Expansion of the Country

Manifest Destiny

Topics You Need to Know• Manifest Destiny• John L. O’Sullivan• Florida (1819)• Adams-Onis Treaty• Texas annexation• Oregon boundary• Texas (1845)– War of Independence– Alamo– Battle of San Jacinto– Annexation of Texas

• Oregon Country (1846)

• James K. Polk• Mexican American War– Zachary Taylor– Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo– Mexican Cession (1848)

• California– Gold Rush

• Wilmot Proviso• Gadsden Purchase

(1853)

Manifest Destiny

• The phrase was first employed by • John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 • O'Sullivan claimed, "our manifest destiny to

overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

Manifest Destiny

• It expressed the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon Americans' providential mission to expand their civilization and institutions across the breadth of North America. This expansion would involve not merely territorial aggrandizement but the progress of liberty and individual economic opportunity as well.

Mexico and American Relations

• “Pobre Mexico, tan lejos del dios y tan cerca a Estados Unidos”

• “Poor Mexico, so far from God and so close to the United States”

• Porfirio Diaz

Texas

• Moses Austin- during Spanish period- is given a land grant

• Moses petitioned the Spanish government and was given permission to colonize/settle 300 Anglo families on 200,000 acres of land near San Antonio. Moses dies before Anglos settle in Texas.

• Mexican Revolution 1822 occurs- later- Stephan Austin fulfills father’s plans to settle Anglos in Texas.

Anglos in Texas

• Anglo settlers wanted to come to Texas for cheap land.

• However settlers had to follow certain rules:– Learn Spanish– Follow Mexican Law– Convert to Roman Catholic Religion

Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836

Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Steven Austin(1793-1836)

Mexican Government Reacts to Anglo Immigration

• Problems Develop:• The colony gradually developed more Anglo than Mexican • Anglo settlers outnumbered Mexican nationals in Texas.• By 1830 there were between 20,000 and 30,000 Anglo

settlers and 2000 slaves in Texas.• Anglo settlers- were protestant, wanted to be part of the

United States and some wanted slavery in order to profit from the cotton industry.

• The Mexican government outlawed slavery in 1824 and Austin was able to get approval for Texans to own slaves.

Santa Anna

• 1833 Santa Anna takes over- popular with some Mexican leaders and wants to reform and strengthen the Mexican Government’s control throughout Mexico.

• He wanted to reduce:– Anglo immigration – Anglo Trade – End slavery

• “Either the government occupy Texas now, or it is lost forever.”

Texas War of Independence

• 1835 Texans revolt they want:• To keep their autonomy • Keep their Anglo way of life• Eventually join the United States• Santa Anna refused to allow this and jailed

Stephen Austin for some time.• Texans decided to secede from the Mexican

Republic and begin to form a militia.

Alamo

• Texans and some Mexicans unite to fight Santa Anna.

• Sam Houston- appointed General of Texan Army

• 1836- The Alamo-• Battle of San Jacinto- Santa Anna Captured

and forced to sign peace treaty-• Texas is independent

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas

The “Lone Star Republic”

• October 1836 Texas is an independent country.

• Houston Elected President• Southern Boundary of Texas claimed by

Texans- the Rio Grande.

• Houston wanted US to Annex- but Jackson did not agree. (slavery issues)

James K. Polk: “Young Hickory”• Democrat/Fierce Expansionist-

Embodiment of Manifest Destiny• Won presidency over Whigs in

1844 Tyler saw it as a go ahead to acquire Texas (3 days before he left office)

• Arranged annexation by joint resolution because the needed 2/3 vote would never be secured in senate because of the slavery issue

• Texas become 28th state in 1845 after resolution passed

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!

By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land.

By the mid-1840s, “Oregon Fever” was spurred on by the promise of free land. The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

The joint British-U. S. occupation ended in 1846.

Oregon Boundary dispute resolved

• Oregon country mostly wilderness- once claimed by Spain, Russia, GB, and US

• Russia retreats to 54 40’ line in 1824-25 treaties with US and GB

• British had a strong claim through the Hudson Bay co.

• Borders almost negotiated in Treaty of 1818 setting the line at 49th parallel

• Treaty approved in Senate 1846-

Mexican American War

• Mexico Angry over Annexation of Texas• Polk and Expansionists wanted California-

Richard Henry Dana• 1840 700 Americans in California• 6000 Californios-• Polk tried to buy California + New Mexico $30

million

The Mexican War (1846-1848)The Mexican War (1846-1848)

Mexican War

• July 1845 Polk sent General Zachary Taylor and 1,500 troops to Texas, near the boarder

• Dispute- Mexican did not recognize the Rio Grande as the boundary.

• April 1846- war began when Mexican troops “entered Texas territory” and American troops fired…

• Truth is believed to be US Troops entered Mex.• Polk asked Senate for declaration of war May, 1846

Polk’s War Message

• The United States has made “Every effort at reconciliation… Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory, and shed American blood upon the American soil.”

• Opponents said US had provoked the war- to satisfy slave interest (Whigs)

• Lincoln will be one Congressman who will complain

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C.

Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1845

The Revolt June 14, 1845

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

the U. S. California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

Mexico lost 1/3 of claimed territory

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

the U. S. California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

Mexico lost 1/3 of claimed territory

Results of the Mexican War?Results of the Mexican War?1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000

and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl.TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl.TX)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

Results of Mexican War

• Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

• Zachary Taylor• John C. Fremont• Manifest Destiny realized.• Many American officers gained experience

in the war and will later fight each other in the Civil War.

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso Causes Slavery issue to enter the Debate over expansion

• Many Northern democrats did not want slavery to expand into the territories.

• Known as “Free Soilers” Wilmot was one.– They believed that whites should not compete

with Slave labor

• This amendment did not pass the Senate• But foreshadowed the debate and conflict

new territory would cause.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846 “Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. (Not approved by Senate)

“Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. (Not approved by Senate)

Representative David Wilmot(D-PA)

Representative David Wilmot(D-PA)

GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848

GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848

John A. Sutter John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, 1849

California Gold Rush, 1849

49er’s49er’s

Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

• President Pierce• Needed to build a rail line in Southern Arizona

and New Mexico• $10 Million dollars