European Culture, Daily Life, and The Reformations

Chapter 15.3, 15.4, and 15.5

The Reformation Begins Some northern humanists maintained that

the church seemed more interested in income than saving souls

Martin Luther had a major problem with many Church practices

1521, Pope Leo X declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him from the Church

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V banned the printing and sale of his works

The Spread of Protestantism

Charles V tried to wage war on Lutherans, but he was too late to wipe them out

The Peace of Augsburg was reached in 1555

King Henry VIII broke England away from the Catholic Church

Anglicanism paved the way for the Protestant Reformation in England

Calvinism Spreads John Calvin founded a new Protestant

church in Switzerland Calvinism stressed the importance of

predestination Geneva became a theocracy By 1600 Calvinist churches were well

established in parts of Europe

The Counter Reformation

As Protestantism continued to spread, the Pope finally realized the church needed to change

Pope Paul III worked to make the church more spiritual

The Index of Forbidden Books was established

The Council of Trent acted to define church doctrines

Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation

Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits in 1534

Jesuits quickly became the most effective agents in spreading Catholicism

Stressed big importance on education Combined humanist values with

Catholic doctrine

 Culture and Daily Life Europeans in the 1500s were

extremely superstitious Many believed in spirits, demons, and

witchcraft Often, villagers would turn to their

priest, or their village elder for advice Enormous outburst of “witch hunting”

occurred in the mid 1500s and lasted over 100 years in Europe

The Spread of Knowledge

The invention of the printing press allowed news, ideas, and thoughts to spread quickly throughout Europe

Broadsides became very popular in villages

Almanacs quickly became best-sellers As Protestants and Catholics battled for

the loyalties of the common people, leaders of both sides encouraged founding schools in towns and villages

Changes in Daily Life By the end of the 1400s, more and

more peasants were becoming legally free

Many saw their standard of living rise

Many peasants decided to migrate to the cities in search of a better life

With this movement along with the Renaissance spirit, the “disenchantment” of the world began