Eutrophicationtest questions

From the course materials find answers to all questions. There may be (and often is)more than one correct choice. You have to mark down the right combination of choices.Some questions need googling. At the exam, a small subset of these questions have to beanswered.

1. Define narratively the term eutrophicatoin

2. What is the approximate percentage of global nitrogen fixation due to industrial ni-trogen fertilizer production: (1) 90%; (2) 50%; (3) 30%; (4) 3%; (5) 0.3%

3. What are the reasons for the increased N:P ratio during the last decades in the riversdischarging to coastal waters: (1) the ratio has increased due to removal of phosphaterich detergents;’ (2) the ratio has declined because agriculture uses less mineral N-fertilizers (3); the ratio has increased because sewage treatments plants remove P moreefficiently than N; (4) the ratio has declined because the sewage treatment plantsremove almost all the N; (5) the ratio has not changed

4. Which of the following biogenic substances is deposited from the atmosphere: (1)organic P; (2) PO4; (3) amino acids; (4) NH4; (5) organic sulphur compounds

5. In regions with high population density (e.g. Kattegat) the atmospheric nitrogen de-position can account for ca: (1) 60%; (2) 40%; (3) 25%; (4) 10%; (5) 2%; of the externalnitrogen load

6. NOX includes: (1) NO; (2) NO2; (3) N2O5; (4) HNO4; (5) HNO2; (6) HNO3

7. NOY includes (1) NO; (2) NO2; (3) N2O5; (4) HNO4; (5) HNO2 (6) HNO3.

8. The principal sources of atmospheric NH4 include: (1) pig and cattle farms in largeagricultural operations; (2) cereal fields; (3) land transport, highways; (4) burning offossile fuels in power plants; (5) photochemical processes in the amtosphere; (6) oilplatforms in the sea; (7) marine transport, shipping

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9. The principal sources of atmospheric NOX include: (1) pig and cattle farms in largeagricultural operations; (2) cereal fields; (3) land transport, highways; (4) burning offossile fuels in power plants; (5) photochemical processes in the amtosphere; (6) oilplatforms in the sea; (7) marine transport, shipping

10. Mechanical turbulence is created when: (1) the wind direction changes very quickly;(2) wind blows over rough surfaces; (3) stable atmospheric condition is in transitionto unstable condition; (4) warm lower and cool higher air masses turn around forminglarge eddies; (5) in cloudy weather air masses with different moisture content mix

11. Convective turbulence is created when: (1) the wind direction changes very quickly;(2) wind blows over rough surfaces; (3) stable atmospheric condition is in transitionto unstable condition; (4) warm lower and cool higher air masses turn around forminglarge eddies; (5) in cloudy weather air masses with different moisture content mix

12. Atmospheric stability means: (1) wind has been blowing steadily in one direction forprolonged time periods; (2) warm upper air masses and cool lower air masses; (3) warmlower air masses and cool upper air masses ; (4) thermal homogeneity of air massesthroughout the atmosphere ; (5) moist upper air masses and dry lower air masses ; (6)dry upper air masses and moist lower air masses

13. Unstable atmospheric condition means: (1) wind has been blowing steadily in onedirection for prolonged time periods; (2) warm upper air masses and cool lower airmasses; (3) warm lower air masses and cool upper air masses ; (4) thermal homogeneityof air masses throughout the atmosphere ; (5) moist upper air masses and dry lowerair masses ; (6) dry upper air masses and moist lower air masses

14. Neutral atmospheric condition means: (1) wind has been blowing steadily in one direc-tion for prolonged time periods; (2) warm upper air masses and cool lower air masses;(3) warm lower air masses and cool upper air masses ; (4) thermal homogeneity ofair masses throughout the atmosphere ; (5) moist upper air masses and dry lower airmasses ; (6) dry upper air masses and moist lower air masses

15. Primary pollutants are the following: (1) NO; (2) NO2 ; (3) N2O5; (4) NH3; (5) N2; (6)HNO3; (7) HNO2

16. Secondary pollutants are the following: (1) NO; (2) NO2 ; (3) N2O5; (4) NH3; (5) N2;(6) HNO3; (7) HNO2

17. As a rule of a thum NH3 deposits: (1) through dry deposition; (2) through wet deposi-tion; (3) relatively far away from the source of the pollution; (4) relatively close to thesource of the pollution; (5) there is no difference in the deposition mechanism anddistance from the source

18. As a rule of a thum NOX deposits: (1) through dry deposition; (2) through wet de-position; (3) relatively far away from the source of the pollution; (4) relatively close

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to the source of the pollution; (5) there is no difference in the deposition mechanismand distance from the source

19. Prerequisites for wet deposition: (1) windy weather — more wind means more in-tensive deposition; (2) pollutants need to come into contact with condensed waterdroplets in the atmosphere; (3) terrain is covered with vegetation; (4) pollutants needto be scavenged by the water droplets; (5) landscape must be rough, irrespective ofthe vegetation; (6) it has to rain or snow (or hail)

20. Dry deposition is favored by (1) windy weather — more wind means more intensivedeposition; (2) pollutants need to come into contact with condensed water dropletsin the atmosphere; (3) terrain is covered with vegetation; (4) pollutants need to bescavenged by the water droplets; (5) landscape must be rough, irrespective of the veg-etation; (6) it has to rain or snow (or hail)

21. The annual atmospheric deposition on N into the Baltic Sea is in the order of: (1) 3 0– 150 g m-2; (2) 3 – 15 g m-2; (3) 0.3 – 1.5 g m-2; (4) 0.3 – 1.5 mg m-2; (5) 0.3 – 1.5 µg m-2

22. The high end of NH3 emissions to the atmosphere in Europe are in the order of: (1)30 kg km-2; (2) 300 kg km-2; (3) 3 tons km-2; (4) 30 tons km-2; (5) 300 tons km-2

23. Important diffuse pollution sources are: (1) large animal farms and manure reservoirs;(2) deposition from the atmosphere; (3) runoff from agricultural fields; (4) municipalwaste water treatment plants; (5) industry, power plants

24. Important point sources of pollution: (1) large animal farms and manure reservoirs;(2) deposition from the atmosphere; (3) runoff from agricultural fields; (4) municipalwaste water treatment plants; (5) industry, power plants

25. The main N losses from the agricultural fields are related to: (1) soil particles con-taining the nutrients are washed away by surface flow; (2) leaching into the soil porewater in mineral form and further transport in dissolved form; (3) wind erosion of soilparticles; (4) through subsurface drainage systems; (5) through groundwater

26. The main P losses from the agricultural fields are related to: (1) soil particles con-taining the nutrients are washed away by surface flow; (2) leaching into the soil porewater in mineral form and further transport in dissolved form; (3) wind erosion of soilparticles; (4) through subsurface drainage systems; (5) through groundwater

27. Nitrogen losses to the atmosphere from the agricultural fields are favored by: (1) highwater content of the soil; (2) low water content of the soil; (3) low pH; (4) high pH

28. Typical doses of mineral N fertilizers to fields in intensive European agricultural re-gions: (1) 0.2 kg ha-1; (2) 2 kg ha-1; (3) 20 kg ha-1; (4) 200 kg ha-1; (5) 2000 kg ha-1

29. Typical N losses from Norwegian fields are in the order of: (1) 0.1 – 0.9 kg ha-1; (2) 1 –5 kg ha-1; (3) 6 – 15 kg ha-1; (4) 20 – 45 kg ha-1; (5) 50 – 100 kg ha-1

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30. Typical N losses from Estonian and Latvian fields are in the order of: (1) 0.1 – 0.9 kgha-1; (2) 1 – 5 kg ha-1; (3) 6 – 15 kg ha-1; (4) 20 – 45 kg ha-1; (5) 50 – 100 kg ha-1

31. Typical P losses from Norwegian fields are in the order of: (1) 3 – 5 kg ha-1; (2) 1.5 – 3kg ha-1; (3) 0.4 – 1.5 kg ha-1; (4) 0.07 – 0.4 kg ha-1; (5) 0.01 – 0.07 kg ha-1

32. Typical P losses from Estonian and Latvian fields are in the order of: (1) 3 – 5 kg ha-1;(2) 1.5 – 3 kg ha-1; (3) 0.4 – 1.5 kg ha-1; (4) 0.07 – 0.4 kg ha-1; (5) 0.01 – 0.07 kg ha-1

33. The main cause why nutrient losses from Norwegian fields are higher than from Esto-nian and Latvian fields are: (1) Differences in agricultural practices; (2) The quantitiesof applied mineral fertilizers are much higher in Norway; (3) The crop yields are verydifferent; (4) The climatic conditions are very different; (5) The topography is verydifferent

34. Please describe efficient ways to reduce agricultural diffuse pollution (narrative ques-tion)

35. The variability in the annual riverine discharge of nutrients depends first of all: (1)The amount of applied mineral fertilizers; (2) Variability in the annual precipitation;(3) Occasional accidents and disasters; (4) The unstable efficiency of waste water treat-ment plants; (5) The geological properties of the region

36. What are the main reasons why the phosphate concentrations in the Rein river havedeclined. (1) The precipitation has increased and therefore there is more water in theriver and the pollution gets more diluted; (2) Phosphate containing detergents havebeen removed from the market; (3) The Rein ecosystem is highly eutrophic and theregular algal blooms use up most of the available nutrients; (4) The waste water treat-ment plants remove P very efficiently; (5) The agriculture uses less and less mineral Pfertilizers

37. What are the main reasons why the phosphate concentrations in the Daugava riverhave not declined:(1) The agriculture uses more and more mineral P fertilizers; (2)Due to the collapse of the agricultural industry the P losses from the fields increaseddramatically; (3) The waste water treatments plants work very inefficiently; (4) Theold phosphate containing detergents are still widely in use; (5) The phosphate thathas accumulated during the previous decades in the water shed buffers the effect ofnutrient reduction measures

38. Typical winter nitrate concentrations in the Baltic Sea: (google this up) (1) 1.2 µM; (2)12 µM; (3) 120 µM; (4) 12 mM; (5) 120 mM

39. Typical winter phosphate concentrations in the Baltic Sea: (google this up) (1) 2 nM;2) 20 nM; (3) 0.2 µM; (4) 2 µM; (5) 20 mM

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40. Typical Baltic Sea spring bloom chlorophyll a concentrations: (1) 0.1 µg Chl L-1; (2) 1µg Chl L-1; (3) 10 µg Chl L-1; (4) 100 µg Chl L-1; (5) 1 mg Chl L-1

41. Typical Baltic Sea summer chlorophyll a concentrations: (1) 0.3 µg Chl L-1; (2) 3 µg ChlL-1; (3) 30 µg Chl L-1; (4) 300 µg Chl L-1; (5) 3 mg Chl L-1

42. Typical chlorophyll a concentration in oligotrophic oceans: (1) 0.1 µg Chl L-1; (2) 1 µgChl L-1; (3) 10 µg Chl L-1; (4) 100 µg Chl L-1; (5) 1 mg Chl L-1

43. Typical oligotrophic regions of the world ocean are: (1) Barents Sea; (2) Baltic Sea; (3)Mediterranean Sea; (4) North Sea; (5) Sargasso Sea; (6) Peruvian coast

44. The mechanisms how underwater springs can be detected through the temperaturedifference: (1) Groundwater is always a bit warmer and this temperature anomaly canbe detected; (2) The temperature of groundwater is stable compared to the surround-ing ocean and this can be measured; (3) The temperature of groundwater is stableand this gives a higher temperature signal in winter and a cold temperature signal insummer; (4) It is only detectable when the groundwater is warmer than seawater andtherefore floats to the surface, where the temperature anomaly can be measured

45. Chemical reactions are very intense when groundwater gets in touch withe the marinewater because; (1) Groundwater transports very reactive pollutants to the sea; (2) Thechemical reactions are caused by the large salinity gradient; (3) Groundwater has ahigh concentration of radioactive compounds; (4) When two water masses mix, thetemperature rises and this accelerates all chemical processes; (5) The high pressurefavors chemical reactions

46. The nitrogen discharge through groundwater is typically (1) Negligible compared toother sources and not worth taking into accunt; (2) Comparable to atmospheric de-position and river runoff; (3) The main source of pollution in the coastal waters, farmore important than other sources; (4) Nothing is known about it yet

47. A rough estimate of the nitrogen pollution through groundwater compared to riverinerunoff is: (1) 0.03 – 0.1%; (2) 0.3 – 1%; (3) 3 – 10%; (4) üle 30%

48. Nutrient uptake as a function of nutrient concentration is described by the followingparameters: (1) Half saturation constant Ks; (2) Maximum growth rate µ; (3) Diffusionconstant of dissolved mineral nutrients in the aquaeus solution; (4) Maximum nutrientuptake rate Vmax; (5) Light attenuation coefficient in the surface water

49. The primary consequences of eutrophication are: (1) Increasing biomass of phyto-plankton; (2) Increasing biomass of zooplankton; (3) Changes in the phytoplanktonspecies composition; (4) Changes in the zooplankton species composition; (4) Changespelagic food web structure; (5) Anoxia and hypoxia in deep water

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50. The secondary consequences of eutrophication are: (1) Increasing biomass of phy-toplankton; (2) Increasing biomass of zooplankton; (3) Changes in the phytoplank-ton species composition; (4) Changes in the zooplankton species composition; (4)Changes pelagic food web structure; (5) Anoxia and hypoxia in deep water

51. Typically the element that limits primary production in the ocean is: (1) N; (2) P; (3)Si; (4) S (SO4); (5) C (CO2)

52. Typically the element that limits primary production in lakes is: (1) N; (2) P; (3) Si; (4)S (SO4); (5) C (CO2)

53. Redfield ratio C:N:P (molar ratio): (1) 41:17.2:1; (2) 100:10:1; (3) 106:16:1; (4) 17.2:6:1; (5)106:7:1; (7) 41:6:1;

54. The harmful effect of algal blooms can be: (1) Blooms can be toxic; (2) The water turnsthick and viscous; (3) High biomass; (4) Poor edibility by zooplankton; (5) Mechanicaldamage to fish gills; (6) Changes the water color to green or brown

55. Preconditions to an algal bloom: (1) Very high growth rate of the algal species; (2) Thegrowth rate is higher than the sum of all loss processes; (3) Production of toxins; (4)High nutrient affinity; (5) Resistance to grazing

56. Typical toxic algal species in the Baltic Sea include: (1) Nodularia spumigena; (2) Apha-nizomenon sp.; (3) Prymnesium parvum; (4) Heterocapsa triquetra; (5) Phaeocystis; (6)Alexandrium tamarense (7) Emiliania huxleyi

57. New production is primary production, which is based on: (1) Nitrate; (2) Phos-phate; (3) New nutrients; (4) Allochthonous nutrients; (5) Ammonium and urea; (6)Autochthonous nutrients; (7) Regenerated nutrients;

58. Regenerated production is primary production, which is based on: (1) Nitrate; (2)Phosphate; (3) New nutrients; (4) Allochthonous nutrients; (5) Ammonium and urea;(6) Autochthonous nutrients; (7) Regenerated nutrients;

59. f -ratio is : (1) new production / regenerated produciton; (2) export production / totalprimary production; (3) export production / new production; (4) export produciton /regenerated production; (5) regenerated production / new produciton /regenereeritudproduktsioon jagatud uus produktsioon; (6) new production / total primary produc-tion

60. e-ratio is : (1) new production / regenerated produciton; (2) export production / totalprimary production; (3) export production / new production; (4) export produciton /regenerated production; (5) regenerated production / new produciton /regenereeritudproduktsioon jagatud uus produktsioon; (6) new production / total primary produc-tion

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61. With depth, the vertical flux of organic matter in the water column: (1) Increases; (2)Decreases; (3) Does not change; (4) Increases when a lot of zooplankton is present; (5)Increases when the bacterial activity is very high; (6) C:N ratio of the organic matterincreases; (7) C:N ratio of the organic matter decreases

62. Please rank the heterotrophic degradation processes in the sediments starting fromthe ones taking place closer to the sediment surface: ( ) mangane respiration; ( ) methano-genesis; ( ) aerobic respiration; ( ) sulfate respiration (sulfate reduction); ( ) ironrespiration; ( ) nitrate respiration

63. Beggiatoa and Thiovulum are:(1) reduce sulphides; (2) reduce sulphate; (3) oxidize sul-phide; (4) oxidize sulphate; (5) reduce sulphur väävlit (S0); (6) microaerophilic; (7)strictly anaerobic;

64. Soluble compounts that to into the pore water with diffusion: (1) Fe2+ ions; (2) Mn2+

ions; (3) Fe III compounds; (4) MnO2; (5) NO3; (6) SO4

65. Please describe narratively by what mechanisms the Fe III oxides form a layer on thesediment surface.

66. Please describe narratively by what mechanisms oceanic N limitation of primary pro-duction could be related to sulphate concentration in the water.

67. Calculation exercise: phosphorus flux from the sediments is 0.7 mg P m-2 per day.How much phytoplankton biomass can be formed from this amount of phosphorusduring one day, when it all reaches the euphotic layer and P is the only limiting nutri-ent? For calculations you need to know the Redfield ratio, the atomic mass of C(12)and P(31). If you do not have a calculator at hand, just give the sequence of calcula-tions.

68. Fish farms increase eutrophication because: (1) When fish die and decompose, a lotof nutrients is released to the water; (2) Fish food that is not eaten sinks to the bot-tom and leaks nutrients; (3) Fish excrements leak a lot of nutrients; (4) Close to thefish farms the conditions are particularly suitable for algal blooms; (5) CO2 releasedthrough the respiration of fish stimulates the algal production

69. With modern fish farming technologies, the amount of fish biomass that can be pro-duced with 1 kg of fish food is ca: (1) 0.9 kg; (2) 0.5 kg; (3) 0.2 kg; (4) 0.02 kg; (5) 0.002kg

70. Efficiency of energy transfer in a food web from one trophic level to another is about:(1) 95%; (2) 80%; (3) 75%; (4) 50%; (5) 30%; (6) 15%; (7) 5%; (8) 0.5%; (9) 0.05%

71. The marine production forms only a small proportion of human diet because: (1) Itis substantially more difficult to get the food out of the ocean than from traditionalagricultural systems; (2) The ocean has on average lower productivity; (3) From the

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ocean we use higher trophic levels for food; (4) People do not have the habit andtraditions to eat food from the sea; (5) People tend to use for food those fish speciesthat are already rare and endangered

72. To increase the amount of food outtake from the ocean it is necessary to:(1) Favoreutrophication; (2) Abruptly increase fisheries efforts; (3) Hunt more marine mammalsand birds; (4) Harvest form lower trophic levels; (5) Combine fish farming with macro-algae and/or mussel farming; (6) Artificially fertilize the ocean to increase productivity

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