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Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

journa l h o me page: www.elsev ier .com/ locate / je thpharm

thnomedicinal application of plants in the western plain region of North Jeollarovince in Korea

i-Jang Song, Hyun Kim ∗

chool of Alternative Medicine and Health Science, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 560-759, Republic of Korea

r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 26 August 2010eceived in revised form 13 March 2011ccepted 1 May 2011vailable online 6 May 2011

eywords:edicinal plants

articipatory rural appraisal methodnformant consensus factor (ICF)idelity level (FL)orth Jeolla Province Korea

a b s t r a c t

Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study aims to record and conserve oral traditional knowledge ofmedicinal plants from the indigenous people living in the western plain region of North Jeolla Province,Korea.Materials and methods: Our research team interviewed 46 key informants (20 men and 26 women) whohave lived over 50 years in the area. The average age of the informants was 74 (with a minimum ageof 56 to maximum 84). Data was collected through the participatory rural appraisal method involvinginterviews, informal meetings, open and group discussions, and overt observation using semi-structuredquestionnaires.Results: Ethnobotanical inventory possessed by the residents included 183 species of plants distributedin 156 genera belonging to 68 families and were used in 626 use-reports. Among them, the medicinalplants were comprised as 42 families, 75 genera, and 83 species in usage in 195 ways. A total of 71ailments were treated with 222 kinds of remedies using medicinal plants. Parts of plant that were used astreatments total up to 17 and the methods of preparation for medicinal materials add up to 28. Informantconsensus factor (ICF) showed that the muscular–skeletal disorders had the highest agreement measure

(1.0) followed by cuts and wounds (0.87) and respiratory system disorders (0.77). Overall, 29 plant speciesshowed fidelity level of 100%.Conclusions: This study is noteworthy in that it records rapidly disappearing traditional knowledge ofmedicinal plants in a time period of pressing environmental changes with regard to the newly built seawall, eventually leading more or less to the immigration of the seaside inhabitants and the familiarizationof the modern medical systems to the farmland inhabitants.

. Introduction

Considering the fact that about 80% of the population in mostf the developing countries still rely on herbal medicines for peo-le’s primary health care needs (Roy Chaudhury, 1992; WHO, 1993;oonam and Singh, 2009), plants are still important sources of ther-peutic drugs. Thus, plants have been playing a significant rolen the survival of the tribal and ethnic communities that are stillolding on to the lines of traditional cultures. For these reasons,uch studies investigating medicinal plants have been steadily heldith interests (Maheshwari, 2000; Rajakumar and Shivanna, 2009).eanwhile, recent ethnopharmacological studies of rural popula-

ion in the industrialized countries have received an ever growing

ttention (Pieroni, 2000; Uncini Manganelli et al., 2001; Camangind Tomei, 2003). However, these kinds of fieldwork were noteported in Korea. Rapid progress of industrialization and urban-

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 63 220 2516; fax: +82 63 220 2054.E-mail address: hyunk@jj.ac.kr (H. Kim).

378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.oi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.001

© 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

ization in Korean rural areas has brought considerable losses totraditional cultures and ecogeographical environments. The NorthJeolla Province, a typical rice-farming region and one of the veryfew regions to have preserved large portions of traditional culturesand ecogeographical environments in Korea, is not an exception.

The former investigations on this region’s flora which recorded1032 species (North Jeolla Provincial Government, 1984), 1300species (Ministry of Environment, 1988), 1650 species (Ministry ofEnvironment, 1990), and 1754 species (Kil and Kim, 1996) respec-tively show gratifying outcomes. Moreover, the variety of thisregion’s native plants measured by the Fisher’s Index (Fisher et al.,1943) was favorable as compared to the other regions in Korea (Kiland Kim, 1996). Considering these conditions, the current disas-trous state becomes more than regretful. The point that 762 speciesof medicinal plants were distributed in this region (Goak et al.,1997) and that the inhabitants have had great interests about native

medicinal plants also raises the pressure of this problem.

The changes of plant vegetations in North Jeolla Province havetransformed the life styles of inhabitants taking advantages of thenative plants and as a result, people have lost their traditional

168 M.-J. Song, H. Kim / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175

Fig. 1. Map showing the study area of western plain region of North Jeolla Province (the number of key informants). 1. Seonun-ri, Buan-myeon, Gochang-gun (6). 2. Docheong-ri, Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun (4). 3. Docheong-ri, Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun (2). 4. Cheongnim-ri, Sangseo-myeon, Buan-gun (6). 5. Cheongho-ri, Haseo-myeon, Buan-gun( e-si (4( heonG

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3). 6. Cheongho-ri, Haseo-myeon, Buan-gun (3). 7. Seopo-ri, Juksan-myeon, Gimj6). 10. Yongbok-ri, Gyeongcheon-myeon, Wanju-gun (2). 11. Yongbok-ri, Gyeongcui-myeon, Wanju-gun (2).

nowledge about the native plants. Currently, senior citizens withn average age of 74 still hold on to all the traditional knowledgend oral traditions. Their knowledge of native medicinal plants inhis region can actually disappear permanently, if not preservedecurely, after their deaths (Kim, 2010).

Moreover, the urgency of this problem has become ever moreressing with the completion of the world’s longest sea wall con-truction that barricades a large area of seashore. The vicious cyclef destroying the natural ecosystem and the natives’ communi-ies has also accelerated the catastrophic losses of plant relatedraditional knowledge among the natives. For these reasons, thisnvestigation is crucial to secure and record traditional knowl-dge that has been orally transmitted throughout this region aboutedicinal plants.The aim of this study is to record and conserve traditional knowl-

dge that has been transmitted orally about native medicinal plantsrom the aborigines in the western plain region of North Jeollarovince in Korea. The results of this study are expected to make

great contribution towards meeting the needs of modern people,ired from the overwhelming industrialization and urbanization,ooking for various new ideas in developing nature-friendly health

edicines, new methods of health care and natural therapies.

. Materials and methods

.1. Study area

The North Jeolla Province can be geographically divided intowo regions which share in common the Noryong Mountains as itsorder, the western plain region and the eastern mountain region.he western plain region is consisted of rich farmlands with twoivers, Mangyeong and Dongjin River. The farmlands are approxi-

ately 100 m or less above the sea level, spreading from the base oforyong Mountains to the west coast. The bedrocks of this regionre comprised of granites reaching back to the Jurassic that areostly very vulnerable to weathering. The administrative district

). 8. Seopo-ri, Juksan-myeon, Gimje-si (4). 9. Hasin-ri, Geumgu-myeon, Gimje-si-myeon, Wanju-gun (2). 12. Andoek-ri, Gui-myeon, Wanju-gun (2). 13. Andoek-ri,

is composed of eight cities and counties. The total area accumulateup to 4261.62 km2 (North Jeolla Provincial Government, 1989) andthe total population in 2010 was 1,630,792 (North Jeolla ProvincialGovernment, 2010). This region’s vegetation belongs to the decid-uous broadleaf tree forest zone with four distinct seasons (Walter,1975) (Fig. 1).

2.2. Data collection

The actual fieldwork was carried out after the preliminary sur-vey research that was held for 2 months in order to select andput on record more accurate traditional knowledge. The surveyresearch included the processes of selecting the subjects and themain sites for investigation, conducting interviews, and confirmingthe contents of questionnaires.

The interviews were conducted in 13 sites from July 2008 toApril 2010. Three central survey sites, Buan; Gimje; and WanjuCounty, were selected as the main study areas among the 8cities and counties extending from the west coast to the east-ern mountain region. These sites were carefully chosen to obtaininvestigation results that sufficiently reflect the traditional cul-tures and ecogeographical environment of the region. Namely, theBuan County borders the west coast and consists of large areasof reclaimed lands which have been engaged in rice farming. TheGimje County has an excellent agricultural irrigation reservoir,Byeokgolje, which was established in A.D. 330. This area has beentraditionally selected as a typical rice farming region. The WanjuCounty specializes in forming a mixed cultivation, engaging bothin rice farming and dry-field farming (Fig. 1).

We interviewed 46 key informants (20 men and 26 women) whohave lived over 50 years near the investigation area. The informants’average age was 74 (between 56 and 84 years old). The key infor-

mants were local experts on traditional medicine. They have hardlybeen affected by modern culture and education.

Data was collected through the participatory rural appraisalmethod (PRA) involving interviews, informal meetings, and then

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pen/group discussions using semi-structured questionnairesMartin, 1995; Kim and Song, 2008; Poonam and Singh, 2009).

The contents of semi-structured questionnaire were organizedccording to the outcomes of the preliminary survey researchsing the questionnaire organization method (Martin, 1995; Kimt al., 2006). The questionnaire inquired about ethnopharmacolog-cal information including local names, plant-parts used, ailmentsnd methods of preparation, manufacturing and administration,osages, and usable durations of the medicines (Martin, 1995; Kimt al., 2006; Poonam and Singh, 2009).

A proper collection of botanical materials involved two steps.irst, plant-parts mentioned during the interviews were collectedith a consideration of their life forms, flowering seasons and thesage periods of plant products after being photographed for pre-ise identification. After the precise identification of plants (Lee,979, 2002), all the plant specimens were collected during theirowering or fruiting seasons; later, they were organized accord-

ng to the normal specimen manufacture method (Martin, 1995).he voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium at Jeonjuniversity.

Scientific names of plants were confirmed with the Nationalnowledge and information system for biological species – NKISBS2010) (http://www.nature.go.kr/July 2010) of Korea.

.3. Quantitative analysis

The informant consensus factor (ICF) was used to identify thethnopharmacological importance of the collected plant speciesHeinrich et al., 1998, 2009) and to analyze the agreementegrees of the informants’ knowledge on each category of ailmentsAndrade-Cetto, 2009). It was calculated by the following formula:CF = nur − nt/nur − 1, where nur is the number of usage mentionedn each categories and nt is the number of species used.

The fidelity level (FL) was used to determine the most importantlant species used for treating certain diseases by the local herbalractitioners and literate elders in the study area (Alexiades, 1996;li-Shtayeh et al., 2000). It was calculated by the following formula:L(%) = Np × 100/N, where Np is the number of the informants whorovided the information of a plant species used to treat certainilments, and N is the number of informants who utilized plants asedicines for treating any given ailments.

. Results and discussion

.1. General analysis of the data

The ethnobotanical knowledge of the key informants included8 families, 156 genera, 183 species corresponding to 626 use-eports. Among them, medicinal plants for people and livestockonsisted of 42 families, 75 genera, 83 species used in 195 differentays (Table 1).

Much of the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants grow-ng near the seashore could not be documented. The numbers of

edicinal plants in this study area were recorded lower than theouthern mountainous region of Korea (177 genera, 77 families,17 species) (Kim and Song, 2011).

.2. Use of medicinal plants

Different parts of native plants were used for medicine by theey informants. Our analysis revealed that overall, 17 kinds oflant-parts were selected as medicinal materials. Roots were most

requently used plant-parts, constituting 19.4% of the whole fol-owed by fruits (18.9%), aerial parts (15.8%), stems (9.5%), wholelants (6.8%), leaves (5.6%), and rhizomes (2.7%). Ground level plantarts occupied 74% of the total; on the other hand, underground

rmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175 169

plant parts composed of roots, rhizomes, bulbs, corms, tubers androot barks, were being used a lot less frequently. This ratio of theplant-parts being used accords with the pattern of many otherresearches performed in the other regions (Blanco et al., 1999;Sharma et al., 2004; Coelho-Ferreira, 2009; Poonam and Singh,2009; Rajakumar and Shivanna, 2009).

The number of ailments being treated with medicinal plants inthis study region accumulates up to 71 with 222 remedies. Thenumber of medicinal plants and prescriptions ordered for each ail-ment are as follows: common cold (14 species, 21 prescriptions),lumbago (15 species, 17 prescriptions), asthma (8 species, 15 pre-scriptions), sinews and joints pain (5 species, 10 prescriptions),diarrhea (6 species, 7 prescriptions), and abdominal pain (6 species,6 prescriptions). From this data, we can infer that the traditionalknowledge regarding medicinal plants were more widely used totreat respiratory system disorders than any other types of ailments.This result is highly noteworthy since it makes a significant dis-tinction among other researches which record that the majorityof medicinal plants were useful for curing skin diseases and dis-orders (Poonam and Singh, 2009; Rajakumar and Shivanna, 2009),and gastrointestinal disorders (Andrade-Cetto, 2009; Giday et al.,2009).

The total number of preparation methods for the medicinalmaterials was twenty-six: decoction (24%), juice (17%), infusion(11.7%), brewing (9.0%), maceration (6.3%), fermentation (4.1%),and boiling (3.6%). These various preparation modes were twiceor triple times diversified compared to the outcomes of the otherprevious studies (Giday et al., 2009; Poonam and Singh, 2009;Rajakumar and Shivanna, 2009). This is a great measure that candemonstrate the excellence of the informants in terms of theirabilities of processing medicinal plants. Their outstanding abili-ties were also proven when although most of their dosing methodswere conducted with a simple oral administration, they had com-monly combined diverse plant-parts so as to make compoundmedicines rather than utilizing just one single plant, thus maxi-mizing the efficiency (41 instances of such a case were found in thisstudy).

The local people used plants in combination to treat chronicdiseases and disorders. Some of the examples are, fruits of Zizy-phus jujuba var. inermis and Cucurbita moschata in combinationwith seeds of Ginkgo biloba for asthma, bulbs of Allium fistulosum,leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta, rhizomes of Zingiber officinalein combination with fruits of Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta for com-mon cold, seeds of Ginkgo biloba, roots of Platycodon grandiflorumand Raphanus sativus, fruits of Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta and Zizy-phus jujuba var. inermis in combination with rhizomes of Zingiberofficinale for common cold, fruits of Diospyros kaki in combinationwith leaves of Artemisia princeps for diarrhea, roots of Achyranthesjaponica in combination with stems of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorusfor knee pain, roots of Caragana sinica and Achyranthes japonicain combination with stems of Kalopanax septemlobus for sinewsand joints pain. In addition to the above, combination of medici-nal plants and other additives like as bone of pig, fish, chicken andalgae have been used for treatment of lumbago, headache, post-partum care, postpartum myofascial pain syndrome and Raynaud’sphenomenon.

A few plants are used to treatment diseases of livestock. Theroots of Sophora flavescens and cones of Pinus densiflora are usedfor hoove of Cattle and seeds of Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichon,leaves and stems of Akebia quinata and Lonicera japonica are usedfor general disease of Cattle.

3.3. Informant consensus factor (ICF)

The category with the highest ICF was muscular–skeletal dis-orders (1.00) followed by cuts and wounds, respiratory system

170 M.-J. Song, H. Kim / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175

Table 1Plant species used to treat diseases and disorders.

Scientific name Voucher Family Local name Used part Diseases anddisorders

Preparation Application FL

Achyranthes japonica(Miq.) Nakai

KH4725 Amaranthaceae Soemureup Root Arthritis Decoction Oral 17.9

Juice OralDecoction Oral

Chronic myofascialpain of leg

Brewing Oral 7.1

Fermentation OralExtravasated blood Maceration Topical 14.3Lumbago Decoction Oral 10.7Neuralgia Fermentation Oral 10.7Sinews and jointspain

Infusion Oral 21.4

Brewing OralRoot Knee pain Infusion Oral 17.9Whole plant Maceration Topical

Fermentation OralAconitum ciliare DC. KH4726 Ranunculaceae Nosjeosgaraknamul Root Sinews and joints

painInfusion Oral 100.0

Decoction OralAdenocaulon

himalaicum Edgew.KH4727 Asteraceae Myeolgachi Whole plant Liver diseases Juice Oral 100.0

Adenophora triphyllavar. japonica (Regel)H.Hara

KH4728 Campanulaceae Jandae Root Lumbago Simmer Oral 60.0

Postpartum care Decoction Oral 40.0Akebia quinata (Thunb.)

Decne.KH4729 Lardizabalaceae Eureumdeonggul Leaf, stem General diseases of

cattleInfusion Oral 100.0

Allium cepa L. KH4730 Liliaceae Yangpa Bulb Postpartum care Juice Oral 100.0Allium fistulosum L. KH4731 Liliaceae Pa Bulb Common cold Decoction Oral 100.0

Fermentation OralSoup Oral

Angelica gigas Nakai KH4732 Apiaceae Chamdanggwi Root Blood circulation Decoction Oral 40.0Lumbago Pill Oral 60.0

Arisaema amurense for.serratum (Nakai)Kitag.

KH4733 Araceae Cheonnamseong Corm Arthritis Soup Oral 50.0

Lumbago Soup Oral 50.0Artemisia princeps

Pamp.KH4734 Asteraceae Ssuk Leaf, stem Abdominal pain Juice Oral 10.0

Diarrhea Decoction Oral 30.0Juice Oral

Hangover Simmer Oral 10.0Hemostasis Rubbing Topical 40.0Liver diseases Juice Oral 5.0Swelter Juice Oral 5.0

Atractylodes ovata(Thunb.) DC.

KH4735 Asteraceae Sapju Root Digestive Brewing Oral 100.0

Decoction OralBeta vulgaris var. cicla L. KH4736 Chenopodiaceae Geundae Petiole Pollakiuria Infusion Oral 100.0

Fumigation TopicalCaragana sinica

(Buc’hoz) RehderKH4737 Fabaceae Goldamcho Root Lumbago Fermentation Oral 11.1

Neuralgia Decoction Oral 22.2Sinews and jointspain

Infusion Oral 66.7

Brewing OralCarthamus tinctorius L. KH4738 Asteraceae Iskkot Seed Arthritis Soup Oral 40.0

Lumbago Pill Oral 60.0Castanea crenata

Siebold & Zucc.KH4739 Fagaceae Bamnamu Pericarp Asthma Infusion Oral 50.0

Whooping cough Infusion Oral 50.0Chaenomeles sinensis

(Thouin) KoehneKH4740 Rosaceae Mogwanamu Fruit Common cold Brewing Oral 50.0

Cough Brewing Oral 50.0Cirsium japonicum var.

maackii (Maxim.)Matsum.

KH4741 Asteraceae Eonggeongkwi Root Arthritis Decoction Oral 42.9

Chronic myofascialpain of leg

Decoction Oral 28.6

Neuralgia Fermentation Oral 28.6Clerodendrum

trichotomum Thunb.ex Murray

KH4742 Verbenaceae Nurijangnamu Leaf Allergic contactdermatitis

Raw Topical 100.0

M.-J. Song, H. Kim / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175 171

Table 1 (Continued)

Scientific name Voucher Family Local name Used part Diseases anddisorders

Preparation Application FL

Cucurbita moschataDuchesne

KH4743 Cucurbitaceae Hobak Fruit Asthma Decoction Oral 30.0

Cough Simmer Oral 20.0Postpartum care Infusion Oral 20.0Postpartummyofascial painsyndrome

Infusion Oral 30.0

Cudrania tricuspidata(Carr.) Bureau exLavallee

KH4744 Moraceae Kkujippongnamu Root Glycosuria Decoction Oral 20.0

Stem Leg pain Brewing Oral 60.0Lumbago Fermentation Oral 20.0

Dendranthemazawadskii var.latilobum (Maxim.)Kitam.

KH4745 Asteraceae Gujeolcho Root Chronic myofascialpain

Decoction Oral 100.0

Diospyros kaki Thunb. KH4746 Ebenaceae Gamnamu Fruit Diarrhea Decoction Oral 50.0Leaf Hangover Infusion Oral 50.0

Duchesnea indica(Andr.) Focke

KH4747 Rosaceae Baemttalgi Whole plant Pollakiuria Fumigation Topical 100.0

Eleutherococcussenticosus (Rupr. &Maxim.) Maxim.

KH4748 Araliaceae Gasiogalpi Stem Chronic myofascialpain of leg

Decoction Oral 100.0

Eleutherococcussessiliflorus (Rupr. &Maxim.) S.Y.Hu

KH4749 Araliaceae Ogalpinamu Bark Leg pain Fermentation Oral 75.0

Stem Brewing OralLumbago Fermentation Oral 25.0

Epimedium koreanumNakai

KH4750 Berberidaceae Samjiguyeopcho Leaf Sexual enhance Decoction Oral 100.0

Eucommia ulmoidesOliv.

KH4751 Eucommiaceae Duchung Bark Arthritis Decoction Oral 100.0

Gardenia jasminoidesEllis

KH4752 Rubiaceae Chijanamu Fruit Sprain Paste Topical 71.4

Tarsal tunnelsyndrome

Paste Topical 28.5

Gentiana scabra Bungefor. scabra

KH4753 Gentianaceae Yongdam Root Leg pain Infusion Oral 100.0

Geum japonicumThunb.

KH4754 Rosaceae Baemmu Whole plant Pollakiuria Fumigation Topical 100.0

Ginkgo biloba L. KH4755 Ginkgoaceae Eunhaengnamu Seed Asthma Raw Oral 64.7Roast OralInfusion Oral

Common cold Decoction Oral 17.6Hypertension Decoction Oral 17.6

Glycine max (L.) Merr. KH4756 Fabaceae Kong Seed Bee sting Paste Topical 100.0Helianthus tuberosus L. KH4757 Asteraceae Ttungttanji Tuber Glycosuria Soup Oral 100.0Hordeum vulgare var.

hexastichon (L.) Asch.KH4758 Poaceae Bori Seed General diseases of

cattlePowder Oral 100.0

Ixeris debilis (Thunb.)A.Gray

KH4759 Asteraceae Beodeumsseumbagwi Whole plant Inflammation Infusion Oral 100.0

Kalopanax septemlobus(Thunb. ex Murray)Koidz.

KH4760 Araliaceae Eumnamu Stem Chronic myofascialpain of leg

Decoction Oral 16.0

Headache Simmer Oral 8.0Leg pain Brewing Oral 4.0Lumbago Decoction Oral 20.0

Fermentation OralTonic Boiling Oral 4.0Sinews and jointspain

Infusion Oral 36.0

Brewing OralRoot Pill Oral

Pus Paste Topical 12.0Lactuca indica L. KH4761 Asteraceae Wanggodeulppaegi Whole plant Gastroenteric

disorderJuice Oral 100.0

Lactuca sativa L. KH4762 Asteraceae Sangchu Seed Oligogalactia Maceration Oral 100.0Lagenaria leucantha

RusbyKH4763 Cucurbitaceae Bak Fruit Common cold Boiling Oral 100.0

Leonurus japonicusHoutt.

KH4764 Lamiaceae Ikmocho Leaf, stem Abdominal pain Maceration Oral 11.5

Appetizer Juice Oral 26.9Maceration Oral

Diarrhea Juice Oral 11.5

172 M.-J. Song, H. Kim / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175

Table 1 (Continued)

Scientific name Voucher Family Local name Used part Diseases anddisorders

Preparation Application FL

Indigestion Juice Oral 7.7Pesticidedetoxification

Juice Oral 7.7

Stomach problem Juice Oral 3.8Swelter Juice Oral 26.9

Maceration OralWoman diseases Juice Oral 3.8

Lonicera japonicaThunb.

KH4765 Caprifoliaceae Indongdeonggul Leaf, stem General diseases ofcattle

Infusion Oral 100.0

Leaf Common cold Juice Oral 100.0Luffa cylindrica Roem. KH4766 Cucurbitaceae Susemioi Fruit Asthma Extraction Oral 50.0

Juice OralBronchitis Juice Oral 16.7Cough Infusion Oral 16.7

Preserve OralWhooping cough Infusion Oral 16.7

Preserve OralLycium chinense Mill. KH4767 Solanaceae Gugijanamu Fruit Common cold Soup Oral 50.0

Hypertension Soup Oral 50.0Morus alba L. KH4768 Moraceae Ppongnamu Leaf Asthma Soup Oral 50.0

Common cold Soup Oral 50.0Morus bombycis Koidz.

var. bombycisKH4769 Moraceae Sanppongnamu Leaf Glycosuria Soup Oral 100.0

Nicotiana tabacum L. KH4770 Solanaceae Dambae Leaf Hemostasis Paste Topical 100.0Oenanthe javanica

(Blume) DC.KH4771 Apiaceae Minari Leaf, stem Jaundice Juice Oral 75.0

Liver diseases Juice Oral 25.0Paeonia lactiflora Pall. KH4772 Paeoniaceae Jakyak Root Chronic myofascial

pain of legDecoction Oral 100.0

Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. KH4773 Araliaceae Insam Root Tonic Decoction Oral 100.0Panicum miliaceum L. KH4774 Poaceae Gijang Seed Abdominal pain Boiling Oral 25.0

Diarrhea Boiling Oral 25.0Stomach problem Boiling Oral 25.0Vomiting Boiling Oral 25.0

Papaver somniferum L. KH4775 Papaveraceae Yanggwibi Leaf Abdominal pain Decoction Oral 50.0Snakebite Decoction Oral 50.0

Perilla frutescens var.acuta Kudo

KH4776 Lamiaceae Soyeop Leaf Common cold Decoction Oral 50.0

Fermentation OralPhytolacca esculenta

VanHoutteKH4777 Phytolaccaceae Jarigong Root Carpal tunnel

syndromeDecoction Oral 60.0

Tarsal tunnelsyndrome

Decoction Oral 40.0

Pinus densiflora Siebold& Zucc.

KH4778 Pinaceae Sonamu Resin Chronic myofascialpain

Paste Topical 50.0

Dissolution OralCone Hoove Maceration Oral 12.5Leaf Lumbago Fumigation Topical 37.5

Plantago asiatica L. KH4779 Plantaginaceae Jilgyeongi Whole plant Abdominal pain Decoction Oral 15.8Acutegastroenteritis

Juice Oral 10.5

Common cold Decoction Oral 15.8Cough Decoction Oral 5.2Hepatitis Decoction Oral 5.2Iching Decoction Topical 10.5Indigestion Juice Oral 15.8Jaundice Decoction Oral 5.2Pharyngitis Decoction Oral 5.2

Seed Cystitis Decoction Oral 5.2Diarrhea Decoction Oral 5.2Hypertension Decoction Oral 5.2Urethritis Decoction Oral 5.2

Platycodongrandiflorum (Jacq.)A.DC.

KH4780 Campanulaceae Doraji Root Common cold Decoction Oral 60.0

Postpartum care Decoction Oral 40.0Poncirus trifoliata Raf. KH4781 Rutaceae Taengjanamu Fruit Urticaria Boiling Topical 100.0

Brewing OralPrunus davidiana

(Carriere) Franch.KH4782 Rosaceae Sanboksanamu Fruit Leg pain Brewing Oral 50.0

Lumbago Brewing Oral 50.0Prunus mume Siebold &

Zucc. for. mumeKH4783 Rosaceae Maesilnamu Fruit Indigestion Brewing Oral 100.0

Pueraria lobata (Willd.)Ohwi

KH4784 Fabaceae Chilk Root Hangover Juice Oral 100.0

Punica granatum L. KH4785 Punicaceae Seokryunamu Fruit Indigestion Juice Oral 100.0

M.-J. Song, H. Kim / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175 173

Table 1 (Continued)

Scientific name Voucher Family Local name Used part Diseases anddisorders

Preparation Application FL

Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta(Makino) Nakai

KH4786 Rosaceae Baenamu Fruit Common cold Decoction Oral 100.0

Fermentation OralRaphanus sativus L. KH4787 Brassicaceae Mu Root Common cold Decoction Oral 50.0

Leaf Lumbago Poultice Topical 50.0Rhus verniciflua Stokes KH4788 Anacardiaceae Otnamu Stem Raynaud’s

phenomenonBoiling Oral 100.0

Ricinus communis L. KH4789 Euphorbiaceae Pimaja Seed Constipation Oil Oral 40.0Indigestion Oil Oral 60.0

Rosa rugosa Thunb. var.rugosa

KH4790 Rosaceae Haedanghwa Fruit Blood circulation Brewing Oral 50.0

Extravasated blood Brewing Oral 50.0Rubus coreanus Miq. KH4791 Rosaceae Bokbunjattalgi Fruit Neurasthenia Brewing Oral 33.3

Sterility Brewing Oral 33.3Tonic Brewing Oral 33.3

Rumex crispus L. KH4792 Polygonaceae Sorijaengi Root Lumbago Juice Oral 33.3Postpartummyofascial painsyndrome

Infusion Oral 33.3

Sinews and jointspain

Infusion Oral 33.3

Smilax china L. KH4793 Liliaceae Cheongmiraedeonggul Root Lumbago Fermentation Oral 100.0Solanum nigrum L. var.

nigrumKH4794 Solanaceae Kkamajung Leaf, stem Indigestion Infusion Oral 100.0

Solanum tuberosum L. KH4795 Solanaceae Gamja Tuber Boil Maceration Topical 21.4Bruise Maceration Topical 35.7

Leaf, stem Maceration TopicalTuber Burn Maceration Topical 21.4

Foot edema Maceration Topical 21.4Sophora flavescens

Solander ex AitonKH4796 Fabaceae Gosam Root Hoove Juice Oral 100.0

Sorbus commixta Hedl. Rosaceae Magamok Stem Abdominal pain Decoction Oral 33.3Asthma Decoction Oral 33.3Gastritis Decoction Oral 33.3

Taraxacum platycarpumDahlst.

KH4797 Asteraceae Mindeulre Leaf, stem Cancer Decoction Oral 18.8

Glycosuria Brewing Oral 12.5Liver diseases Decoction Oral 12.5Pleurodynia Infusion Oral 37.5

Brewing OralStomach problem Decoction Oral 18.8

Ulmus davidiana var.japonica (Rehder)Nakai

KH4798 Ulmaceae Neureupnamu Root bark Boil Maceration Topical 60.0

Pus Powder Topical 40.0Vigna radiata (L.)

WilczekKH4799 Fabaceae Nokdu Seed Detoxification Juice Oral 42.9

Pesticidedetoxification

Juice Oral 57.1

Viola mandshurica W.Becker

KH4800 Violaceae Jebikkot Leaf, stem Burn Maceration Topical 100.0

Zanthoxylum piperitum(L.) DC.

KH4801 Rutaceae Chopinamu Bark Analgesic Decoction Oral 50.0

Zanthoxylumschinifolium Siebold& Zucc.

KH4802 Rutaceae Sanchonamu Stem Lumbago Fermentation Oral 50.0

Zingiber mioga (Thunb.)Roscoe

KH4803 Zingiberaceae Yangha Rhizome Liver diseases Juice Oral 100.0

Zingiber officinaleRoscoe

KH4804 Zingiberaceae Saenggang Rhizome Common cold Decoction Oral 100.0

Fermentation OralSoup OralInfusion Oral

Zinnia violacea Cav. KH4805 Asteraceae Baekilhong Stem Leukorrhea Infusion Oral 100.0Zizyphus jujuba var.

inermis (Bunge)Rehder

KH4806 Rhamnaceae Daechunamu Fruit Asthma Decoction Oral 45.4

Soup OralCommon cold Infusion Oral 45.4

Decoction OralDetoxification ofginseng

Detoxification Oral 9.1

174 M.-J. Song, H. Kim / Journal of Ethnopha

Table 2Category of ailments and their informant consensus factors (ICF).

Symptom and ailment categories Taxon Use citations ICF

Muscular–skeletal disorders 1 5 1.00Cuts and wounds 3 17 0.87Respiratory system disorders 18 74 0.77Gastrointestinal disorders 16 61 0.75Circulatory system disorders 6 19 0.72Pains 18 58 0.70Diabetes 4 11 0.70Inflammation 9 26 0.68Birth related disorders 6 16 0.67Nervous system disorders 12 33 0.65Poisonings 9 22 0.61Skin diseases and disorders 4 10 0.60Othersa 6 13 0.58Genitourinary system disorders 9 19 0.55Liver complaints 7 12 0.45

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Veterinary ailments 5 7 0.33

a Swelter, tonic and cancer.

isorders and gastrointestinal disorders. The lowest of all was vet-rinary ailments followed by liver complaints and genitourinaryystem disorders (Table 2).

Generally, high ICF has always accompanied a few selectedlants with frequent mentions of their uses from the informantsor treating a single disease category. On the other hand, low ICFften meant considerably many plants with almost equal men-ions of their uses from the informants (Rajakumar and Shivanna,009). The informants gave the most frequent mentions of theespiratory system disorders (74 times). Especially, they used 14pecies of plants in 21 remedies for the treatment of the com-on cold. Likewise, in terms of gastrointestinal disorders, diarrheaas treated with 6 different plant species in 7 ways of prepa-

ation. Also, concerning pains, 15 plant species were processeds medicinal materials for lumbago through 17 different meth-ds (Tables 1 and 2). The ICF of oral traditional knowledge forisease treatment depended on the availability of plant speciesnd the study area. In Northeastern Brazil, the treatment of bloodnd hematopoietic organ related problems showed a high ICF of.0 followed by the ear problems (0.60) and skin diseases (0.54)Gazzaneo et al., 2005). Ragupathy et al. (2008) studied the tra-itional aboriginal knowledge of medicinal plants of Malasarsommunity and came across an ICF of 0.92 for jaundice and 0.50or fever. Yineger et al. (2008) working on the ethnomedicinallant knowledge and practice of the Oromo ethnic group in south-estern Ethiopia arrived at an ICF of 0.50 for tumor, 0.33 for

abies and insect bite. Rajakumar and Shivanna (2009) studiedthnomedicinal application of plants in the eastern region of Shi-oga district Karnataka in India showed a high ICF of 0.77 for liver

omplaints and 0.46 for respiratory system disorder categories.ndrade-Cetto (2009) working on the ethnobotanical study of theedicinal plants from Tlanchinol, Hidalgo in Mexico arrived at an

CF of 0.79 for gastrointestinal category, 0.35 for muscular/skeletalategory.

.4. Fidelity level (FL)

Fidelity level shows the relative healing potentials of each men-ioned medicinal plant used against human ailments. The plantshat were mentioned only once were not considered in this analy-is for better accuracy. Nevertheless, 29 plant species showed 100%delity. It seems that the informants tend to rely on one specific

lant species for treating one certain ailment rather than selectinghe same plant for a more diverse uses.

Analyzing each of the ailments having important medicinallants (FL 100%), for the treatment of respiratory system disor-

rmacology 137 (2011) 167– 175

ders were Allium fistulosum, Lagenaria leucantha, Lonicera japonica,Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta and Zingiber officinale. Also, the followingwere in usage for treating gastrointestinal disorders; Atractylodesovata, Lactuca indica, Prunus mume, Punica granatum and Solanumnigrum. Next, for genitourinary system disorders, Beta vulgaris var.cicla, Duchesnea indica and Geum japonicum were used. For nervoussystem disorders, the following were selected as the most crucialplant species; Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum, Eleutherococ-cus senticosus and Paeonia lactiflora (Table 1).

Looking at the correlation between the ailments that have beenmentioned many times and their FL, Zingiber officinale (FL 100%)as a treatment for the common cold was mentioned 13 timesby the informants. Luffa cylindrica (FL 50%) and Ginkgo biloba (FL64.7%) used as treatments for asthma were each mentioned 12and 11 times (Table 1). In Northwestern Ethiopia, Carissa spinarum,Clausena anisata, Acokanthera schimperi, Calpurina aurea, Ficus thon-ningii and Cyphostemma junceum are highly popular among localpeople (FL 100%) and were used to treat evil eye while, Dorsteniabarnimiana with very low FL (22%) was shown to treat many ail-ments (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007). In India, the maximum FLof 100% expressed by Justicia adhatoda, Cyclea peltata, Memecylonumbellatum, Phyllanthus amarus and Tabernaemontana alternifoliafor bronchitis, dysentery, herpes, jaundice and snake bite, the low-est FL of 25% indicated Cassia fistula used to treat eczema, jaundice,headache, wounds and acidity. In Mexico, Coleus blumei, Plantagoaustralis, Borago officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Ageratum houstoni-anum, Solanum nigrescens and Zea mays are important species (FL100%) (Andrade-Cetto, 2009).

4. Conclusion

The significance of orally transmitted traditional knowledgewill be emphasized more with the announcement of the Nagoyaprotocol (2010). Particularly, knowledge about traditional treat-ments among other traditional knowledge is expected to increasein demand because of its economic value.

Due to the completion of the world’s longest sea wall, large partsof the farming land near the seashore in the investigative area arerapidly changing its forms into an industrial complex. Consideringthis urgent local situation, this study aimed to conserve and recordtraditional knowledge of medicinal plants that were descendedorally from the past to be well preserved for future uses.

Upon examination of the results, much of the traditional knowl-edge of medicinal plants growing near the seashore could not berecorded. This seems to be the result from the completion of thenewly built sea wall that forced many inhabitants to immigrate toother parts of the region and caused a rapid change in the ecosys-tem.

The reliability of seven medicinal plants including Zingiber offic-inale, Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta, Allium fistulosum, Atractylodes ovate,Pueraria lobata, Aconitum ciliare and Paeonia lactiflora were high.These species can be developed as new medicines or new therapiesthrough additional studies.

Comparatively less diverse and lower numbers of medicinalplants were recorded in the plain region than in the southernmountainous region of Korea which seems to indicate a rapid ongo-ing process of traditional knowledge leak due to the inhabitants’reliance on the modern medical system.

However, the results of this study will be of essential use tothose tired from overwhelming urbanization and industrializationsince they demonstrate great potentials not only as nature-friendly

medicinal materials, but also as health care methods and natur-opathies.

In these points, this study is noteworthy for it reserved therapidly deteriorating traditional knowledge of medicinal plants by

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M.-J. Song, H. Kim / Journal of Eth

roper recording and identification of plant species in the studyrea. The authors of this paper hope to make a contribution towardsair and equal sharing of the benefits from utilizing oral traditionalnowledge of medicinal plants in accordance with the Nagoya Pro-ocol.

cknowledgement

The authors are very grateful to all the informants of the researchrea for sharing their oral traditional knowledge during the field-ork surveys.

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