Esophageal Cancer & Kidney Cancer

7/27/2019 Esophageal Cancer & Kidney Cancer

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Prepared by: Tan, Elaine Joy D.

BSN 4B



Esophageal Cancer

can occur anywhere along

the esophagus, but in people

in the United States, it occursmost often in the lower portion

of the esophagus.

usually begins in the cellsthat line the inside of the

esophagus.



More men than women

get esophageal cancer. More common in Asia

and parts of Africa.



Stages of Esophageal Cancer

Stage I. This cancer occurs

only in the top layer of cellslining your esophagus.

Stage 0. Abnormal cells are

found only in the inner layer

of the esophagus.



Stage III. The cancer has spread

to the deepest layers of the wall of

your esophagus and to nearby

tissues or lymph nodes.

Stage IV. The cancer has spread to

other parts of your body.

Stage II. The cancer has invaded

deeper layers of your esophagus

lining and may have spread tonearby lymph nodes.



Stages of Esophageal Cancer



Types of Esophageal Cancer

Adenocarcinoma of theesophagus:

-this type is usually found in

the lower part of the esophagus,

near the stomach. In the United

States, adenocarcinoma is themost common type of esophageal

cancer.



Squamous cell carcinoma of

the esophagus:

-this type is usually found

in the upper part of the

esophagus. This type isbecoming less common among

Americans. Around the world,

however, squamous cellcarcinoma is the most common

type.



Age 65 and above

More common in men

than women

Smoking

Alcohol drinker

Acid Reflux (that may

lead to Barrett’s esophagus)

Risk Factors



Signs and Symptoms

Pain when swallowing

Chest pain

Hoarseness of voice

Heart burn

Weight loss



Diagnostics Barium Swallow

Biopsy Endoscopy



Barium Swallow test



Endoscopy



Biopsy



Treatment

o Surgery Esophagectomy (removal

of a portion of the

esophagus)

Esophagogastrectomy

(removal of a portion of your esophagus and

stomach)



Esophagectomy &

Esophagogastrectomy



o Chemotherapy

o Combined radiation and

chemotherapy

o Radiation therapy



Nursing Interventions

•Keep the head of the bed

elevated at least 30 degrees to

prevent reflux and pulmonary

aspiration.

•Provide emotional support.



•If the patient is having

problems swallowing saliva,

keep a suction catheter with anoral suction at the bedside at

all times.

•Monitor the skin turgor and

mucous membranes to detectdehydration.



•When appropriate, discuss

expected preoperative and

postoperative procedures,including information about x-

rays, intravenous (IV) hydration,

wound drains, NG tube and

suctioning, and chest tubes.

Immediately after surgery,

implement strategies to prevent

respiratory complications.



Kidney Cancer

cancer that originates in thekidneys.

In adults, the most common

type of kidney cancer is renalcell carcinoma.

Young children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney

cancer called Wilms' tumor.



Stages of Kidney Cancer

Stage I. At this stage, the tumorcan be up to 2-3/4 inches (7

centimeters) in diameter. The

tumor is confined to the kidney.

Stage II. A stage II kidney cancer

is larger than a stage I tumor, butis still confined to the kidney.



Stage III. At this stage, the tumor

extends beyond the kidney to the

surrounding tissue and may also

have spread to a nearby lymph

node.

Stage IV. Cancer spreads outside

the kidney, to multiple lymphnodes or to distant parts of the

body, such as the bones, brain,

liver or lungs.



Stages of Kidney Cancer



Renal Cell Carcinoma

- is a type of kidney cancer

that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule,

the very small tubes in thekidney that filter the blood and

remove waste products.

Types of Kidney Cancer



Wilms’ Tumor

- rare kidney cancer that

primarily affects children. Also knownas nephroblastoma, Wilms' tumor is

the most common cancer of the

kidneys in children. Wilms' tumor

most often affects children ages 3 to 4

and becomes much less common after

age 5.

Wilms' tumor most often occurs in just one kidney, though it can

sometimes be found in both kidneys.



Risk factors

Obesity Smoking

Long term dialysis

High blood pressure

Occupation

Gender (Male)



Signs and Symptoms Hematuria

Weight loss

Lump or mass on the

affected side Pain

Fever



Diagnostics Physical exam

Urine tests

Blood tests

Ultrasound test

CT Scan

Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)

Biopsy



Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)



Treatmento Surgery (Nephrectomy) Radical Nephrectomy

-removes the entire kidney along with the adrenal gland

and some tissue around the

kidney. Some lymph nodesin the area also may be

removed.



Simple Nephrectomy

- removes only the kidney.

Some people with Stage Ikidney cancer may have a

simple nephrectomy. Partial Nephrectomy

- removes only the part of the

kidney that contains thetumor.



Radical Nephrectomy



Simple Nephrectomy



Partial Nephrectomy



o Arterial Embolization

- type of local therapy that

shrinks the tumor. Sometimes

it is done before an operation

to make surgery easier. Whensurgery is not possible,

embolization may be used to

help relieve the symptoms of kidney cancer.



o Biological Therapy

- type of systemic therapy. It

uses substances that travelthrough the bloodstream,

reaching and affecting cells allover the body. Biological

therapy uses the body's natural

ability (immune system) to fightcancer.



o Chemotherapy

o Radiation therapy



Nursing Interventions•Administer prescribed analgesics

as needed by the patient.

•Prepare for nephrectomy as

indicated.

•Provide symptomatic treatment for

adverse effects of chemotherapeutic

drugs.



•Stress the importance of

compliance with any prescribed

outpatient treatment.

•Monitor the patient’s degree of pain

and assess the effectiveness of

analgesics.

•Encourage the patient to express

his anxieties and fears and remainwith him during periods of severe

stress and anxiety.



Thank You &God Bless !!!

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Esophageal Cancer & Kidney Cancer