Faculty of Engineering IE 342 Industrial Engineering ... · PDF fileFaculty of Engineering Industrial Engineering Department ... Human Factors Engineering 1.4.6 Ergonomics Domains

Faculty of EngineeringIndustrial Engineering Department

IE 342Human Factors Engineering

IEIE--342342Human Factors EngineeringHuman Factors Engineering

WELCOMEWELCOME

Fall (Fall (20142014//20152015))Prepared ByPrepared By

DrDr. . AbdulrahmanAbdulrahman BasahelBasahel

Instructor at Girl SectionInstructor at Girl SectionDr. Dr. NeyaraNeyara RadwanRadwan

http://www.pdfcomplete.com/cms/hppl/tabid/108/Default.aspx?r=q8b3uige22



Quiz = 10 MarksAssignments = 10 MarksLab Reports = 15 MarksMidterm Exam = 20 Marks

Final Project = 10 MarksFinal Exam = 35 Marks

Total = 100 Marks

GRADESGRADES




Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Factors

Dr. Abdulrahman Basahel




§ Key Topics § Definition of ergonomics§ Ergonomics Domains§ Types of ergonomic problems§ Ergonomics Objectives




§ Introduction & Backgroundü The word ‘ergonomics’ is derived from the Greek words ‘ergo’ (work) and ‘nomos’ (law).

ü The principles of ergonomics are not limited totraditional occupational environment such as officesand factories, but also covering:

ü Services

ü Health care and

ü Recreational industries.




§ The formal definition of ergonomics/human factors, approved by the IEA (Approved definition of ergonomics)

“Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific disciplineconcerned with understanding of the interactions among humansand other elements of a system, and the profession that appliestheory, principles, data and methods to design, in order tooptimize human well-being and overall system performance”.




ü Generally, there is no differences between Human Factors and Ergonomics concepts and both are accepted terms worldwide.

- Ergonomics word more used in Europe- Human Factors word more used in USA




§ Ergonomics and Safety

§ One of the most important aim of Ergonomics is worker safety by reducing injuries and accident and preventions process.

§ The ergonomist engineer increases safety in different area and ergonomics domains (physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics and organizational ergonomics) as presented in the next slides.




1.4.6 Ergonomics DomainsFederation of European Ergonomics Societies (FEES) classified the ergonomics domains into three domains:

1- Physical ergonomics

Physical ergonomics

Working postures

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders

Repetitive movements

Safety and health

Workplace layout and

design

Materials handling




2- Cognitive ergonomics

Cognitive ergonomics

Mental workload

Human–computer

interaction

Skilled performance

Training

Stress

Decision making

CSU, 2010, (http://www.today.colostate.edu/story.aspx?id=4121)




3- Organizational ergonomics

Organizational ergonomics

Communication

Task design

Design of shift hours

Quality management

Participatory design

Team and cooperative

work




§ Interdisciplinary Nature of Ergonomics §§ The ergonomics interferences with six sciences

Ergonomics

Physiology

Physics

Anthropometry

Biomechanics

General Engineering

Psychology




§ Interdisciplinary Nature of Ergonomics (Cont.)

1- Physiology: Uses to understand the effect of physical aspectshuman body (heart rate, blood pressure).

2- Psychology: Uses to understand the effect of cognitive aspects ofhuman (attention and perception) .

3- Biomechanics: Occupational biomechanics deals with themechanical and motion characteristics of the human body and itselements in the work environment.




§ Interdisciplinary Nature of Ergonomics (Cont.)

4- Physics: Uses laws of science and engineering concepts todescribe motion undergone by the various body segments and theforces acting on these body parts during normal daily activities andjob tasks.

5- Anthropometry : Uses to understand the various body dimensions(e.g., size and weight).

6- General Engineering : Used to develop appropriate tools, facility,and equipment designs.




1.4.8 CLASSIFICATION OF ERGONOMICS PROBLEMS

Two main alternatives for Ergonomics Problems at Workplace

“Users based” ergonomics

problems

“Tasks based” ergonomics

problems




§ The ergonomics problems can be classified at the workplace into five main issues (Users based):

1- Anthropometric problem : the bodydimensions weight, Reach distances,sitting eye height (e.g., offices task).

2- Musculoskeletal problem : Tasks thatstrain the muscular and skeletalsystems such as back injuries(e.g.,lifting box OR hands overhead).

3- Cardiovascular problem : Tasks thatplace stress on the heart andcirculatory system (e.g., firefightingjob OR lifting heavy load).

1.4.8 CLASSIFICATION OF ERGONOMICS PROBLEMS

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4- Cognitive problem : Tasks thatneed a high informationprocessing overload or under-loadmonitoring or high perceptionstasks (control room tasks, pilotjob).

5- Psychomotor problem : Tasks thatlead to strain the systems thatrespond to visual or auditorystimuli with a movement or reply.



§ CLASSIFICATION OF ERGONOMICS PROBLEMS (Cont.)




§ The ergonomics problems can be classified at the workplace into six main issues (Tasks based):

1- Physical aspects of human–machine interaction

• Size, shape, color, and texture of displays

• Understanding of instructions and warnings

• Style of dialogue between computer and user

2- Cognitive aspects if the human–machine interface and team interaction




3- Workplace design and workplace layout

• Layout and design of processes, offices, factories, equipment and tools.

4- Physical environmental factors

• Effects of noise, vibration, illumination, andchemical/biological contaminants on human performance andhealth.




5- Job design, selection, and training • Effects of job design, work schedules (i.e., shift work),

instructions, administrative controls, training.

• Satisfaction, communications and organizational structure within a group

6- Organizational environment or psychosocial factors




§ Two common Societies in Ergonomics Studies:

- Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).provides companies, factories with ergonomics guidelines,regulations and standard principles of safety andergonomics evolution and solutions.

- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH).provides companies, factories with information and dataabout health hazards and risks. and ergonomics solutions.




Ø Role of the Ergonomics: the ergonomics aims to make the work system

Optimised System Design

More Comfortable

More Safer

More Productive




Other environmental factors (Chemical, Exposures, etc.)

Simple Visualization of the ergonomics issues at workplace




Ø Case Study (1)

Example of low back problems in services and industries companies is lifting the heavy products from/to the back storage by the workers of the shorter truck (shorter lorry).

ü NIOSH mentioned that it is around 60% of low back disorder in US due to lifting heavy loads in different sectors industries, services and healthcare

Intervention:

NIOSH develops an ergonomics solution which is

Tail Lift (Tailgate)




Ø Case Study (transportation ergonomics) (2)

Traffic Safety Cone Storage

• Traffic safety cones typically weigh 2-5 kg and are often stored on the truck on vertical shafts, making them difficult to load and unload. • In traffic light and sewer repair projects, it is common for 30 cones to be deployed at each location. • Risk factors include repetitive gripping and awkward postures, especially of the shoulder (flexion of 128-138 degrees) and back disorders.




Ø Case Study (Transportation ergonomics) (2)

InterventionA hinge was installed on the base of the shaft so that it would pivot to a nearly horizontal position when the cones were being loaded or unloaded. This reduced shoulder flexion to 30-42 degrees and improved the hand and wrist position as well

Evaluation of Intervention Pros• Significant improvement in wrist and shoulder posture• Reduces grip force as a percent of maximum voluntary contraction.• Eliminates overhead lifting

Reference: Ergonomics department at University of California

Cons• Some trucks may not have enough available space for hinged base.• Workers have to remember to secure shaft in vertical position before driving away from site


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Faculty of Engineering IE 342 Industrial Engineering ... · PDF fileFaculty of Engineering Industrial Engineering Department ... Human Factors Engineering 1.4.6 Ergonomics Domains