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Farida BegumKarakoram International University,
Gilgit‐Baltistan PakistanKathmandu University, Nepal
Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentation
IntroductionM i l d M h dMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionConclusions
IntroductionIntroduction
Macrofauna, invertebrates with a diameter larger than 2 mm, are diverse, abundant in soil
Soil fauna are an integral component of soil ecosystem
Considered a valuable indicator of soil health since they play diverse roles (Bautista et al 2009)play diverse roles (Bautista et al., 2009)
I t d tiIntroductionAre sensitive to disturbance, highly abundant and are , g yeasily captured and studied (Park and Cousins, 1995; Lavelle and Spain, 2001)
Agricultural practices often deplete SOC and alter community composition and abundance of soil biotay p
Most of the studies dealt with influence of land use d l t il h i h i l ti and slope aspect on soil physio‐chemical properties,
while studies dealing with biological properties especially with macrofauna is almost lacking in Nepalp y g p
b f h dObjectives of the study
To determine the influence of land use practice, seasons and slope aspect influence on soil macro faunal p pabundance and diversity in the mid‐hills of Nepal.
To determine the relationships between soil biological and physico‐chemical Indicators
R h D iResearch DesignSite Information
Data ParametersBiological
Khasre‐NorthTanchok‐South
Land use type Agriculture‐6 reps
Forest‐6 reps
Data CollectionPre‐MonsoonPost‐Monsoon
Winter
BiologicalMacro faunaPhysico‐chemicalSOC,Temp,NWinter SOC,Temp,N,P,K, Moisture
BD, pH
Major Sampling InstrumentsQuadrat * *
Sample processing /Analysis in
SPSS ,Excel
‐30*30*30cmSteriomicroscope
Lab
Data Analysis Data yANOVA,
Correlation
Data Interpretation
Research Design Data Collection
Field sampling TechniqueField sampling TechniqueRandom Sampling MethodsA 40m long transect selected at sampling siteg p gLocate each sampling point(30*30cm quardrat) in zigzag manner at the edge of 5m wide strip along the transect (Anderson and Ingram 1993)transect (Anderson and Ingram 1993)Six replicates was taken from land use type
……………………………………………….....5m
……………………………………………………40m transect
Research DesignData Collection ( Field sampling technique) ( p g q )
Bulk density ‐corerS il Soil temperature ‐Digital thermometer
ldField ExtractionDug out the 30*30cm pit in a layer of 0‐15cm and 15 30 depth for hand 15‐30 depth for hand picking of soil faunaHand sorted each layer stored in preservative palcohol
Fig Soil sampling in the fieldFig.Soil sampling in the field
Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab processing)Data collection (Lab processing)
Specimen SettingSpec e Sett gSpecimens were observed under a S i Stereomicroscope at low magnification.
Specimen were counted and Identified Calculated densities, Shannon Index
Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)
Soil Physico‐chemical yproperties
Sample was air dried andSample was air dried andmanually sieved with 2mm sieve Gravimetric soil moisture was determined by drying soil determined by drying soil samples at 105°C for 24 hours.
Soil moisture(%) =Soil moisture(%) =
weight of moist soil‐weight of oven dried soil / weight of oven dried soil(g)*100 Soil samples in oven
to remove moisture
Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)
Soil Physico‐chemical propertiespropertiesBulk density was measured using a bulk d i i h density corer with a volume of 101.42 cm3
BD g/cm³ = weight of oven dried BD g/cm = weight of oven dried soil / volume of corer
Soil pH was measured i H b ith using pH probe with
glass‐calomel electrode and 1:1 soil: water ratio (M L 8 )
Fig. pH meter(Mc Lean., 1982).
g p
Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)
Soil Physico‐chemical ypropertiesSoil texture was
d b STC measured by STC Hydrometer method
(Gee and Bauder., 1986).
Soil organic matter and Soil organic carbon was measured by using Dry measured by using Dry combustion method(Nelson and Sommer., 1982)
Data AnalysisData Analysis
SPSS (15.0)Descriptive statistics : Means and Standard deviationpANOVA : Differences between means
Tukey Test: Multiple comparison of means
Pearson’s Correlation : CorrelationSignificance Level: p<0.05
Th f t i l ANOVAThree way factorial ANOVAInfluence of seasons land use and Aspect
Population density Shannon Index
Influence of seasons, land use and Aspect
Seasons 8.667** 1.98ns
Land use 3.13ns 1.76 ns
Aspect 3.514* 2.429ns
Note: *, **, Indicates p<0.1, p< 0.001 and “ns” non‐significant respectively
Multiple Comparisons LSDMultiple Comparisons LSD
Dependent Variable (I) Seasons (J) Seasons Mean Difference (I-J) SignificanceAbundance Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon 1 6(*) 000Pre monsoon Post monsoon 1.56(*) .000
Winter 0.82 .058
Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon -1.56(*) .000
Winter -0.75 .086
Winter Pre-monsoon -.816 .058
Post-monsoon 0.749 .0860.749 .086Diversity Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon 0.044 .515
Winter 0.115 .126
Post monsoon Pre monsoonPost-monsoon Pre-monsoon -0.044 .515
Winter 0.07 .349
Winter Pre-monsoon -0.115 .126
Post-monsoon -0.071 .349
* The mean difference is significant at the .05 level
Macrofauna abundance with respect to seasons
35
40
Macrofauna abundance with respect to seasons
20
25
30
10
15
0
5
Premonsoon post‐monsoon winter
Post‐monsoon:Macrofauna density was +ively correlated with Soil moisture (p<0.01) and negatively with Bulk density. SOC +ive with SM (p<0.02) and –ive with BD (p<0 00) Abundance ive correlated with ST but (p<0.00). Abundance –ive correlated with ST but statistically non‐significant
Abundance of macrofauna in different seasons
60%
80%
100%
20%
40%
0%
Winter
Post‐monsoon
Pre‐monsoon
Table 2: Physico‐chemical properties at different seasons (Mean and (±) standard deviation)
Seasons
BD
g/cm3 ST ºC SM % pH SOC % TN %
April Mean 1.14 20.04 21.97 4.95 2.88 0.17
Std. Deviation ± 0.19 ± 3.60 ± 10.96 ± 0.39 ± 0.75 ± 0.094
October Mean 1.22 18.27 30.26 5.46 2.82 0.26
Std. Deviation ± 0.19 ± 1.57 ± 7.11 ± 0.311 ± 1.36 ± 0.12
January Mean 1.02 10.76 20.08 4.98 2.73 0.18
Std Deviation ± 0 24 ± 3 053 ± 10 41 ± 0 51 ± 0 674 ± 0 06Std. Deviation ± 0.24 ± 3.053 ± 10.41 ± 0.51 ± 0.674 ± 0.06
160 Total No. Of Macrofauna at Both site
120
140
60
80
100
Tanchok
Forest
20
40
60
0Agriculture Forest
Shannon Weiner Index
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.36
0.37
0 33
0.34
0.35
0.33
Agriculture Forest
60%70%80%90%
100%
in %
others
Isoptera
Chilopod
Hemiptera
Macrofauna abundance at Khasre‐Tanchok
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%
Abu
ndan
ce Hemiptera
Aranea
Gryllidae
Formacidae
Coleoptera adult
Khasre ‐ North
0% Coleoptera larva
Diptera adult
Diptera larva
Earthworm
80%90%100%
%others
Aranea
20%30%40%50%60%70%
Abu
ndan
ce in Aranea
Gryllidae
Formacidae
Coleoptera adult
Tanchock‐South
0%10%20%A
Coleoptera larva
Diptera adult
Diptera larva
Earthworm
Different sampling seasons and Land useAg‐AgriultureF‐Forest
Physio‐chemical soil properties according to Land use (means and standard deviations)
Land use
BD
g/cm3 ST ºC SM % pH SOC % TN %
Agriculture Mean1 19 17 03 22 87 5 27 2 65 0 201.19 17.03 22.87 5.27 2.65 0.20
Std.
Deviation ±0.185 ±5.068 ±8.407 ±0.496 ±1.06 ±0.088
Forest Mean1.05 15.22 25.62 4.99 2.93 0.197
Std.
Deviation ±0.24 ±4.63 ±12.29 ±0.399 ±0.88 ±0.117Deviation
Soil Macrofauna percentage on both slopesSoil Macrofauna percentage on both slopes
46%
North
South
54%
13%10%
5%
Macrofauna at North AspectEarthworm
Diptera
3%
8%
6%
2%10%
Coleoptera
Formacidae
Gryllidae
Aranea
31%
19%
3%Hemiptera
Chilopoda
Isopoda
others
Macrofauna composition at south aspect
13.24% 1%2%
4%6% Earthworm
Diptera
Coleoptera
20% Formacidae
Gryllidae
Aranea
others52% others
100%
Various Macrofauna densities with respect to Aspect
70%
80%
90%
100%
30%
40%
50%
60%
South
North
0%
10%
20%
Physico-chemical properties at different aspect
Aspect
BD
g/cm3 ST ºC
SM
% pH SOC % TN %
North MeanNorth Mean1.06 15.02 26.36 5.17 3.04 0.24
Std. Dev.0.24 4.44 9.46 0.50 1.17 0.11
South Mean1.19 17.23 22.15 5.12 2.53 0.17
Std. Dev.0.19 5.16 11.13 0.44 0.69 .097
C l i d R d tiConclusion and Recommendation
Post‐monsoon has significant impact on soil macrofauna density due to increase in moistureyMacrofauna density > Post‐monsoon > Pre‐monsoon >WinterMacrofauna diversity > Pre‐monsoon > Post‐monsoon >Winter
Conclusions and RecommendationMacrofauna density and diversity > Agriculture> foresty y g
• Therefore, management practices that enhance plant residue retention on farm land, such as farmyard manure application, crop residue mulching, and reduced tillage could increase the p g, gnumbers and diversity of soil organisms
More taxonomic work is requiredImpact of pollutants such as pesticide and heavy p p p ymetals on soil fauna need to be done in future
Thank You