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Farida Begum Karakoram International University, GilgitBaltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University, Nepal

Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

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Page 1: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Farida BegumKarakoram International University, 

Gilgit‐Baltistan PakistanKathmandu University, Nepal

Page 2: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Outline of the presentationOutline of the presentation

IntroductionM i l   d M h dMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionConclusions

Page 3: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,
Page 4: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

IntroductionIntroduction

Macrofauna, invertebrates with a diameter larger than 2 mm, are diverse, abundant in soil

Soil fauna are an integral component of soil ecosystem

Considered a valuable indicator of soil health since they play diverse roles (Bautista et al  2009)play diverse roles (Bautista et al., 2009)

Page 5: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

I t d tiIntroductionAre sensitive to disturbance, highly abundant and are , g yeasily captured and studied (Park and Cousins, 1995; Lavelle and Spain, 2001)

Agricultural practices often deplete SOC and alter community composition and abundance of soil biotay p

Most of the studies dealt with influence of land use d  l   t    il  h i h i l  ti  and slope aspect on soil physio‐chemical properties, 

while studies dealing with biological properties especially with macrofauna is almost lacking in Nepalp y g p

Page 6: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

b f h dObjectives of the study

To determine the  influence of land use practice, seasons and slope aspect influence on soil macro faunal p pabundance and diversity in the mid‐hills of Nepal. 

To determine the relationships between soil biological and physico‐chemical Indicators

Page 7: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,
Page 8: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,
Page 9: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

R h D iResearch DesignSite Information

Data ParametersBiological

Khasre‐NorthTanchok‐South

Land use type Agriculture‐6 reps

Forest‐6 reps

Data CollectionPre‐MonsoonPost‐Monsoon

Winter

BiologicalMacro faunaPhysico‐chemicalSOC,Temp,NWinter SOC,Temp,N,P,K, Moisture

BD, pH

Major Sampling InstrumentsQuadrat * *

Sample processing /Analysis in 

SPSS ,Excel

‐30*30*30cmSteriomicroscope

Lab

Data Analysis Data yANOVA,

Correlation

Data Interpretation

Page 10: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Research Design    Data Collection

Field sampling TechniqueField sampling TechniqueRandom Sampling MethodsA 40m long transect  selected at sampling siteg p gLocate each sampling point(30*30cm quardrat) in zigzag manner at the edge of 5m wide strip along the transect (Anderson and Ingram 1993)transect (Anderson and Ingram 1993)Six replicates was taken from land use type

……………………………………………….....5m

……………………………………………………40m transect

Page 11: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Research DesignData Collection ( Field sampling technique) ( p g q )

Bulk density ‐corerS il   Soil temperature ‐Digital thermometer

ldField ExtractionDug out the 30*30cm pit in a layer of 0‐15cm and 15 30 depth for hand 15‐30 depth for hand picking of soil faunaHand sorted each layer stored in preservative palcohol

Fig Soil sampling in the fieldFig.Soil sampling in the field

Page 12: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab processing)Data collection (Lab processing)

Specimen SettingSpec e Sett gSpecimens were observed under a S i    Stereomicroscope at low magnification.

Specimen were counted and  Identified  Calculated densities, Shannon Index

Page 13: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)

Soil Physico‐chemical yproperties

Sample was  air dried andSample was  air dried andmanually sieved with 2mm sieve Gravimetric soil moisture was determined by drying soil determined by drying soil samples at 105°C for 24 hours. 

Soil moisture(%) =Soil moisture(%) =

weight of moist soil‐weight of oven dried soil / weight of oven dried soil(g)*100 Soil samples in oven

to remove moisture

Page 14: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)

Soil Physico‐chemical propertiespropertiesBulk density was measured using a bulk d i     i h   density corer with a volume of 101.42 cm3

BD g/cm³ =  weight of oven dried  BD g/cm =  weight of oven dried  soil / volume of corer

Soil pH was measured i   H  b   ith using pH probe with 

glass‐calomel electrode and 1:1 soil: water ratio (M  L   8 )

Fig. pH meter(Mc Lean., 1982).

g p

Page 15: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Research Design cont………….Research Design cont………….Data collection (Lab Analysis)Data collection (Lab Analysis)

Soil Physico‐chemical ypropertiesSoil texture was 

d b  STC measured by STC Hydrometer method

(Gee and Bauder., 1986).

Soil organic matter and Soil organic carbon was measured by using Dry measured by using Dry combustion method(Nelson and Sommer., 1982)

Page 16: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Data AnalysisData Analysis

SPSS (15.0)Descriptive statistics : Means and Standard deviationpANOVA : Differences between means

Tukey Test: Multiple comparison of means

Pearson’s Correlation :  CorrelationSignificance Level:  p<0.05

Page 17: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,
Page 18: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Th f t i l ANOVAThree way factorial ANOVAInfluence of seasons  land use and Aspect

Population density Shannon Index

Influence of seasons, land use and Aspect

Seasons 8.667** 1.98ns   

Land use 3.13ns 1.76 ns

Aspect 3.514* 2.429ns

Note: *, **,  Indicates p<0.1,  p< 0.001 and “ns” non‐significant respectively

Page 19: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Multiple Comparisons LSDMultiple Comparisons  LSD

Dependent Variable (I) Seasons (J) Seasons Mean Difference (I-J) SignificanceAbundance Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon 1 6(*) 000Pre monsoon Post monsoon 1.56(*) .000

Winter 0.82 .058

Post-monsoon Pre-monsoon -1.56(*) .000

Winter -0.75 .086

Winter Pre-monsoon -.816 .058

Post-monsoon 0.749 .0860.749 .086Diversity Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon 0.044 .515

Winter 0.115 .126

Post monsoon Pre monsoonPost-monsoon Pre-monsoon -0.044 .515

Winter 0.07 .349

Winter Pre-monsoon -0.115 .126

Post-monsoon -0.071 .349

*  The mean difference is significant at the .05 level

Page 20: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Macrofauna abundance with respect to seasons

35

40

Macrofauna abundance with respect to seasons

20

25

30

10

15

0

5

Premonsoon post‐monsoon winter

Post‐monsoon:Macrofauna density was +ively correlated with Soil moisture  (p<0.01) and negatively with Bulk density. SOC +ive with SM (p<0.02) and –ive with BD (p<0 00)  Abundance  ive correlated with ST but (p<0.00). Abundance –ive correlated with ST but statistically non‐significant

Page 21: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Abundance of macrofauna in different seasons

60%

80%

100%

20%

40%

0%

Winter

Post‐monsoon

Pre‐monsoon

Page 22: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Table 2: Physico‐chemical properties at different seasons (Mean and (±) standard deviation)

Seasons

BD

g/cm3 ST ºC SM % pH SOC % TN %

April Mean 1.14 20.04 21.97 4.95 2.88 0.17

Std. Deviation ± 0.19 ± 3.60 ± 10.96 ± 0.39 ± 0.75 ± 0.094

October Mean 1.22 18.27 30.26 5.46 2.82 0.26

Std. Deviation ± 0.19 ± 1.57 ± 7.11 ± 0.311 ± 1.36 ± 0.12

January Mean 1.02 10.76 20.08 4.98 2.73 0.18

Std Deviation ± 0 24 ± 3 053 ± 10 41 ± 0 51 ± 0 674 ± 0 06Std. Deviation ± 0.24 ± 3.053 ± 10.41 ± 0.51 ± 0.674 ± 0.06

Page 23: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

160 Total No. Of Macrofauna at Both site

120

140

60

80

100

Tanchok

Forest

20

40

60

0Agriculture Forest

Page 24: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Shannon Weiner Index

0.38

0.39

0.4

0.36

0.37

0 33

0.34

0.35

0.33

Agriculture Forest

Page 25: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

60%70%80%90%

100%

in %

others

Isoptera

Chilopod

Hemiptera

Macrofauna abundance at Khasre‐Tanchok

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%

Abu

ndan

ce  Hemiptera

Aranea

Gryllidae

Formacidae

Coleoptera adult

Khasre ‐ North

0% Coleoptera larva

Diptera adult

Diptera larva

Earthworm

80%90%100%

 %others

Aranea

20%30%40%50%60%70%

Abu

ndan

ce in  Aranea

Gryllidae

Formacidae

Coleoptera adult

Tanchock‐South

0%10%20%A

Coleoptera larva

Diptera adult

Diptera larva

Earthworm

Different sampling seasons and Land useAg‐AgriultureF‐Forest

Page 26: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Physio‐chemical soil properties according to Land use (means and standard deviations)

Land use

BD

g/cm3 ST ºC SM % pH SOC % TN %

Agriculture Mean1 19 17 03 22 87 5 27 2 65 0 201.19 17.03 22.87 5.27 2.65 0.20

Std.

Deviation ±0.185 ±5.068 ±8.407 ±0.496 ±1.06 ±0.088

Forest Mean1.05 15.22 25.62 4.99 2.93 0.197

Std.

Deviation ±0.24 ±4.63 ±12.29 ±0.399 ±0.88 ±0.117Deviation

Page 27: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Soil Macrofauna percentage on both slopesSoil Macrofauna percentage on both slopes

46%

North

South

54%

Page 28: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

13%10%

5%

Macrofauna at North AspectEarthworm

Diptera 

3%

8%

6%

2%10%

Coleoptera 

Formacidae

Gryllidae

Aranea

31%

19%

3%Hemiptera

Chilopoda

Isopoda

others

Macrofauna composition at south aspect

13.24% 1%2%

4%6% Earthworm

Diptera 

Coleoptera 

20% Formacidae

Gryllidae

Aranea

others52% others

Page 29: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

100%

Various Macrofauna densities with respect to Aspect

70%

80%

90%

100%

30%

40%

50%

60%

South

North

0%

10%

20%

Page 30: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Physico-chemical properties at different aspect

Aspect

BD

g/cm3 ST ºC

SM

% pH SOC % TN %

North MeanNorth Mean1.06 15.02 26.36 5.17 3.04 0.24

Std. Dev.0.24 4.44 9.46 0.50 1.17 0.11

South Mean1.19 17.23 22.15 5.12 2.53 0.17

Std. Dev.0.19 5.16 11.13 0.44 0.69 .097

Page 31: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,
Page 32: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

C l i d R d tiConclusion and Recommendation

Post‐monsoon has significant impact on soil macrofauna density due to increase in moistureyMacrofauna density  > Post‐monsoon > Pre‐monsoon >WinterMacrofauna diversity > Pre‐monsoon > Post‐monsoon >Winter

Page 33: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Conclusions and RecommendationMacrofauna density and diversity  > Agriculture> foresty y g

• Therefore, management practices that enhance plant residue retention on farm land, such as farmyard manure application, crop residue mulching, and reduced tillage could increase the p g, gnumbers and diversity of soil organisms

More taxonomic work is requiredImpact of pollutants such as pesticide and heavy  p p p ymetals on soil fauna need to be done in future

Page 34: Farida Begum Karakoram International University, Gilgit ...old.ku.edu.np/env/MRMCE-2012/Land use influence, slope aspect and... · Gilgit‐Baltistan Pakistan Kathmandu University,

Thank You