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HOME GOAL INFORMATION ANIMATIONS UNIT 7

UNIT 7 - Cerebral Cortex

View Unit 7 Learning Ob jectives

A. Structure

B. Functional Organization

The cerebral cortex developmentally and functionally presents four major divisions: theArchicortex, the Paleocortex, the Neocortex, and the Cingulate Cortex. The archicortex is

involved with emotion and affective behavior regarding visceral activity and is located in the

medial aspect of the temporal lobe and includes the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The

cingulate cortex is involv ed primarily with emotional and affective behavior regarding our

three basic drives for food, shelter, and sex. It is located along the inferior, medial aspect of

the frontal and parietal lobes. The paleocortex plays a role in olfaction and is situated

along the inferior medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the inferior lateral aspect of

frontal lobe. These areas include the parahippocampus, uncus and enthorhinal area within

the temporal lobe and orbital gyrus of the frontal lobe. These three divisions are an

important part of the limbic system. Phylogenetically, the neocortex, the remaining portion

(90%) of the cortex increases in imp ortance in the ascending vertebrate scale with greatest

development seen in man. It is upon this division that the emphasis of this unit is placed.

A. Structure

The cerebral cortex consists of six cellular layers labeled from superficial to deep as (1)

molecular, (2) outter granular, (3) outter pyramidal, (4) inner granular, (5) inner

pyramidal, and (6) polymorphic, or fusiform. All six layers are present throughout the

cortex, but vary in depth according to the function of that area of the cortex. Layers (1)

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B.Functional Organization

Functional divisions of the neocortex are based upon Brodmann's cytoarchitectural map of the cerebral

cortex. Brodmann identif ied 57 individual areas which he found to differ from a cellular aspect. Following

the development of Brodmann's map of the cerebral cortex, ablation and stimulation studies along with

autopsy studies were used to allocate functions to each of these areas. Verification of these functional areas

has been done through computer topography based on electrical, physiological, and blood flow recordings, as

well as CAT scans, MRIs and PET scan studies.

Areas primarily involved with afferent projections from specific thalamic nuclei are referred to as Specific

Sensory/Receiving Areas, and areas involved with efferent projections descending to lower motor neurons are

called Specific Motor/Sending Areas. Those areas comprising the largest portion of the cerebral cortex,responsible for assessing and giving meaning to sensory stimuli as well as storing inf ormation to compare past

with present experiences are referred to as Association areas and includes the components of the limbic

system.

NOTE: Although many of the precise functional roles of these subdivisions remain in question, those which are

generally accepted are described below. In actuality, Brodmann's areas are not as strictly defin ed as it may

appear, and there is considerable overlapping present.

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1. Specific Sensory Areas

The parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes each have a role in the processing of sensory modalities (receiving

areas).

a. Primary Somesthetic Cortex- Areas 1,2,3

Location The post-central gyrus


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Fig. 1

The Nervous System, Psychology 9A Lecture 2 Notes,

http://hypatia.ss.uci.edu/psych9a/lectures/lec2notes.html

Fig. 2

Function

A receiving area for extroceptive, proprioceptive (concious) and vibratory stimulie from the contralateral side of the body and

sends this information to areas 5-7 for integration. This area is broken down according to the body areas called a homunculusand is dipproportionate in nature. The size of the certical representation is determined by functional importance of that area of

the body..

Input Information from the ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus (VPL and VPM).


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The Nervous System, Psychology 9A Lecture 2 Notes,

http://hypatia.ss.uci.edu/psych9a/lectures/lec2notes.html

Fig. 3




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http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/3468/9/lobes2.gif

Physiology Of The Human Body, 1985, 3rd Edition, by: J. Robert McClintic, Ph.D.


b. Primary Visual Cortex- Area 17

c. Primary Auditory Cortex- Areas 41,42

Location The calcarine cortex of the occipital lobe

Function The primary receiving area for visual information and sends this information to area 18 for interpretation

Input Receives lateral geniculo-calcarine fibers (optic radiations) and information regarding the contralateral visual field

Location The superior temporal gyrus

FunctionThe primary receiving area for auditory information (verbal and non-verbal) which relays this information to poserior 22 and the

planum temporale

InputReceives medial geniculo-temporal fibers (auditory radiations) which are "tonotrophically localized" receiving input from bothcochlea (80% from contralateral ear and 20% from ipsilateral ear.




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d. Primary Gustatory Cortex- Area 43


2. Specific Motor Areas

Specific Motor Areas, concerned with initiation of a variety of motor expressions, are primarily located anterior

to the central sulcus in the f rontal lobe.

a. Primary Motor Cortex- Area 4

b. Pre-Motorand Supplemental Motor Cortex (Area 6)


Location Along the lateral fissure in the parietal lobe, lateral to the insular cortex just below areas 1-2-3.

Function The primary receiving area for the sensation of taste and sends this information to areas 5-7 for interpretation

Input Receives information from the VM, nucleus of the thalamus

Location The precentral gyrus

FunctionPrimarily responsible for the control over skeletal musculature for functional activities and mobility skills, via the reticulospinaland corticospinal tracts. It is also responsible for control of cranial nerve activity via the corticobulbar and reticulobulbartracts.

InputReceives information primarily from the ipsilateral ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus as well as Areas1-2-3 (Primary somesthetic cortex) 6,8, and 19, ipsilateral corpus striatum and contralateral cerebellum cortex.

LocationLies in front of the primary motor area. Laterally this area is called the Pre-motor Cortex, medially it is called the

Supplemental Motor Cortex (SMC).

FunctionThe Pre-motor Cortex controls skeletal musculature to provide background postural stability for functional activities andmobility skills via the reticulospinal tracts. The SMC, is responsible for our motor planning skills.

InputReceives information from the ipsilateral ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus, the inferior olivarynucleus, and Areas 4, 1-2-3, 8, 19 and non-dominate temporal and parietal lobes (areas 37-39-40), ipsilateral corpus striatum

and contralateral cerebellar cortex.


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