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Femtocells

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Page 1: Femtocells

• Femtocells

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 2: Femtocells

4G Key features

1 IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband infrastructure)

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 3: Femtocells

Flextronics - High Velocity Solutions

1 High Velocity Solutions covers consumer electronics products such as mobile phones,

smartphones, portable audio devices, Wearable electronics, wireless modules, home

entertainment equipment, game consoles, printers, PCs, notebook Computers and tablets,

as well as home and business connectivity products such as Set Top boxes, gateways,

femtocells, home automation devices and VoIP terminals. High Velocity Solutions customers

range from multinational corporations to technology startups.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 4: Femtocells

Mobile phone signal - Dead zones

1 Personal microcells, such as those for a home, are called femtocells, and generally have the broadcast

range|range of a cordless phone, but may not be usable for an MVNO

phone

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 5: Femtocells

GSM - Base station subsystem

1 Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business

environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 6: Femtocells

Generic Access Network - UMA/GAN Beyond Dual-mode

1 'Femtocells' - The GAN standard is currently used to provide a secure, managed, standardized interface

from a femtocell to the mobile core network. Recently Kineto, NEC and Motorola issued a joint proposal to

the 3GPP work group studying femtocells (also known as ‘Home

Node B's or HNB) to propose GAN as the basis for that standard.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 7: Femtocells

Ip.access - History

1 In June 2011, the market research and analysis firm Infonetics named the company, along with its partner

Cisco Systems, as the leading supplier of 3G femtocells.Webb,

Richard

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 8: Femtocells

Ip.access - nano3G

1 nano3G is an end-to-end Femtocell system with access points for Enterprise, E-class [E8, E16 and E24] and Small Medium Business, S-

class [S8], access controller and element management system, providing carrier-class

coverage to commercialWeaver, Pamela. [http://www.telecoms.com/24665/femtocells-grow-into-the-enterprise-space/ Femtocells

Grow Into the Enterprise Space], Telecoms.com, February 15, 2011. and

consumer users.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 9: Femtocells

Ip.access - Oyster 3G Technology

1 Launched at the 2007 3GSM World Congress in Barcelona, Spain,Lennighan, Mary. [http://www.totaltele.com/view.aspx?

C=0ID=349112 Femtocells Key for Mobile Operators - Vendors], Total Telecom, February 12, 2007. the Oyster 3G is

ip.access' core 3G femtocell technology used by system integrators and Oem|OEM customers to integrate WCDMA femtocells into home gateways, set-top boxes, and

other devices.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 10: Femtocells

Backhaul (telecommunications) - Wiring issues

1 :scarcity of wide-area spectrum will cause a significant migration towards more local area

networks such as femtocells (small, lower-power radio transmission stations) and wifi,

and will eventually find a relay in the infinitely expandable, wired backhaul—the

link to a provider’s core network. Wired fiber infrastructure can still carry vastly more data

than any wireless system. [http://www.forbes.com/sites/techonomy/201

2/04/01/the-future-of-wireless-is-wired/]

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 11: Femtocells

Femtocell

1 Femtocells are an alternative way to deliver the benefits of Technological

convergence#Fixed-mobile Convergence|fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). The

distinction is that most FMC architectures require a new (dual-mode) handset which works with existing unlicensed spectrum

home/enterprise wireless access points, while a femtocell-based deployment will work with

existing handsets but requires installation of a new access point that uses licensed spectrum.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 12: Femtocells

Femtocell - Operating mode

1 Integrated femtocells (which include both a DSL router and femtocell) also exist

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 13: Femtocells

Femtocell - Operating mode

1 Femtocells require specific hardware, so existing WiFi or DSL routers

cannot be upgraded to a femtocell.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 14: Femtocells

Femtocell - Operating mode

1 Once installed in a specific location, most femtocells have protection mechanisms so that a location change will be reported to

the MNO. Whether the MNO allows femtocells to operate in a different location depends on the MNO’s policy. International

location change of a femtocell is not permitted because the femtocell transmits

licensed frequencies which belong to different network operators in different

countries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 15: Femtocells

Femtocell - Benefits for users

1 Femtocells can be used to give coverage in rural areas.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 16: Femtocells

Femtocell - Standardised architectures

1 The standards bodies have published formal specifications for femtocells for the most popular technologies, namely WCDMA, CDMA2000, 3GPP

Long Term Evolution|LTE and WiMAX. These all broadly conform to an architecture with three major

elements:

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 17: Femtocells

Femtocell - Standardised architectures

1 # The femtocell access points themselves, which embody greater network

functionality than found in macrocell basestations, such as the radio resource

control functions. This allows much greater autonomy within the femtocell, enabling self-configuration and self-optimisation.

Femtocells are connected using broadband IP, such as DSL or cable modems, to the

network operator’s core switching centres.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 18: Femtocells

Femtocell - Standardised architectures

1 # The femtocell gateway, comprising a security gateway that terminates large numbers of encrypted IP data

connections from hundreds of thousands of femtocells, and a

signalling gateway which aggregates and validates the signalling traffic, authenticates each femtocell and

interfaces with the mobile network core switches using standard

protocols, such as Iu.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 19: Femtocells

Femtocell - Standardised architectures

1 In the Iuh architecture, the femtocell gateway sits between the femtocell and the core network and performs the necessary translations to ensure

the femtocells appear as a radio network controller to existing mobile

switching centres (MSCs)

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 20: Femtocells

Femtocell - Standardised architectures

1 This is achieved by having the femtocells behave toward the SIP/IMS

network like a SIP/IMS client by converting the circuit-switched 3G

signaling to SIP/IMS signaling, and by transporting the voice traffic over

RTP as defined in the IETF standards.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 21: Femtocells

Femtocell - Air interfaces

1 Femtocells are also under development or commercially available for GSM, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX and 3GPP Long Term

Evolution|LTE.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 22: Femtocells

Femtocell - Issues

1 Femtocells are a complicated technology and there have been a

number of issues and concerns, although as deployments have

increased these have largely been addressed.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 23: Femtocells

Femtocell - Interference

1 The placement of a femtocell has a critical effect on the performance of

the wider network, and this is the key issue to be addressed for successful deployment. Because femtocells can use the same frequency bands as the conventional cellular network, there has been the worry that rather than improving the situation they could

potentially cause problems.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 24: Femtocells

Femtocell - Interference

1 Ralph de la Vega, ATT President, reported in June 2011 they recommended against using femtocells where signal strength was middle or strong because of interference problems

they discovered after widescale deployment.de la Vega, Ralph

[http://allthingsd.com/20110624/ralph-de-la-vega-says-att-can-better-as-it-gets-bigger-the-full-d9-interview-video/?refcat=d9 ], All

Things D video interview 38 minutes in, June 24, 2011, accessed June 28, 2011

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 25: Femtocells

Femtocell - Interference

1 “We have deployed femtocells co-carrier with both the hopping

channels for GSM macrocells and with UMTS macrocells. Interference

isn’t a problem. We have tested femtocells extensively in real

customer deployments of many thousands of femtocells, and we find

that the mitigation techniques implemented successfully minimise and avoid interference. The more femtocells you deploy, the more uplink interference is reduced”

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 26: Femtocells

Femtocell - Interference

1 The Femto Forum has some extensive reports on this subject, which have been produced together with 3GPP and 3GPP2.

[http://www.femtoforum.org/femto/index.php?id=69 Interference management in UMTS

femtocells — complete paper], February 2010[http://www.femtoforum.org/femto/inde

x.php?id=69 Interference management in UMTS femtocells — summary paper],

February 2010

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 27: Femtocells

Femtocell - Interference

1 :1. When femtocells are used in areas of poor or no coverage,

macro/femto interference is unlikely to be a problem.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 28: Femtocells

Femtocell - Interference

1 Femtocells can also create a much better user experience by enabling substantially higher data rates than

can be obtained with a macro network and net throughputs that

will be ultimately limited by backhaul in most cases (over 20 Mbps in 5

MHz).

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 29: Femtocells

Femtocell - Spectrum accuracy

1 To meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) / Ofcom spectral mask|spectrum mask requirements, femtocells must generate the radio frequency signal with a high degree

of precision

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 30: Femtocells

Femtocell - Controversy on consumer proposition

1 On the other hand, residential femtocells normally provide a ‘personal cell’ which provides

benefits only to the owner’s family and friends.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 31: Femtocells

Femtocell - Deployment

1 The equipment is made by Cisco Systems and ip.access, and was the first 3G femtocell in US,

supporting both voice and data High Speed Packet Access|HSPA.[

http://localtechwire.com/business/local_tech_wire/news/blogpost/6090688/ ATT chooses

Raleigh, Charlotte for 3G MicroCell trial], Local Tech Wire.com, September 28, 2009 Both Sprint and Verizon upgraded to 3G CDMA

femtocells during 2010, with capacity for more concurrent calls and much higher data rates.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 32: Femtocells

Femtocell - Deployment

1 In May 2010, SoftBank Mobile launched the first free femtocell

offer, providing open access femtocells free of charge to its

residential and business customers

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 33: Femtocells

Femtocell - Deployment

1 Other operators in Europe have followed since then, with SFR in

France with femtocells provided by Ubiquisys and Optimus Telecomunicações, S.A

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 34: Femtocells

Next Generation Mobile Networks - Activities

1 Also in June 2008 the alliance announced it would work with the Femto Forum to ensure femtocells

benefit from the technology.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 35: Femtocells

LTE Advanced - Proposals

1 One of the important LTE Advanced benefits is the ability to take

advantage of advanced topology networks; optimized heterogeneous networks with a mix of macrocells

with low power nodes such as picocells, femtocells and new relay

nodes

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 36: Femtocells

Picocell

1 Picocells offer many of the benefits of small cells (similar to femtocells) in that they improve data throughput

for mobile users and increase capacity in the mobile network. In

particular, the integration of picocells with macrocells through a

Heterogeneous Network can be useful in seamless handoffs and increased mobile data capacity.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 37: Femtocells

OpenBTS - Open GSM infrastructure

1 The OpenBTS Um air interface uses a software-defined radio transceiver with no specialized GSM hardware. The original implementation used a USRP from Ettus Research, but has

since been expanded to support several digital radios in

implementations ranging from full-scale base stations to embedded

femtocells.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 38: Femtocells

Mobile data offloading - Alternatives

1 Femtocells use standard cellular radio technologies, thus any mobile device is capable of participating in the data offloading process, though

some modification is needed to accommodate the different backhaul

connection.Scherzer Shimon Femtocell vs

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 39: Femtocells

Advanced Wireless Services - United States

1 * Mosaic Telecom[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/mosaic-telecom-launches-home-cell-130500251.html Mosaic Telecom

Launches Home Cell Product with Ubiquisys AWS Femtocells].

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 40: Femtocells

Fixed-mobile convergence

1 In this definition “fixed broadband” means a connection to the Internet, such as DSL, Cable Internet access|cable or T1. “Local

access wireless” means Wi-Fi or something like it. BT’s initial FMC service[

http://www.btplc.com/News/Presentations/Generalpresentations/Bluephone.htm BT Fusion] used Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi for the local access wireless. The advent of picocells and femtocells means that local access wireless

can be cellular radio technology.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 41: Femtocells

PicoChip

1 Picochip was one of the first companies to start placing femtocells, mini cell base

stations, in homes and offices. The femtocells help combat reception issues such as:

dropped calls, poor sound quality, delays, and slow downloads. The idea is to help with the congestion of cell phone towers by allowing

them to hold more cellphone traffic. The femtocell is very cost-effective, which is ideal because it makes connection free and does

not interfere with other towers or frequencies.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 42: Femtocells

PicoChip - Multi-core DSP

1 Although the picoArray architecture is generic and could in principle be used for any DSP application, the

company has stated its strategy is to focus on wireless infrastructure. In particular, the processor is widely used for baseband processing in

WiMAX base stations and for femtocells.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 43: Femtocells

PicoChip - Femtocells and small cells

1 Picochip was one of the earliest companies to be active in femtocells and small cells,

and first demonstrated a prototype at Mobile World Congress|MWC2005. The

company has since developed a range of system on a chip (SoC) products named

picoXcell. The company supplied SoCs into the small cell market, and claimed to have 70% share of the High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) market according to data from ABI

Research.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 44: Femtocells

User-in-the-loop - Benefits

1 New approaches require to spend even more money and power, e.g. for pico- and

femtocells.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 45: Femtocells

Tiered service - History

1 The FCC suggested a number of solutions to the problem including greater use of the unlicensed Wi-Fi

spectrum, more femtocells, and more efficient arrangement of cell towers, but even these measures were not

believed to be enough to keep spectrum bands open

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 46: Femtocells

Small cell - Types of small cells

1 Small cells encompass femtocells, picocells, and microcells. Small-cell

networks can also be realized by means of distributed radio

technology consisting of centralized baseband units and remote radio heads. Beamforming technology (focusing a radio signal on a very specific area) can be utilized to

further enhance or focus small cell coverage. A common factor in all these approaches to small cells is

that they are centrally managed by mobile network operators.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 47: Femtocells

Small cell - Types of small cells

1 Small cells provide a small radio footprint, which can range from 10 meters within urban and in-building locations to 2km for a rural location.[http://www.picochip.com/page/99/ Small cell

range] Picocells and microcells can also have a range of a few hundred meters to a few kilometers, but they differ from femtocells in that they do not always have self-organising and self-management capabilities.[http://ubiquisys.com/femtocell-blog/s

mall-cell-terminology-is-evolving-with-the-technology-femtocell-picocell-microcell/ Small Cell

terminology]

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 48: Femtocells

Small cell - Purpose

1 ABI Research also believes that small cells also help service providers

discover new revenue opportunities through their location and presence information, argues ABI Research.

[http://www.wilson-street.com/2011/02/monetizing-the-five-bar-lifestyle-with-femtocells/ Monetizing the five bar lifestyle] If a registered user enters a femtozone, the network is

notified of their locationhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 49: Femtocells

Small cell - Umbrella term

1 The term small cells is frequently used by analysts and the industry as an umbrella to describe the different

implementations of femtocells,[http://www.wilson-street.com/2010/1

2/forget-femto-think-small-cell/ Forget femto think small cell] and to

clear up any confusion that femtocells are limited to residential

useshttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 50: Femtocells

Small cell - Future mobile networks

1 In 4G networks, the principal of heterogeneous network (HetNet) is

introduced where the mobile network is constructed with layers of small and large cells.[http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=204134 Heterogeneous

Networks] In LTE, all cells will be self-organizing, drawing upon the principles laid down in current Home NodeB (HNB), the 3GPP term for residential femtocells.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 51: Femtocells

Small cell - Deployment

1 9.6 million residential femtocells have been deployed, representing 56% of all base

stations globally, as of February 2013. In total, almost 11 million small cells encompassing public, enterprise and residential have been

deployed by 47 operators worldwide.[http://www.smallcellforum.org/newsstory-public-access-small-cell-market-to-hit-us-16-billion-in-2016 Public access small cell market to hit US$16 billion in 2016], February

2013.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 52: Femtocells

Open Garden - Products

1 Because Open Garden’s solution is built on software, rather than on

hardware, it requires no operational expenses and minimal capital

expenses from mobile operators, compared to alternatives such as

femtocells and microcells.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 53: Femtocells

Fixed Mobile Convergence

1 In this definition “fixed broadband” means a connection to the Internet, such as DSL, Cable

Internet access|cable or T1. “Local access wireless” means Wi-Fi or something like it. BT’s

initial FMC service[http://www.btplc.com/News/Presentation

s/Generalpresentations/Bluephone.htm BT Fusion] used Bluetooth rather than Wi-Fi for the local access wireless. The advent of picocells

and femtocells means that local access wireless can be cellular radio technology.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 54: Femtocells

History of smart antennas - Commercialization of 4G MIMO

1 The first 4G cellular standard was proposed by NTT DoCoMo in 2004. Long term evolution (LTE)

is based on MIMO-OFDM and continues to be developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership

Project (3GPP). LTE specifies downlink rates up to 300 Mbit/s, uplink rates up to 75 Mbit/s, and

quality of service parameters such as low latency. LTE Advanced adds support for

picocells, femtocells, and multi-carrier channels up to 100MHz wide. LTE has been embraced by

both GSM/UMTS and CDMA operators.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 55: Femtocells

HDVSL - Technology

1 It is believed that this CDN will be interfaced with a global network of

femtocells to provide wireless HDVSL connectivity using the unlicensed femtocell bands initially and then

migrating to the 90GHz band.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 56: Femtocells

Access point base station - Standardised architectures

1 In the Iuh architecture, the femtocell gateway sits between the femtocell and the core network and performs the necessary translations to ensure

the femtocells appear as a radio network controller to existing mobile

switching centres (MSCs)

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 57: Femtocells

Access point base station - Interference

1 Ralph de la Vega, ATT President, reported in June 2011 they recommended against using femtocells where signal strength was middle or strong because of interference problems

they discovered after widescale deployment.de la Vega, Ralph

[http://allthingsd.com/20110624/ralph-de-la-vega-says-att-can-better-as-it-gets-bigger-the-full-d9-interview-video/?refcat=d9 ], All

Things D video interview 38 minutes in, June 24, 2011, accessed June 28, 2011

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 58: Femtocells

Access point base station - Deployment

1 In May 2010, SoftBank Mobile launched the first free femtocell

offer, providing open access femtocells free of charge to its

residential and business customers

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html

Page 59: Femtocells

Cellcom (United States) - Femtocells

1 In 2009, Cellcom received the first Femtocell Industry Award for

significant progress or commercial launch by a small carrier at the

Femtocells World Summit in London.http://www.mavenir.com/cellc

om-femtocell.htm

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-femtocells-toolkit.html