14.3 America Enters World War II1World War II

World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)

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[ ESSENTIAL QUESTION ] When is war justified?

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Enduring Understandings• Imperialrivalries,militarism,extreme

nationalism,andasystemofcompetingalliancescontributedtotheoutbreakofWorldWarI.

• Trenchwarfareandmodernmilitarytechnologyledtoalongstalemateandhighcasualtyrates.

• U.S.entryintothewarledtoanAlliedvictory.

• WoodrowWilsontriedtobuildalastingpeacebasedonhisFourteenPoints,buttheTreatyofVersaillespunishedGermanyharshly.

• InRussia,wartimehardshipssparkedtheMarchRevolution,forcingthetsartoabdicate.

• LeninandtheBolsheviksseizedpowerintheNovemberRevolutionandbegantobuildacommuniststateinRussia.

Topic World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924)

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Watch the My Story Video to see World War I through the eyes of an English soldier and poet.

Access your digital lessons including: Topic Inquiry • Interactive Reading Notepad • Interactivities • Assessmentswww.PearsonRealize.com

>> American soldiers in World War I

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Fighting the Great War

A New Kind of WarTheearlyenthusiasmforthewarsoonfaded.Therewerenostirringcavalrycharges,noquickandgloriousvictories.Thiswasanewkindofwar,fardeadlierthananybefore.

Stalemate on the Western Front As the war began, Germanforces foughttheirwaythroughBelgiumtowardParis, followingtheSchlieffen Plan. The Belgians resistedmore than German generalshadexpected,buttheGermanforcesprevailed.However,Germany’splansforaquickdefeatofFrancesoonfaltered.

The Schlieffen Plan failed for several reasons. First, Russiamobilizedmorequicklythanexpected.AfterRussianforceswonafewsmall victories in eastern Prussia, German generals hastily shiftedsometroopstotheeast.Thismoveweakenedtheirforcesinthewest.Then,inSeptember1914,BritishandFrenchtroopspushedbacktheGerman drive along theMarne River. The first battle of theMarneendedGermany’shopesforaquickvictoryontheWesternFront.

Bothsidesthenbegantodigdeeptrenchestoprotecttheirarmiesfromfierceenemyfire.Theydidnotknowthattheconflictwouldturnintoalong,deadlystalemate,adeadlockinwhichneithersideisable

>> Austrian soldiers advance into Russian Poland during the winter of 1915.

World War I—known at the time

as the “Great War”—was the largest

conflict in history up to that time. The

French mobilized almost 8.5 million

men, the British nearly 9 million, the

Russians 12 million, and the Germans

11 million. For those who fought, the

statistics were more personal. “One

out of every four men who went out

to the World War did not come back

again,” recalled a survivor, “and

of those who came back, many are

maimed and blind and some are mad.”

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16.2

>> ObjectivesUnderstand how trench warfare led to a stalemate on the Western Front.

Identify and describe the impact of modern military technology on the fighting.

Outline the course of the war on multiple European fronts.

Explain how World War I was a global conflict.

>> Key TermsstalematezeppelinU-boatconvoyDardanellesT. E. Lawrence

Flipped Video

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16.2 Fighting the Great War10World War I and the Russian Revolution

todefeattheother.BattlelinesinFrancewouldremainalmostunchangedforfouryears.

Trench Warfare OntheWesternFront,thewarringarmies burrowed into a vast system of trenches,stretching from the Swiss frontier to the EnglishChannel. An underground network linked bunkers,communicationstrenches,andgunemplacements.

There,millionsofsoldiersroastedunderthebroilingsummersunorfrozethroughlongbitterwinters.Theysharedtheirfoodwithratsandtheirbedswithlice.

Between the opposing trench lines lay “noman’sland,” an empty tract, pocketed with shell holes.Throughcoilsofbarbedwire,soldierspeeredovertheedge of their trenches, watching for the next enemyattack.Theythemselveswouldhavetochargeintothisman-madedesertwhenofficersgavetheorder.

Soonerorlater,soldiersobeyedtheordertogo“overthetop.”Withnoprotectionbuttheirriflesandhelmets,theychargedacrossnoman’slandtowardtheenemylines.Withluck,theymightoverrunafewtrenches.Intime, the enemywould launch a counterattack,withsimilarresults.Eachsidethenrushedinreinforcementsto replace the dead and wounded. The strugglecontinued, back and forth, over a fewhundred yardsofterritory.

High Casualty RatesTobreakthestalemateontheWesternFront,boththeAlliesandtheCentralPowerslaunched massive offensives in 1916. German forcestried to overwhelm the French at Verdun (vur DUN).TheFrenchdefendersheldfirm,sendingupthebattlecry“Theyshallnotpass.”The11-monthstrugglecostmorethanahalfamillioncasualties,orsoldierskilled,wounded,ormissing,onbothsides.

AnAlliedoffensiveattheSommeRiver(sum)wasevenmorecostly. Inasinglegrislyday,nearly60,000British soldiers were killed or wounded. In the five-month battle, more than one million soldiers werekilled,withouteithersidewinninganadvantage.

Somesoldierswroteabouttheirexperiencesonthefrontlines:

The blue French cloth mingled with the German grey upon the ground, and in some places the bodies were piled so high that one could take cover from shell-fire behind them. The noise was so terrific that orders had to be shouted by each man into the ear of the next. And whenever there was a momentary lull in the tumult of battle and the groans of the wounded, one

Ypres-1st battle

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KEYAlliesCentral PowersNeutral nationsFront line, 1914Battle site

Europe in World War I, 1914

>> Analyze Maps Who do you think was in a better strategic position at the start of the war, the Allies or the Central Powers? Why?

Map

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>> This German soldier was one of the many casualties of the fighting during World War I. Massive offenses and new military technology combined to produce extremely high casualty rates.

>> Poison gas and machine guns are two examples of the military technology that killed and wounded so many. These British machine gunners wear gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, in July 1916.

3-D Model

Gallery

16.2 Fighting the Great War11World War I and the Russian Revolution

heard, high up in the blue sky, the joyful song of birds! Birds singing just as they do at home in spring-time! It was enough to tear the heart out of one’s body! —German soldier Richard Schmieder, writing from the

trenches in France

IDENTIFY CAUSE AND EFFECT How did the failure of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France affect the future course of the war?

Modern Military TechnologyTheenormouscasualtiessufferedontheWesternFrontweredue inpart to thedestructivepowerofmodernweapons.Twosignificantweaponsweretherapid-firemachinegunandthelong-rangeartillerygun.Machinegunsmoweddownwavesofsoldiers.Artilleryallowedtroopstoshelltheenemyfrommorethan10milesaway.Theshrapnel,orflyingdebrisfromartilleryshells,killedorwoundedevenmoresoldiersthantheguns.

Poison Gas Efforts to overcome the stalemate oftrenchwarfare ledto theuseofpoisongas.Earlyon,the French used tear gas grenades, but by 1915, theGermansbeganemployingpoisongasonalargescale.EventhoughtheAlliescondemnedtheuseofpoisongas,bothsidesdevelopedanduseddifferentkindsofpoisongases.Poisongasblindedorchokeditsvictimsor caused agonizing burns and blisters. It could befatal.Thoughsoldierswereeventuallygivengasmasks,poisongasremainedoneofthemostdreadedhazardsofthewar.

One British soldier recalled the effects of beinggassed:

I suppose I resembled a kind of fish with my mouth open gasping for air. It seemed as if my lungs were gradually shutting down and my heart pounded away in my ears like the beat of a drum. . . . To get air into my lungs was real agony. —William Pressey, quoted in People at War 1914–1918

Poison gas was an uncertain weapon. Shiftingwinds could blow the gas back on the soldiers wholaunched it.Asbothsides inventedmasks toprotect

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against gas attacks, it became less useful. After thewar,disgustandhorrorwiththeuseofpoisongasledtoitsbanin1925,whichisstillineffecttoday.

Tanks, Airplanes, and Submarines DuringWorldWar I, advances in technology, suchas thegasoline-poweredengine,ledtheopposingforcestousetanks,airplanes,andsubmarinesagainsteachother.In1916,Britain introduced the first armored tank. Mountedwithmachineguns,thetanksweredesignedtomoveacrossnoman’sland.Still,thefirsttanksbrokedownoften.Theyfailedtobreakthestalemate.

Bothsidesalsousedaircraft.Atfirst,planeswereutilized simply to observe enemy troop movements.In1915,Germanyusedzeppelins (ZEPuhlinz), largegas-filled balloons, to bomb the English coast. Later,both sides equipped airplanes with machine guns.Pilotsknownas“flyingaces”confrontedeachotherintheskies.These“dogfights”werespectacular,buthadlittleeffectonthecourseofthewarontheground.

Submarinesprovedmuchmoreimportant.GermanU-boats, nicknamed from the German word forsubmarine, Unterseeboot,did tremendous damage totheAlliedside,sinkingmerchantshipscarryingvitalsuppliestoBritain.Todefendagainstthesubmarines,theAlliesorganizedconvoys,orgroupsofmerchantshipsprotectedbywarships.

INFER How did U-boat attacks affect the fighting on land?

Other European FrontsFromtheoutsetofWorldWarI,GermanyandAustria-Hungary battled Russia on the Eastern Front. There,battle lines shifted back and forth, sometimes overlargeareas.Eventhoughthearmieswerenotmiredintrenchwarfare,casualtiesroseevenhigherthanontheWesternFront.Theresultswerejustasindecisive.

Mounting Russian Losses in the East InAugust1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany.Then, the Russians suffered a disastrous defeat atTannenberg. Reeling from the disaster, the Russiansretreated.AfterTannenberg,thewarringarmiesintheeastfoughtonRussiansoil.

As the least industrialized of the great powers,Russia was poorly equipped to fight a modern war.AlthoughRussianfactoriesgeareduptoproduceriflesandothermachineryforwar,Russia lackedtheroadsand railroads tocarrygoods to the front.As thewar

ragedon,sometroopsevenlackedrifles.Still,Russiancommanders continued to send masses of peasantsoldiersintocombat.

War in Southern EuropeSoutheasternEuropewasanother battleground. In 1915, Bulgaria joined theCentralPowersandhelpeddefeat its old rivalSerbia.Romania,hopingtogainsomelandinHungary,joinedtheAllies in 1916, only to be crushedby theCentralPowers.

Alsoin1915,ItalydeclaredwaronAustria-HungaryandlateronGermany.TheAllieshadagreedinasecrettreaty to give Italy some Austrian-ruled lands on itsnorthern border.Over the next two years,the ItaliansandAustriansfoughtnumerousbattles,withfewmajorbreakthroughs. InOctober1917, ItalysufferedamajorsetbackduringthebattleofCaporetto,butFrenchandBritish forces stepped in to stop the Central Powersfrom advancing into Italy. Still, Caporetto proved asdisastrousforItalyasTannenberghadbeenforRussia.

CONTRAST How was the Eastern Front different from the Western Front?

16.2 Fighting the Great War12World War I and the Russian Revolution

>> On the Italian front, soldiers trekked through the Alps using snowshoes and skis. At times, they even engaged in battle while wearing their skis. Analyze Visuals Based on this image, what else besides deadly weapons caused high casualty rates?

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A Global ConflictThoughmostofthefightingtookplaceinEurope,WorldWar Iwasaglobalconflict. In1914,Japan joined theAlliesbydeclaringwar onGermany. Japanused thewarasanexcusetoseizeGermanoutposts inChinaandislandsinthePacific.Japan’sadvancesinEastAsiaandthePacificwouldhavefar-reachingconsequencesintheyearsaheadasambitiousJapanese leaderssetouttoexpandtheirfootholdsinChina.

The Ottoman Empire Joins the War Becauseof its strategic location, the Ottoman empire wasa desirable ally. If theOttomanTurks had joined theAllies, the Central Powers would have been almostcompletely encircled. However, the Turks joined theCentral Powers in lateOctober 1914. The Turks thencutoffcrucialAlliedsupplylinestoRussiathroughtheDardanelles,avital straitconnecting theBlackSeaandtheMediterranean.

In 1915, theAllies sent amassive forceofBritish,Indian, Australian, and New Zealander troops toattempttoopenupthestrait.AtthebattleofGallipoli(guhLIPuhlee),OttomantroopstrappedtheAlliesonthebeachesoftheGallipolipeninsula.InJanuary1916,after10monthsandmorethan200,000casualties,theAlliesfinallywithdrewfromtheDardanelles.

Despite their victory at Gallipoli, thewar did notgowellfortheOttomansonasecondfront,theMiddle

East.TheOttomanempireincludedvastareasofArabland.In1916,ArabnationalistsledbyHusaynibnAlideclared a revolt against Ottoman rule. The BritishgovernmentsentColonelT. E. Lawrence—laterknownas Lawrence of Arabia—to support the Arab revolt.Lawrence led guerrilla raids against the Ottomans,dynamitingbridgesandsupplytrains.Eventually,theOttoman empire lost a great deal of territory to theArabs,includingthekeycityofBaghdad.

Deportation and Mass Murder of ArmeniansMeanwhile, theOttomanempirewas fightingRussiaonathirdfrontintheCaucasusMountains.Thisregionwashome toethnicArmenians, someofwhom livedunder Ottoman rule and some of whom lived underRussian rule. As Christians, the Armenians were aminorityintheOttomanempireanddidnothavethesamerightsasMuslims.Still,theyprospered—muchtotheresentmentoftheirneighbors.

Startingin1915,theOttomangovernmentembarkedon a brutal campaign against the Armenians, someof whom had joined the Russian forces. ClaimingArmeniansweretraitors, thegovernmentorderedthedeportationoftheentireArmenianpopulationfromthewarzone.Duringbarbarousforcedmarches,between600,000and1.5millionArmenianswerekilledordiedfromhungerorthirst.Alaterwaveofatrocitiesforcedmostof theremainingArmenians fromTurkey.Many

16.2 Fighting the Great War13World War I and the Russian Revolution

Gallipoli

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Euphrates R.Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea Caspian Sea

The Ottoman Empire, 1914–1918

KEYOttoman Empire, 1913Area of ArabRevolt, 1916–1918Allied forces underT.E. LawrenceBattle site

Miller CylindricalProjection

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>> Analyze Maps How did the Arab revolt against the Ottoman empire affect the Allied cause?

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Armeniansfledtoothercountries,includingtheUnitedStates.

European Colonies and the WarEuropeancolonieswerealsodrawnintothestruggle.TheAlliesoverranscattered German colonies in Africa andAsia. Theyalso turned to their own colonies and dominionsfor troops, laborers, and supplies. Colonial recruitsfrom British India and FrenchWest Africa fought onEuropean battlefields. Canada, Australia, and NewZealandsenttroopstoBritain’said.

People in the colonies had mixed feelings aboutserving.Somewere reluctant to serve rulerswhodidnottreatthemfairly.Othercolonialtroopsvolunteeredeagerly.Theyexpected that their servicewouldbeasteptowardcitizenshipor independence.Suchhopeswouldbedashedafterthewar.

SUMMARIZE What were the major features and immediate effects of the war in the Middle East?

ASSESSMENT

1. Identify Central Issues What is a stalemate, and why did one develop on the Western Front?

2. Identify Cause and Effect What were the effects of major new military technologies on World War I?

3. Draw Conclusions How did the Ottoman empire’s entry into the war on the side of the Central Powers have a negative impact on Russia?

4. Support Ideas with Evidence How did the war contribute to the mass murder of the Armenian people? Include details from the text.

5. Synthesize How did imperialism influence the war?

16.2 Fighting the Great War14World War I and the Russian Revolution

>> Troops from Europe’s colonies fought in World War I. These soldiers in a dugout near Verdun in 1915 are from French Africa.

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