Feed Manual Review Workshop Report

Review of “Feeding dairy cattle” manual for

promoting feeds and feeding strategies to

dairy farmers in East Africa

Workshop report

Compiled by Ben Lukuyu

September 2008

REVIEW OF “FEEDING DAIRY CATTLE” MANUAL FOR PROMOTING FEEDS & FEEDING STRATEGIES TO DAIRY FARMERS IN EAST AFRICA

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Contents

Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 3

Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 5

Review process ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Workshop process .......................................................................................................................................... 5

Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

Comments on the list of extension materials ............................................................................................. 6

Identification of gaps in content of the manual ......................................................................................... 6

Proposed outline of the second-edition manual ...................................................................................... 11

Review of the title .................................................................................................................................... 13

Detailed description of proposed content of the second-edition manual ............................................... 13

General plenary discussion of all topics on the workshop agenda .......................................................... 25

Conclusion and way forward ........................................................................................................................ 28

Annex 1: List of participants ......................................................................................................................... 30

Annex 2: List of extension materials compiled by EADD for use by farmers (July 2008) ............................. 32

Annex 3: Workshop program ....................................................................................................................... 40

Annex 4: Group exercise 1 — Review of extension materials ...................................................................... 42

Annex 5: Group exercise 2 — Identification of gaps in content ................................................................... 43

Annex 6: Group exercise 3 — Revision of title and chapter/topic sequence ............................................... 44

Annex 7: Group exercise 4 — Detailed subject description ......................................................................... 45


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Abbreviations

ABS American Breeding Service

AEZ Agro-ecological zone

ASPS Agricultural Sector Program Support

CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre

CPP Crop Protection Program

DDP Dairy Development Project

DFID Department for International Development

EADD East African Dairy Development

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GoK Government of Kenya

ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre

ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

ILCA International Livestock Centre for Africa

ILRI International Livestock Research Institute

IPACOP Integrated Partnerships for Community Prosperity

KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

LPP Livestock production program

MOLDM Ministry of Livestock Development and Marketing

NALIRRI National Livestock Resources Research Institute

NARL National Agricultural Research Laboratories

NARO National Agricultural Research Organization

NARS National Agricultural Research System(s)

NGO Non-governmental organization

NPN Non-protein nitrogen

NRI Natural Resources Institute

ODA Overseas Development Administration

SACRED Sustainable Agriculture Centre for Research Extension and Development in Africa

SDP Smallholder Dairy Project

TMR Total mixed ration


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Summary

A workshop was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya from 21 to 22 August 2008 to review a Feeding dairy cattle

manual for promoting feeds and feeding strategies to smallholder farmers and extension workers in East

Africa. The manual was produced by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) for the Kenya

Dairy Development Project. The workshop participants came from Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda and

comprised representatives from the extension service, research organizations, universities, the private

sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), training institutions and the East African Dairy

Development (EADD) project.

Prior to the workshop, the participants were required to review the manual, identify gaps in content and

suggest possible sources of the missing information. Participants were also given a list of extension

materials on feeds and feeding, and were required to identify the most useful materials for dairy farmers

in the region.

The workshop was conducted in a participatory manner and covered the following main topics:

� review of the manual and list of extension materials

� identification of gaps in the content of the manual

� restructuring the content of the manual and suggestion of amendments

� formation of a review taskforce to lead the production and distribution of the revised manual

The main outcome of the workshop was a harmonized list of identified gaps, a proposed new structure for

the manual and suggestions on how to make the manual more concise without loss of key information.

The next steps will be to collate the information, edit and rework the current version of the manual and

publish the revised version. The revised manual will then be pre-tested by selected stakeholders before

being launched for use by smallholder dairy farmers.


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Introduction

A workshop was conducted at ILRI’s Nairobi campus from 21 to 22 August 2008 to review a Feeding dairy

cattle manual for promoting more effective feeding strategies to smallholder farmers and extension

workers in East Africa. The manual was produced by ILRI for the Kenya Dairy Development Project.

ILRI was the venue of choice because of its adequate workshop facilities and quiet conducive

environment. Workshop participants came from Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda (see Annex 1 for a list of

participants) and were drawn from the private sector, government extension service, NGOs, research

organizations, universities and farmer groups. Most of the participants were from Kenya, given the choice

of venue and cost considerations. Other participants were team members of the EADD project on feeds

and feeding strategies.

Review process

The manual was reviewed in two stages; the first stage took place before the workshop while the second

was during the workshop itself. In the first stage, the manual and a list of extension materials compiled by

the EADD project (see Annex 2) were mailed to anticipated workshop participants for their perusal. Based

on a set of guidelines, the reviewers were required to identify gaps in the content of the manual and

prioritize which extension materials needed to be reproduced for the project. They submitted their

comments to the workshop facilitators, Ben Lukuyu and Julius Nyangaga, in advance so that a harmonized

list could be drawn up and used as the basis of discussions during the workshop.

Workshop process

The workshop participants were divided into four groups, ensuring a balanced mix of countries and

stakeholders. The program of the workshop is in Annex 3. The workshop adopted a participatory

approach and covered the following main topics:

� identification of gaps in the list of extension materials

� review of the manual and identification of gaps in content

� restructuring the content of the manual and suggestion of amendments

� formation of a taskforce to lead the production and distribution of the revised manual

The two facilitators were present during the group discussions to answer questions about the activity

questionnaires and provide focus to the discussions. The facilitators had agreed beforehand to intervene


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as little as possible in the discussions so as not to bias or influence the review process. After the first day

of the workshop, the facilitators reviewed the day’s outcome and made necessary adjustments to the

timetable for the following day.

The demonstration of a dairy toolbox by Margaret Lukuyu was not included in the timetable since it was

planned to be scheduled ‘on demand’ and was mainly intended only for those participants who were

interested in its content and use. The project offered to provide copies of the dairy toolbox to all

participants for use in the field.

Results

Initially, it was planned that participants would review the list of extension materials (Group exercise 1 in

Annex 4) independently of identifying gaps in content of the manual (Group exercise 2 in Annex 5).

However, participants opted to combine these two exercises into a general group discussion. The

outcome of the discussion is summarized below.

Comments on the list of extension materials

� The current list is too complex for smallholder farmers and frontline extension officers to use. It

needs to be re-categorized and rearranged for easy use.

� Is it possible to translate the list and the manual into local languages so that the documents are

more user-friendly?

� How can the materials in the list be accessed?

Identification of gaps in content of the manual

The following points were identified as missing information that needs to be included in the manual:

� Qualities of a good dairy cow

� Effect of contaminated livestock feed on milk quality

� Detailed guidelines on urea treatment of straw

� Prevention and control of cattle pests and diseases

� Value addition in dairy products

� Conversion of animal waste into energy (biogas)


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General comments

� Illustrations should be replaced with captioned photographs

� Use a dissemination approach, e.g. formation of farmer groups

� The glossary should be placed at the end of the manual

� The current binding of the manual is not user-friendly

� The contribution of the workshop participants should be acknowledged in the manual

Group 1

� Which is guide no. 1 since the current is no. 2?

� Include extensive systems of dairy production (production of milk from pasture)

� Include examples of home-made dairy meal and mineral mixtures

� Give examples of the Pearson square calculations

� Improvement of natural pastures

� How to keep economic records

� Pasture seed production at the farm

� Mention anti-nutrient factors (maximum inclusion levels)

� More details and illustrations required on conservation of forages (pages 48 and 49)

� Feeding of conserved material to different classes

� Off-flavours from milk

� Feed storage (crop by-products, legumes, standing hay, Napier)

� Important forage pests and diseases

� Dry matter yields in different zones

� Use of crop residues (kale) and treatment

� Explain the different varieties of Napier (yield)

� Physical evaluation of hay quality

� More details required on the most common concentrates (energy and protein)

� Include TMR (total mixed ration)

� Feeding at different stages of lactation (phase feeding)

� Explain challenges in feeding

� Include weights of commonly used measures, e.g. gorogoro, wheelbarrow, 20-litre container,

gunia etc.

� Replace drawings with photographs

� Include a photograph of a zero-grazing structure

� Add pictorial representation of the concept of dry matter

� Page 38: cost and quality of ingredients and price of milk when making home-made concentrates


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� Concept of maximum production vs. maximum profit

� Monitoring of growth vs. age in heifers

� Formulation of concentrates for calves

� Cost of keeping bull calves

� Alternative feed for calves (artificial and stored colostrum, milk replacer e.g. gruel)

� Use of body condition as an indicator gap in feeding

Group 3

Topics

1. On page 39

� Need to have an explicit guide on how to mix rations

� Expand the list of feed resources/ingredients to accommodate resources from all East

African countries

� Use local measuring units e.g. buckets, wheelbarrows

� Give feeding guidelines

� Include costing

2. Calf feeding: use of artificial colostrum and milk replacements

3. General feeding of the cow: Is there a simple guide on how much to feed, e.g. according to

weight, production, gestation, resources available, dry matter content etc.?

4. Growing of other forage legumes or supplementary feeds e.g. Mucuna, Dolichos, high-altitude

crops

5. Include growing and management of more basal forages e.g. natural pastures, sorghum

6. Record keeping: simple farm-based guide on cost-benefit analysis

7. Body conditioning: Using body conditioning scores and weighing band

8. Guideline on feed budgeting and planning

9. Use of Molasses Urea Nutrient block

10. Emerging feeding techniques: Small section on bypass proteins, rumen microbes

supplementation, magnets etc.

11. Preparation of leaf meal (fodder shrubs)

12. Pasture seed production: as a sub-topic in the specific forage

Photos and illustrations

1. Pages 48 and 49: Sequence is not clear.

2. Address gender issues e.g. can a woman participate in silage making?

3. Coloured photos of basal forages for clear identification.


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4. Illustrations of cows should be black and white.

5. Where should the cow be local, exotic or Ankole?

What needs to be adjusted?

1. Glossary: Harmonize the term ‘forage’; what is the second ‘forage’ meant to be?

2. Glossary: Complete ‘Supplementary’

3. Title of Chapter 2: ‘Why cows eat grass’

4. Diagram of the ruminant

5. Use ‘balanced feed rations’ instead of the term ‘balanced diet’

6. The last sentence on page 31 is incomplete

7. Calliandra: Also state that you can harvest and store in form of leaf meal

Possible sources of information

1. Local institutions

2. Farmers

3. Local and international NGOs

4. National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)

Group 4

Title

� Handbook on feeding dairy cattle in East Africa

o Coloured photograph of a dairy animal being fed on high-value fodder; farmer chopping

and feeding

� Glossary: need clear definitions, e.g.

o Bloat

o Nutrients or feed nutrients?

o Bulk forages vs. forages

o Fodders: mention high production per unit area

o Hay: distinguish baled, loose and standing forms

Topic 1

� Introduction (page 1-4)

� Improve explanation on the justification for and economic importance of dairy production, e.g.

information on government policy on dairy production; livelihood contribution

� Use colour photographs rather than drawings


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� Topic on ruminants is highly academic; simplify and use an analogy of a factory, i.e. illustrate the

input-output process of feeding ruminants

� Benefits of dairying; crop-livestock integration

Topic 2

� Feed requirements for different categories of the dairy herd

o Merge topics 3, 4 and 7

o Merge information by dairy cattle category: calves, heifers, cows; lactating or dry etc.

� Refer: FN Muyekho, CW Mwendia and F Lusweti. An advisory booklet for extension workers.

KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute. Page 18-22

Topic 3

� Page 18: Recommendations of different forages for major agro-ecological zones (AEZs) are not

exhaustive

o UM4 recommendations — varieties

o See recommendations from institutions, e.g. KARI, NARO, ILRI, ICRAF etc.


KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute.

Topic 4

� Establishment and management of major forages

o Not exhaustive

� Refer: FN Muyekho, F Lusweti, DT Cheruiyot, F Gitahi, J Kung’u and C Kute. Forage crops for

western Kenya. KARI. Refer other countries.

Topic 5

� Coping with feed shortage and dry-season feeding

o Structures for drying hay missing

� Refer: F Lusweti, FN Muyekho, JN Kamau, DT Cheruiyot, F Gitahi, J Kung’u and C Kute. Coping with

feed shortages during the dry season. KARI. Refer other countries.

Topic 6

� On-farm formulation of dairy cattle rations

o Examples of formulations by weight of animal and production level

o Diets using locally available materials


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o Cost of ration

o Note: always start mixing your ration with smaller quantities of ingredients

o Table 8: include more feed resources


KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute. Page 23-30.

Topic 7

� Challenges

o Major forage diseases: farmers should know how to manage Napier stunting disease

and smut

o Fodder for cold- and frost-prone areas

o Varieties for waterlogged areas

o Push-and-pull

Proposed outline of the second-edition manual

After identifying gaps in content and proposing a new document outline, each of the four groups then

developed a harmonized outline for the second-edition manual. The four proposed outlines (see Table 1)

were discussed in a plenary session, with input from all participants (Group exercise 3 in Annex 6).

Table 1: Proposed outlines of the second-edition manual

Group 1 Group 2

� Introduction

� Qualities of a good dairy cow

� Housing

� Feeds and feeding

� Diseases and their control

� Value addition(clean milk production and processing)

� Conversion of waste matter into energy(biogas)

� Record keeping and gross margins

� Dissemination approaches

� Conclusion

� Glossary

� Introduction

� Nutrients: Energy, protein, minerals and water

� Feed resources: forages, concentrates, mineral

sources

� Concept of a balanced diet

� Feeding of calves

� Feeding of heifers

� Feeding of cows

Group 3 Group 4

� Chapter 1: Introduction

� Chapter 2: Dairy cattle rearing systems

� Chapters 3 & 4 of the current manual could be

combined as they seem to address the same issue

� Chapter 8: Fodder production and management;

concentrates

� Chapter 9: Coping with feeding during drought

� Appendix: List of common feeds and their nutrient

contents

� Introduction

� Feed requirements for different categories of the

dairy herd

� Recommendations of different forages for major

AEZs in the region

� Establishment and management of major forages

� Coping with feed shortage and dry-season feeding

� On-farm formulation of dairy cattle rations

� Emerging feed challenges


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Participants were asked to ensure that the content satisfied the livestock production and feeding systems

in their respective countries. The facilitators guided the discussion to ensure that the manual was adapted

not only to the project area but to East Africa as a whole. The harmonized outline is shown below:

1. Introduction

• Paragraph on a good cow – without going into details

• The ruminant digestive system – simple, illustrative (cow as factory)

2. Nutrients: Energy, protein, minerals and water

3. Feed resources

• Forages

i. Grazing systems, AEZs, fodders, crop residues, conservation, emerging feeds

etc.

ii. On-farm seed production

• Concentrates

• Mineral sources

• Ration formulation

i. Concept of a balanced diet

ii. Ration formulation (Pearsons square)

iii. Feed budgeting and planning/costs

4. Feeding of calves

• Requirements and strategies

5. Feeding of heifers


6. Feeding of cows


7. Challenges

8. Glossary

9. Appendix

• Recommendation domain maps

• Measuring units

• Weight conversion table

• Body condition scoring

• List of common feeds, nutrient content and nutritive value


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Review of the title

In view of the proposed changes to the outline of the manual, participants were asked to review the

current title and suggest any changes. Due to limited time, the plenary session did not reach a consensus

on what the new title should be. However, it was agreed that the review taskforce would also agree on

the new title, based on the four titles proposed by the groups (see Table 2).

Table 2: Proposed titles of the second-edition manual

Group Proposed title Comments

1 Dairy cattle management —

2 Feeds and feeding dairy cattle: A manual for dairy

farmers and extension workers in East Africa

Cover picture of a well-constructed

dairy unit

3 Feeding dairy cattle manual: A manual for

smallholder dairy farmers and extension workers

in East Africa (no change to current title)

—

4 Handbook on feeding dairy cattle in East Africa Coloured cover photograph of a dairy

animal being fed on high-value fodder;

farmer chopping and feeding

Detailed description of proposed content of the second-edition manual

After developing the revised document outline, the groups then came up with a detailed description of

the content of the second-edition manual. This included tables, illustrations, photographs, references etc.

that the participants felt should be included in the revised manual (Group exercise 4 in Annex 7). The

exercise was carried out in groups as follows:

� Group 1: Introduction and glossary

� Group 2: Feeding of calves, heifers and cows

� Group 3: Nutrients and appendix

� Groups 3 and 4: Feed resources and feeding challenges


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Below are the results of group exercise 4 (chapter headings and sub-headings).

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Importance of dairying

� Already mentioned in the current manual; expand to East Africa

Qualities of a good cow

� A photograph of a good cow – taken locally

� Characteristics, traits and features of economic importance

� Milk production and longevity: A good quality cow should have sustained high milk productivity

� Udder: Well attached (udder cleft) e.g. fore udder attachment (additional tissue for milk

production)

� Rump width: Indicates the addition of milk-producing tissues

� Open ribs: Indicate room for rumen capacity

� Size (stature) of animal and feed requirements

The ruminant digestive system

� What is a ruminant? Ruminants are animals that graze on grass or browse on leaves and chew

the cud e.g. cattle, sheep, goats etc.

� The digestive system of a ruminant is different from that of other animals (e.g. dogs, pigs) and

humans because it is divided into four chambers, each with a specific function. The most

important chamber is the rumen.

� Importance of the rumen in feed utilization: rumen microflora; utilization of fibrous feeds such as

grass and hay, foodstuffs that monogastric animals cannot digest

� The importance of rumen microflora in the manufacture of B-vitamins and other vitamins

� Add a photograph showing characteristics of a good dairy cow


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CHAPTER 2: FEED NUTRIENTS

Introduction to nutrients Energy

� A cow requires different types of feed for

different functions:

o Building

o Maintenance of the body (work)

o Produce: milk, meat and calves

o Protection from disease

� Different types of nutrients; concept of

dry matter content

� What it is

� Use/functions

� Sources: List of examples of each fibre

(grasses, crop residues etc.), carbohydrates

(grains, tubers, agricultural by-products), fats

(oilseed cakes/meals)

� Effect of too little (ketosis)

� Effect of too much (grain overload/acidosis)

� Energy in relation to rumen microbes

� Measure of energy

� Special considerations

Protein Minerals

� What it is

� Use/functions

� Sources: Animal, legumes, cereal grains,

non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (e.g. urea,

poultry waste), crop by-products

� Effect of too little

� Effect of too much

� Protein in relation to rumen microbes:

Mention bypass protein

� Protein in relation to milk production

� Measure of protein (crude protein, NPN)

� Special considerations

� What they are (macro- and micro-minerals)

� Use/functions (in relation to reproduction

and growth)

� Sources

� Effect of too little (milk fever — in text box)

� Effect of too much

� Minerals in relation to milk production

(especially Ca:P ratio)

� Special considerations (low content areas –

cobalt, interactions)

� How to feed minerals (include illustration of

mineral box)

� How to make mineral blocks (Ref. NARO

Uganda)

Vitamins Water

� Sources

� Importance

� Vitamins in relation to rumen microbes,

especially vitamin B12

� Importance and functions (normal

functioning of the body)

� Sources

� Effect of too little

� Effect of too much (mention water poisoning

in calves)

� Water in relation to rumen microbes

(especially pH)

� Water in relation to milk production

� Special considerations (ad lib, salty vs. fresh

water)

� Water intake vs. prevailing weather

conditions


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CHAPTER 3: FEED RESOURCES

Grazing systems

� Intensive system

� Extensive system

o Improvement of natural pastures by introducing herbaceous legumes

� Semi-intensive system

� AEZ x forages — Appendix (Refer to group 4 presentation for details)

� Others: roadside grazing and tethering

Forage production and management

� Fodders (Napier grass, maize, Giant panicum, Giant setaria, Guatemala, dual purpose sweet

potato, forage sorghum, oats)

� Ley grasses for medium- and high-altitude (Rhodes grass, Nandi setaria, Nasiwa setaria, Kikuyu

grass, Bracharia, Molasses grass, Rye grass)

� Ley grasses for dry areas (Cenchrus ciliaris, Eragrostis superba, Andropogon gayanus etc.)

� Herbaceous legumes (Desmodium [green and silver leaf], Lucerne, Vetch, Dolichos lablab, Stylos)

� Fodder trees and shrubs (Calliandra, Leucaena, Sesbania etc.)

Forage establishment and management

� Source of planting materials

o Method of establishment e.g. direct sowing, under-sowing, over-sowing

� Cultural practices

o Land preparation

o Seed rates

o Spacing

o Fertilizer rates at planting and topdressing

o Harvesting regimes

o Weeding

o Yields

o Feeding and stocking rates

o Pest and diseases

Crop residues

� Maize stover


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� Sorghum stover

� Straw (oats, rice, wheat and barley)

� Bean haulms

� Banana pseudo-stems

� Sugarcane tops, bagasse

� Waste grain

� Maize cobs

� Banana and potato peelings, pineapple waste

� Horticultural by-products

Utilization of crop residues

� Treatment/processing

o Urea treatment

o Urine treatment

o Chopping and grinding

o Storage

� Utilization

o Mixing residues and fresh fodders and legumes

o Mixing with molasses

o Feeding together with mineral supplements

Forage conservation

� Hay production

o Definition

o Type of feed resources for haymaking and yield per given area

o Small-scale harvesting methods

o Innovative curing methods (wilting structures etc.)

o Stage of harvest

o Baling methods (box baling, loose and standing)

o Characteristics of good hay

o Storage

o Feeding

� Silage-making

o Definition

o Types of forages and yield per given area


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o Harvesting stages

o Types of silos (pit, above-ground, bunker, trench, tubes and bucket/drum)

o Process (step-by-step and ingredients)

o Qualities of good silage

o Storage and feeding

o Determination of how much silage to make

Emerging feeds

� Leaf meal

� Fodder banks

� Horticultural ‘airport’ wastes

On-farm seed production

� Varieties that are important (Vetch, Dolichos, Stylo, sorghum, Rhodes grass, Desmodium,

Calliandra, dryland grasses)

� Method of seed production and processing (step-by-step)

� Economics of seed production

� Sources of seeds (include in the appendix)

Concentrates (nutrient content and value)

� Whole/complete meals

o Dairy meal

o Dairy cubes

o Calf pellets

� Agro-industrial by-products

o Brewer’s waste

o Sunflower/cotton/soya seed cake/meal

o Bran and germ from cereals

o Blood and bone meal

o Poultry waste

� Forage concentrates (levels and availability)

Mineral and sources

� Natural (Magadi)

� Industrial preparations


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� Regulatory standards (Kenya Bureau of Standards)

Feed additives

Ration formulation

� Concept of a balanced ration

� Concept and value

� Ingredients

o Availability, quality and costs

o Palatability

� Feed analysis (ingredients and final product)

o Why?

o Where it is done (include in the appendix)

� Method and level of calculations e.g. Pearsons square

� Practical mixing

� Examples of rations formulae

� Feed storage

Feed budgeting, planning and costs

� Feed availability by season and area

o Seasonal production system of forages and concentrates

o When to buy

� Costs of acquisition

o Purchase and transport

� Source of materials

� Conservation strategies

� Alternative feeds


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CHAPTER 4: FEEDING OF CALVES

Description/appearance of a healthy calf

Aim of calf feeding

Stages of calf development

� Colostrum

� Non-ruminant

� Transitional stage

� Ruminant stage

Feeding calves during the different stages (advantages and disadvantages of each)

� Suckling

� Bucket feeding

� Nipple feeding

Calf feeding strategies

� Natural (fresh or preserved) and artificial colostrum feeding

� Tested milk-feeding schedules for calves

� Feeding of milk replacers (gruel feeding and commercial)

� Formulations for calf starter

� Introducing roughages to calves

� Optimum watering for calves

Problems associated with calf feeding

� Nutritional disorders

Weaning

� Criteria for weaning (e.g. age, weight, dry matter consumption)

To keep or sell bull calves?

� Cost of raising (price of milk vs. disposal price)


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CHAPTER 5: FEEDING OF HEIFERS

Definition of a heifer

Aim of heifer feeding

Nutrient requirement (dry matter, proteins, energy, minerals and water)

Grazing (fodder)

Supplementation

Growth rate (weight) vs. age

Consequences of over- and under-feeding

Feeding of in-calf heifer (steaming up)


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CHAPTER 6: FEEDING OF DAIRY COW

A lactating cow

� Aim

� Nutrient requirements of a lactating cow

� Milk from pasture

� Feeding strategies

o Feeding according to the stage of lactation (use illustration on dairy milk poster)

o Challenge feeding (concentrate reallocation strategy)

o Dry matter requirements (link to forages, practical feeding amounts)

� Use of body conditioning to assess feeding (in the appendix?)

� Concept of maximum production vs. maximum profit

� Nutritional diseases: milk fever, ketosis, acidosis, bloat

� How to dry a cow

The dry cow

� Define a dry cow

� Aim

� Nutrient requirement

� Feeding strategies

� Steaming up

� Transitional feeding (pre- and post-calving period)


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CHAPTER 7: CHALLENGES

� Major forage diseases: farmers should be aware of how to manage these diseases e.g. Napier

stunting disease and smut

� Need for fodder for cold- and frost-prone areas of the East African highlands

� Need for forage varieties suitable for waterlogged zones of East Africa

� Introducing and adapting the push-and-pull technology to wider areas of East Africa

� Need to highlight effects of climate change on feed availability and feeding of dairy cattle in East

Africa

� Need to highlight the ever-increasing cost of livestock feeds and its implications on feed quality

and availability

� Need to be aware of the diversion of grain for biofuels and its implications on cost and

availability of grain-based concentrates i.e. competition between humans, livestock and biofuels

for cereal grains. In view of this, there is need to explore alternative feeds for livestock.

� Importance of forage germplasm availability and its implication on feed availability

� Need to highlight effects of feed contamination, especially cereals and by-products, on milk

quality

� Need to create awareness on emerging feed supplements (additives, feed supplements etc.) on

the East African market: farmers need to be aware of the quality and genuineness of the

products.


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GLOSSARY

� To be included at the end of the manual

� Include current glossary but update with new terms from additional content

� Avoid using scientific words in definitions

APPENDIX

� Recommendation domains of major fodders (Napier grass, Calliandra, Lucaena, Lucerne,

Desmodium, Sesbania, D. lablab, oats, Rhodes grass, Setaria) (From NARS, ILRI)

� List of common feed resources within the region (as exhaustive as possible) and their nutrient

contents/nutritive values (can be obtained from NARS, universities)

� Weight conversion table (centimetres or inches into kilograms live weight) (ILRI)

� Measuring units (kilograms in terms of common measures) (ILRI)

� Body condition scoring

� Formulae for converting commonly used nutritive values into nutrient content (e.g. digestibility

into energy)

� Breeding calendar (Allan Bisagye, Julius)

� Examples of rations/TMRs

� List of feed analysis laboratories

� Sources of seeds or list of seed vendors – from the Integrated Partnerships for Community

Prosperity (IPACOP)

� Frequently asked questions by farmers

� Contacts of information sources

� Diagram of a zero-grazing unit


25

General plenary discussion of all topics on the workshop agenda

The general plenary discussion was jointly led by the facilitators and covered all topics on the workshop

agenda. The following points arose from the discussion on the list of extension materials:

1. The list should be sorted by institution of origin.

2. Availability of the extension materials needs to be addressed so that they can reach the end-

users.

3. As farmers are willing to pay for knowledge, the extension materials should be priced. This will

also help to sustain the production of the materials.

4. The project should categorize the end-users of the materials i.e. illiterate, semi-literate or

literate.

5. Extension materials for use in Uganda and Rwanda should be translated into local languages.

6. The language used should be clear and easy for farmers to understand.

7. In addition to the extension materials, the project should also consider disseminating

information through call-in shows on national and local FM radio stations.

8. The project should initiate an electronic or physical directory of livestock feeds and feeding

information.

Below are the feedback discussion notes on the proposed content of the revised chapters.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

� A photograph that shows the characteristics of a good cow should be included in the

introduction; American Breeding Service (ABS) will provide the photograph. Emphasis should be

put on traits that are specifically related to feeding. The main aim of this section is to guide

farmers on the characteristics of a good dairy cow, especially when buying.

� When introducing the digestive system of a cow, the important points should be:

o How do farmers deal with rumen pH to ensure proper digestion of feed? It should be

clearly explained that rumen pH can improve production through feeding strategies.

This message should be simplified so that farmers can understand.

o Rumen and rib cage are related to body weight and feed intake, and influence the ability

of a cow to breathe and oxidize feed.

o Use the analogy of a factory to demonstrate the functions of the rumen.

o The current section on ruminants needs to be shortened to eliminate repetition.


26

� Mention the benefits of dairy production e.g. milk for consumption and sale; replacement stock;

by-products. Introduce the concept of dairy production as a business.

� Emphasize the importance of feed resources and feeding strategies to milk production – who is

the target group?

CHAPTER 2: NUTRIENTS, PROTEINS, MINERALS AND WATER

� Mineral supplementation to improve fibre digestion should be clarified since most on-farm feeds

are of poor quality.

� When suggesting formulae for making mineral blocks, note that the composition of various

ingredients varies depending on available materials.

� Farmers should be made aware of the implications of various methods of watering livestock.

Place emphasis on offering good quality water. Also allude to water volumes and distance to

watering vs. milk production.

� Include a table to show the sources of nutrients in the dairy cattle rations vs. humans for

comparison (where can we get such tables?).

� Discuss minerals under the chapter dealing with feed resources.

� The review taskforce needs to come up with a measure of energy that farmers are familiar with.

CHAPTER 3: FEED RESOURCES

� Include more legume varieties on the list provided.

� Include a list of sources of forage planting materials and seed; where would farmers seek such

information?

� Note that ‘feed storage’ is a broad topic, so deal with ‘conservation’ and ‘feed storage including

simple structures’.

� Combine scientific names for forages with common and popular names.

� Expand the list of forage types.

� Relate dry weight to fresh weight to aid the farmers’ understanding of feed composition.

� Include TMR in feeding strategies.

FEEDING OF CALVES

� Include a photo of a calf

� Calf feeding strategies must be clearly stated

� Include nutritional disorders

� Link rearing aspects to literature sources

� Emphasize the importance of birth weight


27

FEEDING OF A COW

� Include concentrate reallocation

� Should nutritional diseases be linked with nutrients?

� The issue of dairying as a business is not directly related to feeding. However, participants felt

that the EADD project could produce a separate manual on this to cover topics such as costing of

dairy production, budgeting of feed etc.

CHALLENGES

� Country teams to provide the review taskforce with contact details of institutions that provide

information on or analyze dairy feeds.

� The main challenge of ‘push and pull’ technology is adaptability to various production systems.

FORMAT OF MANUAL

� The size of the manual should be between F5 and F4; the review taskforce will seek professional

advice on this.

� Spiral binding should be retained.

� Design aspects e.g. font and line spacing will be decided upon during the layout phase.

� Cover photo needs to be replaced with one of a locally available cow.

DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY

� All participants agreed with a suggestion to officially launch the revised manual.

� Key stakeholders should be invited to the launch and the publicity generated can be used as an

opportunity to promote and distribute the manual. Stakeholders who can support the launch

should be identified.

� The manual should be suitably priced. However, a few initial copies can be distributed free of

charge so as to stimulate demand.

� Copies should be distributed to agricultural information centres in project countries and dairy

resource farms as needed.

� Linkages with private-sector stakeholders (NGOs, projects, extension services etc.) should be

explored for sustainable production of the manual.

� Various avenues to promote the manual should be explored, e.g. programs on local FM radio

stations that target farmers, field days etc.

� In addition to the print version of the manual, an electronic version (CD-ROM) should be

produced and made available online.


28

Conclusion and way forward

The participants selected a review taskforce to incorporate new content and collate all revisions based on

the agreed recommendations and the revised outline of the manual. The taskforce comprises Charles

Gachuiri, Charles Lusweti, Margaret Lukuyu and Solomon Mwendia. The terms of reference will be

finalized in subsequent meetings. In the interim, the taskforce will liaise with the other workshop

participants via email to obtain their inputs into the revised document.

We anticipate that the revised draft will be ready by mid October 2008 after which it will be circulated for

comments. A one-day meeting will be convened to review the comments on the draft manual. The

taskforce will then edit the draft based on the outcome of this meeting. Pre-testing by selected farmers,

extension officials and other stakeholders will be carried out and any extra revisions arising after the

exercise will be incorporated. Editing should be finalized by the end of December 2008. Publication of the

revised manual is anticipated to take place between January and February 2009, followed by the official

launch and distribution.


29

Annexes


30

Annex 1: List of participants

Name Address Email/telephone contact

KENYA Edwin Okila ABS

P.O. Box 76478–00508

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 722 692005

Angela Wokabi Ministry of Livestock

P.O. Box 34188–00100

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 724 710632

+254 20 2718528

Charles Githae IPACOP

P.O. Box 3287

Nakuru

[email protected] or

nduguya2002@[email protected]

+254 722 332427

Charles Gachuiri University of Nairobi

P.O. Box 29053

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 722 745158

Jane Mwangi Ministry of Livestock

Agricultural Information Centre

P.O. Box 12573–00100

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 733 790995

Agnes Kavatha Land O’ Lakes

P.O. Box 30148

Nairobi

[email protected]

[email protected]

+254 721 404644

Margaret Lukuyu KARI NARL

P.O. Box 54388

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 722 820658

Simon Ndegwa

Wakaba

P.O. Box 20412

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 724 607113

Patrick Mudavadi ICRAF Kenya

P.O. Box 30677–00100

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 721 851177

Charles Lusweti KARI

P.O. Box 450

Kitale

+254 736 583824

Solomon Mwendia KARI

P.O. Box 30148–0100

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 722 674299

Nathaniel Makoni ABS

P.O. Box 76478–00508

Nairobi

[email protected]


31

Julius Nyangaga ILRI

P.O. Box 30709–00100

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 20 4223000

+254 722 179541

Ben Lukuyu ILRI

P.O. Box 30709–00100

Nairobi

[email protected]

+254 20 4223000

+254 722 820758

RWANDA Betty Rwamuhizi EADD Project

P.O. Box 115

Nyagatare - Rwanda

[email protected]

+250 565432

+250 885 4219

Nzigamasabo Paul

Benjamin

EADD Project

P.O. Box 115

Nyagatare - Rwanda

[email protected]

+250 565432

+250 0855 7350

UGANDA Bisagaya Martin

Allan

EADD Project

P.O. Box 28491

Kampala

[email protected]

+256 414 231828

+256 772 534781

Ronald Wabwire ICRAF Uganda

P.O. Box 28491

Kampala

[email protected]

+256 414 23182

+256 772 649012


32

Annex 2: List of extension materials compiled by EADD for use

by farmers (July 2008)

REPORTS TYPE OF

PUBLICATION

SOURCE/INSTITUTION

Franzel S, Wambugu C, Nanok T, Kavana P, Njau T, Aithal A,

Muriuki J and Kitalyi A. 2007. Production and marketing of leaf

meal from fodder shrubs in Tanga, Tanzania: A pro-poor

enterprise for improving livestock productivity

Report ICRAF

Lukuyu B and Dorward P. Participatory evaluation of maize

varieties for food and forage

Checklist DFID/CPP/LPP/KARI and

University of Reading

Mwendia SW, Lukuyu, B and Kinyua M. 2008. Status of Napier

stunting disease in central Kenya

Report KARI Muguga

Owen, Lukuyu B, Murdoch A, Mwangi DM, Njuguna JGM and

Dorward P. Implications and lessons learned from DFID project

R7955: IPM of maize dairying

Project report DFID/CPP/LPP/KARI and


Tiley GED. 1969. Elephant grass. Kawanda Research Station

Report. Kawanda Uganda. Technical communication 23.

Report Kawanda Research

Station

Wambugu C and Githae C. 2007. Fodder shrub-based

enterprise development

Training report ICRAF

Wambugu C, Franzel S, Tutui N and Stewart J. Factors

influencing the effectiveness of farmers as disseminators of

fodder shrubs in the central Kenya highlands

FRP report ICRAF

MANUALS TYPE OF

PUBLICATION

SOURCE/INSTITUTION

Academy for Educational Development. 2006. A tool for

transformational development. Washington, D.C.

Training

manual

CIMMYT

Adapting developing and producing effective radio spots:

guide and facilitators’ manual and audio spots

Manual AED

Chenost N and Kayouli S. 1997. Roughage utilization in warm

climates

Manual FAO

Growing fodder crops in coastal Kenya Bulletin KARI Mtwapa

Kaner S. 2007. Facilitator’s guide to participatory decision-

making. 2nd

edition. Jossey-Bass, USA

Manual

ILRI

Kitalyi A, Miano D Mwebeze S and Wambugu C. 2005. More

forage, more milk: Forage production for small-scale zero-

grazing systems

Extension

manual

ICRAF


33

Lukuyu M, Romney D, Ouma R and Sones K. 2007. Feeding

dairy cattle: A manual for smallholder dairy farmers and

extension workers in East Africa

Manual ILRI

Maundu P and Tengnas B. 2005. Useful tress and shrubs for

Kenya

Technical

handbook

ICRAF

Rootheart R, Karanja GM, Kariuki I, Paterson R, Tuwei P,

Kiruiro E, Mugwe J and Franzel S. 1998. Calliandra for livestock

Bulletin ICRAF

2003. Silage making: A manual for training of trainers Manual Land O’ Lakes

Talking pictures Manual ILRI

CIMMYT maize program. 2003. Maize diseases: a guide for

field identification. 4th edition. CIMMYT, Mexico

Manual CIMMYT

Dairy toolbox Manual ILRI

Wambugu C, Franzel F, Cordero J and Stewart J. 2006. Fodder

shrubs for dairy farmers in East Africa: making extension

decisions and putting them into practice

Manual ICRAF/OFI

Wambugu C and Holding C. Extension chapter in seed tool kit.

ICRAF website and CD.

Manual ICRAF

BROCHURES, PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS TYPE OF

PUBLICATION

SOURCE/INSTITUTION

Calf rearing. Volumes 1, 2 and 3 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Calliandra for livestock (2001) Handbook KARI/KEFRI/ICRAF/

DFID/FRP/ Oxford

Forestry Institute

Cattle judging Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Chakoma C. Feeding forages to dairy cattle Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Chakoma C. Growing of forages for dairy cattle Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Mutisi C. Feeding the dairy cow to produce more milk Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Mutisi C and Hamudikuwanda H. Calf rearing Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe


34

Wambugu C and Karanja G. Plant fodder shrubs for more milk

and cash

Leaflet ICRAF/KARI

Clinch NJL, Bennison JJ and Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by

livestock – Prosopis

Booklet NRI/ODA

Concentrate reallocation feeding: Same cost, more milk Leaflet SDP/ ILRI/KARI

Lusweti FN. Control of smut disease in Napier grass Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of

the Netherlands

Feed formulation for homemade dairy and poultry

concentrates

Leaflet KARI

Feeding and management recommendations for dairy cattle

Technical

bulletin

SIGMA Feeds Ltd. Nairobi

Feeding Desmodium for milk and money Leaflet SDP/ILRI/KARI

Fodder tree management. Volume 8 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Franzel S and Wambugu C. 2004. Milk shrubs boost earnings

for African dairy farmers

Brochure ICRAF

Get more and better forage from maize Leaflet DFID/ILRI/KARI and


Guidelines: On-farm pasture seed production Handbook NARO/ASPS

Hay making using a box baler Leaflet Land O’ Lakes

Healthy cow, more milk: Wambui finds out Comic book KARI/DFID

Housing. Volume 1 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Housing. Volume 2 Handbook MOLDM Kenya

Hamudikwanda H. Management of reproduction Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Improving feed resources and dairy cattle management in

Uganda

Handbook NARO/ASPS

Integrated weed, pest and disease management of maize

forage dairying

DFID/ILRI/KARI &


Mugwe J, Karanja G, Tuwei P and Kiruiru E. 2001. Calliandra

calothyrsus and Lucaena trichandra: Tree establishment and

management

Leaflet KARI

Kimmins F, Ward A and Richards W. Disease-free fodder for

dairy cows

Leaflet CPP/LPP/NRI/DFID


35

Kitalyi A. 2006. Miti malisho kwa maisha bora na hifadhi ya

mazingira

Leaflet ICRAF

Kuza mahindi na napia zaidi upate pesa nyingi Leaflet Gatsby Charitable

Foundation/ICIPE, IACR-

Rothamsted & Wizara ya

Kilimo

Lanyasunya T, Onyango TA, Owango M, Muriuki K and de Jong

R. Rear your own heifers (to replace old cows or for sale)

Leaflet KARI/DFID

Hove L. Multipurpose trees and shrubs Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ ICRISAT/

DDP

Lokwaleput I and de Jong R. Fertile cows give more milk and

more calves

Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of

Netherlands

Lukuyu B and Ndegwa PW. 2003. Get more from maize (dense

planting)

Leaflet SDP/ ILRI/KARI

Lukuyu B. 2008. Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis): A

technical fact sheet

Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print

Lukuyu B. 2008. Vetch: A technical fact sheet Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print

Lukuyu B. 2008. The value of maize as food and fodder: A

technical fact sheet


Muturi J. 2008. Mycotoxins in feeds


Kang’ara J. 2008. The untapped feed potential: Indigenous

fodder trees


Kiruiro E. 2008. Improve quality of crop residues through urea

treatment


Lukuyu B. 2007. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): A practical guide

for farmers

Leaflet KARI/USAID/Land O’

Lakes

Lukuyu B. 2007. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): A technical

guide for extension workers

Leaflet KARI/USAID/Land O’

Lakes

Lyamchai C, Kweka E, Mwikari M, Kingamkono M and

Wambugu C. 2005. Ongeza maziwa na upunguze gharama kwa

kulisha mifugo Kaliandra

Leaflet ICRAF/SARI

Making silage in plastic tubes

Leaflet Land O’ Lakes

Mazingira. 1990. The main breeds of cattle in Kenya Illustration

guide

Mazingira Institute/

Rockefeller foundation

Mazingira. Video book: Dairy cows and beef cattle Illustration

guide

Mazingira Institute/

Rockefeller foundation


36

Methu JN and Kiruiro EM. Make silage for more milk in dry

seasons – conserve surplus forage


Netherlands

Methu JN, Kiruiro EM and Abate AN. Your feed shortage

problem: Use maize forage


Netherlands

Mhere O, Maasdorp B and Titterton M. 2003. Dry season

feeding of smallholder livestock: Forage conservation silage

Leaflet LPP/DFID

Mhere O, Maasdorp B and Titterton M. 2003. Forage

production and conservation manual: Growing and ensiling

annual and perennial forage crops suited to marginal and

semi-arid areas of South Africa

Manual LPP/DFID

Mugwagwa W. Rearing replacement heifers for the dairy herd Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Munangi W. Silage making: Harvesting, making and feeding Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Muriuki K: Gruel making for feeding to calves Leaflet KARI

Muyekho EN, Luweti F, Kamau JN and Gitahi, F. 2005. Forage

crops for western Kenya

Leaflet KARI

Muyekho FN and Mukisira EA. Feed lupin seed with maize for

cheaper dairy feed


Netherlands

Muyekho FN, Mwendia CW and Lusweti F. 1999. Support to

dairy cattle nutrition: An advisory booklet for extension

workers

Leaflet KARI

Mwangi DM, Gichungu GN and Mungai B. Feed Desmodium

for more milk and money

Leaflet KARI/DFID

Napier head smut detection Leaflet SDP

Organization of dairy groups Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

Otieno K, Cheruiyot DT, Muyekho FN and Wekesa AW. A

better way to grow Napier for more milk

Leaflet KARI/DFID

Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by livestock: anti-nutritive

factors

Booklet NRI/ODA

Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by livestock: Calliandra Booklet NRI/ODA

Paterson RT and Clinch NJL. 1993. Use of trees by livestock:

Ficus

Booklet NRI/ODA


37

Moyo P. Dairy calf management Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Pyrethrum: An ideal feed supplement for dairy cattle, sheep,

goats and horses

Leaflet Pyrethrum board of

Kenya, Nakuru

Ramadhan A and Bakari P. More milk from cows fed better

forages


Netherlands

Research results: Improving feeding of dairy cattle for

increased milk production and income

Brochure NARO/MU/ASPS

Khan S and Rana SS. Preparation of Urea Molasses block

(UMB) and its use in livestock feeding

Leaflet NRI/DFID/ Bangladesh

Agricultural University

Ncube S. Harvesting and storage of crop residues on

smallholder farms

Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Moyo S. Selection and culling in the smallholder dairy sector Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ ILRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

The fertility of the dairy cow: Volume 4 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

The management of Napier grass: Volume 1 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

The management of Napier grass: Volume 2 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya

Smith T and Chakoma C. Maize forage Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Smith T and Morton J. Urea treatment of crop residues, other

low quality roughages and snap corn

Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

Tropical forage seed production Training

module

ILCA/ ICARDA

Tungani JO, Mukhwana, EJ and Woomer PL. 2002. MBILI is

Number 1: A Handbook for innovative maize-legume

intercropping

Handbook SACRED - AFRICA

Wambugu C. 2001 (reprinted 2002). Calliandra calothyrsus:

Nursery establishment and management. A pamphlet for

farmers and field extension staff

Pamphlet ICRAF, Nairobi

Wambugu C. 2002. Calliandra calothyrsus: Tree management

and utilization. A pamphlet for farmers and field extension

staff

Pamphlet ICRAF, Nairobi

Wandera F. Make hay (for more milk, more meat and fewer

deaths in dry season)


Netherlands


38

Watch out: New disease and pest on elephant grass in Uganda Booklet Heifer/NARO/ASPS

/NALIRRI

Magadzire Z. Feed calendars Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP

Matopos Research

Station, Zimbabwe

POSTERS TYPE SOURCE/INSTITUTION

Franzel S. and Wambugu C. 2004. Building farmers’ capacities:

scaling up the adoption of fodder shrubs in Kenya

Poster ICRAF, Nairobi

Franzel S, Wambugu C, Stewart J and Sande BD. 2004. Fodder

shrubs for improving incomes of dairy farmers in the East

African highlands. Tropical Grasslands Congress, Dublin,

Ireland.


Lukuyu B. 2008. Lucerne for improved quality Poster KARI/Land O’

Lakes/USAID Nairobi

Lukuyu B, Methu JN, Mwangi DM, Kirui J, Wamalwa J, Kavatha

A and Mwendia SW. 2008. An evaluation of Lucerne varieties

suitable for different agro-ecological zones

Poster KARI/Land O’

Lakes/USAID Nairobi

Lukuyu BA, Romney DL, Tanner JC and Thorpe W. 2000. The

maize crop as a source of food and feed for livestock on

smallholder dairy farms in the Kenyan highlands. Proceedings

of the annual meeting of the British Society of Animal Science

held at Scarborough, UK, April 2008. p. 98.

Conference

poster paper

ILRI/KARI/ University of

Reading

Mwaura L. and Wambugu C. Appropriate procedures for tree

seed handling, storage and distribution

Poster/ leaflet ICRAF

Wambugu C and Karanja G. 2004. Panda miti-malisho ili

kuongeza maziwa na kipato

Poster/

leaflet/ banner

ICRAF/ILRI Nairobi

Wambugu C and Karanja G. 2004.Plant fodder trees for more

milk and cash

Poster/

leaflet/ banner

ICRAF/ILRI Nairobi

Wambugu C and Franzel S. 2004. Promoting fodder shrub seed

production and distribution in Kenya: Which mechanisms and

pathways are most sustainable?


ELECTRONIC RESOURCES TYPE SOURCE/INSTITUTION

Adapting developing and producing effective radio spots:

guide, facilitators’ manual and audio spots

CD AED

Systemwide Collaboration: Action for Livelihoods and

Environment (SCALE): workshop materials (April 2006)

CD AED/ICRAF

Citizen TV and KBC TV. 2006. Lishe Bora (video on fodder

shrubs in Swahili)

Video and

DVD

ICRAF


39

Grassland species: A detailed description and photos of more

than 600 grassland species

CD FAO

Lukuyu B. 2008. Recommendation domain maps for Lucerne

production in Kenya

CD KARI


40

Annex 3: Workshop program

DAY ONE: 21 August 2008

TIME ACTIVITY

0800 hours Arrival

0830 hours Introductions (Ben)

- Why we are here; expected workshop outputs

0930 hours Inventory of training and extension materials (Ben)

- Presentation of summary

0945 hours Plenary discussion on Inventory

- Questions around: what is useful or relevant? What is missing? How to use it?

1000 hours TEA BREAK

1015 hours Identification of gaps — What is missing or needs adjustment in the first edition?

Julius/Margaret

- Target reader/user, current content, gaps listed and suggestions of adjustments shared so far

Group work

- Add to gaps, with some details to list and suggested corrections

- Group work on flip chart or power point, bullet points

1100 hours Feedback

- By group

- Agree on gaps and suggestions for corrections in second edition

1200 hours Title and chapter/topic sequence for new edition (Ben)

- Quick run through of title and structure of current edition

- Quick run through agreed gaps and adjustments

Group work

- Is title adequate? Suggest changes if the title is not adequate

- Suggest chapter or topic sequence

1300 hours LUNCH BREAK

1400 hours Feedback

- By group

- Agree on subject sequence

- Allocate subjects to 4 groups for group-work discussions


1500 hours Group work: each group 2 or 3 subjects according to allocation

- For each subject (using previous edition, identified gaps and suggested adjustments) suggest:

o Content and suitable sequence of content

o Useful additions: tables, diagrams, formulas

o Sources of additional information for reader

- Be ready to provide feedback per subject

1730 hours DEPARTURE


41

DAY TWO: 22 August 2008

TIME ACTIVITY

0800 hours ARRIVAL

0830 hours Group 1 Presents Chapter 1 - 3

0920 hours Plenary discussion on Group 1’s subjects

- Agree on final content

1000 hours Group 2 Presents Chapter 4 - 6




1115 hours Group 3 presents Chapter 7 - 9



1215 hours Group 4 presents Chapter 10 - 12

1245 hours LUNCH BREAK




1515 hours Plenary discussion on:

- Minimizing gender bias and stereotypes in content

- Suitable book form and layout (fonts, spacing etc.)

- Effective book distribution strategy

1600 hours Plenary discussion led by compilation team (technical, language, layouts)

- Source of information. How can participants contribute or support?

- Production and processing needs and concerns

1630 hours NEXT STEPS

- Production process

- Next (one-day) review meeting of first draft

1700 hours DEPARTURE


42

Annex 4: Group exercise 1 — Review of extension materials

The participants will be divided into four groups at random

1. You have been provided with an inventory of extension materials in feeds and feeding of the

dairy cattle. This list is not exhaustive. We would like you to help us to fill in the gaps.

a. List any type of training or extension material you know of that is not included in the list

b. List any topics in feeding dairy cattle or specific feeding strategies for which there is

need for a training or extension material. Suggest possible sources of information

c. Discuss and come up with the ten most important training or extension materials for

feeding dairy cattle which priority should be given in production?

d. Suggest how best these training or extension materials should be used. Please state how

and why?

Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session. Each group has 10 minutes for

presentation and 5 minutes for questions/ discussions.


43

Annex 5: Group exercise 2 — Identification of gaps in content

The participants will be divided into four new groups at random

2. Before the workshop each one of you was asked to read the feeding dairy cattle manual thoroughly

and identify gaps for which information is needed.

a. You are now required to discuss your sets of gaps and harmonize them into one

comprehensive list of gaps by subject. Agree on gaps and suggestions for corrections in

second edition. Please describe and provide details if possible.

b. Suggest possible sources of information

c. Suggest type of photographs or illustrations to accompany the topics

d. Discuss and come up with what needs adjustment in the current edition of the feeding

manual?

Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session on flip chart or PowerPoint. Please use

bullet points. Each group has 10 minutes for presentation and 5 minutes for questions/discussions.


44

Annex 6: Group exercise 3 — Revision of title and chapter/topic

sequence

The participants will be divided into four new groups at random

3. Having developed the proposed content of the second edition of feeding manual.

a. Suggest chapter or topic sequence that will ensure adequate use

b. Now, think about the title of the feeding manual. Is title adequate? Discuss and suggest

changes if the title is not adequate




45

Annex 7: Group exercise 4 — Detailed subject description

The participants will be divided into four new groups at random. Each group will be allocated two or three

subjects according to participant preference

4. Having developed the proposed chapter or topic sequence of the second edition of feeding manual.

a. For each subject (using current feeding manual edition, highlighted gaps and suggested

adjustments) suggest:

i. Content and suitable sequence of content. Please describe and provide details of

content as much as possible. Pease pay special attention to minimising gender bias

and stereotypes in content

ii. Useful additions: tables, diagrams, formulas

iii. Additional useful sources of information to cited as reference for reader



Documents

Feed Manual Review Workshop Report