CHAPTER 13European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th Centuries

What is a Stadholder?

DUTCH REPUBLIC The Dutch government was a progressive

republic – rivaling the system used in the Swiss cantons, Venice, Genoa, and even England at the time its official name was “Their High

Mightinesses the Estates General of the United Provinces.” (the “Hooge Moogende”) each province had an elected Stadholder as its chief executiveMost provinces usually elected the same man (the head of the House of Orange) as Stadholder to provide for a de facto national executive

the Burghers became increasingly powerful at the expense of the nobles

RELIGION IN THE NETHERLANDS Dutch society was the most egalitarian in

all of Europe What do you think influenced this trend?

Society was extremely tolerant for its era: The Dutch Calvinists split:

one group favoring a modification of Calvinism with less unconditional predestination; its main supporters were burghers Arminian led by Jacobus Arminius

the more orthodox Calvinist Synod met in 1618 at Dordrecht in Holland to deal with this Arminian heresy

By 1632, the Arminians were tolerated as were the large Catholic minority and the Jewish community

haven for the Mennonites and the “Pilgrims” who would settle at Plymouth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Arminius_2.jpg

EXPANSION OF COMMERCE

Nationalism was at a peak, fostered by the struggle for independence

Dutch Commercial Expansion Includes: Bordeaux Arctic waters for whaling Sailing around (and named) Cape Horn

into the Pacific Ocean Trade with India and colonizing the city of

Jakarta, Java Founding the Dutch East India Company

in 1602 competing with the English in the Spice

Islands Opened Japan to trade in the early

1600’s; all other Europeans were expelled by the Japanese in 1641 for fear of further Western and Christian influence; Dutch limited to the port city of

Nagasaki settlements throughout the New World –

including Curacao, Caracas, Guiana, & New Netherland (NY); Dutch West India Company

Gain the Cape of Good Hope from the Portuguese and settle in South Africa; Dutch settlers mixed with Huguenots to

become the ancestors of the Afrikaners

THE BANK OF AMSTERDAM The Netherlands remained the European

financial center – especially after 1609 when the Dutch founded the Bank of Amsterdam. Coins and the general money supply was in

chaos, and inflation was rampant helped to standardize the European economy Created consistent exchange rates became an international measure of value accepted everywhere - depositors could even

write checks on their accounts Dutch government guaranteed the safety of

deposits

FOREIGN POLICY 1651 Navigation Acts passed by the revolutionary

government in England. restricted all imports into Britain and its

colonies, angered the Dutch more – esp. the demand to

sovereignty over the “Narrow Seas” (the English Channel).

Because of their relatively small population, the Dutch could not be major producers or exporters, threatened their economic livelihood. Three wars will erupt as a result

final one in 1674 ending with the British annexing New York

MORE FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES Louis XIV claimed the Spanish Netherlands in

1667. Louis’s forces continued to attack; gain 3 of the 7

provinces by1672 Dutch want William III (of Orange) to become the

new Stadholder after 22 years of vacancy. elected in 1673 begins to centralize and consolidate his power,

heading towards absolutism… (doesn’t get that far) as the Netherlands would remain a

decentralized republic until 1795 William managed to stave off Louis’s forces

Rely on alliances with Denmark and Brandenburg; also have help from the Austrian and Spanish Hapsburgs.

Louis eventually became weary of war, leading to the Treaty of Nimwegen in 1678, the Dutch kept their territory intact

DID YOU KNOW?!

A typical carrot in the 17th century was purple

"In the 16th century, Dutch carrot growers invented the orange carrot in honor of the House of Orange, the Dutch Royal Family. They did this by cross breeding pale yellow carrots with red carrots."

http://www.healthdiaries.com/eatthis/25-facts-about-carrots.html

Newly orange, carrots traveled England with Dutch travelers during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

The carrot soon caught on in England as both a food and a fashion accessory. Ladies would often use carrot tops to decorate their hats.

The settlers at Jamestown in 1607 introduced carrots to North America.

AP EURO BELLRINGER

Read p. 115 in the Ethel Wood book Define: Commercial Revolution Capitalism Mercantilism

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

Looking ahead - William and Mary from the House

of Orange

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/23/84823-004-4D10595E.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.thepeacearch.com/forum/culture-heritage-history/8285-day-history-15.html&usg=__Yx0ONh5DTho6xqlX6lw4zWDzkUI=&h=450&w=356&sz=66&hl=en&start=2&zoom=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=oVtIGYwZEiB2eM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=100&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwilliam%2Band%2Bmary%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DN%26rlz%3D1R1GGGL_en___US346%26tbs%3Disch:1

AFTER DEFEATING THE SPANISH ARMADA

JAMES I OF ENGLAND When Elizabeth dies in 1603, no

direct heir Stuarts – ruling family of Scotland,

closest relative King James I

Butted heads with Parliament Actually dissolves

Parliament and collects the taxes he wants on his own

Dissenters – Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of England of Catholic practices

Call for simpler services and a more democratic church (no bishops)

K. James tells them to leave or he’ll “do worse”

King James version of the Bible emerged in 1611

Charles I – inherits throne in 1625 Behaved like an absolute monarch Imprisoned forces without trial and squeezed

nation for money 1628 needed to raise taxes again and has to

summon Parliament Won’t approve taxation til K. Charles signs

the Petition of Right (prohibits king from taxing without Parliament’s approval, and prohibits imprisonment for unjust cause)

Signs it, but dissolved Parliament in 1629 Rules for 11 years without them Creates bitter enemies – especially the Puritans 1637 – tries to impose the Book of Common

Prayer on the Scottish Calvinists The revolt, Charles summons Parl. To pay for

the army needed to take care of the revolt

THE LONG PARLIAMENT Met on and off from 1640-1653 Parliament tried and executed the King’s chief

ministers Declare Parliament can’t be dissolved without their

own consent The “Grand Remonstrance” Charles I lashes back Leads troops into the House of Commons to arrest

its most radical leaders They escape through the back door and flee to form their

own armies Parliament is shocked, issue “Militia Ordinance” allowing

Parliament to construct their own government

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1642-1649 Cavaliers v. Roundheads Charles I and supporters v.

Parliament and supporters – country gentry, town-dwelling manufacturers, and Puritan clergy

Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell Skilled general New Model Army By 1647 the king was in the

hands of Parliamentary forces

Parliament puts King Charles on trial Condemned to death as a “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy” January 1649 “I am a martyr of the people” Says a prayer and then signals the executioner ***Implications in Europe?***

Shockwave through Europe Kings had been assassinated or killed in

battle but never tried and executed by their own people

In England – no ruler can claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law

IRELAND Cromwell brutally

crushes revolts Ulster (N Ireland) had

been settled by Scottish Protestants

1652 – Parliament exiles Catholics to barren land out past Ireland, disobeying Catholics can be killed on the spot

1641-1652 nearly half of Ireland’s population died from violence, famine, and plague

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ireland_location_Ulster.jpg

PURITAN INFLUENCE “rule of saints” – social revolution Sunday set aside for religious

observance Anyone 14 or older caught

“profaning” the Lord’s Day could be fined

Theatres, lewd dancing, taverns, and gambling are all restricted/closed down

Education is highly encouraged so both boys and girls can read the Bible

Encourage marriage to be based on love to encourage fidelity

Cromwell allowed religious freedom to other Protestants, and even welcomed Jews back into England (after 350+ yrs of exile)

LORD PROTECTOR

Oliver can’t get along with the Rump Parliament either House of Commons wants to disband Cromwell’s

50,000 man army So he disbands Parliament

1653 – Declares himself Lord Protector Imposes Puritan prohibitions Creates the first written constitution for his

“republic”…de facto dictatorship Dies 1658, son Richard succeeds him, but

England has had enough

4

Cromwell dies 1658 Puritans lose grip on England 1660 – Parliament invites Charles II to take his rightful place as King Monarchy is restored and the people warmly welcome him Reopened taverns and theatres Restored Church of England, tolerated other Protestants

CHARLES II Clarendon Code – 1661-1665 – excludes Catholics,

Presbyterians, and Independents from religious and political life All people in gov’t have to swear an oath of allegiance to

the Church of England Navigation Acts – challenge Dutch Treaty of Dover 1670 – alliance with French against the Dutch

Secret provision? Declaration of Indulgences in 1672

Suspends laws against Catholics and non-Anglicans Test Act – (Parliament’s reaction) – requires officials of the

crown to swear an oath of allegiance against transubstantiation

More suspicious of Parliament than ever, avoids them from 1681-1685 by using Louis XIV for $

Converts to Catholicism on his deathbed - 1685

JAMES II James II inherits throne 1685 Flaunts his Catholic faith –appoints

Catholics in high office positions English Protestants really worried

James II will reinstate Catholicism Declaration of Indulgence1687

Suspends all religious tests, permits free worship

Wife has boy; Parliament is done Parliamentary leaders ask James

II’s daughter, Mary and her husband William to become the rulers of the throne

William arrives with army November 1688, James II flees to France

GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Bloodless overthrow of leadership called a “glorious

revolution” Declared joint monarchs in 1689 King William III and Queen Mary II are not crowned until

they recognize SEVERAL of Parliament’s conditions English Bill of Rights – requires monarch to summon

Parliament regularly and gives the House of Commons “power of the purse”

Bars Catholic monarchs Restates traditional rights of English citizens (trial

by jury) Abolishes excess fines, cruel or unjust punishment Habeas corpus – no person can be held in prison

without first being charged a specific crime Toleration Act 1689 – limits religious freedom to

Puritans, Quakers and other dissenters (not Catholics yet); but, only CofE can hold gvt positions

ACT OF SETTLEMENT 1701

Said if Anne died the successor of England would come from the House of Hanover

What? Anne = James II’s daughter William and Mary have no kids If Anne dies, who is next? Anne married into the Protestant House of

Hanover So…King George I will become king

RICHELIEU Henry IV killed by an assassin Louis XIII (his son) becomes king

and appoints Cardinal Armand Richeleiu as his chief minister

Richelieu – cunning, capable leader, spends his time strengthening the central government Tries to destroy nobles’ power Smashes the walls of

Huguenot cities and bans formation of Huguenot armies

Defeated private armies of nobles and destroyed their fortified castles

Handpicks his successor – Cardinal Jules Mazarin

LOUIS XIV, THE SUN KING The Sun – becomes his symbol of

absolute power Sun is the center of the universe

and I am the center of the nation “I am the State”

Doesn’t call up the Estates General during his reign (so his power isn’t checked)

From 1614-1789 The Estates General isn’t called up

COLBERT Intendant system – royal

officials who collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out king’s policies in each province

Army becomes Europe’s best – state paid, fed, trained and supplied up to 300,000 soldiers

Jean Baptiste Colbert – brilliant finance minister High tariffs on imports,

encouraged overseas colonies, export to colonies

Becomes wealthiest state in Europe

VERSAILLES

Built in the countryside near Paris Spared no expense Became the king’s home and seat of government Housed 10,000 people from nobles and officials to

servants Elaborate ceremonies and rituals “levee” **Controlling the nobles by luring them to Versailles**

Rule lasted 72 years French culture, manners, and customs

became the European standard (replaced Renaissance Italy)

Continual struggle for power with England and the Netherlands

1685 – Revoked the Edict of Nantes Persecuted Huguenots More than 100,000 fled from France Probably King Louis XIV’s biggest mistake – the

Huguenots were France’s hardest working and prosperous subjects Hits France economy hard (what is this effect

similar to?)

France does not decline just yet…but Louis XV is too weak a ruler to effectively handle problems