted learning" 922 F.J.J, van Bussel (The Netherlands)

Contents

L3 ERGONOMICS OF THE HOME

1. "Safety of domestic products: an ergonomics approach" E.J. Fulton (UK)

2. "Quantitative assessment of the dimensions of s t a i r s " H. Nagata (Japan)

3. "Minimum width of domestic s t a i r s provided with handrails" S. Kose and H. Uno (Japan)

4. "An ergonomic evaluation of workload in selected meal preparation tasks at two different heights of kitchen platform" M. Varghese, N. Atreya and P.N. Saha ( I n d i a )

L4 " E l e c t r o n i c Mail i n Telecommunications" Seminar Convenor: D.M. Thomson (UK)

1. "Mailbox systems: current status, future potential" P.A. Wilson (UK)

2. "What's wrong with staying in bed anyway? Enhancing electronic communication for people" C.J. Marshall (UK)

3. "Voice messaging systems - human factors issues" J.A. Waterworth (UK)

L5 Stress and Job Redesign f o r Middle-Aged and Elder l y Workers" Seminar Convenor: M. Kumashiro (Japan)

3. "The ef f e c t s of stre s s on middle-aged and elderly workers: two case studies" M. Kumashiro (Japan)

4. "Job redesign for middle-aged and old workers" M. Nagamachi (Japan)

L6 "Epidemiology i n Ergonomics: Workload Risk Factors and t h e i r Consequences f o r Health" Seminar Convenor: I . Kuorinka (Finland)

1. "Occupation, workload and retirement: epidemiology of work s t r a i n " I . Kuorinka and M. Nurminen (Finland)

xxxv Hi Contents

2. "Interaction of workload and functional capacity" 955 T. Luopajarvi ( F i n l a n d )

3. "Confounding and possible bias - examples from an 958 epidemiological study on VDT work" B. Knave (Sweden)

4. "Standardised questionnaires as tools in the study 961 of work-related i l l n e s s " B. Jonsson (Sweden)

Ml POSTURAL FACTORS IN FITNESS FOR WORK

1. "Problems of assessing s t a t i c postures" 964 N.P. Mi l n e r , E.N. C o r l e t t and C. O'Brien (UK)

2. "Evaluation of k i n e t i c handling t r a i n i n g " 967 A.R. Hale (Netherlands) and I.D. Mason (UK)

3. " I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of r i s k factors associated with 970 musculoskeletal disorders" P.W. Buckle, D.A. Stubbs and D. Baty (UK)

4. "Analysis of the work of nursing aides in a 973 g e r i a t r i c h o s p i t a l " M. L o r t i e (Canada)

5. Eigene metnode der beurteilung des 976 arbeitsbelastungsgrades in ergonomischen Untersuchungen" J. B i e l s k i and A. Zeyland (Poland)

M2 PARTICIPATORY ERGONOMICS: SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL ISSUES

1. "Small-group a c t i v i t i e s : new tendencies in the 979 Federal Republic of Germany" K.J. Zink (FRG)

2. "Information technology: b i p a r t i t e management" 982 R.G. Rawling ( A u s t r a l i a )

3. "The fundamental laws of psychology and ergonomics" 985 V.F. Venda (USSR)

4. "The nurse and the event" 988 J. Theureau (France)

Contents

M3 "Marketing Ergonomics" Seminar Convenor: G.K. Gallaway (USA)

1. "Marketing ergonomics: influencing developers, managers and customers" G.R. Gallaway (USA)

M4 "Drivers' Speed, Dr i v i n g Stress and Accident Records" Seminar Convenors: J.F. O'Hanlon (Netherlands) on behalf of the Human Factors Society, Europe Chapter.

3. "Workload and str e s s in driving" H. Gstalter (FRG)

4. "Ergonomics of vehicle guidance" J. Godthelp and J. Moraal (Netherlands)

Mb "Studies of Working Conditions and Health E f f e c t s i n O f f i c e s " Seminar Convenor: B.C. Amick (USA)

1. "Work with video display terminals: r e s u l t s and discussion of an epidemiological health study of 550 office employees" B. Knave and U. Berggvist(Sweden)

4. "Ergonomics and social epidemiology: where should integration begin?" B.C. Amick (USA)

M6 "How the I.E.A. came i n t o being" Seminar Convenor: R.G. S t a n s f i e l d (UK)

1. "The founding of the International Ergonomics Association" R.G. S t a n s f i e l d (UK)

2. Ergonomics and the European Productivity Agency: a hi s t o r i c a l note" D. Lecoultre (France)

xxxx Contents

4. "The role of the journal 'Ergonomics' in the 1012 development of the I.E.A." A.T. Welford (USA)

Index of Authors

Index of Subjects

M4. DRIVERS' S P E E D , DRIVING S T R E S S AND ACCIDENT RECORDS

M4/3 WORKLOAD AND STRESS I LI DRIVING

II. GSTALTER

L e h r s t u h l für P s y c h o l o g i e , TU München, L o t h s t r . 17, 8000 München 2, FRG

INTRODUCTION R e s e a r c h i n s t r e s s and s t r a i n has been a p o i n t of main

i n t e r e s t f o r t h e F e d e r a l Highway R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e i n Cologne i n t h e l a s t few y e a r s . One s t u d y on t h i s t o p i c has r e c e n t l y been conducted and f i n i s h e d a t the T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y of Munich.

The aim of the p r o j e c t was t o i n v e s t i g a t e the r e l a t i o n between i n f o r m a t i o n l o a d and p e r c e i v e d s t r e s s of c a r d r i v e r s w i t h s p e c i a l r e g a r d t o the i n f l u e n c e o f t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n s and d r i v e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

THEORETICAL APPROACH Working out a. m e t h o d o l o g i c a l approach t o the measurement o f

s t r e s s had to be preceded by t h e l a y o u t of a t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p t of s t r e s s g e n e r a t i o n and c o p i n g p r o c e s s e s . We f o l l o w e d a p s y c h o l o g i c a l model i n t r o d u c e d by K a s t n e r (1978) which i s c l o s e l y c o n n e c t e d t o the i d e a s of L a z a r u s (1966) and McGrath ( 1 9 7 6 ) . The i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e d r i v e r and t h e t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n i s m odelled as a c i r c l e p r o c e s s : t h e o b j e c t i v e s i t u a t i o n i s p e r c e i v e d by the d r i v e r on t h e background o f h i s p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s . The comparison between the p e r c e i v e d demands and t h e e s t i m a t e d c o p i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s r e s u l t s i n a s u b j e c t i v e c o n f i d e n c e t o c o n t r o l t h e s i t u a t i o n and f i n a l l y l e a d s t o d e c i s i o n s between p o s s i b l e p l a n s o f a c t i o n . The importance of t h e c o g n i t i v e - e m o t i o n a l p a r t s of t h e e s t i m a t i o n p r o c e s s w i l l d e c r e a s e f o r i n c r e a s i n g automation of t h e a s s o c i a t e d a c t i o n s . The a c t i o n i t s e l f l e a d s t o a change i n the

994

Gstalter 995

o b j e c t i v e s i t u a t i o n and t h u s t h e c i r c l e c l o s e s and the whole p r o c e s s s t a r t s a l l o v er a g a i n . The u t i l i t y of such a model i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e r i v a t i n g d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f s t r e s s m e a s u r i n g p r o c e d u r e s .

METHODS 40 male s t u d e n t s drove an i n s t r u m e n t e d c a r on a s t a n d a r d i z e d

way t h r o u g h Munich and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s . 68 urban and r u r a l t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n s had been chosen and a n a l y s e d u s i n g a q u e s t i o n n a i r e f o r t a s k a n a l y s e s p u r p o s e s which had t o be m o d i f i e d f o r the s t u d y . I n e a c h o f t h e s e t h o r o u g h l y d e f i n e d s i t u a t i o n s t h e f o l l o w i n g groups o f v a r i a b l e s were measured f o r a l l d r i v e r s : ( 1 ) The d r i v e r r a t i n g s of s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y , i t s d u r a t i o n and

t h e i r p e r c e i v e d degree o f c o n t r o l . ( 2 ) D r i v e r b e h a v i o u r ( e . g . mean v e l o c i t y , s t e e r i n g wheel

movements, br e a k h a n d l i n g ) . ( 3 ) P h y s i o l o g i c a l measures ( e . g . h e a r t r a t e , GSR).

I n a d d i t i o n to t h e s e d a t a p o o l s we i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e s t a t i c demands of each s i t u a t i o n u s i n g the Task A n a l y s i s Q u e s t i o n n a i r e ; t h e dynamic components of the a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n s were s c o r e d a f t e r w a r d s by e x p e r t s from a v i d e o t a p e .

A day b e f o r e the run t h e s u b j e c t s had to s c o r e on s e v e r a l p e r s o n a l i t y i n v e n t o r i e s . I n t o t a l , a s e t o f 44 v a r i a b l e s was measured.

RESULTS S p e c i a l r e s u l t s from t h e g r e a t body of d a t a g a t h e r e d d u r i n g

t h e e x p e r i m e n t can of c o u r s e not be p r e s e n t e d h e r e , i n s t e a d I t r y t o summarise our main f i n d i n g s i n a more g e n e r a l form.

1) S t r e s s showed t o be a m u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l c o n s t r u c t , s t r e s s r e a c t i o n s showed v e r y d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n s o f f e e l i n g s and b e h a v i o u r as w e l l as i n t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m .

2) No m a t t e r i f f o c u s i s on t h e a v e r a g e d r i v e r or the a v e r a g e s i t u a t i o n , c o r r e l a t i o n s between a l l v a r i a b l e s a r e r a t h e r low. The most c o n s i s t e n t and u s e f u l i n d i c a t o r s were the d r i v e r ' s r a t i n g s .

996 Ergonomics International 85

3) The o b v i o u s h y p o t h e s i s o f an i n c r e a s i n g degree o f s t r e s s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g amount of i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p r o c e s s e d c o u l d be c o n f i r m e d , whereas t h e t y p e of i n f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s i n g d i d not l e a d t o d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o the d r i v e r s r e a c t i o n .

4) The amount of s t r e s s depends on t h e "kind of t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n s ; but d i f f e r e n c e s between groups of s i m i l i a r s i t u a t i o n s a r e q u i t e s m a l l . Thus, f i n d i n g and e l i m i n a t i n g the most s t r e s s i n g t y p e s of s i t u a t i o n s c a n n o t be recommended as a v e r y e f f e c t i v e s t r a t e g y i n road s a f e t y work.

5) I n s p i t e of t h e homogeneity of our sample o f d r i v e r s , c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t s of t h e v a r i a n c e i n our d a t a were o r i g i n a t e d by i n t e r - d r i v e r d i f f e r e n c e s . Groups w i t h d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f s t r e s s and w i t h t y p i c a l c o p i n g s t y l e s c o u l d be i d e n t i f i e d .

G) Are t h e most s t r e s s i n g s i t u a t i o n s or t h e most s t r e s s e d d r i v e r s a l s o t he most dangerous o n e s ? T h e r e i s no such s i m p l e r e l a t i o n : l/here t h e s i t u a t i o n i s v e r y demanding, d r i v e r s r e a c t w i t h a change to more c a u t i o u s b e h a v i o u r , t y p i c a l l y w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e speed r e d u c t i o n . The same h o l d s t r u e w i t h r e s p e c t t o d i f f e r e n t d r i v e r s : t h o s e who f e l t and r a t e d more s t r e s s d r o v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y s l o w e r t h a n o t h e r d r i v e r s . A l l c o r r e l a t i o n s between a v e r a g e v e l o c i t y and s t r e s s r a t i n g s a r e n e g a t i v e .

7) S t r e s s i n d i c a t o r s , e.g. i n the p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e a c t i o n p a t t e r n s were alway s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i g h e r r a t i n g s , i . e . t h e d r i v e r s were a l w a y s informed about t h e i r s t a t e o f a r o u s a l or s t r e s s .

REFERENCES G a l s t e r e r , Η., Benda, H.v. & Hoyos, C. G r a f , 1983, B e l a s t u n g

und Beanspruchung von K r a f t f a h r e r n , 3. T e i l . Schlußbericht zum F o r s c h u n g s p r o j e k t 7708 der B u n d e s a n s t a l t für Straßenwesen, Köln.

K a s t n e r , M., 1978, E n t w i c k l u n g von V e r f a h r e n und V a l i d i e r u n g von I n d i k a t o r e n z u r Beanspruchungsmessung b e i K r a f t f a h r e r n . F o r s c h u n g s b e r i c h t an d i e B u n d e s a n s t a l t für Straßenwesen, Köln .

L a z a r u s , R.S., 1966, P s y c h o l o g i c a l s t r e s s and t h e c o p i n g p r o c e s s . New York: McGraw H i l l .

i l c G r a t h , J . E . , 1976, S t r e s s and b e h a v i o r i n o r g a n i z a t i o n s . I n : Dunnette, M.D. ( E d . ) : Handbook of I n d u s t r i a l and O r g a n i z a t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y . C h i c a g o : Rand McNally, p. 1351.