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Use the chart below to record the names of early explorers under the country they represent. Also, for each explorer, write their primary discovery.
Portugal:Portugal: England:England:
Spain:Spain:
European Nations
And Their
Explorers
European Nations
And Their
Explorers
A Map of the Known World, pre‐
1492
A Map of the Known World,A Map of the Known World, prepre‐‐
14921492
Motives for European Exploration
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
1.
Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2.
Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3.
Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5.
Technological advances.
6.
Fame and fortune.
Timeline of Exploration
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Year and Event
Overseas Exploration and Conquest
•
Political centralization in Spain, France, and England helps explain their expansion.
•
Portugal led the expansion, seeking to Christianize Muslims, import gold from West Africa, find an overseas route to India to obtain Indian spices, and contact the mythical Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester
John.•
Beginning in 1415 the Portuguese sent their ships further down the west coast of Africa until they rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached India in 1497–1499.
•
The Portuguese reached Brazil in 1500.•
The Portuguese fought Muslim rulers to control the Indian Ocean and won.
Technological Stimuli to Exploration
•
With the development of large cannon and their placement on heavy-hulled sailing vessels, Europeans had a naval weapon without parallel.
•
Advances in navigation, such as the compass and the astrolabe, helped navigation.
New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
New Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons Technology
The Explorers’
Motives•
Overpopulation did not motivate the explorers; Europe wasn’t overpopulated at the time.
•
The Crusading drive was one force behind exploration.
•
So too was a shortage of opportunity in Spain for small-time nobles and merchants.
•
Government sponsorship encouraged the voyages.
•
Renaissance curiosity was a motive.•
Mostly, though, the explorers wished to get rich, in part through the spice trade.
Prince Henry, the NavigatorPrince Henry, the NavigatorPrince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigation in Lisbon
Museum of NavigationMuseum of Navigation in Lisbonin Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Empire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
1.
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2.
Bartolomeo
Dias, 1487.
3.
Vasco da
Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Zheng
He’s VoyagesZhengZheng
HeHe’’s Voyagess Voyages
In 1498, Da
Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!
The Problem of The Problem of Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus
• Columbus was an extremely religious man.
• Columbus was very knowledgeable about the sea.
• Columbus aimed to find a direct sea route to Asia.
• Columbus described the Caribbean as a Garden of Eden.
• When he settled the Caribbean islands and enslaved their inhabitants, he was acting as “a man of his times.”
Christopher Columbus [1451‐1506]
Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus [1451[1451‐‐1506]1506]
Columbus’
Four VoyagesColumbusColumbus’’
Four VoyagesFour Voyages
Later Explorers Later Explorers •
News of Columbus’s voyage quickly spread throughout Europe.
•
The search for precious metals determined the direction of Spanish exploration and expansion.
•
In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan, working for Spain, rounded Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean, eventually circumnavigating the globe.
•
From 1519–1522 Hernando Cortés sailed from Hispaniola to Mexico and crushed the Aztec Empire of central Mexico.
•
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire of the Andes between 1531 and 1536.
•
Although wealth flowed into Lisbon and Seville, in the end Flemish towns became the bankers of Europe.
Other Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16Early 16cc
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for Looking for ““El DoradoEl Dorado””
Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
The First Spanish Conquests:The First Spanish Conquests: The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vs.vs.vs.
The Economic Effects of SpainThe Economic Effects of Spain’’s s Discoveries in the New WorldDiscoveries in the New World
•
During the 1500s and 1600s there was a huge influx of precious metals into Spain from its American colonies.
•
Population increase in Spain and the establishment of new colonies created greater demand for goods in Spain. The economy could not meet the demands. Together with the influx of specie, this led to inflation.
•
Inflation caused the Spanish government to go bankrupt several times.
•
Payment of Spanish armies in bullion created inflation throughout Europe, which greatly hurt nobles on fixed incomes.
The Death of Montezuma IIThe Death of Montezuma IIThe Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to CortezMexico Surrenders to CortezMexico Surrenders to Cortez
Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
The First Spanish Conquests:The First Spanish Conquests: The IncasThe Incas
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vs.vs.
Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill
Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Administration of the Spanish Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New WorldEmpire in the New World
1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange
•
The most important changes brought by the Columbian voyages may have been biosocial in nature.
•
Flora, fauna, and diseases traveled in both directions across the Atlantic.
•
New World foods became Old World staples.
•
Domestic animals were brought to the New World.
•
European diseases ravaged Amerindian populations.
•
Sailors and settlers brought syphilis back with them to Europe.
Impact of European Expansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
1.
Native populations ravaged by disease.
2.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3.
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4.
Deepened colonial rivalries.
The “Columbian Exchange”The The ““Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange””Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
ExplorersConquistadores
Miss
ionaries
PermanentSettlers
Official
European
Colony
Treasures from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasures from the Americas!from the Americas!
Trans‐Atlantic Slave TradeTransTrans‐‐Atlantic Slave TradeAtlantic Slave Trade
The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1.
Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
2.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
3.
Between 16c
& 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.
European Slavery and the European Slavery and the Origins of American RacismOrigins of American Racism
•
Before the 1400s virtually all slaves in Europe were white.
•
The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople cut off slaves from the Black Sea region.
•
With Portuguese voyages to West Africa and the occupation of the Canary and Madeira islands, slavery hooked up with sugar culture.
•
Native Americans did not survive long under conditions of slavery and forced labor.
•
The Spaniards brought in enslaved Africans as substitutes.
•
Modern racism against blacks had its origins in medieval Christian theology and to a lesser extent, medieval Arab views of the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa.
Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
““Middle PassageMiddle Passage””
“Coffin”
Position Below Deck““CoffinCoffin””
Position Below DeckPosition Below Deck
African Captives Thrown Overboard
African CaptivesAfrican Captives Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the AmericasEuropean Empires in the AmericasEuropean Empires in the Americas
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
The Influence of the Colonial The Influence of the Colonial Catholic ChurchCatholic Church
Guadalajara CathedralGuadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish MissionSpanish Mission
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
The Treaty of The Treaty of TordesillasTordesillas, 1494 & , 1494 & The PopeThe Pope’’s Line of Demarcations Line of Demarcation
Father Bartolome
de Las CasasFather Father BartolomeBartolome
de Las de Las CasasCasas
New Laws New Laws 15421542
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals1.
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2.
Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat
in NW India in 1608.
4.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
New Patterns of World TradeNew Patterns of World TradeNew Patterns of World Trade
