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DESCRIPTIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Dr. Susi Ferrarello Loyola University, Rome Florence University of the Arts Associate Editor of Quaderni di Sabbia

Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

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Page 1: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

DESCRIPTIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Dr. Susi Ferrarello

Loyola University, Rome

Florence University of the Arts

Associate Editor of Quaderni di Sabbia

Page 2: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

WHAT DOES “PHILOSOPHY” MEAN TO YOU?

Page 3: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE

Philosophy means love

of knowledge (Gr.φίλος+

σοφία)

Science means

knowledge (Lt. Scio= I

know)

Page 4: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY WORK TOGETHER?

Page 5: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

PHENOMENOLOGY AND HUMAN SCIENCE

Phenomenology is a philosophical approach applied to psychology

Both philosophy and psychology are human sciences

Study of phaenomenon (Gr. Φαίνω, What appears to us)

Page 6: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

HUMAN AND NATURAL SCIENCE

The word science is not a univocal term

Scientia comes from Latin scire and refers to the outcome of inquiry within a community of knowers

The meanings of science have been debated for millennia

Page 7: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

ARE HUMAN AND NATURAL SCIENCES OBJECTIVE?

Page 8: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

ORIGIN OF DISTINCTION BETWEEN HUMAN AND NATURAL SCIENCE

Galileo Galilei

René Descartes

John Locke

Auguste Comte

Wilhelm Dilthey

Page 9: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1662, ITALY)

Father of modern,

objective and natural science

Learn to read the book of

nature

Learn to be nature

Page 10: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

HOW CAN WE BE NATURE AND SPEAK ITS LANGUAGE?

Page 11: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

THE LANGUAGE THAT NATURE SPEAKS

[The universe] cannot be read until we have learned the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word.

-Opere Il Saggiatore, p. 171

Page 12: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

HOW CAN YOU PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF THINGS IF YOU DON’T FIRST PROVE YOUR OWN EXISTENCE?

Page 13: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

RENÉ DESCARTES (1596-1650, FRANCE)

“I think, therefore I am” (Je pense, donc je suis or

Cogito ergo sum)

Res Cogitans (I think - Mind)

Res Extensa (I am - Body )

Res Cogitans and Res Extensa

interact through the pineal gland

Page 14: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704, ENGLAND)

Founder of Empirical science

Nature speaks in the language of experience

Reliable knowledge is grounded in the evidence of sensory experience and established by means of experimentation

Page 15: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

DO WE SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE AS NATURE? IS HUMAN SCIENCE THE SAME AS NATURAL SCIENCE?

Page 16: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857, ENGLAND)

Founder of positivism

Human science can be studied using the methods of the

natural sciences

Natural Science is a positive science

Positive comes from Latin positum

Page 17: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

ARE WE OBJECTS? HOW CAN OUR LIVED-EXPERIENCE BE INVESTIGATED?

Page 18: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

WILHELM DILTHEY (1833-1911, GERMAN)

The human science movement arose in the 19th century as an alternative to positivism, which had become the dominant philosophy of science

Human science argues that meanings, not just facts, are critical in understanding human phenomena: Dilthey was a founder of this movement

Geistes- Naturwissenschaften (Human and Natural science) have to use the same objectivistic method

Page 19: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

PHENOMEOLOGY

Founder: Edmund Husserl

(1859-1938)

Works : Crisis of European

Science and the Amsterdam Lectures on

Phenomenological Pyschology

Page 20: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

IS SCIENCE OBJECTIVE AND UNBIASED? IS IT REALLY POSSIBLE TO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF NATURE?

Page 21: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

CRISIS OF EUROPEAN SCIENCE (1936)

Objectivism of the Human and Natural Sciences led

Europe toward a

“deluge of skepticism”

Mathematical and Empirical

language alienated us

from our lifeworld

Science is always

subjective

All our knowledge

come from us

Transcendental

Subjectivism

Page 22: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

HUSSERL:

If man loses this faith, it means nothing less than the loss of faith "in himself," in his own true being. This true being is not something he always already has, with the self-evidence of the "I am," but something he only has and can have in the form of the struggle for his truth, the struggle to make himself true. True being is everywhere an ideal goal, a task of episteme or "reason," as opposed to being which through doxa is merely thought to be, unquestioned and "obvious."

Page 23: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

HUSSERL:

As men of the present, having grown up in this development, we find ourselves in the greatest danger of drowning in the skeptical deluge and thereby losing our hold on our own truth. As we reflect in this plight, we gaze backward into the history of our present humanity. We can gain self -understanding, and thus inner support, only by elucidating the unitary meaning which is inborn in this history from its origin through the newly established task [of the Renaissance], the driving force of all [modern] philosophical attempts.

Page 24: Ferrarello (2013) phenomenological philosophy -an introduction for psychologists

MERLEAU-PONTY (1908-1961, FRANCE)

Phenomenology of Perception

Humans are more than a chain of facts

There is no objective and higher language of nature to be excluded from

All our knowledge begins with the act of perception