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Exploring Wind Energy
What Makes Wind
Global Wind Patterns
5000 BCSailboats used
on the Nile indicate the
power of wind
500-900 ADFirst
windmills developed in
Persia
1300 ADFirst
horizontal-axiswindmills in
Europe
1850sDaniel Halladay andJohn Burnham build Halladay Windmill;
start US Wind Engine Company
Late 1880sThomas O. Perryconducted 5,000
wind experiments;starts Aermotor
Company
1888Charles F. Brush used windmill to
generate electricityin Cleveland, OH
Early 1900sWindmills in CA
pumped saltwaterto evaporate ponds
1941In VT, Grandpa’s
Knob turbinesupplies power to town during WWII
1979First wind turbinerated over 1 MWbegan operating
1985CA wind capacity
exceeded 1,000 MW
1993US WindPower developed first commercial variable-
speed wind turbine
2004Electricity from wind generation costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh
2011Wind power provided
over 12% of renewable
energy used in US
History of Wind Energy
Why Wind Energy?
o Clean, zero emissions- NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
- Air quality, water quality- Climate change
o Reduce fossil fuel dependence- Energy independence- Domestic energy—national security
o Renewable- No fuel-price volatility
Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide
US DOE, EERE 2011 Renewable Energy Data BookThe NEED Project 2014
US Electricity Generation from Renewables
Top Installed Wind Power Capacity
THE TOP TWENTY-FIVE STATESfor Installed Wind Capacity, in MW as of December 31, 2012
1 Texas 12,212 14 Pennsylvania 1,340
2 Iowa 5,549 15 Michigan 988
3 California 5,137 16 Idaho 973
4 Oregon 3,153 17 South Dakota 784
5. Oklahoma 3,134 18 New Mexico 778
6. Minnesota 2,986 19 Wisconsin 649
7 Washington 2,808 20 Montana 645
8. Kansas 2,712 21 West Virginia 583
9 Colorado 2,301 22 Missouri 459
10 North Dakota 1,679 23 Nebraska 459
11 New York 1,638 24 Maine 431
12 Indiana 1,543 25 Utah 325
13 Wyoming 1,410National Renewable Energy Laboratory The NEED Project 2014
Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity
AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2011
Installed Wind Capacities1999-2011
1999Total: 2,500 MW
2011Total: 46,919 MW
Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential
Potential Installed Capacity (MW)
1. Texas
1,901,530
2. Kansas 952,371
3. Montana 944,004
4. Nebraska 917,999
5. South Dakota 882,412
6. North Dakota 770,196
7. Iowa 570,714
8. Wyoming 552,073
9. Oklahoma 516,822
10. Alaska 494,703
11. New Mexico 492,083
12. Minnesota489,271
13. Colorado 387,220
14. Missouri 274,355
15. Illinois 249,882
16. Indiana 148,228
17. Wisconsin 103,757
18. Michigan 59,042
19. Ohio 54,920
20. California 34,110
Potential Installed Capacity (MW)
U.S. Wind Resource Map
Transmission Challenges
China Leads the World in Wind CapacityTo
tal I
nsta
lled
MW
Why Such Growth?…costs are low!
• Increased Turbine Size• R&D Advances• Manufacturing Improvements
197940 cents/kWh
20004-6
cents/kWh
20043-4.5 cents/kWh
2011Less than 5 cents/kWh
The NEED Project 2014
Modern Wind TurbinesTurbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.
Vertical-Axis Turbines
Advantageso Omni-directional
- accepts wind from any direction
o Components can be mounted at ground level- ease of service- lighter weight towers
o Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind
Disadvantageso Rotors generally near
ground where wind is poorer
o Centrifugal force stresses blades
o Poor self-starting capabilities
o Requires support at top of turbine rotor
o Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings
o Overall poor performance and reliability
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Small (<10 kW)oHomesoFarmsoRemote Applications(e.g., water pumping,Telecom sites, ice making)
Large (250 kW-2+ MW)oCentral Station Wind FarmsoDistributed PoweroSchools
Intermediate(10-250 kW)oVillage PoweroHybrid SystemsoDistributed Power
Large Wind Turbines
Common Utility-Scale Turbines
o 328’ base to bladeo Each blade is 112’o 200 tons totalo Foundation 20’
deepo Rated at 1.5-2
megawattso Supply about 500
homes
Wind Turbine Components
The NEED Project 2014
How a Wind Turbine Operates
The NEED Project 2014
Installation of Wind Turbines
Wind Turbine Perspective
Nacelle56 tons
Tower3 sections
Workers Blade112’ long
The NEED Project 2014
Wind Farms
Offshore Wind Farms
Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering
Potential Impacts and Issues
Property Values Noise Visual Impact Land Use Wildlife Impact
Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.
Impacts of Wind Power: Noise
The NEED Project 2014
Wildlife Impacts
Future of Wind Power
AWEA 4th Quarter 2011 Market Report
For More Information
The NEED [email protected]
1-800-875-5029
Energy Information AdministrationU.S. Department of Energy
www.eia.gov
The NEED Project 2014
