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ES2002 Business CommunicationCommunication: Models, Principles and Problems
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 2
We live in a world of communication: a world in which people react violently or peacefully to a statement, an action, or a concept. Pick up the newspaper, snap on the radio, or flip on the TV for proof. A world leader directs a statement of hostility to another (communication), and tanks begin to roll! A president or prime minister steps down (communication), and peace settles over a torn and battered nation. A representative speaks in the United Nations (communication), and fifteen minutes later, rioting and bloodshed take place six thousand miles away. Nations, companies, families, and individuals in today’s world constantly act and react as a result of communication.
Sigband and Bateman 1981
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 3
AN OUTLINE OF TODAY’S LECTURE
1. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
2. HOW DOES COMMUNICATION WORK?
3. WHY DOES COMMUNICATION HAPPEN?
4. WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION?
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 4
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Can we ever agree on the true nature of communication? Here are some descriptions of human behavior. Does communication take place in all of them?
(A) _______You yawn, but no one sees it.(B) _______You yawn, and your friend later realizes that you were tired even though she didn’t pay any attention to it at the time.(C) _______You yawn, and your friend says, “Am I that boring?”(D) _______You wave at a friend, but he doesn’t see you.(E) _______Your friend later says, “I’m sorry I didn’t wave back, but I was thinking about something else and didn’t realize you had waved to me until after I turned the corner.”
Wha
t is
com
mun
icat
ion?
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 5
(F) _______You wave to a friend, and she waves back.(G) _______You send a letter to a friend, but it gets lost in the
mail.(H) _______Your dad lectures you for having a messy room,
and although you know he is talking to you, you really aren’t paying much attention.
(I) _______You give a speech to a group that is eager to hear what you have to say.
Adapted from Littlejohn 2002: p. 8
Wha
t is
com
mun
icat
ion?
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 6
THREE MAJOR POSITIONS
1 The sender-receiver model
2 The receiver model
3 The communication behavior model
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 7
1 Linear model
2 Interactional model
3 Transactional model
4 Power-in-communication model
5 Cultural model
HOW DOES COMMUNICATION WORK?
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 8
The Linear Model
Sender ReceiverReceiver Sender
How
com
mun
icat
ion
wor
ksT
he L
inea
r M
odel
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 9
The Interactional Model
Immediate physical environment
Immediate physical environment
Feedback
Sender Encoding ReceiverChannel or medium Decoding
How
com
mun
icat
ion
wor
ksT
he I
nter
actio
nal M
odel
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 10
The Transactional Model
Sender Receiver
Immediate physical environment
Immediate physical environment
Sender Receiver
Immediate physical environment
How
com
mun
icat
ion
wor
ksT
he T
rans
actio
nal M
odel
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 11
Power-in-communication model
Sender Sender
ReceiverPower Relations between participants
Society / Power in Society
Sender
Receiver
Sender
Receiver
Society / Power in Society
How
com
mun
icat
ion
wor
ksP
ower
-in-c
omm
unic
atio
n M
odel
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 12
The Cultural Model
Sender
Receiver
Sender
Receiver
Culture Culture
Sender
Receiver
Sender
Receiver
Culture
Culture
Culture
How
com
mun
icat
ion
wor
ksT
he C
ultu
ral M
odel
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 13
1 Participants
2 Modes of communication
3 Immediate physical environment
4 Relations of power
5 Cultures
ESSENTIAL FACTORS IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 14
WHY DOES COMMUNICATION HAPPEN?Purposes, Motivations and Desired Results of Communication
To influence: control,
manipulate, direct
Influence, power, control,
compliance, agreement
Need to control, influence, gain compliance, secure agreement
RESULTS
MOTIVATION
GENERAL PURPOSES
ES2002 Business Communication: Communication: Models, Principles and Problems 15
WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION?
1 Differences in perception and language
2 Poor listening
3 Emotional interference
4 Cultural differences
5 Physical distraction