Experimental characterization of ordinary concretes

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Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 153–162

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.038

10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.038 1877-0509

© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship


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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)

Experimental characterization of ordinary concretes obtained by adding construction waste (glass, marble)

Messaouda Belouadah1, Zine El Abidine Rahmouni2, Nadia Tebbal3 1,2,Geomaterials Development Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, M’sila University, M’sila

(28000), Algeria 3Institute of Technical Urban Management, University of M’sila, Algeria

Abstract

The search for a cheaper binder using natural resources and industrial waste has become a major concern in the manufacture of cement. According to the literature, researchers have found that glass and marble waste in the form of powder can be introduced into cement to obtain a cheaper and less polluting cement. In this study, we attempted to determine the strength of concrete containing glass powder and marble powder by partially replacing cement in concrete. Cement substitution by these mineral additions in the range of 5% to 10%. This approach is based on the properties of the material and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Several parameters are considered, namely: the effect of filler, the effect of the adjuvant and the ratio W / C, to lead, to the making of a concrete based on local materials characterized by good strength, porosity minimum and acceptable durability. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Keywords: Concrete; Glass powder; Marble powder; Mechanical properties; Physical properties;

1. Introduction

Waste utilization is an attractive alternative to disposal given that disposal cost and potential pollution problems are reduced or even eliminated while simultaneously conserving resources. The reuse of waste is important from multiple points of view; it helps save and sustain non-renewable natural resources, decreases pollution, and helps save and recycle energy in production processes. [1] The reuse of industrial solid waste as partial replacement for aggregates in construction activities not only saves landfill space but also reduces the demand for extracting natural raw materials [2].

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]


ScienceDirect

Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (WOCTINE)

Experimental characterization of ordinary concretes obtained by adding construction waste (glass, marble)

Messaouda Belouadah1, Zine El Abidine Rahmouni2, Nadia Tebbal3 1,2,Geomaterials Development Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, M’sila University, M’sila

(28000), Algeria 3Institute of Technical Urban Management, University of M’sila, Algeria

Abstract

The search for a cheaper binder using natural resources and industrial waste has become a major concern in the manufacture of cement. According to the literature, researchers have found that glass and marble waste in the form of powder can be introduced into cement to obtain a cheaper and less polluting cement. In this study, we attempted to determine the strength of concrete containing glass powder and marble powder by partially replacing cement in concrete. Cement substitution by these mineral additions in the range of 5% to 10%. This approach is based on the properties of the material and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Several parameters are considered, namely: the effect of filler, the effect of the adjuvant and the ratio W / C, to lead, to the making of a concrete based on local materials characterized by good strength, porosity minimum and acceptable durability. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Keywords: Concrete; Glass powder; Marble powder; Mechanical properties; Physical properties;

1. Introduction

Waste utilization is an attractive alternative to disposal given that disposal cost and potential pollution problems are reduced or even eliminated while simultaneously conserving resources. The reuse of waste is important from multiple points of view; it helps save and sustain non-renewable natural resources, decreases pollution, and helps save and recycle energy in production processes. [1] The reuse of industrial solid waste as partial replacement for aggregates in construction activities not only saves landfill space but also reduces the demand for extracting natural raw materials [2].

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

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154 Messaouda Belouadah et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 153–1622 Belouadah & Rahmouni & Tebbal

The use of waste materials in construction industry has significantly increase in the past few years, due to the fact that they do not have any adverse effects on the properties of concrete and thus provide an effective platform for the disposal of waste material in permanent concrete structures. waste glass and marble is also included in such materials category[3]. Marble has been commonly used as a building material since the ancient times. The industry’s disposal of the marble

powder material, consisting of very fine powder, today constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. Marble blocks are cut into smaller blocks in order to give them the desired smooth shape. During the cutting process about 25% the original marble mass is lost in the form of dust [4]. Glass is very hard, durable and if finely ground, it can serve as a pozzolanic material thus making it suitable for use as partial substitution of cement and fine aggregate. Partial replacement also improves the flow properties of concrete, so it can be used to make high strength concrete without using other super plasticizers [5]. Due to availability in different attractive colors, glass also provides aesthetic view. The utilization of finely grounded glass powder as cement replacement has yield positive result in concrete batching [7-8]. Glass is amorphous and with high content of silica, thus making it a good pozzolanic material when the size is reduced then 75 μm. Studies have indicated that finely grounded glass does not add to alkali-silica reaction [6]. Shayan, A. showed that the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete helps reduce expansion by 66% and increases the flexural strength and compressive strength of specimens with a specific percentage of glass powder [9].

Marble powder is an inert material which does not react with cement past. Its addition in small amounts to the concrete mix as partial replacement to cement increases the workability in the fresh state. It facilitates the dispersion of the cement past and the compaction, which causes an appreciable increase in the strength. [10]

The effects of using dolomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. Test results indicate that the optimized assay of dolomitic and waste marble powder as replacement by weight of cement had the best compressive and flexural strengths [11].

The present study aims to investigate the possibilities of reusing waste marble powder and glass powder as partial replacements for cement to modify concrete mix properties. This objective is achieved by studying the effects of replacing cement with marble powder, and glass powder that on the physical properties of the concrete mix.

2. 2. Materials

The following materials were used in the experimental investigation and described below.

2.1. The cement

The Portland cement type (CEM II 42.5) from Hammam Dalâa local factory was used in this experimental study, has a Blaine specific surface area of 385 cm2/g and a density of 3.2. The chemical composition of the cement is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Chemical analysis of the cement Constituents

% SiO2 Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MgO Na2O SO3 Cl LOI Total

Cement 18.51 4.88 58.3 2.96 1.85 0.1 2.39 0.016 8.74 97.746

2.2. Glass powder

The glass powder is made of collected waste glass bottles, which are crushed and ground for 0.5 h in a ball mill after being cleaned and dried. Different from the spherical fly ash particles, GP particles show irregular singular, blocky, and classic shapes with smooth surface morphology. Most glass powder particles are smaller than 20 µm, which may contribute to activating its reaction activity and reducing the risk of alkali-silica reaction (ASR).

The physical properties and particle size wich done by laser granulometer (Mastersizer 2000) of glass powder are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1.

Messaouda Belouadah et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 153–162 1552 Belouadah & Rahmouni & Tebbal

The use of waste materials in construction industry has significantly increase in the past few years, due to the fact that they do not have any adverse effects on the properties of concrete and thus provide an effective platform for the disposal of waste material in permanent concrete structures. waste glass and marble is also included in such materials category[3]. Marble has been commonly used as a building material since the ancient times. The industry’s disposal of the marble

powder material, consisting of very fine powder, today constitutes one of the environmental problems around the world. Marble blocks are cut into smaller blocks in order to give them the desired smooth shape. During the cutting process about 25% the original marble mass is lost in the form of dust [4]. Glass is very hard, durable and if finely ground, it can serve as a pozzolanic material thus making it suitable for use as partial substitution of cement and fine aggregate. Partial replacement also improves the flow properties of concrete, so it can be used to make high strength concrete without using other super plasticizers [5]. Due to availability in different attractive colors, glass also provides aesthetic view. The utilization of finely grounded glass powder as cement replacement has yield positive result in concrete batching [7-8]. Glass is amorphous and with high content of silica, thus making it a good pozzolanic material when the size is reduced then 75 μm. Studies have indicated that finely grounded glass does not add to alkali-silica reaction [6]. Shayan, A. showed that the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete helps reduce expansion by 66% and increases the flexural strength and compressive strength of specimens with a specific percentage of glass powder [9].

Marble powder is an inert material which does not react with cement past. Its addition in small amounts to the concrete mix as partial replacement to cement increases the workability in the fresh state. It facilitates the dispersion of the cement past and the compaction, which causes an appreciable increase in the strength. [10]

The effects of using dolomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. Test results indicate that the optimized assay of dolomitic and waste marble powder as replacement by weight of cement had the best compressive and flexural strengths [11].

The present study aims to investigate the possibilities of reusing waste marble powder and glass powder as partial replacements for cement to modify concrete mix properties. This objective is achieved by studying the effects of replacing cement with marble powder, and glass powder that on the physical properties of the concrete mix.

2. 2. Materials

The following materials were used in the experimental investigation and described below.

2.1. The cement

The Portland cement type (CEM II 42.5) from Hammam Dalâa local factory was used in this experimental study, has a Blaine specific surface area of 385 cm2/g and a density of 3.2. The chemical composition of the cement is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Chemical analysis of the cement Constituents

% SiO2 Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MgO Na2O SO3 Cl LOI Total

Cement 18.51 4.88 58.3 2.96 1.85 0.1 2.39 0.016 8.74 97.746

2.2. Glass powder

The glass powder is made of collected waste glass bottles, which are crushed and ground for 0.5 h in a ball mill after being cleaned and dried. Different from the spherical fly ash particles, GP particles show irregular singular, blocky, and classic shapes with smooth surface morphology. Most glass powder particles are smaller than 20 µm, which may contribute to activating its reaction activity and reducing the risk of alkali-silica reaction (ASR).

The physical properties and particle size wich done by laser granulometer (Mastersizer 2000) of glass powder are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1.

Belouadah & Rahmouni & Tebbal 3

Table 2. The chemical and physical properties of Marble powder and Glass powder Glass powder (%) Marble powder (%)

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 CL

K2O Na2O P2O5

TiO2

P.A.F

72.84 0.98 0.55 9.66

01.76 0.25

- 0.43

12.96 0.01 0.04 0.79

1.47 0.35 0.14 55.3 0.01 0.01

- 0.01

0.12 - -

42,56 Physical properties of marble powder and glass powder

Absolute density (kg/l)

Color Structure Specific surface area (cm2/g) Pozzolanic activity

Marble powder 2.68 white 41.96 750

Glass powder

2.7 Blanc grisâtre - 8530 28,5 g

Ca(OH) 2/g (PV)

Fig. 1. Particle size distributions of Glass powder 2.3. Marble powder

The marble powder (PM) used, is a waste of the manufacture of tiling type coating from an industry in Boussaâda

(Algeria). The physical properties and particle size wich done by laser granulometer (Mastersizer 2000) of marble powder are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2.


Fig. 2. Particle size distributions of Marble powder

2.4. Dune Sable The dune sand with particles ranging from 0.08 mm to 5 mm in size was used. This was generated from nature of

the river near the town of Boussaâda, (300 Km south of Algiers). The sieve analysis was performed according to the European standard NF EN 933-1 [12]. The treatment process allowed us to eliminate a significant portion of clay minerals. The mineralogical composition determined by X-ray diffraction shows that the siliceous sand dune is more than 95% of quartz and calcite traces. The results are shown in Fig 3.

Fig 3. X-ray diffraction pattern for sand dune 2.4. Coarse aggregates

Locally available coarse aggregates having the maximum size of 8 mm and 16 mm were used in the present work. They were then washed to remove impurities and were dried to surface dry condition. The aggregates were tested in accordance with standard (NF EN 933- 1) [12]. According to the results obtained concerning the physical properties of coarse aggregates, we have the following in the Table 3.

Table 3. Properties of Coarse aggregates

Characteristics Gravel (3/8)

Gravel (8/16)

Absolute density (Kg/l) 2.50 2.61 Total water absorption 1.64 3.64 Moisture content 0.80 0.70 Bulk density (Kg/l) 1.10 1.17 Porosity (%) 48.39 44.65

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2.5. The Adjuvant

The adjuvant used is a super plasticizer high water reducing (Medaplast SP40). It is a solution of pH = 8.2 and a density of 1.22, with 40% of solids. Its normal use scale is fixed by the manufacturer’s recommendation which is between 0.6 and 2.5% of the cement weight. The percentage of the chemical admixture used was 1% by cement’s weight for all mixes.

3. Mix design

The concrete mix design was proposed according to DREUX method for control concrete1 [13]. The replacement level of sand to glass powder and marble powder was used in the term of 0%, 5% and 10% in concrete[14].

Fresh concrete mixes were prepared in a modified laboratory mixer. The concrete specimens with dimensions 100 mm×100 mm ×100 mm were preserved in their moulds in a wet place at a temperature of 20°C and 95% relative humidity (RH) during 24 hours. After demoulding, they were immersed in water at 20°C until the age of testing.

The physical and mechanical characteristics of the concretes with and without the addition of glass powder have been compared. The glass powder is added at dosages of 5% and 10% of cement weight respectively. The final compositions of concrete with addition, after optimization is reported in Table 3.

Cubic test specimens (100 × 100 × 100) mm3 were used for the determination of the compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 , and 90 days according to NF EN 12390-4 [15]. The test pieces for testing of capillarity and water porosity are dried in a stove at a temperature of 105°C to constant weight and then returned to room temperature in a desiccator.

The Protocol of Porosity. The protocol of porosity accessible to water conforms to the recommendations of AFREM group [16]. The open porosity allows us to appreciate the evolution of hydration and structuration of hydrated products; this is a key for identification of the most sustainable concrete [17].

The Water Absorption by Capillarity. It was applied in sample cylindrical shape of concrete with 10 cm diameter and 12 cm high, placed in contact with a free water of 1 cm height maintained at a constant level[18].

The Slump Test was used to assess the workability of the fresh concrete. The slump was fixed in the range of 5 and 7 cm for all mixes in this study [15].

Table 4. Compositions of concrete with and without glass powder and marble powder

Type of concrete Composition of concrete Cement

kg/m3 Water Kg / m3

Sand Kg / m3

G 3/8 Kg / m3

G 8/16 Kg / m3

CC 350 215.36 651.83 142.63 968.94 GP5 332.5 215.36 651.83 142.63 968.94 GP10 315 215.36 651.83 142.63 968.94 MP 332.5 215.36 651.83 142.63 968.94 MP10 315 215.36 651.83 142.63 968.94 1GP5 332.5 119.12 651.83 142.63 968.94 1GP10 315 122.3 651.83 142.63 968.94 1MP5 332.5 125.32 651.83 142.63 968.94 1MP10 315 127.21 651.83 142.63 968.94

CC: Control concrete; GP5%: Concrete with 5% of the glass powder; GP10%: Concrete with 10% of the glass powder; 1GP5%: Concrete with 5% of the glass powder and 1% super plasticizer; 1GP10%: Concrete with 10% of the glass powder and 1% super plasticizer; MP5% Concrete with 5% of the marble powder; MP10% Concrete with 10% of the marble powder; 1MP5% Concrete with 5% of the marble powder and 1% super plasticizer; 1MP10% Concrete with 10% of the marble powder and 1% super plasticizer.


4. Results and discussions

4.1. Porosity according to the ratio W / C

Figure 4 shows the variation of the porosity in W / C function of concretes with glass powder and marble, concrete of additive mineral additives.

It can be seen that the porosity varies according to the percentage of marble and glass. It decreases as a percentage of the adjuvant that reduce the amount of water used.

The effect in super plasticizer fixed at 1% of the weight of binder makes it possible to reduce the W / C ratio and the porosity and consequently increases the compressive strengths. The present results obtained are in accordance with research work undertaken by tebbal [19]. On the other hand, the incorporation of water-reducing admixture (1% of Medaplast SP40) allows a significant reduction of mixing water for all concrete despite the high percentages of marble powder and glass powder used.

In the long term the results show that the porosity of high performance concrete decreases with the same constituents. This is due to the difference of the density and the porosity between the different fine aggregates used. In fact, the porosity (voids and pores) is influenced by the padding characteristics of the full mixture that includes fine aggregates, cement, and water [20].

Fig 4. The variation of the porosity as a function of the W / C ratio.

4.2. Mechanical resistance according to the porosity

Figures (5a,5b), (6) show the variation of the porosity as a function of the compressive strength of the concretes. The results show that the decrease in concrete porosity has a significant influence on the mechanical strength of the concrete tested. In general, a decrease in the porosity of concrete (control, addition) to an increase in compressive strength. It is found that the concretes, whose resistance is the highest (29 Mpa) at the age of 7 days, also have the lowest porosity, therefore the porosity becomes weaker with the increase of the resistance to compression. It can be seen that the addition of 10% of marble and glass powder is more effective with the cement composition (glass, marble). The performances obtained confirm the role of the fineness of grinding mineral additions. The increase of the Blaine surface area results in the improvement of the compactness of the concrete and by increasing its resistance, reducing the porosity. The filler effect consists in filling the voids between the grains of cement [21] confirmed by M. Belouadah [22].

From the previous figures, it can be seen that the compressive strength for all concretes increases with age (7d, 14d, 28d and 90d) and also with the percentage of filler used.

The addition of the glass powder and the marble powder causes significant changes in the properties of the concretes in the fresh and hardened state. The addition of marble powder and glass with the SP40 adjuvant (1GP10) gave an improvement in porosity and compressive strength of about 74%. Concrete with marble powder and admixture

Messaouda Belouadah et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 153–162 159 Belouadah & Rahmouni & Tebbal 7

(1MP10) shows a resistance of 62% and porosity 30% compared to the reference concrete. On the other hand, the use of the water-reducing admixture (1% Medaplast SP40) decreases the void ratio, because it lubricates and facilitates the rearrangement of the particles and consequently, the concrete becomes less porous more compact

Fig 5. The variation of the porosity as a function of the compressive strength of composite concretes at age (7d, 28d)

Fig 6. The variation of the porosity as a function of the compressive strength of composite concretes at age 90d

4.3. Water Absorption by Capillarity

The capillary water absorption test was carried out on cylindrical (10 × 12) cm3 test pieces over a period of 4 days. Figure 7,8 shows the evolution of the capillary absorption as a function of the square root of time.5. Simulation results.

Analysis of the results of water absorption by capillarity test, mentioned in Figure 6 above, shows that the different concretes have absorption rates lower than the control concrete (CC), it is observed that:


The increase in the percentages of the glass powder results in a decrease in water absorption

Fig 7. The variation of the water absorption as a function of the percentage of glass powder.

Fig 8. The variation of the water absorption according to the percentage of marble. Figure 5 is noted that the water absorption capacity for the concretes with the addition of glass powder and adjuvant

is generally low in comparison with the control concretes. Concrete CGP5% exhibits water absorption of 6% with a 7% decrease from CC, confirming the results found by other investigators [23], and indicates that the replacement of aggregates crushed by Glass powder results in a decrease in the water absorption of concretes based on mineral additive with decreased porosity. Besides their high mechanical strength they have advantages in terms of durability.

The results in Figure 7 confirm the low water absorption capacity for concrete with the addition of marble powder compared to the control concrete. This can be attributed to the fineness of the marble powder which reduces the pore size distribution relative to the control concrete.

Messaouda Belouadah et al. / Procedia Computer Science 158 (2019) 153–162 1618 Belouadah & Rahmouni & Tebbal

The increase in the percentages of the glass powder results in a decrease in water absorption

Fig 7. The variation of the water absorption as a function of the percentage of glass powder.

Fig 8. The variation of the water absorption according to the percentage of marble. Figure 5 is noted that the water absorption capacity for the concretes with the addition of glass powder and adjuvant

is generally low in comparison with the control concretes. Concrete CGP5% exhibits water absorption of 6% with a 7% decrease from CC, confirming the results found by other investigators [23], and indicates that the replacement of aggregates crushed by Glass powder results in a decrease in the water absorption of concretes based on mineral additive with decreased porosity. Besides their high mechanical strength they have advantages in terms of durability.

The results in Figure 7 confirm the low water absorption capacity for concrete with the addition of marble powder compared to the control concrete. This can be attributed to the fineness of the marble powder which reduces the pore size distribution relative to the control concrete.

Belouadah & Rahmouni & Tebbal 9

On the other hand, In note that the water absorption of concrete, decreases with the substitution of marble powder and adjuvant, this is due to the difference in density and porosity between the fine grains used (the very specific surface end of the marble powder).

On the other hand, a decrease in the water absorption capacity for the concrete (1GP5, 1GP10) is observed respectively. This is accompanied by an increase in the rate of replacement of cement by glass fillers with a 1% superplasticizing dosage during the formulation of the concretes. Consequently, the positive effect of glass fillers with superplasticizer decreases the water absorption of the concretes, the lowest value was recorded for 1GP10), with a reduction of 35% compared to CC. The glass fillers and additive fill the voids in the concrete matrix by reducing its porosity. The use of the chemical admixture (1% of Medaplast SP 40) allows reducing the number of voids and pores existing in the concrete, which consequently becomes more compact [25], more resistant, and more water proof.

6. Conclusion

The main objective of this experimental work is to valorize local materials and quarry wastes by using them in construction. It objects at the study of the effect of use of glass powder and marble powder as partial replacement of cement in various percentages (0, 5, and 10) on the physicomechanical properties of concrete made with mineral addition (GP and MP). Starting from the test results, the following can be concluded:

Adding crushed mineral addition improves the physical properties of binary concrete (grading, low

porosity, high compactness, etc.). A very good improvement of the mechanical resistance with the use of the adjuvant compared to the

reference concrete, this improvement is due to the effect of the adjuvant. The resistance of the tested concretes increases according to the age of hardening. This is due to the

variation of mineral hydration kinetics C3S and C2S. These are the two main minerals that ensure the development of mechanical strengths in the short and long term.

Concrete with added glass powder with an SSSB of 8530 cm2 / g has interesting advantages over control concrete: higher mechanical strengths, improved durability, porosity are systematically decreased.

The study of absorption of water by capillary shows that the increase in the dosage of the additions leads to a decrease in water absorption and the mean decrease for 1GP10 is 53.89% is for 1GP5 48% Control concrete.

The workability of high performance concrete is influenced positively by the replacement the cement by MP and GP.

In general, it can be concluded that the incorporation of addition such as MP and GP combined with cement could be beneficial to produce alternative binders to formulate a concrete.

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Experimental characterization of ordinary concretes