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EUROPE
Geography 102
World Regional Geography
Chapter 1
Basics
Lingering world influence Numerous nation-states plagued by internal separatist
movements Physiography
Western extremity of Eurasian landmass Wide range of topographic, climatic, and soil conditions
Economic Geography High degree of differentiation and specialization International economic integration Manufacturing dominant with high levels of productivity
Population Geography Well-off, well-educated, highly urbanized, but aging, population Declining population in many countries International immigration
PhysicalLandscapes
Central Landscapes Hills and plateaus
loaded with raw materials
Alpine Mountains Western Uplands North European
Lowland Avenue for human
migration Most of Europe’s
leading cities are located here
Many major rivers and connecting waterways
Climate Categories
Relative Location Relative Location – the location of a place in relation to
other locations/places Is the relative location of Europe favorable? YES
It is at the heart of the land hemisphere It has maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the
world Every part of Europe is close to the sea – a peninsula of
peninsulas It has hundreds of miles of navigable waterways and system
of canals There are moderate distances between European countries
Other geographical benefits… Wide range of climates Varied store of raw materials Home to numerous cultural-linguistic peoples
Relative Location
Historical Geography Peopled during the retreat of the last glaciers Ancient Greece
Achievements in political science, philosophy, and the arts that have endured for 25 centuries
Rome First-metropolitan-scale urban center in Europe Unparalleled infrastructure – the foundations of society;
urban centers, transport networks, communications, energy distribution systems, farms, factories, mines, schools, hospitals, postal services, and policed/armed forces
Local Functional Specialization – particular people in particular places concentrate on the production of particular goods and services
Elba - iron ore Parts of North Africa - granaries Southern Spain - silver and lead
Historical GeographyThe Paving of Modern Europe Europe’s Three Revolutions
Agrarian Revolution Began in Europe in the 1750s The thriving of the port cities and capital
cities created economic opportunities for farmers which spurred new agricultural innovations:
Improved farm practices Better equipment Better storage facilities More efficient transport to urban areas
Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase
Historical GeographyVon Thunen’s Isolated State Model
Von Thunen’s Isolated State Model An idealized model of agriculture based on
four concentric land use rings surrounding a market place
Start with market center… 1st ring (closest to market center) - intensive farming
and dairying of the most perishable products and highest-priced products
2nd ring – forest used for timber and firewood 3rd ring – extensive field crops: grains, potatoes 4th ring – pastures and livestock Beyond 4th ring – wilderness
VON THUNEN’S ISOLATED STATE
Historical GeographyThe Paving of Modern Europe Europe’s Three Revolutions
Industrial Revolution Initiated in Britain and quickly spread to the continent
between 1750-1850 due to Britain’s: control over the flow of raw materials monopoly over products in global demand possessed the skills to make the machines that manufacture
the products What were some of the innovations?
Power loom Steam-driven engine Coal used to smelt iron instead of charcoal
Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization, rapid population growth, and colonial domination
Europe’s Spatial Industrial Patterns after the Industrial
Revolution
Historical GeographyThe Paving of Modern Europe Europe’s Three Revolutions
Political Revolution State formation a long evolutionary process in Europe The French Revolution, 1789-1795
Laid the foundation for modern nation-states Democracy and nationalism were the major themes
The rise of the Nation-State (1860-1870’s) Nation – a people with a single language, a common history,
and a similar ethnic background State – a politically organized territory, administered by a
sovereign government and recognized by the international community. A state must also have:
a permanent resident population an organized economy a functioning internal regulation system
THE PAVING OF MODERN EUROPE Europe’s Three Revolutions
Political Revolution cont. In European nation-states…
People consider themselves to be a nation Emotional and legal ties are expressed in the state’s legal
institutions, political system, and ideological strength However, there are few TRUE nation-states (i.e. homogenous
nations bound together in a state): exceptions are Poland, Hungary and Sweden
Europe’s dichotomy – what is it? Centrifugal Forces – forces that tear countries apart…like
what? Centripetal Forces – forces that unify and bind countries
together…like what?
Centripetal Forces in EuropeSupranationalism
Supranationalism – the voluntary association in economic, political, or cultural spheres of three or more independent states willing to yield some measure of sovereignty for mutual benefit
New “Euro”Currency
Centripetal Forces in EuropeHistory of European Unification
Benelux Agreement 1944 Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Goal: total economic integration
Ease flow of goods over borders Lower restrictive tariffs Political cooperation
OEEC – Organization for European Economic Cooperation Established to coordinate the
investment of America’s air (under the Marshall Plan after WWII)
European Economic Community (“Common Market”), 1957
European Community, 1973 European Union, 1995
Centripetal Forces The European Union - EU
European organization aimed at coordinating policies among its members in three areas:
Economics Defense Justice and home affairs
Why would a country want to sacrifice autonomy? Benefits of Supranationalism? Adverse effects of supranationalism?
EU’s newest members as of May 2004? (know these) Problems with the new members? Cyprus’s duality
The European
Union (EU)
Centrifugal Forces in Europe Devolution – the process by which regions or
peoples within a state, through negotiation or active rebellion, demand and gain political strength (and sometimes autonomy) at the expense of the center UK – Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland Spain – Basques France – Corsica Belgium – Flemish Former Yugoslavia Former Czechoslovakia The Four Motors
Rhone-Alps region in France, Lombardy in Italy, Catalonia in Spain, and Baden-Wurttemberg in Germany
Regions bypass their national governments in dealing with one another and their influence spans the world
DEVOLUTIONIN
EUROPE
DEVOLUTIONARYAREAS
Europe is especially endowed with outstanding opportunities for productive contact and profitable interaction
The links between regions, countries, and places in Europe are guided by three main principles: Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening Opportunity
Economic GeographyContemporary Europe
Complementarity- two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
Occurs when one area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Example: Italy Italy lacks coal Italy imports coal from Western
Europe and in return exports its citrus fruits, olives and grapes to Western Europe
Germany
Italy
Economic GeographyComplementarity
Economic GeographyComplementarity
Transferability - the ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
Do you remember friction of distance? Factors that increase the friction of distance:
rivers, mountain passes, road networks Factors that decrease the friction of distance:
advances in transportation technology, closely spaced cities/countries
Does Europe have a high or low friction of distance? Why or why not?
Economic GeographyTransferability
Intervening Opportunity - the presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Example: Italy A major coalfield is found in Switzerland Italy would reduce or eliminate its imports of
coal from Western Europe and instead import coal from Switzerland
Economic GeographyIntervening Opportunity
Population GeographyAn Urban Realm
A highly urbanized realm: 1800 – 9% population urbanized Now – 73% population urbanized
Metropolis – the central city and its suburban ring Primate City – a country’s leading
city, disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling
POPULATION DENSITY
Population Density: 265.2 persons per square mileUrbanization: 73%
EUROPE
Population GeographyEuropean vs. American Cities
Similarities: CBD – Central
Business District (but CBD more dominant than in U.S.)
Suburban ring Differences
High suburban density – why? Greenbelts –
recreational spaces set aside
Apartments, not single family homes
Reliance on public transportation
Centralized urban planning
Population GeographyEurope is Vanishing…
The Population Implosion The declining of population (as opposed to the
population explosion) In Europe…population is declining in many countries:
Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine
Total (Replacement) Fertility Rate – the average number of children a woman needs to bear in order to replace herself and her partner = 2.1 children Europe’s TFR = 1.4
Natural Increase Percent What is it for European countries?
Population GeographyEurope is Vanishing…
Why is population declining? The greater the urbanization, the less children couples have –
why? Other reasons? What is the problem with a population implosion?
Less young people = more elderly people Number of workers whose taxes pay for social services of the aged
goes down – reduced pensions and dwindling funds for health care Tax increases to offset losses in tax-base endanger business climate
Other problems? Decline in population is being offset by immigration: Turks,
Algerians, Moroccans, West Africans, Indonesians Vast majority intensely devout, politically aware, and culturally insular Problems this causes?
European Regions
Western Europe
The British Isles
Nordic Europe
Mediterranean Europe
Eastern Europe
Regions of the RealmWestern Europe
Includes Germany, France, Benelux, Switzerland, Austria, and Liechtenstein
The heart of the European realm Hub of Europe’s economic power and
unifying drive World’s richest economies
Regions of the RealmWestern Europe
Germany A young country – not created until 1871 Europe’s most populous country, most powerful
economy and most ardent supporter of the EU Separation after WWII into:
East Germany – controlled by the U.S.S.R. and modeled on the Russian-communist model
West Germany – Ally control and formed into a federal state along democratic lines (thrived economically)
Reunification after the collapse of the Soviet Union Disparity between eastern and western states (see Figure
1-15) West Germany has yet to come up with the economic key
to success for East Germany
States of Germany (Fig. 1-15)
Regions of the RealmWestern Europe
France Primate City = Paris – why Paris?
Advantageous Site – the physical attributes of the place it occupies Original settlement on an island in the Seine River - Île de la
Cité The security the island gave ensured its continuity
Advantageous Situation – a place’s location relative to surrounding areas of productive capacity, other cities/towns, barriers to access and movement etc. Fertile agricultural hinterland Numerous waterways and canals connected Paris to other
important agricultural/industrial areas Radial system of roads ensured easy access and movement
Paris’s Site and Situation
Regions of the RealmWestern Europe
France Economic Geography
One of the world’s most productive and most diversified economies
Post-industrial economy dominated by high-tech industries: high-speed trains, aircraft, fiber-optic communication systems, and space-related technologies
World leader in nuclear power Supplies 75% of the country’s electricity Reduces dependence on foreign oil
Rhone-Alps region – self-standing economic powerhouse and one of Four Motors
Political Geography 22 provinces, and various regions designed to appease
devolutionary forces threatening to tear country apart
Regions of the RealmWestern Europe
Benelux Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
Regional complementarity between agriculturally productive Netherlands and industrially developed Belgium
Most densely populated countries on earth Dutch have expanded living space by wresting land from the
sea – Zuider Zee project (drained almost entire southern sea) Belgium
Devolutionary force between Flemish and Walloons Flemish: live in the northwest, speak Dutch, constitute 58% of
the population, but held little power in the 19th and 20th centuries – granted regional autonomy
Walloons: live in the southeast, speak French, constitute 31% of the population, and held almost all the government posts
Regions of the RealmWestern Europe
The Alpine States Switzerland, Austria, and Liechtenstein
Switzerland Landlocked state – a country located in the interior of a
continent without access to the sea Advantageous or disadvantageous? Why is Switzerland a ‘lesson in human geography’? (see book for
answer)
Austria Remnant of the Austro-Hungarian empire Historical geography similar to Eastern European countries
Liechtenstein
Western Europe
Regions of the Realm
The British Isles
Two main islands: Britain Ireland
Four main cultural sections: England Scotland Wales Ireland
Two main political units: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland
Regions of the RealmThe British Isles
Historical Geography Insularity allowed security and protection from turbulent
continental Europe Able to develop parliamentary system Became world’s largest colonial empire Site of the Industrial Revolution
The mismatch of physical and political geography British occupied Ireland and many protestants from northern Britain
settled in the northeastern portion of Ireland Ireland set free and made independent, 1921
British kept control of Northern Ireland due to settlers, hence, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Left Irish Catholics in British controlled north – caused tension Intermittent fighting characterizes this situation
Regions of the RealmThe British Isles
United Kingdom Region of major devolutionary forces:
The case of Northern Ireland Welsh nationalism established Welsh Assembly to administer
public services in Wales, 1997 Scottish nationalism formed a Scottish parliament, 1997, and
hopes for an independent Scotland persist
Republic of Ireland “Celtic Tiger” An EU success story
Growing, booming, service-based economy reflected by burgeoning cities/towns, mushrooming industrial parks, bustling traffic, and construction everywhere
Regions of the RealmNorthern (Nordic)
Europe
Peripheral situation Remote, isolated, and
environmentally severe No major shipping
lanes Limited interaction Removed from wars
Democratic governments, individual rights and social welfare, strong participation of women
Mediterranean Europe
Mediterranean Europe
Includes Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Cyprus, and Malta
A discontinuous region of peninsulas On the periphery of the European core
Core-periphery contrasts sharp in some places Only northern Italy and northern Spain part of the core
Urbanization lower than rest of Europe Living standards lag behind rest of Europe
Mediterranean climate Hot-dry summers Distinct agricultural plants/produce – like what?
Regions of the Realm Mediterranean Europe
Italy Best connected to the European core Most economically advanced Displays a sharp north/south contrast
Ancona line - zone of transition between north and south In the north:
Prominent cities: Milan, Turin, Florence, and Venice Contains one of Europe’s Four Motors Contains leading manufacturing complex, skilled labor force,
hydroelectric power, and creates wide range of export products In the south:
Stagnant, rural, poor, immigration problems
ItalyEconomic Disparity
between the North and the
South
The Ancona Line
Regions of the Realm Mediterranean Europe
Spain Devolution a major force:
Basque Country A group of people in Northern Spain and Southern France Separate and very distinct culture and language (Basque is related to
NO other language in the world) ETA - Euskadi Ta Azkatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom)
Waged bloody campaign for independence against Spain, 1960’s-today
Catalonia (Barcelona) Leading industrial area, fierce nationalism, own language and culture,
one of Four Motors High-tech regional economy Produces 25% of Spain’s exports and 40% of Spain’s industrial
exports Issue: Catalonian separatism
DEVOLUTIONIN
EUROPE
DEVOLUTIONARYAREAS
Regions of the Realm Mediterranean Europe
Spain cont. Sharp north/south contrasts
In the north….think Catalonia In the south…
Drought-prone, inadequate land reform, scare resources, and remoteness from growth areas in Spain
Dispute over Gibraltar (‘The Rock’) with Britain Gibraltar ceded to Britain (in perpetuity), 1713 British colony with 30,000 residents and British institutions,
legal rules, and schools Spain demands Gibraltar back, but British colonists refuse
Gibraltar – “The Rock”
Regions of the Realm Mediterranean Europe
The Question of Cyprus Historical Geography
Turks conquered and controlled island, 1571-1878
British took over, 1878 Independence with majority
rule (80% Greeks) but minority rights (Turks), 1960
Civil war, 1974 Partition into southern Greek
portion and northern Turkish portion
The Green Line separates the two sides
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared, 1983, recognized only by Turkey
The Greek side joined the European Union, 2004
Regions of the Realm
Eastern Europe
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Contains the most countries Includes Europe’s largest state but also incorporates
Europe’s poorest state Reaches into the Russian zone of influence Key Concepts:
Balkanization Irredentism Ethnic Cleansing Devolution Shatter belt
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Balkanization – the fragmentation of a region in smaller, often hostile political units
Stems from the verb balkanize, which means fragment
Applied to the Southern half of Eastern Europe, i.e., the Balkan countries of the Balkan Peninsula
Shatter Belt – a zone of persistent splintering and fracturing
WHY HERE?
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Why do the terms shatter belt and balkanization describe this area so aptly? Area of tumultuous migrations, epic battles, foreign
invasions, and imperial episodes Different cultures have come and stayed in this region
leaving their imprint on the cultural landscape and conflict in their wake: Romans and the Soviet Empire Religious
Christian Orthodox from the east Roman Catholicism from the southeast Muslims (Ottomans) from the south
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Irredentism - A policy of cultural extension and political expansion aimed at a national group living in a neighboring country Example: Hungary
BA
A
RIVER & BORDER
COUNTRIES
MINORITYPOPULATION
BORDERADJUSTMENT
ETHNIC ETHNIC GROUPS IN GROUPS IN
EASTERN EASTERN EUROPEEUROPE
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Ethnic Cleansing - refers to the forcible ouster of entire populations from their homelands by stronger powers bent on taking their territories
Example: cleansing of Bosnians by Serbs in former Yugoslavia
AB
A
COUNTRIES
BORDER
MINORITYPOPULATION
ETHNIC MOSIAC OF EASTERN EUROPE
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Countries Facing the Baltic Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Belarus
Soviet domination affected and continues to affect these countries
Which of these countries joined the EU in 2004? The Landlocked Center
The Velvet Divorce Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
after the Slovaks disagreed with the direction of economic reforms after the Soviet era
Called velvet because of the ease and peacefulness with which it was achieved
Hungary Irredentism in the form of the Status Law in which Hungary
grants work, health and travel benefits to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring countries
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Countries Facing the Black Sea Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, and Bulgaria
Ukraine Divide between Russian east and European west
Each side had a presidential candidate Pro-Russian candidate ‘won’ in narrow and fraudulent
contest Parliament and supreme court voided results
Conflict exemplifies conflict between future and past, democracy and authoritarianism, Russia and Europe
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
Countries Facing the Adriatic Sea Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Serbia-
Montenegro In 1990, only two countries existed: Yugoslavia
and Albania After WWI, 7 major and 17 minor cultural groups thrown
together Slovenes and Croats (Roman Catholics), Serbs (Serbian
Orthodox Church), Muslims Serbs dominated political life, after WWII communism took
root
Regions of the RealmEastern Europe
The disintegration of Yugoslavia Collapse of communism led to declaration of independence
by Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and Serbia Slovenia and Macedonia – relatively peaceful Brutal wars in Croatia and Bosnia
Fighting over the rights of minorities in each of the newly declared states
Croatia - 88% Croat, 12% Serb minority Bosnia - conflict between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims
Serbia-Montenegro What has happened with Montenegro?
Kosovo – (Muslims vs. repressive Serbs) now NATO controlled
Former Yugoslavia
Serbs
Muslims
Croats
No majority
BosniaThe ‘Cauldron of Calamity’