23
Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels Georgios Fontaras and Zissis Samaras Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics / Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels. Georgios Fontaras and Zissis Samaras. Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Outline. Biofuels in Europe now and in the future Effect of biofuel blending on air quality - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

Page 1: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel

Engine Fuels

Georgios Fontaras and Zissis Samaras

Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics / Aristotle Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics / Aristotle University of ThessalonikiUniversity of Thessaloniki

Page 2: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

2

Outline

• Biofuels in Europe now and in the future• Effect of biofuel blending on air quality• Measurements and evaluation conducted by LAT

on SVO and biodiesel blends• Conclusions • Future activity

Page 3: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

3

Biofuels in Europe, 2006

Ethanol Ethanol 16.3%16.3%

Others Others 12.1%12.1%

Biodiesel Biodiesel 71.6%71.6%

Source: EUROBSERV’ER Biofuels Barometer 2007

• Increasing use of biofuels under EU policy framework

• Important share of “other” biofuels (mainly SVO)

Page 4: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

4

Future trends

Source: European Biofuels Technology Platform 2008

• 35Mtoe biofuels required in 2020 from which 75% diesel substitutes and 25% gasoline

• Where these fuels will come from? The current skepticism appears justified.

• Limited resources, best available practices for the transition period from first to second generation technologies

Page 5: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

5

Impact of biofuels on emissions and air quality

Source: US EPA

Is this a realistic picture of what should be expected in Europe in the near

future?

• Studies indicate positive results on exhaust emissions from biodiesel introduction except on NOx

• Most studies based on older engines, or different quality diesel

• Few data regarding real world operation

• What about non regulated pollutants?

Page 6: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

6

LAT experimental activities

• Evaluation of biofuels on exhaust emissions, regulated and non regulated

• Application of B10 EN14214 blends from various raw materials on a Euro 3 Common rail passenger car for 17000km

• Application of unesterified cottonseed oil on the same vehicle for 11000km

• a raw material of great importance for Greece which is not preferred by biodiesel factories

• derived from specialized refining and treatment process

• Utilization of legislated and real world simulation (Artemis) driving cycles

• Combustion analysis on test bench engine

• Overall environmental performance

Page 7: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

7

Measurements timeline

VehicleMileage

(km)Action

Renault Laguna 1.9dCi

Reference (set to 0km) Baseline measurement #1, fuel change B10 soya oil

1996 Measurement B10 soya oil, fuel change B10 UFO

4613 Measurement B10 UFO, fuel change B10 palm oil

7369 Measurement B10 palm oil, fuel change B10 sunflower oil

10954 Measurement B10 sunflower oil, fuel change B10 soya oil

16700 Fuel change B10 rapeseed oil

17981 Measurement B10 rapeseed oil / Fuel change Diesel

19109 Baseline measurement #2

• Cottonseed oil application (10% v/v) for 11000km, 2 baseline sets of measurements at the beginning and the end, 3 intermediate sets for test fuels

• Application of B10 blends from various raw materials for 17000km

Page 8: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

8

Driving cycles employed

Page 9: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

9

CO2 emissions

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20CO

2 bio

fuel/

baseline a

vera

ge

Cottonseed Oil

Soyaseed Biodiesel

Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel

Fried Oil Biodiesel

Page 10: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

10

CO emissions

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00CO

bio

fuel/

baseline a

vera

ge

Cottonseed Oil

Soyaseed Biodiesel

Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel

Fried Oil Biodiesel

I ncreases caused by emission events appear high due to the very low baseline 0.01g/km

higher limit ~x10 baseline

Euro 3 limit

Page 11: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

11

HC emissions

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50H

C bio

fuel/

baseline a

vera

ge

Cottonseed Oil

Soyaseed Biodiesel

Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel

Fried Oil BiodieselPresence of biodiesel significantly affects cold start emissions

Page 12: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

12

NOx emissions

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

NO

x bio

fuel/

baseline a

vera

ge

Cottonseed Oil

Soyaseed Biodiesel

Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel

Fried Oil Biodiesel

Different behavior for the various B10 blends

Page 13: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

13

PM emissions

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

PM

bio

fuel/

baseline a

vera

ge

Cottonseed Oil

Soyaseed Biodiesel

Palm Oil BiodieselSunflower Oil Biodiesel

Fried Oil Biodiesel

Important trend towards lower PM with biodiesel not observed with SVO

Page 14: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

14

Particle number distributions for cottonseed oil

Particle size distribution at 90kph

Particle size distribution at 120kph

SVO suppresses nucleation mode

0.0E+00

2.0E+13

4.0E+13

6.0E+13

8.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.2E+14

10 100 1000

Mobility Diameter [nm]

To

tal p

art

icle

nu

mb

er

em

iss

ion

ra

te [

#/k

m/d

log

Dp

]

10 % cotton oil (x4)

Baseline (x3)

90 kph

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

10 100 1000

Mobility Diameter [nm]

#/k

m/d

log

Dp

Baseline (x3)

10% cotton oil (x4)

120 kph

Page 15: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

15

Particle number distributions various B10 blends

0.0E+00

5.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.5E+14

2.0E+14

10 100 1000Mobility Diameter [nm]

To

tal

Par

ticl

e n

um

ber

em

issi

on

rat

e[#

/km

/dlo

gD

p]

BaselineRapeseed oil Biodiesel 10 %Sunflow er oil Biodiesel 10 %Soyaseed Biodiesel 10 %UFO Biodiesel 10 %Palm oil Biodiesel 10 %

90 kph

0.0E+00

5.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.5E+14

2.0E+14

10 100 1000

Mobility Diameter [nm]

To

tal

Par

ticl

e n

um

ber

em

issi

on

rat

e[#

/km

/dlo

gD

p]

BaselineRapeseed oil Biodiesel 10 %Sunflow er oil Biodiesel 10 %Soyaseed Biodiesel 10 %UFO Biodiesel 10 %Palm oil Biodiesel 10 %

120 kph

Particle size distribution at 90kph

Particle size distribution at 120kph

Most B10 suppress nucleation mode particles

Page 16: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

16

Engine Measurements

 

  

Engine:

• PSA 2.2 DW12A TED4 Common Rail

Measurements:

• CO2, Fuel Consumption

• HC, CO, NOx, PM

• In Cylinder Pressure

Protocol:

• Baseline Measurements with Diesel

• Measurements with 10%v/v blend

• Various points corresponding to the engine operation over ARTEMIS protocol

Operation Points Measured

Page 17: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

17

Pressure measurements results (1/2)

In Cylinder Pressure Calculated Heat Release

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

340 350 360 370 380 390 400

CAD

Pre

ssu

re (

ba

r)

Diesel 1500_165

Test fuel 1500_165

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

350 360 370 380 390 400

CAD

He

at R

ele

ase

(Jo

ule

)

.

Diesel 1500_165

Test fuel1500_165

In cylinder pressure data indicated limited variations in the combustion process in most operating points

Page 18: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

18

Pressure measurements results (2/2)

In Cylinder Pressure Calculated Heat Release

Idle and low loads operation indicated differentiations; Need for different engine control

strategies

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

340 350 360 370 380 390 400

CAD

Pre

ssu

re (

ba

r)

Diesel Idle

Test fuel Idle

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

350 360 370 380 390 400

CAD

He

at R

ele

ase

(Jo

ule

)

.

Diesel Idle

Test Fuel Idle

Page 19: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

19

Overall environmental performance

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

Sunflower Rapeseed Diesel

GH

G e

mis

sio

ns

in C

O2

eq

uiv

. (

kg

) Transportation

Industrial processing

Farming w/o fertilizer

Fertilizer application range

Non watered energy crops assumed

Gaseous Emissions

(g/kg biodiesel)Sunflower Rapeseed

HC 0.41 0.52

CO 1.18 1.46

SO2 6.46 6.55

NOx 5.36 6.39

P.M. 0.84 0.95

VOC 0.04 0.04

Ash 51.17 51.41

Page 20: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

20

Conclusions 1/2

• Biofuels especially diesel substitutes will increase in the fuels market in the

years to come

• The effect of biofuels should be accounted for when calculating emissions

from road transport

• Low concentration blends of cottonseed oil have a small effect on regulated

pollutants except on cold start and limited impact on engine operation

• B10 effect can vary depending on driving conditions and raw material.

Negative effect on cold start

• Positive effect on PM

• NOx increased for some fuels and decreased for others

• Limited effects observed on engine operation –noise, odor-

Page 21: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

21

Conclusions 2/2

• Particle size distribution was affected by the presence of biofuels

leading by suppressing nucleation in most cases

• Engine measurements indicated small differentiations on combustion

process, there is need for different engine management in some

cases

• Overall environmental impact should always be taken into account

and can vary under different geographical and climatic conditions

• A complete strategy taking into account all factors should be adopted

at local and European level for optimal biofuels use in order to avoid

social impacts

Page 22: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

22

On going - Future activities

• Extensive evaluation of SVO on emissions and vehicle performance for low

blends – almost finished

• Investigation of biodiesel effect based both on origin and concentration levels

– Special attention on non regulated pollutant emissions such as particle number and

characterization

– Carbonyl compounds

– PAHs and Nitro-PAHs

• Update of existing monitoring and inventorying tools for accurate future impact

assessment

• Evaluation and modeling of combustion and after treatment devices operation

with oxygenated fuels

• Synthetic biofuels study on test bench engines and vehicles

Page 23: Experimental Evaluation of Various Biofuel-Diesel Blends as Diesel Engine Fuels

23

Thank you for your attention!

[email protected]