Etymology of Antimony, Bismuth

In Tamil the word ajaam has denoted collyrium for eyelashes. This Kohl was a cosmetic preparation used by women in India, Egypt and Arabia to darken the edges of their eyelids.

Antimony/Black bismuth has been used for this purpose. Because of the same, the word ajaam has denoted Antimony.

Antimony, in the form of its sulphide (stibnite, Sb2S3), has been known from very early times, more especially in Eastern countries esp. India. In antiquity, Antimony was merely used for making cosmetics such as rouge and black paint for eye brows.

al [Tamil] -> ( (aju) [Tamil])-> ajaam [Tamil] n. [ Tulu = aanam ] 1. Collyrium, black pigment for the eyelashes; . (. . . 10). 2. Magic black pigment, of which there are three, viz., , , ; &' ( . )* ( (. 15). 3. Magic art. . +, ,. (& . . 17). 4. Medicine for the eyes of a person bitten by a venomous snake, or of one who has fits; '. (W.) 5. Blackness; & ().) 6. Darkness; &*. (W.) 7. Dark-coloured stone; '. (. .) 8. Stain, spot, fault; 3. 4 (5. . 5). 9. Sin; . 7 4 ( &. . 99). 10. Male elephant of the West.; . (9.) 11. A tree; . 9 ( .+. ,. 5). 12. Indigo; :,. (. ;.) 13. Marble; ' .

ajaa-k-kal [Tamil] n. Sulphuret of antimony, a combustible used in fire works, giving a blue flame. .

ajanaryi ( ajanamu + ryi) [Telugu] n. Antimonium or black antimony. (Watts.)

-- ajana-da-kall [Tulu] n . Antimony.

ajanakkall [Malayalam].n ,

ajaam [Tamil] -> & aanam & & aaam & ajaam [Malayalam]. 1. A dark shining material. 2. A mountain. 3. A lizard. 4. Fire. 5. Dark; night. 6. An eye disease. 7. Blue gem. 8. kyv. The blue flowered Memecylon tinctorium.

( (aju) [Tamil]) -> aj [Sanskrit] 1 To anoint, smear with, bedaub. -2 To make clear, show, represent, characterize; -3 To shine, be beautiful. -4 To honour, celebrate. -5 To decorate

( (aju) [Tamil]) -> ungo [Latin] to anoint, smear with oil.

ungo [Latin] -> Ngjyej [Albanian]

Ungu [Aromanian]

Ungir [Catalan]

Jongar [Dalmatian]

Oindre [French]

Ungere [Italian]

ungir, untar [Portuguese]

unge [Romanian]

nghere [Sardinian]

ungir, untar [Spanish]

ajaam [Tamil]-> ajanam [Sanskrit] 1 Anointing, smearing with; mixing; unfolding, manifesting. -2 Collyrium or black pigment used to paint the eye- lashes; -3 Paint, a cosmetic ointment. -4 Magic ointment. -5 A special kind of material of the black pigment, such as antimony (used as collyrium), lamp-black. -6 Ink. -7 Fire. -8 Night. -9 ( ajanam, ajan) (Rhet.) A suggested meaning; also the process by which such meaning is suggested. It is the power of suggestion by which something else is understood from a word which, though having more meanings than one, has been restricted to a single meaning by relations of conjunction, disjunction, or, briefly, the use of a word of several meanings in a special sense determined by the context.

ajanam [Sanskrit] -> ajana [Sanskrit] 1 A kind of lizard. -2 Name of a tree or mountain. -3 Name of the guardian elephant (of the west or s. w.)

ajanik [Sanskrit]1 A species of lizard; a small mouse.-2 N. of the mate of the elephant .

Ajanam is mostly used by magicians and thieves to discover or to steal the hidden treasures. It is called as

Practitioners of this art have been entrusted with sacred hymns and special prayers, who with devotion invoke various demi-gods, conduct the proceedings of ' : . (W.)

2. srjaam [Tamil] n. Magic pigment used for tracing stolen property, one of three ajaams; :&' ( . It assists in discovering stolen property or to steal;

3. pdjaam [Tamil] Magical black pigment or collyrium used in discovering treasures buried underground, one of the three acaam, q.v.; ; @* &' :.

The thief applies black pigment or collyrium to his face to hide his identity during night time. srjaamIndians and gave wrong definition for the same. them as of white colour, and is said to be produced in the bed of the Jamuna and other rivers. It is called safed surm in theHindustani medicine vendors is calcareous or Iceland spar.described as (v

% &''+

pigment or collyrium to his face to hide his identity during night time.

am was wrongly transliterated as SrtIndians and gave wrong definition for the same. Srtjanam is described by

as of white colour, and is said to be produced in the bed of the Jamuna and other rivers. It is called safed surm in the vernacular, and the article supplied under this name by Hindustani medicine vendors is calcareous or Iceland spar.

tavarasurm) i.e. white surm.

% &''+ -.

5 675:

: 5-.;

:

According to them there is another collyrium ymunam which is belonging to or coming from, or growing in the Yamun. However it is incorrect. It is actually derived from the following Tamil word. ymaam [Tamil] n. (A. .) 1. Green; .. 2. Youth; .

ymaam [Tamil] -> ( ymaam) [Tamil] -> 4 ymuam [Tamil] n. Black bismuth (i.e.Antimony); '. (A. .)

4( ymuakam [Tamil] n. Lead; . (A. .)

[Sinhalese] n. Lead.

J muneaka [Oriya] n. ; LeadLeadLeadLead.

It is pertinent to note that of Sinhalese & 4( (ymuakam) and J muneaka of Oriya are not found in the other languages. It is claimed by Sinhalese dictionary as the one which is desired

by yavana (Greek) . However, Sinhalese language has borrowed the above word from the Tamil word 4( (ymuakam) only. It is called as 4( (ymuakam) in Tamil because the lead & antimony are of similar features.

4 ymuam [Tamil] -> ymunamu [Telugu] n. Antimony.

4 ymuam [Tamil] -> ymuna [Sinhalese] n. antimony or rather the sulphuret of antimony, generally used as an application to darken the eye-lashes and strengthen the eyes.

4 ymuam [Tamil] -> ymun [Urdu] n. Antimony; sulphuret of antimony, collyrium.

4 ymuam [Tamil] -> J muna [Oriya] 1 ; . Antimony; sulphate of antimony. 2. 2 . Collyrium for the eye. 3 ; . Lead.

4 ymuam [Tamil] -> ymunam [Sanskrit] A kind of collyrium;

ymunyam [Sanskrit] A kind of collyrium;

Because of dark green colour like pigeon, Antimony got its name in Tamil as ymuam and later Sanskrit has borrowed with wrong explanation for the origin. Compare the same with kapta [Sanskrit] 1 A dove, pigeon. -2 A bird in general. -3 A particular position of the hands. -4 The grey colour of a pigeon.

kaptasaram [Sanskrit] antimony.

kpta [Sanskrit] a. grey, of a dirty white colour.

kptam [Sanskrit] 1 A flock of pigeons. -2 Antimony. -3 Natron.-4 Fossil.

kpta [Sanskrit] n. The grey colour.

(kptjanam) [Sanskrit] antimony applied to the eyes as collyrium.

Sanskrit Scholars derived the following words claiming Antimony is produced by rivers.

nad [Sanskrit] A river, any flowing stream;

nadja [Sanskrit] antimony. ndya [Sanskrit] antimony

vri [Sanskrit], n. 1. Water. 2. A fluid. vribhavam [Sanskrit] n. antimony.

vrisambhava [Sanskrit] n. a kind of antimony. srtam [Sanskrit] A stream Srtjanam [Sanskrit] n. antimony. Srtja [Sanskrit] n. antimony. Srtdbhavam [Sanskrit] n. antimony.

It is claimed that ymunyam and Srotojanam are obtained from the river Yamun. If it so, they are one and the same and they are not different kinds. However, North Indians are claiming that there are 4 kinds of ajana/ajanam and they are

1. (sauvram) 2. (srtjanam) 3. (Ymunam) 4. (kptjanam)

Actually, Sanskrit dictionary has recognized 3 different kinds of janam only. It is called @ (tryajanam)/ @ (tryajana). They are (kljanam), (rasjanam) and A (pupjanam) only.

1. (kljanam) [Sanskrit] a sort of collyrium;

nla [Sanskrit] 1 the dark-blue or black colour. -2 Sapphire. -3 The Indian fig-tree. -4 N. of a monkey-chief in the army of Rma. -5 'The blue mountain', N. of one of the principal ranges of mountains. -6 A kind of bird, the blue Main. -7 An ox of a dark-blue colour. -8 One of the nine treasures of Kubera; -9 A mark. -10 An auspicious sound or proclamation.

(nla) [Sanskrit] a. 1 Blue, dark-blue; -2 Dyed with indigo. (nljanam) [Sanskrit] 1 antimony.-2 blue vitriol.

2. (rasjanam) [Sanskrit] vitriol of copper, a sort of collyrium.

It has been pointed out by Monier that (rasjanam) is a vitriol of copper or a sort of collyrium prepared from it with the addition of Curcuma or (accord.accord.accord.accord. to some) from the calx of brass with Amomum Anthorrhiza or (accord.accord.accord.accord. to othersothersothersothers) from lead-ore. There is no unanimity about the definition of (rasjanam). However Marathi dictionary and 6 7 (Rasaratna Samuccaya) have differently mentioned about preparation of (rasjanam).

rasjana [Marathi ] n A collyrium. It is prepared by boiling together calx of brass and one eighth of B or curcuma zanthorrizon, by adding

to the decoction an equal quantity of goat's milk, and by evaporating the compound to one fourth. Compare:

'E@

& FG '+ -.

5 675:

: 5-.;

< < JK + :

It is pertinent to note that mostly white vitriol is used for eye treatment than blue vitriol. In view of the same, it has not denoted antimony here. Antimony got its name due to its color since Tamil word (nlam) has denoted both blue and black colors.

3. A (pupjanam) [Sanskrit] 1 calx of brass used as a collyrium.-2 A white

flower-like substance which appears when zinc is mixed with copper and heated for preparing brass.-3 Zinc oxide. It is called as jastaphla in Marathi.

A

A : UV

&W 'X -.

5 675:

A: 5-.;

< 5AO 5-.;

AZ :

horses &c.) 5 A whitish exfoliation upon stones or wood in rainy weather. 6 A white speck in the eye, albugo. 7 A certain wild plant. 8 The soot or condensed smoke of or frankincense. 9 Pewter puffed by the action of fire. There is no such meaning in the following Sanskrit word. A pupam [Sanskrit] 1 A flower, blossom; -2 The menstrual discharge; -3 A topaz -4 A disease of the eyes (albugo). -5 The car or vehicle of Kubera; -6 Gallantry, politeness (in love language). -7 Expanding, blooming, blossoming. It is pertinent to note that the following Sanskrit words have denoted green vitriol and not blue vitriol. A (paupakam), A paupaka [Sanskrit] oxide of brass considered as a collyrium, green vitriol L.L.L.L. However look at the following word to find out the original meaning of ^ phullam. ^ (phullam) [Sanskrit] A full-blown flower.

^ [phulla], p. p. (of. ^) 1. Expanded, opened, blown. 2. Flowering, blossomed; 3. Expanded, dilated, wide opened (as eyes). 4. Smiling, gay. 5. Puffed, inflated (as cheeks). 6. Loose (as a garment).

Puffed nature is only intended and not the flower while forming the word A (pupjanam). Here Marathi dictionary and 67 (Rasaratna Samuccaya) are differing in the definition of (jastaphla) or [ (jastc mphla) and A (pupjanam) respectively. Marathi dictionary has claimed that it is pewter ( jasta). However 67 (Rasaratna Samuccaya) has mentioned 5AO (rtipupajanyam) i.e. calx of brass. Therefore the claim that it is derived (AO pupajanyam) from or the substance is like flower is totally wrong. However original etymology of A (pupjanam) is discussed hereinafter.

However Tamil word F (kal-l-yam) has denoted both pewter and sulphide of antimony because of similar nature of lead and antimony and pewter is made of tin/white lead and black lead. The word (nljaam) has also denoted pewter unlike Marathi word jastaphla equated with the Sanskrit word (pupjanam).

kal [Tamil] ( i.e. stone) + (yam) [Tamil] (i.e. lead) -> F kal-l-yam [Tamil] n. 1. Pewter; * ) G)H 7+. (W.) 2. Sulphide of antimony. . (;. .)

nljaam [Tamil] n. 1. Blue vitriol, verdigris; , '. (W.) 2. A mineral poison; . (

Pewter image of Lord Vinayaka. Later the word janam was given to various medical preparations and applications to eye etc. Chiefly the same is denoting collyrium in the name of surm and not antimony. 67 (Rasaratna Samuccaya) has mentioned the kinds of janam in view of medical applications.

E

O7 A

B: F -.

It has mentioned 1. (sauvram), 2. (rasjanam) 3. (srotojanam), 4. A (pupjanam) and finally (nljanam). It is pertinent to note that (Ymunam) was not at all included in the list of janam by Rasaratna Samucchaya. Telugu dictionary has given the following definition.

nilnjanamu [Telugu]. n. Blue vitriol, sulphate of copper.

(sauvramu) ] [Telugu] n. Antimony, collyrium. , . (kuka) [Telugu] n. Lampblack. Mildew in grain. Eyesalve, or sulphuret of antimony. Collyrium, a paste made of lampback and oil and applied to the eyes to increase their brilliancy. It is also supposed to assist in conjuring and giving second sight.

kuka-ryi [Telugu]. n. Sulphuret of antimony . Telugu dictionary has claimed sauvrjanam, nilnjanamu as one and the same.

In ancient India the recipes for making various ajanas are strange and numerous. The eye-brows and eyelids were stained black with (stmma) or (stmmis), stibium, a sulphuret of antimony, which is still employed by the Indian and Turkish ladies for the same purpose. The practice was of great antiquity, and has been introduced among the Asiatic Ionians by the Indians, where the custom has prevailed from the earliest times. The Roman ladies even went so far as to paint with blue the veins on the temple. This has been learnt from South India. In the Susruta Samhit of the first century either B.C. or A.D. (Bhishagratnas trans., Calcutta) there are many, of which the following is an example:

Eight parts of Rasjana (antimony) having the hue of a (full-blown) blue lotus flower, as well as one part each of (dead) copper, gold and silver, should be taken together and placed inside an earthen crucible. It should then be burnt by being covered with the burning charcoal of catechu, or in the fire of dried cakes of cow-dung and blown (with a blow-pipe till they would glow with a blood-red effulgence), after which the expressed juice (rasa) of cow-dung, cows urine, milk-curd, clarified butter, honey, oil, lard, marrow, infusion of the drugs of the sarva-gandh group, grape juice, sugar-cane juice, the expressed juice of triphal and the completely cooled decoctions of the drugs of the srivdi and the utpaldi groups, should be separately sprinkled over it in succession alternately each time with the heating thereof. After that the preparation should be kept suspended in the air for a week, so as to be fully washed by the rains. The compound should then be dried, pounded and mixed together with proportionate parts (quarter part) of powdered pearls, crystals, corals and klanu sriv. The compound thus prepared is a very good anjana and should be kept in a pure vessel made of

ivory, crystal, vaidrya, conch-shell, stone, gold silver. It should then be purified (lit., worshipped) in the manner of the purification of the Sahasra-Pka-Taila described before. It may then be prescribed even for a king. Applied along the eyelids as a collyrium, it enables a king to become favourite with his subjects and to continue invincible to the last day of his life free from ocular affections. Blue vitriol and calx of brass are also used as collyrium.

- psu- [Tamil] v. tr. To besmear, anoint, rub, daub, spread on, plaster; :. I

pustam [Sanskrit] -> (( (pustakam), (pustaka), pustjanam, (pustjanam)) [Sanskrit] -> A (pupakam) A (pupaka), A (pupjanam) & A (pupjana) [Sanskrit] calx of brass used as a collyrium.

Assuming that the above Sanskrit words were derived from A pupam which means a flower, blossom, they have translated it into kusumam and formed the word (kusumjanam) kusumjana.

kusumam[ Sanskrit] A flower;

(kusumjanam) kusumjana [Sanskrit]. The calx of brass used as a collyrium.

However there is no relationship between flower and the calx of brass used as a collyrium and therefore Sanskrit Scholars could not explain the etymological reasons for them.

In eye care, collyrium is an antique term for a lotion or liquid wash used as a cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases of the eye. Among the best types of collyrium is antimony and it clears the vision and makes the hair sprout.

The amount of antimony sulfide produced in India is very small, the chief localities being the Jhelum and Kangra districts of the Panjb; the Bellary, Cuddapah and Vizagapatam districts; and the Chitaldroog and Kadur districts of Mysore.

ajaam [Tamil] -> ajanamu [Telugu] n. Lamp-black, collyrium, eyesalve, the magic ointment used for the purpose of discovering anything that is concealed. . a conjurer, he who finds that which is concealed by putting this ointment on his hand or on his eyelashes. to search for hidden things.

ajaam [Tamil] -> ajana [Kannada] 1. Anointing. 2, a black collyrium applied to the eye-lashes or eyes as a cure for disease. 3. magic ointment. 4. ink. 5. night. 6. Porticular applications, as Lampblack, antimony. 7. elephant of the west. 8. Magic; Divination ajaam [Tamil] -> ajan [Hindi] collyrium an eyesalve.

ajaam [Tamil] -> anjan [Persian] A pounding, pulverizing; a cutting; trouble, chagrin; collyrium, antimony. ajaam [Tamil] -> anjan, jan [Urdu] n. Collyrium, ointment, lamp-black, antimony, black pigment or collyrium applied to the eyes and eyelashes to embellish them. ajaam [Tamil] -> anjan [Persian] A pounding, pulverizing; a cutting; trouble, chagrin; collyrium, antimony.

ajaam [Tamil] -> Anjana [Oriya] n. 1 ; . Collyrium; ointment for the edge of the eye-lid. 2 ; ; . Ink. 3 . Lamp-black. 4 . Dirt. 5 ; . Antimony. 6 . Four kinds of ointment mentioned in the Hindu medical books. 7. ; . Mixing up. 8 . Fire. 9. . Name of the elephant guarding the West. 10. . Black

ajaam [Tamil] -> Ajana [Pali] ointment, esp. a collyrium for the eyes, made of antimony,

ajaam [Tamil] -> ajana [Bengali] n an eye-salve; collyrium; anti mony; lamp-black; a sty.

ajaam [Tamil] -> ajan [Punjabi] The name of a collyrium used chiefly to blacken the eyelids and beautify the eyes.

ajaam [Tamil] -> ajana [Marathi] n A collyrium: also an application to the eye-lashes to darken and improve them. 2 Particular applications to the eyes (as lampblack, antimony &c.) to confer superhuman powers of vision. 3 Applied fig. to instruction from a spiritual teacher; to a from an idol &c.; considered as a means of removing mental darkness.

(vajaa) [Marathi] n Materials for smearing and scrubbing (pitchers &c.)

[ (vaja) [Marathi ] v c To scrub or smear (an earthen water-vessel) with a preparation of oil, marking nut &c.

ajaam [Tamil] -> unguentum [Latin] n ointment; perfume; unguent.

unguentum [Latin] -> unguent [English] ointment.

onguent [French]

unguento [Italian]

ungento [Spanish]

ajaam [Tamil] -> & [Sinhalese] n. antimony; collyrium or application to the eye lashes to darken and improve them, very generally used among the natives of India as adding to the beauty of the face; the name of a plant; echites antidysenterica ; elephant of the west.

& [Sinhalese] n. witchcraft, necromancy, sorcery of every kind; medicine rubbed inside the eye when a person is very sick.

Combined word with (kal), (ryi), the words ajaam & its Telugu derivation ajanamu have denoted bismuth, black antimony. However some languages like Oriya and Persian etc have directly denoted Antimony.

Similarly

al (Tamil) -> - attu - [Tamil] v.tr. 1. To unite, as two or more parts, make to fit in with one another;

I=7 &.

. (W.) 2. To apply, as medicine to a wound; 7+. &' . (W.) 3. To lean on;

E akta [Sanskrit] -> ( (akta) [Sanskrit]) -> aktv [Sanskrit]. having besmeared. ( (akta) [Sanskrit]) -> unctio, unctionis [Latin] n. anointing/unction; (w/sign of cross); besmearing; (w/ointment/oil); ointment;

unctito, unctitare, unctitavi, unctitatus [Latin] v. anoint often; unctiusculus, unctiuscula, unctiusculum [Latin] adj. somewhat unctuous; sort of oily; unctor, unctoris [Latin] n. anointer; one who anoints; unctus, uncta, unctum [Latin] adj. oily, greasy; anointed, oiled;

unctio, unctionis [Latin] -> Unction [English], act of anointing: that which is used for anointing: ointment ; that quality in language which raises emotion or devotion warmth of address: divine or sanctifying grace.

Unctuous [English] adj., oily ; greasy, (- andu) [Tamil] -> andd [Persian] Plaster, mortar, incrustation; (in comp.) incrusted with, as zar-andd, washed with gold, gilt, &c.

(anddan) [Persian] To incrustate, plaster, cover over, anoint, smear; to gild, plate, wash over; to twist.

(andda) [Persian], Anointed; incrusted, &c.

(andayesh) [Persian] Noun Plaster(ing).

(andn) [Persian] Plaster or cement.

- attu-> (- andu) [Tamil] -> andaam [Tamil] n. (obsolete) 1. Collyrium, black pigment for the eyelashes; . 2. Magic black pigment, of which there are three, viz., , , ; &' ( . 3. Magic art. . 4. Medicine for the eyes of a person bitten by a venomous snake, or of one who has fits; '. 5.

Blackness; & ().) 6. Darkness; &*. 7. Dark-coloured stone; '. 8. Stain, spot, fault; 3. 9. Sin; . 10. Male elephant of the West. . 11. A tree; . 12. Indigo; :,. 13. Marble; ' .

The above word seems to be not recorded by the Tamil Lexicons. However the same is retained and mentioned in Sinhala language.

andaam [Tamil] (obsolete) -> & [Sinhalese] n. collyrium or application to the eyelashes to darken and improve them; eyesalve; antimony; lamp black.

[Sinhalese] n. the part under the eye which the natives of India make black with antimony.

In Tamil, the word mai means crystal stone, gem stone etc.

mai [Tamil] n. 1. Gem, precious stone, of which nine are specified, viz., kmtakam, nlam, pavaam, puparkam, marakatam, mikkam, muttu, vairiyam, vayiram; , , , +(, , ', 4, O,, )*. ().) 2. Sapphire; . (.) 4) .. . 17. Knuckle or joint of lobster, scorpion, etc.;

* 4 '3. (W.) 18. Wattle on the throat of a sheep; (>

. @' H (. 3100). 20. Beauty; 3. (9.) ' (. 4). 21. cf. . Sun; 9,. ().) 22. Light; H. L = (. ). 12). 23. Goodness, auspiciousness; . ().) 24. That which is excellent; . . 25. Blackness; &. ().) 26. Bell; gong; . < 4 (+. 388, 13). 27. Sound, as of bell, gong, etc.; (. 28. Hour; 60 4* . Mod. 29. The number 9; . * (. . 115). 30. Tip of the penis; 3 UH. Loc. 31. A part of the pudendum muliebre; 3 < I7+. (A. .)

mai [Tamil] (i.e. stone)-> mankam & manka [Sanskrit] n. eye-salve, collyrium (powdered antimony or other substances used as an application and ornament to the eye). andaam [Tamil] (obsolete) + mai [Tamil] (i.e. stone)-> andaamai [Tamil] n. (obsolete). Antimony andaamai [Tamil] (obsolete) -> antimonium [Latin] antimony

According to linguists, the medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony, is antimonium and that the origin of this is uncertain. They further rightly claimed that all suggestions of their have some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The name of antimony was given to the sulphureous combination of this metal, which was well known before it was understood how to extract from it.

Man knows long back about Antimony and as the metal, and in the form of some compounds. Berthelot describes a fragment of antimony metal vases found in Tello (southern Babylonia). Well known antimony bronze was used in the period of ancient kingdom of Babylon; bronze contain copper and Supplements - tin, lead and significant amounts of antimony. Antimony and lead alloys used in the manufacture of various products.

It should be noted, however, that in the past, antimony metal is apparently not considered to individual metal, it was taken as lead.

It is made of mineral thin shiny black powder, used for cosmetic purposes, especially for grimirovki eye "eye ointment." However, despite all of this data on the long-standing dissemination of antimony and its compounds, well-known researcher in the field of archaeological chemistry Lucas argues that in ancient Egyptancient Egyptancient Egyptancient Egypt,,,, antimony was almost antimony was almost antimony was almost antimony was almost unknownunknownunknownunknown. In addition, according to Lucas, in all archaeological objects metal antimony is present only as impurities; antimony sulphide same, at least until the time of the New Kingdom and generally was not used for makeup, as evidenced by colouring mummies. Meanwhile, in the III millennium BC, in Asian countries and even in Egypt, the cosmetic was called as stimmi. Already in alchemical literature, as well as in the works of the Renaissance and the metal antimony sulphide is usually described with sufficient accuracy. Starting from the XVI century, antimony steel is used for various purposes, particularly in the metallurgy of gold, polishing mirrors, later in typography and in medicine.

The ancient words for antimony mostly have, as their chief meaning, kohl, the sulphide of antimony. Pliny the Elder, however, distinguishes between male and female forms of antimony; the male form is probably the sulphide, while the female form, which is superior, heavier, and less friable, has been suspected to be native metallic antimony.

Fantasy etymologies:Fantasy etymologies:Fantasy etymologies:Fantasy etymologies:

Origin of the word "antimony" was explained differently in speculation and erroneously.

1. There was a Basil Valentine story narrating about how a monk, who found a strong laxative effect of antimony sulphide on a pig, recommended it to my colleagues. The result of this medical advice has been disappointing - after receiving means all the monks died. So supposedly called antimony produced by "anti-monahium" (an anti-monks). But all this is more anecdotes. The popular wrong etymology is that is derived from the greek word anti-monachos or French antimoine and this would mean "monk-killer" and it still has adherents who claimed that since early alchemists being monks, and antimony being poisonous, antimony is named as monk-killer. There are, however, other explanations.

2. Some authors believe that "antimony" - the result of reducing the Greek. Antos

ammonos or flower god Amun (Jupiter), the so called antimony allegedly shines.

3. Another claimed wrong etymology is the hypothetical Greek word antimonos, "against aloneness" (the enemy of privacy), emphasizing that the natural antimony always compatible with other minerals.

In Russian literature at the beginning of the XIX century, the used words denoting Antimony are surmyak (Zakharov, 1810), Suremain, syurma, syurmovoy wren and antimony. Russian word antimony was allegedly of Turkic origin, the original meaning of the word - makeup, cream, ointment as in the case of Tamil and other Indian words. This name is preserved in many eastern languages (Farsi, Uzbek, Azeri, Turkish, etc.).

antimonium [Latin] -> antimony [English] 1. A chemical element (symbol Sb) with an atomic number of 51; 2. The alloy stibnite.

antimoon [Afrikaans]

antimon [Albanian]

(antimn) [Arabic]

[Armenian]

antimoniu [Asturian]

antimonioa [Basque]

[Belarusian]

(antimn) [Bulgarian]

antimoni [Catalan]

antymony [Cornish]

antimon [Czech]

antimon [Danish]

antimonium, antimoon [Dutch]

antimon [Estonian]

antimon [Faroese]

antimoni [Finnish]

antimoine [French]

antimoni [Friulian]

antimonio [Galician]

Antimon [German]

(antimnio) [Greek]

(antimn) [Hebrew]

antimon [Hungarian]

antmon [Icelandic]

antamn [Irish]

antimonio [Italian]

(anchimon), (anchimon) [Japanese]

antimn [Kashubian]

? (ngtiiman) [Khmer]

??? (antimon), ???? (antimoni) [Korean]

antimons [Latvian]

Antimon [Luxembourgish]

(antimn) [Macedonian]

antimoni [Malay]

antimonju [Maltese]

antimoan [Manx]

antimon [Norwegian]

(antimon) [Persian]

antymon [Polish]

antimnio, antimnio [Portuguese]

antimoniu [Romanian]

antamn [Scottish Gaelic]

(antimn) [Serbo-Croatian]

antimn [Slovak]

antimon [Slovene]

antimonio [Spanish]

antimon [Swedish]

antimon [Turkish]

antimon [Vietnamese]

antimoni [Welsh]

antimoon [West Frisian]

The most common name for the element is Antimonium. However, in his essay on the chemical signs, Jakob Berzelius used for Antimony the symbol Sb (also St), being an abbreviation of Stibium. This became the official symbol, despite the fact that Stibium or its derivations are rarely used in the different languages. Further, the name Surma is used in some Slavic and Altaic languages.

Antimony sulphide (Sb2S3) in the form of powder was used in the Orient as a cosmetic to darken and beautify their eyebrows. This substance with the name is described by Dioskorides (Materia medica 5, 99) and Pliny (Naturalis historia 33, 34) so clearly, that it is certain that it concerns Sb2S3. In turn, the Latin language borrowed their word from the Greek as Stibium (which is now used as the Latin name for the element and the source for the chemical symbol SbSbSbSb).

Antimony is also a metalloid. The oxidation states of Antimony are +3, -3, and +5. Atimony exhibits allotropy with the most stable being the metallic form which has the same properies as Arsenic of high density, moderate thermal conductivity and limited ability to conduct electricity. The oxide of Antimony is Antimony (III) oxide which is amphoteric, meaning it can act as both an acid and base.

Antimony is obtained mainly from its sulphide ores. At low temperatures, Antimony vaporizes. Along with Arsenic, Antimony is commonly used in making alloys of other metals. Arsenic, Antimony and Lead will produce an alloy that has desirable properties for electrodes to use in lead-acid batteries. Arsenic and antimony are also used to produce semiconductor materials such as GaAs, GaSb, and InSb in electronic devices.

Along with the same, etymology of Bismuth has to be discussed.

Bismuth is a metallic element. Bismuth is commonly used in cosmetic products and medicine. Out of the group, Bismuth has the lowest electronegativeity and ionization energy which means that it is more likely to lose an electron than the rest of the Group 15 elements. By metonymy, it is used in medicine to name the salts of the metal, used in particular to cloud the digestive tract from the late nineteenth century. It is used in the treatment of gastroduodenal diseases.

Bismuth is also a poor electrical conductor. The oxide of Bismuth is Bismuth (III) Oxide which acts as a base, an expected property of metal oxides. Bismuth is obtained as a by-pruduct from the refining of other metals which allows other metals to recycle their by-products into Bismuth. Bismuth is a poor metal that is similar to both Arsenic and Antimony. Because of the same, names of lead, Antimony and Bismuth were invariably used by Greek, Egypt and Arab languages while borrowing.

Bismuth is a name of yellowish white metal, soft and brittle, with a lamellar structure, known and described by Paracelsus in 1526 under the name wiusmat.

According to linguists, its etymology is uncertain and claimed that possibly comes from Arabic bi ismid, because it is having the properties of antimony or German words weisse masse or wismuth ("white mass"), translated in the mid sixteenth century to New Latin bisemutum.

Bismuth metal has been known from ancient times, although until the 18th century it was often confused with lead and tin, which share some physical properties.

Bismuth was probably unknown to the ancients. Miners believed there were three types of Lead: Ordinary, Tin, and Bismuth. In Cadet's Dictionnaire de Chimie of 1803 Bismuth and some of its compounds are described in detail and given many synonym names: Demogorgon, Glaure, Nimphe (borrowed from the Tamil word nimiai) , tain de glace, and tain gris (gray tin). In early times Bismuth was confused with Antimony, Tin and Lead. Von Lippmann explains the name as derived from the German Weisse Masse = white material, which later altered to Wismuth and Bisemutum.

Often is the name Bismuth explained as a derivation from the German, from the saying that one the element "in der Wiese mute" (applied for mineral rights in the meadow). According to Thomas Witzke, the derivation of the element name from "in der Wiese muten" is unlikely. According to him, "Wiese" is meadow, and "muten" means an announcement to mine for special ores or metals. The owner of the mine must announce to the mining authorities the ores or metals that he wants to mine before starting his work.

An origin of the name in the Erzgebirge area, especially at Schneeberg, is very likely. All the early documents on Bismuth refer to Schneeberg. The mining at Schneeberg started between 1400 and 1450. Schneeberg was noticed prominently as a result of the Silver findings at this time. Main parts of the Erzgebirge were primeval forest, and meadows were not a characteritic features at this time in this area. Main clearings of the forests were a result of the growing population due to the mining. Bismuth was found at Schneeberg in several mines in large quantities (in difference to other mining areas in Germany!), but the need of Bismuth was rather low - a small quantity for medical use and somewhat for the

types for book printing. In all the early documents, there is only one Bismuth mine mentioned. Typical announcements were for Silver, somewhat later also for Cobalt ores, but not for Bismuth. With increasing book printing, the use of Bismuth grows, but at this time the name was already known. However the etymology of Bismuth was wrongly given.

Therefore neither meadows were characteristic for the beginning of the mining in this area, nor "muten" for Bismuth is likely or were of greater economic interest at the time of the origin of the name.

Some speculations regarding the origin of the word Bismuth are

1. a derivation from the alleged Arab word "bi ismid" = having the properties of Antimony [al-imd];

2. A derivation from the Greek "psimydos" = white lead (in French blanc d'argent), one of the oldest paint pigments (basic lead carbonate, a mixture of lead carbonate and lead hydroxide, (PbCO3)2 Pb(OH)2). However, the word "psimydos" does not exist, the correct Greek word for white lead is (psimythion);

In order to produce a fair complexion, white lead () was employed (Alexis, fr. 96, 17 M).

In the II millennium BC, Indian word antimony appears, but all these names were wrongly applied, but mainly for lead sulphide (galena). In Syria and Palestine long before AD black make-up was called as stimmi and has the meaning of any thin, dry or chafed in an ointment powder. Later writers (near the beginning of BC. E.), Such as Pliny, and called stimmi stibolyl - cosmetic and pharmaceutical products for makeup and eye treatment. In Greek literature, these words also mentioned as cosmetic black color (black powder). These items go in Arabic literature with some variations.

So, in Avicenna's "Canon of Medicine" appears along with stimmi itmid or atemid - powder or pellet (pasta) lead. It was believed that cosmetic and therapeutic agents to the eye contain a mysterious spirit, hence, probably alcohol became known as volatile liquids. The dictionary Ruhland explains this word as stone of lead ore veins, marcasite, saturn, antimony (stibium), and stibium or stimmi as black sulphur or mineral that the Germans call spisglass (Spiesglas). However, despite this confusion of names, it is in the alchemical period in Western Europe, antimony and its compounds were finally separated from lead and its compounds.

Therefore accordingly all Greek, Egypt, Latin and Arab words denoting Antimony, Bismuth and lead have the same origin. The words denoting lead have also denoted antimony. Compare.

sarib, [Persian] Lead;

sarib [Persian] -> surb-sota [Persian] Antimony, burnt lead, wherewith females tinge their eye- brows.

sarib [Persian] -> (surma/sorme) [Persian] A collyrium, with which the eye-brows and lashes are tinged, antimony, lead-ore;

(surma/sorme) [Persian] -> srme [ Turkish ] antimony srme [Crimean Tatar] antimony (srm) [Tatar] antimony (surm) [Belarusian] antimony (swrma) [Kazakh] antimony (surm) [Russian] antimony (surma) [Tajik] antimony (surm) [Ukrainian] antimony (surma) [Uzbek] antimony

Accordingly,

* I (To melt, thin)->(= iy) [ Tamil]-> = iyyam [Tamil] n. (obsolete) lead.

= (iyyam) [Tamil] -> yam [Tamil] n. 1. White lead. * . (.) 2. Black-lead; G.

The word = (iyyam) in Tamil is now obsolete. However the same has been retained in Malayalam language.

(= iyyam) & yam [Tamil] -> O (iyyam), / (yam), O (yyam) [Malayalam] Lead V = , ] being pewter. ] KR. d ,

GP.

? (yeon) ( (yeon) [Korian] n. lead

'( ya-k-kiam [Tamil] n. Lead rust; &. (W.)

'3 ya-k-kuavi [Tamil] n. A prepared arsenic; . (;.

- yam-psu- [Tamil] v. intr. To coat with lead; )(3 4 .

ya-maal [Tamil] n. Particles of lead; 7>.

& itturu [Tamil] n. [ yam + & turu] Galena dust, lead-ore; ). (;. .)

White lead was called as * veaimai as it was used as white pigment/ink and applied as collyrium.

Face whitener, using lead white replacement.

* veaimai [Tamil] n. White lead; *.

The use of make-up existed in Europe also with men and women from aristocratic classes plastering chalk powder and white lead on their faces for a ghostly look. During that period, the pale look was very desirable as it distinguished the wealthy from the common people. Further, in order to cure redness of the face, people took white lead [ceruse], rose water and violet oil and mix together and anointed the face. Grecian women painted their faces with

white lead and apply crushed mulberries as rouge. They used white lead to give themselves pale complexions. European women often attempt to lighten their skin using a variety of products, including white lead paint. Queen Elizabeth I of England was one well-known user of white lead, with which she created a look known as "the Mask of Youth."

yam [Tamil] -> syam [Tamil]n. (now obsolete) Lead; .

syam [Tamil] -> ssam [Tamil] n. 1. Lead; . (9.) 2. [Telugu. ssamu.] Madness;

ssam [Tamil] -> ssa [Kannada] n. lead

ssa [Tulu] lead

kji[Tulu] white lead. ca/sa= ka change in South Dravidian Languages.

ssam [Tamil] -> Sis [Oriya] n. ().Lead (metal).

ssam [Tamil] -> (ssu) [Tamil] n. (obsolete) lead.

The word (ssu) now obsolete in Tamil. However it has been borrowed by Kannada language.

(ssu) [Tamil] -> ssu [Kannada] n. lead

ssam [Tamil] -> (ssa), (ssam) (ssaka), (ssakam), @ (ssapatrakam) & @ (ssapatram) [Sanskrit] n. 1. Lead (also used as money). 2. The leaden weight used by weavers.

(ssajam) [Sanskrit], Red lead. Minium

It is pertinent to note that there is no word hha denoting lead in Persian equivalent to (ssa) as in the case of Saraswat of Sanskrit in Haraxvat of Persian. [Sanskrit sound of S converts to H in the Persian language]

syam [Tamil] -> cchiummo [Neapolitan] lead.

syam [Tamil] -> syo [Kacch dialect of Sindh] m. lead

syam [Tamil] -> ((psimthion) [Greek] n. The white lead, used as a pigment, esp. to whiten the skin of the face and even for the hair.

Later the word denoting white lead/lead has specifically denoted Antimony also because of similar nature of lead and antimony.

( (psim) [Greek]) -> (stkohl,

(stmmi) [Greek] -> ( (st

[stibi] [Greek] -> (Stibi) [Latin]

stibium [Latin] -> stibium [English] 1. antimony. 2. kohl: stibnite used in ancient Egypt and Rome for eye cosmetics.

stibium [Dutch] n antimony

( sdam )[Tamil] ->

(stmmi) [Greek)->

In Greek, the word (psimof similar nature of lead, the words in these following languages have denoted antimony only.

(ssu) [Tamil] -> sdu

sdu [Tamil] -> ( sdam )[Tamil] 1. Lead; . 2. Tar, an alloy;

In Greek, the above word was borrowed from Tamil so as to denote Iron metal.

( sdam )[Tamil] -> (blacksmith's shop, smithy

smi) [Tamil] -> ( (psim) [Greek]) -> (psimthion) [Greek] n. The white lead, used as a pigment, esp. to whiten the skin of the face

Later the word denoting white lead/lead has specifically denoted Antimony also because of nature of lead and antimony.

(stmmi) [Greek] powdered antimony, used for eye

> ( (stmi) [Greek]) -> [stibi] [Greek]. Antimony

[Latin] -> stibium [Latin] n 1. antimony 2. kohl, stibnite

stibium [English] 1. antimony. 2. kohl: stibnite used in ancient Egypt and

stibium [Dutch] n antimony

ssssymymymym [Classical Syriac] n.m.antimony

sdm. [Egypt] Antimony

In Greek, the word (psimthion) is derived from the following Tamil word. Because of similar nature of lead, the words in these following languages have denoted antimony

sdu [Tamil] n. Tin; white lead; . (A.

sdam )[Tamil] -> sdagam n. (A. 2. Tar, an alloy; .

In Greek, the above word was borrowed from Tamil so as to denote Iron metal.

(sidros) [Greek] 1. Iron. 2. iron tool. 3. Sword. 4.

> (psimthion) [Greek] n. The white lead, used as a pigment, esp. to whiten the skin of the face

Later the word denoting white lead/lead has specifically denoted Antimony also because of

mmi) [Greek] powdered antimony, used for eye-paint,

[Greek]. Antimony

tibium [Latin] n 1. antimony 2. kohl, stibnite

stibium [English] 1. antimony. 2. kohl: stibnite used in ancient Egypt and

the following Tamil word. Because of similar nature of lead, the words in these following languages have denoted antimony

.)

. .)

In Greek, the above word was borrowed from Tamil so as to denote Iron metal.

[Greek] 1. Iron. 2. iron tool. 3. Sword. 4.

(sdero) [Greek] n, 1. (metallurgy) the metal iron. 2. iron, smoothing iron, flat iron

(sidereos) [Greek] made of iron:--(of) iron.

It is pertinent to note that the etymology of the above Greek word is unknown to Greeks.

The above word has been borrowed by English too.

Siderite is a mineral composed of iron carbonate (FeCO3). It takes its name from the Greek word sideros, iron. It is a valuable iron mineral, since it is 48%.

(sidros) [Greek] -> siderite [English] 1. a widespread brown mineral, FeCO3, having the structure of calcite. 2. an iron meteorite. 3. An indigo-blue variety of quartz. 4. (obsolete) magnetic iron ore; lodestone

siderite [English] -> Siderit [German]

siderita, siderosa [Spanish] sidriet [Dutch] siderita [Portuguese] siderit [Turkish] siderite [Italian] sidrite [French] (sidrit) [Russian]

(sidrit) [Bulgarian] siderit [Swedish] (sidrit) [Ukrainian]

The name siderite (from the Greek sideros, iron) has been used in many different senses and applies to several different minerals. In Latin, siderite was loadstone (magnetite) and also a precious stone. There is no relationship/logic between the Greek sideros (iron) and the Latin sidus, sideris (star).

sdu [Tamil] -> (() [Classical Syriac] n. Antimony

(carir) [Armenian] & (carir) [Old Armenian] antimony

(amal carir yas) [Old Armenian] to blacken with antimony, to paint the eyebrows

(carir kar) [Old Armenian] stibium

sdu [Tamil] -> addu [Akkadian] antimony ;

imbizid [Akkadian] antimony paste

This Greek word has been borrowed by Arab, Latin and Egypt languages to denote various metals. The Egyptian name for any such powder was mesem, while the act of applying the powder was called semtet, and the part painted was semi. The Egyptians called antimony as mdmt. misdimit of Arabic, a dark gray ore of lead, was derived to denote either stibnite (antimony sulphide) or, more typically, galena (lead sulphide.) Galena was found around Aswan and on the Red Sea Coast.

In ancient Egypt, preparations were a little more extensive. The cosmetic material had to be powdered on a palette and then this powder mixed with ointments derived from animal fat to make the powder adhere to the eye. Indians, Arabians and Egyptians decorated their eyes with great aesthetic care. Eye cosmetics bestowed beauty and style.Galena possesses disinfectant and fly-deterrent properties. It is believed to offer the eyes protection from intense sun. The medical papyri frequently prescribe misdimit for assorted complaints of the eye.

Eye make up provided psychic protection as well. An unadorned and thus unprotected eye was believed vulnerable to the Evil Eye. Outlining the eyes thus became a personal protective amulet drawn right upon the skin; an amulet that once applied could not be lost or misplaced. There may very well also have been further spiritual dimensions to eye makeup. Certainly kohl, as galena is known today, contains spiritual significance to many modern North African women. The two types of surma used by women are stibnite (antimony sulphide) or, more typically, galena (lead sulphide). Galena is still used in Egypt under the name kohl. According to some, galena/ sulphide of lead is called ajana/sauvirjana in Sanskrit, and ka surm/Black surm. However as per Tamil dictionary, sauvrjaam/sauvirjana means white antimony (sulphide of lead) only & not black Antimony.

sauvrjaam [Tamil] n. White antimony; & ) '. (). 342.) sauvram [Sanskrit] 1 The fruit of the jujube.-2 Antimony.-3 Sour gruel. suvraja [Sanskrit] n. sulphuret of antimony.

sauvrjaam [Sanskrit] a kind of antimony or collyrium. sauvrasra [Sanskrit] antimony.

Rasaratna samuccaya too has wrongly mentioned sauvrjaam as black surm (A).

a E'+

'&UVW b -.

5 675:

A 5-.;

Therefore it is not sulphide of lead and the same is wrongly applied similar to usage of names by Arabians and Greek while naming the metals. (psimthion) [Greek] -> ismid, usmud [Persian] A stone from which antimony is prepared. Wile forming the word (imid, amoud, omod, or umod), the Arabs have considered the following Tamil word while borrowing Persian ismid, usmud.

& itturu [Tamil] n. Galena dust, lead-ore; ). (;. .)

ismid, usmud [Persian] -> (imid, amoud, omod, or umod) [Arabic] Antimony

The Arabic designation ("umud" or "omod" or, with the article, "al-imd") is therefore a loan word.

The word denoting lead in Greek was later used to denote the metal bismuth in other languages due to similar natures and usage of lead and bismuth metals.

(psimthion) [Greek] (ie. Lead) -> (vismothio) [Greek] n. The metal bismuth (vismothio) [Greek]-> bisemutum [Latin] n. bismuth

bismut [Afrikaans] bizmut [Albanian] (bizmth) [Arabic] (bismut) [Armenian] bismutu [Asturian] bismutoa [Basque] i (vsmut) [Belarusian] bismut [Breton] (bsmut) [Bulgarian] bismut [Catalan] bysmuth [Cornish]

bismut [Czech] vismuth [Danish] bismut [Dutch] bismuto [Esperanto] vismut [Estonian] vismut [Faroese] vismutti [Finnish] bismuth [French] bismut [Friulian] bismuto [Galician] (bismuti) [Georgian] Wismut, Bismut [German] (bsmut) [Hebrew] bizmut [Hungarian] bismt [Icelandic] biosmat [Irish] bismuto [Italian] (bisumusu) [Japanese] bizmt [Kashubian] ???? (biseumuteu) [Korean] bismuts [Latvian] bismutas [Lithuanian] Wismut [Luxembourgish] (bsmut) [Macedonian] bismut, [Malay] bimut [Maltese] bismut [Manx]

(bsmut) [Mongolian] vismut [Norwegian] bismut [Occitan] (bismut) [Persian] bizmut [Polish] bismuto [Portuguese] bismut [Romanian] (vsmut) [Russian] biosmat [Scottish Gaelic] bizmut [Serbo-Croatian] bismut [Slovak] bizmut [Slovene] bismuto [Spanish] vismut [Swedish] (bsmut) [Tajik] (btmt) [Thai] bizmut [Turkish] i (vsmut) [Ukrainian] (vismut) [Uzbek] bitmut, bismut [Vietnamese] bismutin [Volapk] bismwth [Welsh] bismut [West Frisian]