Fertilization of~tand-BasedRootzones

Sand has becomea remedy formany of the

modern pressuresplaced upon naturalturf. By replacing oramending native soilswith sand, turf special-ists have largely solvedproblems with drain-age, compaction, hard-ness, traction, andshallow rooting. As thevalue of golf greens,race tracks, and ath-letic fields rises, moreturf managers findthemselves dealingwi th sand-basedrootzones. It isn't long Seattle Seahawks training center features a four-acre sand-based field maintained with abefore they discover precise fertilization program.that fertilization of these rootzones is con- must specify sands that are available 10-siderably different from feeding standard, cally. This puts the job of determining ap-soil-based rootzones. propriate maintenance and irrigation levels

The very characteristics that make sand on the superintendent or groundskeeper.drain well and resist compaction also make Fortunately, the United States Golf As-it relatively poor as a reservoir for water sociation Green Section has reduced theand nutrients. Compared to clay, sand has margin of error for superintendents by de-a smaller surface area by weight, which veloping specifications for sand-basedlimits its ability to react chemically with greens. The USGAguidelines state that thenutrients. A significant portion of soluble ideal particle size range for sand used infertilizers will leach through sand following the rootzone mix is between .25 mm to .75rainfall or irrigation, rather than clinging mm, with the majority being between .25to it. Roots growing in sand are not pro- mm and .50 mm (medium). In most in-tected from chemicals by the buffering ac- stances, fine and very fine sands (less thantion of clay and organic materials. As a .25 mm) should comprise no more than tenresult, there is less margin for error and a percent of the total volume of the mix.greater necessity for close management of Furthermore, the mix should containchemicals applied to sand-based rootzones. less than five-percent silt and three-percent

The size and type of sand affects the way clay. The organization stresses that theit holds water and nutrients. Finer sands components and the final rootzone mixhold more water than coarse ones. Minerals must be tested by a laboratory for accuracyand impurities in some sands may increase before installation. According to the speci-water retention. Unfortunately, turf manag- fications, the rootzone should retain 12 toers have limited control over the sands 18 percent water by weight at a tension ofavailable to them. For practical reasons, 40 ern. Water should be able to passbuilders of golf greens and sports fields through the compacted rootzone at a rate

of approximately fiveinches per hour.

Particle size is notthe only factor insand's influence onfertilization. "Thereis a lot of variability insands from one loca-tion to another," re-marks Dr. Ed McCoy,assistant professor ofagronomy at OhioState University inWooster. Silica sandsare pretty inert. Cal-careous sands con-tain somecontaminants, includ-ing silts, clays, shales,feldspars, and cal-cium carbonate. The

contaminants provide some additional ab-sorption."

In his own state of Ohio, McCoy hasnoticed that the amount of calcium carbon-ate in sands increases from north to south."In southern Ohio, local sands containquite a large amount of calcium carbonateand have a pH ranging from 7.5 to 8.5," hestates. "Croundskeepers who add sulfur tocorrect the pH may end up dissolving thecalcium carbonate, allowing it to migratedown in the soil profile. The result can bea lower, caliche layer with a high pH. It'salmost like cement. That's why it is soimportant to have a laboratory test anysand before it is installed."

Once you know the particle sizes ofsand, you can fairly accurately predict itswater-retention ability, McCoy points out.However, water and nutrient retention lev-els change after turf has become estab-lished. "The older sand-based fieldsbecome, the more organic matter enters therootzone," explains Dr. Roy Goss, who re-cently retired as professor of agronomy at

continued on page 22

June, 1990 21

Sand-Based Rootzonescontinued from page 21

bring the turf back up to speed. During thisperiod of time, the turfgrass is not perform-ing up to its ability. When a green, tee, orfield is heavily used, you can't afford to losethis time."

Washington State University in Puyallup.As the organic matter increases, so does thecation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil.This improves the water and nutrient reten-tion ability.

"Soil should be tested at least once ayear," Goss suggests, "to gauge the cationexchange capacity and to get a handle onnutrient deficiencies before they impact theturf. Once you see symptoms of nutrientdeficiency, the turf has been in deficitgrowth for a week to ten days. Then it takesfertilizer or micronutrients a few days to

Goss has consulted for many golfcourses and athletic facilities during hiscareer. Working with civil engineer CarlKuhn, Goss designed and established amaintenance program for the SeattleSeahawks training center in Kirkland, WA.The four-acre, sand-based field has pro-vided a consistent, playable surface for theSeahawks for five seasons. The trainingcenter is considered a model by many other

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National Football League franchises.John Monson is responsible for the Ken-

tucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrassgrowing in 18 inches of medium-sized sand.Monson changes the lines and goals for twcfull-sized fields regularly to distribute thewear evenly over the area. Minicamps startin April and extend through mid-July. Prac-tices take place on the fields into December.The facility also has one Omni-Turf, sand-filled artificial field which can be coveredby an air-inflated plastic bubble.

"In this climate you need to have a sandrootzone," the former golf course superin-tendent says. "The native, heavy-clay soilcan't take the rain or abuse. Water neverpuddles on the [sand-based] fields and theroots extend all the way to the bottom. It'seasier to manage than other fields in somerespects, but you have to stay on top ofmaintenance all the time."

Monson watches fertilization and irriga-tion very closely. "The sand becomes looseif it gets too dry," he reveals. "It has to bekept uniformly moist without overirriga-tion. We don't want anything leachingthrough the rootzone and into the stormsewers. Wetting agents help us with unifor-mity and slow-release fertilizers control theleaching."

Goss and Charles Lilly Co. of Portland,OR, developed a fertilizer containing 11basic nutrients called Royal Green. One-halfpound of the 18-3-16 blend of sulfur-coatedurea with macro- and micronutrients isapplied every two to three weeks beginningin April. Monson supplements the nitrogenin the spring and fall with light rates ofammonium sulphate, which has a lower

The chemistry of sports turf management

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leaching potential than ammonium nitrateor calcium nitrate. "There is a problem withthe predictability of release of slow-releaseproducts in cold weather," Coss explains."For this reason, we have to use somesoluble sources." The total amount of nitro-gen applied during the season ranges be-tween six and eight pounds per 1,000square feet.

Additional phosphorus is applied only inthe spring, during renovation. After a soiltest, the field is aerified, de thatched, re-seeded, and topdressed with the exact samesand as the rootzone. "Phosphorus is notprone to leaching," states Coss. "Once turfhas established, high levels of phosphorusonly encourage Poa annua," Monson hasalso applied Endothall to knock the Poaback.

Potassium is the nutrient Coss and Mon-son watch closely at the training center."Potassium can leach readily with heavyrainfall and irrigation," says Coss. "It canbecome deficient rapidly, within a matter ofdays. We try to keep it at medium to me-dium-high levels, around 200 parts per mil-lion. The one-to-one ratio of nitrogen topotassium in the fertilizer accomplishesthis."

Other nutrients contained in the RoyalCreen are sulfur, iron, calcium, copper,boron, manganese, magnesium, and molyb-denum. "It's important to keep all nutrientsin balance with regular feeding," says Coss.

John Nolan, head groundskeeper at Sol-dier Field in Chicago, IL, also follows aprogram of frequent, light rates of nitrogensupplemented with micronutrients. Sincethe Prescription Athletic Turf (PAT) field islike a bathtub filled with sand, it traps anynitrogen that is not held by the sand. Dueto its close proximity to Lake Michigan, soiltemperatures coincide with the tempera-ture of the lake, a factor which can hamperthe release of ureaformaldehyde nitrogensources.

Jim Fizzell, turf specialist with the Uni-versity of Illinois Cooperative ExtensionService, advises Nolan on the stadium'sfertility program. "John applies 1/4 to 1/2pound of nitrogen every two weeks," saysFizzell. During spring and fall most of thenitrogen is in quick-release forms. In thesummer, when temperature and humidityrises, Milorgantte (6-4-2) is applied for atotal N of four pounds per 1,000 square feetfor the year. Milorganite is an organic,slow-release source of nitrogen which con-tains a number of micronutnents, includingiron, copper, Zinc, and sulfur. Soldier Fieldalso maintains potassium levels with 10-10-10 or 15-0-30 formulations of fertilizer.

"There is a consensus today that potas-sium should be applied on a one-to-onebasis with nitrogen," says Dr. William Dan-iel, coinventor of the PAT system. "Thetendency is to overwater sand rootzones.This causes leaching of potassium andother important nutrients.

"We have seen instances of heavy rain-fall or overirrigation which caused a 50-per-cent drop in soluble salts. Slow-releasenitrogen sources can reduce this loss sig-nificantly. One company [Purcell Indus-tries, Sylacauga, ALl recently came out witha slow-release potassium, sulfur-coated sul-

phate of potash. This product could helpgroundskeepers maintain practice fieldswithout having to make frequent applica-tions."

Paul Grosh, regional sales manager forLebanon's Country Club products, said oneof his company's biggest products is its8-4-24 fertilizer. "Superintendents areusing potassium to improve heat, cold, andwear tolerance and help turf resist dis-eases," Grosh says. "They use the high Kproduct during periods of greatest plantstress."

continued on page 24

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Sand-Based Rootzonescontinued from page 23

Dr. Paul Mosdell, project leader for fer-tilizer development at a.M. Scott, pointsout that too much nitrogen or a deficiencyof manganese can magnify a potassiumshortage. "The jury is still out on high ratesof potassium," Mosdell says. "Theoreti-cally, nutrients in the soil compete for up-take by the plant. More research is neededto figure out what the right balance ofnutrients is for turf growing in sand-basedrootzones."

Grosh is concerned by the number ofturf managers cutting back or eliminatingphosphorus from their fertilization pro-grams. "They want to discourage Poaannua from reseeding, but may find theyend up with a phosphorus deficiency," hewarns.

Iron is a nutrient that can have a dra-matic effect on the color of turfgrass and isoften unavailable in sandy, overlrrigatedsoils. Excessive levels of phosphorus, zinc,or manganese can also cause an iron defi-ciency, known as chlorosis. This conditioncan be corrected with a foliar spray of ironsulfate or an application of chela ted iron.The chela ted form will not leach and won't

discolor pavement or structures in the area.Daniel suggests three ways to keep track

of turf nutrients. "Tissue analysis is themost sensitive," he begins. "A good tissuesample analysis tells the turf manager ifthere is a nutrient deficiency within theplant." His second indication is the amountof clippings removed during mowing. Thethird is to test the soil for levels of availablenutrients. "The key is a steady diet, notpeaks and valleys," he explains.

The cation exchange capacity of sandrootzones can be improved quickly withthe addition of certain amendments, saysDaniel. He cautions, however, that some ofthe amendments can reduce the percola-tion rate of the rootzone mix. "A silty loamsoil has a CEC ranging from 15 to 20, whilesand runs about 3," he reveals. The incor-poration of calcined clay (CEC 15-20) orpeat moss (CEC 80-100) can bring the ex-change capacity of the soil mix up depend-ing upon the volume added.

The present trend in fertilization ofsand-based rootzones is to build a founda-tion of slow-release nitrogen and supple-ment it with frequent light applications ofquick-release nutrients. Fertigation couldassume a major role in the frequent appli-

cation of nutrients on golf and sports turf,says Daniel. "Using the irrigation system toapply fertilizers reduces the tedium of reap-plying products every two weeks," heclaims. "It also lowers the chance of strip-ing or misses with sprayers or spreaders."

As research at Louisiana State Univer-sity in Baton Rouge revealed nearly tenyears ago, not all nitrogen sources workequally well on sand-based golf greens. Thebest turf quality may result because thenitrogen source affects other nutrients inthe rootzone. Since Milorganite containsnutrients beside nitrogen, it was rated high-est in the tests. But sulfur-coated urea,IBDU, ureaformaldehyde, methylene ureas,and plastic-coated urea, when balancedwith timely rates and applications of othernutrients, do not leach from sand-basedrootzones.

High-quality turf can grow in a compac-tion-resistant, well drained rootzone with-out wasting water or chemicals,contaminating groundwater, or restrictinguse. It takes more effort, but that effort isjustified by the increased value and produc-tivity of the facility. You can't build a sand-based rootzone and then expect to maintainit with old, soil-based technology. 1.1

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SCOTI AND SANDOZ TODEVELOP BIOLOGICALPESTICIDES

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Under the agreement, Sandoz researchand development will provide biologicalproducts to Scott for inclusion in a newlydeveloped natural product line. This linewill initially include biological insecticides,and may eventually include products basedon naturally occurring insect viruses, bac-teria, protozoa, and natural plant extractsto control lawn and garden pests.

Sandoz presently sells a number of bio-logical products to farmers to control cat-erpillars and Colorado potato beetles infruit and vegetable crops. Another productis widely used to combat gypsy moth infes-tations across North America.

"Increasing public awareness about theenvironment has created a demand for sucha natural line of products for home garden-ers," says Tadd C. Seitz, Scott presidentand CEO.

"Some of our ongoing advanced-tech-nology development and many of our exist-ing products can be readily applied to homelawn care and garden use," says Dale A.Miller, president and CEO of Sandoz CropProtection. "This alliance also gives us anopportunity to seek out other natural ma-terials that can be used to control gardenpests."

HELP MAKE CHILD'SLAST WISH COME TRUE

A seven-year-old boy with a brain tumorin Surrey, England, would like everyone tohelp him set a record before he dies. CraigSherbold's final wish is to be entered in theGuinness Book of Records for the largestnumber of "Get Well Cards" ever receivedby an individual.

You can help by sending a card as soonas possible to Craig Sherbold, 36 ShelbyRoad, Carshalton, Surrey, England. Post-age for a card weighing one half ounce or

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urged to send a letter to ten of their friendson his behalf so that they may also sendhim a get well card.

SHARP TO DISTRIBUTEBUFFALOGRASSCULTIVARS

Sharp Bros. Seed Co. of Healy, KS, andthe University of Nebraska have reached anagreement on the worldwide productionand marketing rights of the new genera-tions of Buffalograss. Under the agreement,the seed company will distribute new gen-eration cultivars its extremely drought-tol-erant and low-maintenance Buffalograssinto all areas, especially those concernedwith environment and water conservation.

"The first challenge is to utilize thesevarieties not only as vegetative, but also asseeded varieties," said Gail Sharp, presi-dent of Sharp Bros. Seed Co. "Evaluationswill be instigated immediately within ourproduction facilities. We hope to supplyseed from these varieties within the nextfew years."

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CHALKBOARD,.,TIPS FROM THE PROS

Wetting Agents: First Aid For Localized Dry Spots

Summer has arrived. You are begin-ning to increase irrigation run timesto compensate for the dry heat of the

season, ever mindful of your water budget.You have instructed the crew to be on thealert for symptoms of wilt. Overall, the turflooks terrific.

One day the golf professional or coachenters your office and asks, "What arethose small patches of off-color turf?" Anumber of small, irregular patches of limp,dark blue-green turf have begun to die.

Because you've kept a tight rein onwater, thatch, diseases, and insects, you arefairly certain you have things under con-trol. You send soil and tissue samples to alab for a second opinion. The results indi-cate no problems with fertility, pests, ordiseases. Through a process of elimination,you reach the conclusion that the problemis localized dry spots (LOS).

Does this sound familiar? Extension turfspecialists from across the country are re-porting widespread incidence of LOS, espe-cially on greens and fields constructed ofsand. Bentgrass seems to be more prone tothe problem than other grasses. However,as the specialists have revealed, the prob-lem is not the turf, it is the soil in which theturf is growing.

Research at the University of Georgia inAthens, Michigan State University in EastLansing, and Ohio State University in Co-lumbus has narrowed the problem in sandrootzones down to organic material thatrepels water when it becomes dry. Thismaterial coats sand particles in localizedspots and deprives the turf of soil moisture.To date, they have not identified the sourceof the material, but they have discoveredthat repeated applications of wettingagents will correct the situation.

Wetting agents are a type of surfaceactive agent (surfactant) that decreases thesurface tension of water. By reducing theforces that hold water molecules togetheror make them cling to soil particles, moremoisture is available for uptake by plantroots.

Dr. Keith Karnock at the University ofGeorgia has performed the most recent26 Golf & Sports TURF

research on wetting agents. All 15 productshe tested improved the water-holding ca-pacity of LOS soils. The main differenceshe discovered between them were theirrecommended rates of application and thenumber of treatments necessary to achieveequal results.

Karnock reports that the soil in alltreated plots returned to its previous drystate once applications of wetting agentwere discontinued. This indicates that useof the products for less than one year didnot provide a permanent cure for LOS..

The standard treatment program forgolf greens is to make thefirst two applica-tions two weeks apart in the spring, onceirrigation has begun. Some manufacturersrecommend higher rates for initial treat-ments than for subsequent ones. From thatpoint on, the wetting agent is reappliedonce a month. Programs for athletic fieldsmay require lower rates and longer retreat-ment intervals.

As a general rule, wetting agents needto be watered in immediately after applica-tion. Turf managers have found it helpfulto apply the products during rainfall or byinjecting them into the irrigation system.

Most manufacturers offer both liquidand granular formulations. Granular prod-ucts are convenient for spot treatment orapplication by spreaders. Liquid versionscan be applied with sprayers or injectedinto irrigation water. Recently, hose-endadaptors that use dissolving pellets or liq-uid proportioners have gained popularity,especially for follow-up treatments.

Rates vary considerably between prod-ucts. In Karnock's study they ranged fromtwo to 64 ounces per 1,000 square feet perapplication. During the three-month proj-ect, the total amount applied ranged fromeight to 128 ounces, depending upon theproduct. These rates provided a statisticallyequal amount of improvement in the water-holding capacity of the soil. Rates and priceper weight or volume need to be deter-mined when figuring the overall cost of awetting agent program.

Karnock did find a difference in the

speed of water penetration between prod-ucts. This might be important when usingwetting agents on slopes or undulatinggreens. All products in the trials reducedwater penetration time by 50 percent ormore.

Danneberger points out that certainmanagement practices can reduce the inci-dence of LOS. Because soil becomes morewater repellent as it gets drier, don't allowproblem areas to dry out during irrigationintervals. A method known as "doublebumping" can help. This involves moisten-ing the soil first with a short cycle, waitinga few hours, and then applying the bulk ofthe irrigation.

Mechanical aeration prior to hot, dryweather can improve water infiltration.Heavy thatch layers can also prevent waterfrom reaching the soil. Thatch is found inclose association with localized dry spots,but it is not always needed for them tooccur, says Danneberger,

He reminds turf managers that wettingagents must be watered into the rootzoneto be effective. Do not allow wetting agentsto remain on the foliage of turf, especiallyif applied at high rates. Rinse the materialoff the plant and into the soil immediatelyafter it is applied.

Once in the soil, wetting agents assistthe movement of water into the rootzonefor a period of weeks. The uniformity of theturf area is restored and water is utilizedwith greater efficiency. The temptation tooverapply water to an entire area to correctdry spots is gone.

Localized dry spots are a tradeoff. If wewant turf to withstand intense use, we needsand rootzones. If we want to discourageannual bluegrass from greens, tees, fair-ways, and athletic fields, tight control overwater is necessary. If we are to satisfygolfers who prefer bentgrass to otherturfgrasses, we must accept higher mainte-nance levels. And if we are to provide thehighest-quality turf with the least amountof water, we must explore every possibleway to conserve. Wetting agents allow usto do all these things while meeting profes-sional standards of turf care.

WhyPene-Turf soil treatment

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..IMI~,,,., 1M••• the best choice forwater and soil managementPoor infiltration and drainage, run-off and erosion, wet and dryspots, and hard compacted soils are more then water problems. Theyare soil problems. Pene-Turf soil treatment helps you effectively andefficiently solve these problems. Contact your local Pene-Turfdistributor or call 1-800-348-2608.~FOURSTAR~ SERVICES, INC.

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Circle 108 on Postage Free Card June, 1990 29

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ROOKIES..PRODUCT UPDATE

WETIING AGENTAPPLICATOR

The Pro-Ap, a hose-end applicator forapplying Hydro-Wet Turf Wetting Agent,has been introduced by Kalo, Inc. It isdesigned especially for use on golf courses.

The sprayer will accurately apply thewetting agent to tees and greens, and canbe used to apply micronutrients and otheradditives. The Pro-Ap metering systemmixes small quantities of chemical withlarge volumes of water, and offers a varietyof chemical dilution rates.

Molded from chemical-resistant Celcon,the Pro-Ap connects to one-inch water ser-vice and adapts to 3/4-inch. Its pistol-gripdesign and light weight reduce operatorfatigue. A shower-type nozzle ensures gen-tle application to turf.KALO, INC.Circle 137 on Postage Free Card

ANTI-WASH® IGEOJUTE ®Is The NaturalFor Tough Erosion Control

- Absorbs almost five times its own _ Highly compatible with hydroseedingweight in water, which straw and wood and other landscape plantingfiber cannot do. techniques

- Hugstightly to ground surface, _ No non-degrading artificial materials tomolding well to contours of land and interfere with wildlife or later useofreducing washout. maintenance equipment.

- Simple to install and easyto reposition Tofind out more about ANTI-WASH®/before permanent installation, if GEOJUTE®,the natural in erosion control,necessary. pleasewrite or call us today!

- Attractive natural appearance while (Distributor inquiries invited)vegetation isgrowing in.

Call our toll-free number

1 (800) 225 - 4099© 1990 Belton Industries, Inc

30 Golf & Sports TURF

BELTON INDUSTRIES, INC.8613 Roswell Rd.• Atlanta, GA 303501 (404) 587-0257 • FAX: 1 (404) 992-6361

Circle 125 on Postage Free Card

FERTILIZER-CHEMICALINJECTOR

Operating solely on water pressure with,no need for external energy, the AmiadFertilizer-Chemical Injector requires onlytwo 3/4-inch outlets from the main waterline. The II-pound injector can be con-nected to the main or sub-main line and thefertilizer or chemical tank with union cou-plings in minutes, permitting application offertilizer or chemicals to specific areas.

The operating injector does not breakline pressure. Its linear hydraulic motorprovides an efficient and accurate injectionrate of two to 80 gph which is easily con-trolled through a ball valve or a flow regu-lator. The unit is equipped with anautomatic cutoff that shuts down the injec-tor when materials have been expended.AMIAD U.S.A., INC.Circle 138 on Postage Free Card

Water-Reel Irrigationfor

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