Financial Inclusion, Financial Regulation, and Financial Education in Thailand

8/20/2019 Financial Inclusion, Financial Regulation, and Financial Education in Thailand

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JDOG Verig`f Rjphr Qhrghs

Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge`, Lg`jàgjc _hfucjtge`,j`d Lg`jàgjc Hduajtge` g` Tnjgcj`d

Ij`gttnj Tjmou`chrtanjg

@e. 816Kucy ?2:8

Jsgj` Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì G`stgtuth


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Tnh Verig`f Rjphr shrghs gs j ae`tgùjtge` el tnh lermhrcy `jmhd Dgsaussge` Rjphr shrghs9tnh ùmohrg`f el tnh pjphrs ae`tgùhd wgtneut g`thrruptge` er anj`fh. JDOG‗s werig`f

pjphrs rhlchat g`gtgjc gdhjs e` j tepga j`d jrh pesthd e`cg`h ler dgsaussge`. JDOG hàeurjfhsrhjdhrs te pest tnhgr aemmh`ts e` tnh mjg` pjfh ler hjan werig`f pjphr (fgvh` g` tnhagtjtge` ohcew). Qemh werig`f pjphrs mjy dhvhcep g`te etnhr lerms el puocgajtge`.

Quffhsthd agtjtge`;

Tjmou`chrtanjg, I. ?2:8. Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge`, Lg`jàgjc _hfucjtge`, j`d Lg`jàgjcHduajtge` g` Tnjgcj`d. JDOG Verig`f Rjphr 816. Teiye; Jsgj` Dhvhcepmh`t OjìG`stgtuth. Jvjgcjoch; nttp;//www.jdo.erf/puocgajtge`s/lg`jàgjc-gàcusge`-lg`jàgjc-rhfucjtge`-lg`jàgjc-hduajtge`-tnjgcj`d/

Rchjsh ae`tjat tnh jutner ler g`lermjtge` joeut tngs pjphr.

Hmjgc; ij`gttnj.tBanucj.ja.tn

Ij`gttnj Tjmou`chrtanjg gs j chaturhr jt tnh Ljaucty el Haeèmgas, Anucjce`fier`X`gvhrsgty, g` Oj`fiei, Tnjgcj`d. Qnh gs jcse j` jdkuàt prelhsser jt tnh Jsgj` G`stgtuthel Thanècefy (JGT), j fuhst chaturhr jt Tnjmmjsjt X`gvhrsgty, j`d njs werihd js jae`suctj`t ler fevhr`mh`t jfhàghs, js whcc js ler JDO j`d X@DR prekhats.

Tnh vghws hxprhsshd g` tngs pjphr jrh tnh vghws el tnh jutner j`d de èt `hahssjrgcyrhlchat tnh vghws er pecgaghs el JDOG, JDO, gts Oejrd el Dgrhaters, er tnh fevhr`mh`tstnhy rhprhsh`t. JDOG dehs èt fujrj`thh tnh jaaurjay el tnh djtj gàcudhd g` tngs pjphrj`d jaahpts è rhspe`sgogcgty ler j`y ae`shquhàhs el tnhgr ush. Thrmgècefy ushd mjyèt `hahssjrgcy oh ae`sgsth`t wgtn JDO ellgagjc thrms.

Verig`f pjphrs jrh suokhat te lermjc rhvgsge` j`d aerrhatge` ohlerh tnhy jrh lg`jcgzhdj`d ae`sgdhrhd puocgsnhd.

Jsgj` Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì G`stgtuthIjsumgfjshig Ougcdg`f >L

1-?-8 Ijsumgfjshig, Angyedj-iuTeiye :22-, Kjpj`

Thc; +>:-1-1871-8822Ljx; +>:-1-1871-886:X_C; www.jdog.erfH-mjgc; g`leBjdog.erf

© ?2:8 Jsgj` Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì G`stgtuth

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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JDOG Verig`f Rjphr 816 Tjmou`chrtanjg

Jostrjat

Tngs pjphr jddrhsshs tnh gssuh el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d tnreufn tnh ch`s el j`g`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs, wngan tjihs g`te ae`sgdhrjtge` tnh dhsgrhd eutaemhs, tnh shrvgahprevgdhrs j`d h`jocg`f jfhàghs, j`d tnh rhfucjtery ae`thxt tnjt snjph tnh hxgstg`fprevgsge` el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d. G` dgsaussg`f tnh janghvhmh`t el tnh dhsgrhdeutaemhs g` thrms el lg`jàgjc gàcusge`, tnh gssuhs el lg`jàgjc hduajtge` j`d lg`jàgjcrhfucjtge`, wngan prevgdh tnh ae`thxts wgtng` wngan tnh prevgsge` el lg`jàgjc preduats j`dshrvgahs eaaur, jrh jcse jddrhsshd. Xsg`f survhy g`lermjtge` j`d etnhr hvgdhàh, tnh pjphrgdh`tglghs tnh fjps ohtwhh` dhsgrhd j`d hxgstg`f eutaemhs, tnh fjp g` u`mht dhmj`d lerlg`jàgjc preduats j`d shrvgahs, tnh fjp g` lg`jàgjc hduajtge` prevgsge`, j`d tnh whji`hssel tnh hxgstg`f rhfucjtery g`stgtutge`jc shttg`f. Tnh pjphr aeàcudhs wgtn pecgayrhaemmh`djtge`s ler janghvg`f tnh dhsgrhd eutaemhs g` thrms el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` wgtng`tnh ae`thxt el Tnjgcj`d.

KHC Acjssglgajtge`; F?:, F?>, E:


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Ae`th`ts

:. G`treduatge` ................................................................................................................ 1

?.

G`stgtutge`jc J`jcysgs Lrjmhweri j`d Qeurahs el Qurvhy Djtj................................... 4

?.: G`stgtutge`jc J`jcysgs Lrjmhweri .................................................................... 4 ?.? Qeurahs el Qurvhy Djtj ................................................................................. 8

1. Ngstergajc j`d Qeage-haeèmga Ae`thxts ....................................................................

4.: Dhsgrhd Eutaemhs el Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge`; J` G`thr`jtge`jc Rhrsphatgvh ......... 7 4.? Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` lrem tnh Demhstga Rhrsphatgvh ........................................ 7 4.1 Etnhr Fevhr`mh`t Recgaghs te Rremeth Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d ........ :2

8. Qhrvgah Rrevgdhrs j`d H`jocg`f Jfhàghs ............................................................... ::

8.: Lermjc Lg`jàgjc G`stgtutge`s ........................................................................ :1 8.? Etnhr Fevhr`mh`t Recgaghs te Rremeth Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d ........ : 8.4 H`jocg`f Jfhàghs j`d Quppertg`f Mhanj`gsms; Arhdgt Djtjojsh

j`d Arhdgt Fujrj`thh .................................................................................. :7

. Lg`jàgjc Hduajtge` g` Tnjgcj`d ............................................................................... ?6

>.: Lg`jàgjc Cgthrjay ......................................................................................... ?6 >.? Evhr-g`dhothd`hss Rreochm ........................................................................ ?7 >.1 Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` Qtjtus ler QMHs ............................................................. 1:

7. Aeàcusge` j`d Recgay _haemmh`djtge`s ............................................................... 1?

_hlhrhàhs ......................................................................................................................... 14


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:. G@T_EDXATGE@

Lg`jàgjc gàcusge` gs, j`d njs ohh`, j` gmpertj`t fejc g` Tnjgcj`d‗s dhvhcepmh`tjfh`dj. Tngs gs g` cg`h wgtn tnh wgdhcy nhcd vghw j`d rhah`t hmpgrgajc hvgdhàhsuffhstg`f tnjt jaahss te lg`jàgjc shrvgahs njs j pesgtgvh gmpjat e` tnh cgvhs,cgvhcgneeds, j`d whcc-ohg`f el cew-gàemh neushnecds, j`d e` tnh gàemh, sgzh, j`dg`vhstmh`ts el mgare-h`thrprgshs g` cew-gàemh j`d hmhrfg`f haeèmghs (shh, h.f.,Ojuanht ht jc. Y?2::]9 Aucc ht jc. Y?2:4]9 j`d Neènj` j`d Ig`f Y?2:?]). Vngch j rhah`tsurvhy oy tnh Ojì el Tnjgcj`d (OET) snews tnjt tnh aeu`try njs j rhcjtgvhcy ngfn rjthel utgcgzjtge` el lg`jàgjc shrvgahs jt >>% (OET ?2:4j), premetg`f jaahss te jppreprgjthj`d jdhqujth lg`jàgjc shrvgahs gs stgcc rhchvj`t fgvh` shvhrjc lhjturhs el tnh aeu`try‗shaeèmy—tnh cjrfh g`lermjc shater, phrsgsth`t gàemh g`hqujcgty, j cjrfh rurjcpepucjtge` ohcew tnh pevhrty cg`h, tnh precglhrjtge` el smjcc j`d mhdgum-sgzhdh`thrprgshs (QMHs), j`d tnh ngfn neushnecd dhot te fress demhstga preduat (FDR)rjtge.

Tngs pjphr jddrhsshs tnh gssuh el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d lrem tnh phrsphatgvhel j` g`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs tnjt tjihs g`te ae`sgdhrjtge` tnh dhsgrhd eutaemhs, tnhjaters wne prevgdh er h`joch lg`jàgjc shrvgah prevgsge`, j`d tnh g`stgtutge`jc ae`thxtsel lg`jàgjc rhfucjtge` j`d hduajtge` tnjt snjph lg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` tnh aeu`try. Tnhpurpeshs el tngs pjphr jrh tnrhh-lecd;

(:) Te prevgdh j` evhrvghw el tnh aurrh`t stjtus el lg`jàgjc gàcusge`, rhfucjtge ,̀j`d hduajtge` g` Tnjgcj`d9

(?) Te gdh`tgly fjps j`d eostjachs tnjt prhvh`t lurtnhrg`f tnh eokhatgvh el lg`jàgjcgàcusge` g` tnh aeu`try9 j`d

(1) Te prevgdh pecgay rhaemmh`djtge`s ojshd e` (:) j`d (?) joevh.

G` mhhtg`f tnh joevh tnrhh eokhatgvhs, tnh pjphr prgmjrgcy leaushs e` lg`jàgjcgàcusge` el tnh mjrfg`jccy gàcudhd j`d tnh wneccy hxacudhd freup, èt gàcudg`f tneshwne njvh tnh jogcgty te jaahss out aneesh èt te (tnh shcl-hxacudhd freup). Js tnhmjkergty el tnesh g` tnh freups el aeàhr` jrh usujccy cew-gàemh g`dgvgdujcs j`d smjccousg`hsshs, mest el tnhm ephrjtg`f g` tnh g`lermjc shater, tnh mjg` leaus el tnh pjphrgs e` tnh prevgsge` el preduats j`d shrvgahs sphaglga te tnhsh freups, er mgarelg`jàh.

Tnh rhmjg`dhr el tngs pjphr gs struaturhd js leccews. Qhatge` ? prevgdhs tnh g`stgtutge`jcj`jcysgs lrjmhweri tnjt shrvhs js tnh ch`s tnreufn wngan lg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`dgs j`jcyzhd, j`d prevgdhs tnh seurahs el djtj ushd g` tngs pjphr. Qhatge` 1 prevgdhsojaifreu`d g`lermjtge` e` Tnjgcj`d. Qhatge` 4 fgvhs tnh dhsgrhd eutaemhs g` thrms ellg`jàgjc gàcusge ,̀ j`d prevgdhs j` evhrvghw el tnh pecgaghs tnjt fevhr` tnh prevgsge` el

mgarelg`jàh shrvgahs g` tnh aeu`try. J` evhrvghw el tnh shrvgah prevgdhrs j`d h`jocg`fjfhàghs el mgarelg`jàh shrvgahs gs prevgdhd g` Qhatge` 8 j`d Qhatge` < shts eut tnhrhfucjtery ae`thxt. Qhatge` 6 prevgdhs tnh aurrh`t stjtus el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` j`dlg`jàgjc hduajtge` g` Tnjgcj`d j`d Qhatge` > peg`ts eut tnh rhmjg`g`f fjps g` lg`jàgjchduajtge`. Qhatge` 7 aeàcudhs j`d prevgdhs pecgay rhaemmh`djtge`s.

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?. G@QTGTXTGE@JC J@JCWQGQ L_JMHVE_I J@DQEX_AHQ EL QX_\HW DJTJ

?.: G`stgtutge`jc J`jcysgs LrjmhweriTe u`dhrstj`d j`d jsshss lg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d g` thrms el jaahss te lg`jàgjcshrvgahs j`d tnh ae`thxts el lg`jàgjc rhfucjtge` j`d hduajtge`, tngs pjphr drjws e`,j`d jdjpts te sugt gts purpeshs, tnh aeàhptujc lrjmhweri el g`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgsprevgdhd oy tnh G`thr`jtge`jc Lu`d ler Jfrgaucturjc Dhvhcepmh`t (GLJD) (?227). G` tngspjphr, tnh thrm –g`stgtutge`s” gs ushd g` gts orejd dhlg`gtge` te jccew tnh j`jcysgs tehàempjss erfj`gzjtge`jc jaters, js whcc js tnh g`stgtutge`jc ae`thxts el lg`jàgjcrhfucjtge` j`d hduajtge`. G`stgtutge`s gs elth` dhlg`hd oy haeèmgsts j`d etnhrs js tnh–ruchs el tnh fjmh” (shh, h.f., @ertn Y:771]). Tnhy jrh, js Deufcjss @ertn (:77:) putsgt, –numj`cy dhvgshd ae`strjg`ts tnjt struaturh pecgtgajc, haeèmga j`d seagjc g`thrjatge`”(p.76). G`stgtutge`s jrh dgstg`fugsnhd lrem –erfj`gzjtge`s,” wngan njvh ohh` dhsargohd

js tnh –pcjyhrs” (@ertn :771). Erfj`gzjtge`s jrh elth` dhlg`hd js lermjc er g`lermjcfreups er jsseagjtge`s wgtn dhlg`hd j`d jaahpthd rechs, pesgtge`s, j`d rhspe`sgogcgtghs.Erfj`gzjtge`s usujccy njvh struaturhd rhcjtge`sngps wgtn hjan etnhr te janghvh semhsphaglga eokhatgvhs (Ceoe ?22>). Tnhsh dhlg`gtge`s jrh jdepthd nhrh.

Qhvhrjc rhjse`s hxgst ler wny tnh pjphr aneeshs te j`jcyzh tnh gssuh el lg`jàgjcgàcusge` tnreufn tnh ch`s el tnh g`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs lrjmhweri prepeshd oy tnh GLJD.Lgrst, tnhrh gs j` hmhrfg`f ae`sh`sus jme`f haeèmgsts j`d etnhr seagjc sagh`tgststnjt g`stgtutge`s mjtthr, oetn g` thrms el j aeu`try‗s haeèmga phrlermjàh (@ertn:772) j`d g` thrms el dhthrmg`g`f jaahss te rhseurahs, wngan, g` tur`, g`lcuhàhgàgdhàhs el pevhrty (shh, h.f., Xpnell Y:77?]9 Djsfuptj j`d Mächr

Y:774]9 Freetjhrt

j`d @jrjyj` Y?224]). Tnus, j` j`jcysgs el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` el wngan jaahss te

lg`jàgjc shrvgahs el tnh cew-gàemh freup gs ihy, weucd rhqugrh tnh j`jcysgs el tnhg`stgtutge`s j`d jaters tnjt jrh g`vecvhd. Qhae`d, tnh tnhmh el mgarelg`jàh g` tngspjphr lgts wgtn tnh leaus e` pevhrty tnjt gs tnh eokhatgvh el j` GLJD g`stgtutge`jcj`jcysgs. Tngrd, js tnh gssuh el mgarelg`jàh gs muctgljahthd oy `jturh, j necgstgaj`jcysgs gs `hhdhd te aemprhnh`d j`d hvjcujth tnh mj`y dgmh`sge`s el tnh gssuh. Tnhg`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs lrjmhweri prevgdhd oy tnh GLJD dehs tngs. _haef`gzg`f tnjtpevhrty gs j muctgdgmh`sge`jc gssuh, tnh GLJD njs dhvhcephd j teec ler j`jcyzg`f tnhjrrjy el g`stgtutge`jc ljaters tnjt jllhat pevhrty g` j necgstga ljsnge`. Gt prevgdhs jaenhrh`t lrjmhweri, wngan mjihs gt pessgoch te gdh`tgly j`d jsshss tnh rhchvj`tg`stgtutge`s j`d erfj`gzjtge`jc jaters. Leurtn, e`h el tnh fejcs el j` GLJD g`stgtutge`jcj`jcysgs gs te jccew tnh gdh`tglgajtge` el dhvhcepmh`t strjthfghs tnjt èt e`cy ellhrnecgstga secutge`s te tnh gssuh el pevhrty, out jcse jccew ler pecgay lermucjtge` tnjt

jddrhsshs tnh struaturjc ajushs el pevhrty. Tngs gs g` ihhpg`f wgtn Eokhatgvh 1 el tngspjphr.

Jaaerdg`f te tnh GLJD (?227), tnh ah`trjc aeàhr` el j` g`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs sneucd ohtnh eutaemhs janghvhd, j`d tnh gmprevhmh`t g` eutaemhs jspgrhd te. E`h etnhr ihyaempe`h`t el tnh j`jcysgs gs te gdh`tgly tnh mjg` shrvgah prevgdhrs j`d h`jocg`fjfhàghs tnjt ellhr j`d/er lesthr mgarelg`jàh. Tnhgr rechs sneucd oh gdh`tglghd j`dj`jcyzhd te h`surh j` u`dhrstj`dg`f el tnh g`stgtutge`jc ljaters tnjt g`lcuhàh tnheutaemhs. Newhvhr, js tnh luàtge`s el tnhsh jfhàghs jcse dhph`d e` tnh g`stgtutge`jcae`thxt, gt gs jcse gmpertj`t te sht eut tnh u`dhrcyg`f g`stgtutge`s, j`d jsshss tnhu`dhrcyg`f g`stgtutge`jc shttg`f g` tnh ae`thxt el lg`jàgjc gàcusge`. G` tngs pjphr, tnhrhfucjtery ae`thxt, j`d tnh h`jocg`f ae`thxt el lg`jàgjc hduajtge` jrh oetn sht eut.E`cy wnh` tnhsh sthps njvh ohh` tjih` sneucd strjthfghs ler g`stgtutge`jc anj`fh ohlermucjthd. Tngs preahss el g`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs gs dhpgathd g` Lgfurh :.

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Lgfurh :; G`stgtutge`jc J`jcysgs Lrjmhweri

Qeurah; Jutner‗s gccustrjtge`.

?.? Qeurahs el Qurvhy Djtj

Te suppcy g`lermjtge` ler j` g`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` ler g`dgvgdujcs,neushnecds, j`d smjcc j`d mhdgum h`thrprgshs (QMHs), tngs pjphr drjws e` j vjrghtyel djtjojshs tnjt prevgdh dhtjgchd g`lermjtge` e` lg`jàgjc jaahss j`d lg`jàgjc cgthrjayjme`f g`dgvgdujcs, neushnecds, j`d QMHs g` Tnjgcj`d. Tngs gàcudhs g`lermjtge` lremtnh Vercd Ojì Fceojc Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` (Fceojc Lg`dhx) djtjojsh, j`d shvhrjc g`-aeu`try survhys el g`dgvgdujcs, neushnecds, j`d QMHs.

G`lermjtge` e` lg`jàgjc gàcusge` j`d lg`jàgjc cgthrjay lrem tnh phrsphatgvh elg`dgvgdujcs j`d neushnecds jrh drjw` lrem twe mjg` seurahs—tnh Ojì el Tnjgcj`d(OET ?2:4j, ?2:4o) j`d tnh Lg`Qaeph Tnjgcj`d survhy, : oetn el wngan jrh ler ?2:1.Tnh OET survhy sjmpchs :2,28 h`thrprgshs el smjcc, mhdgum, j`d cjrfh sgzhs g`tnrhh mjg` ousg`hss shaters—wnechsjch, rhtjgc, j`d shrvgah. Vngch h`thrprgshs el jccsgzhs jrh gàcudhd g` tnh survhy, smjcc h`thrprgshs demg`jth tnh sjmpch sgzh,jaaeu`tg`f ler >8% el tnh tetjc. G`lermjtge` e` lg`jàgjc jaahss ler QMHs g` tnh

: Tnh Lg`Qaeph Qurvhy gs j rhshjran teec dhvhcephd oy Lg`Mjri Trust. Gt lerms pjrt el tnh Mjig`f Jaahss

Ressgoch (MJR) dgjfèstga j`d prefrjmmjtga lrjmhweri tnjt supperts h`njàg`f jaahss te lg`jàgjcshrvgahs. MJR pjrt`hrs jrh tnh X`gthd @jtge`s Ajpgtjc Dhvhcepmh`t Lu`d (X@ADL), Lg`Mjri Trust,j`d Ah`lrg. MJR Tnjgcj`d rhprhsh`ts j aeccjoerjtge` ohtwhh` MJR pjrt`hrs j`d JDO, j`d lerms pjrtel tnh JDO than`gajc jssgstjàh ler tnh Dhvhcepmh`t el j Qtrjthfga Lrjmhweri ler Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g`Tnjgcj`d. Tnh than`gajc jssgstjàh gs nesthd oy tnh Ourhju el Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` Recgay j`dDhvhcepmh`t jt tnh Mg`gstry el Lg`jàh g` Tnjgcj`d. G`puts g`te jdjptg`f tnh Lg`Qaeph quhstge``jgrh te

sugt tnh Tnjg ae`thxt aemh lrem j tjsi lerah g`vecvg`f vjrgeus ihy fevhr`mh`t j`d rhshjran jfhàghs g`Tnjgcj`d.

Recgayrhaemmh`djtge`s

Gdh`tglyg`f dhsgrhdeutaemhs

Ièwg`f tnh jaters

(shrvgah prevgdhrs,h`jocg`f jfhàghs)

X`dhrstj`dg`fg`stgtutge`jc ae`thxt

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mjùljaturg`f shater gs eotjg`hd lrem Ru`yjsjvjtsut (?2::) j`d gs jcse ler ?2:2. Jtetjc el :22 lgrms el jcc sgzh ajthferghs whrh survhyhd, out QMHs demg`jth tnh sjmpch. J tngrd seurah el djtj sphaglgajccy leaushs e` smjcc h`thrprgshs, j`d gs lrem tnhEQMHR‗s Mgareh`thrprgshs _hpert ler ?2:2 (EQMHR ?2:2). Tnh sjmpch gs mjdh up el:,:>.>% el tnhpeer cgvg`f g` rurjc jrhjs j`d ::.?% cgvg`f g` uroj` jrhjs (Vercd Ojì ?2:4). Oy rhfge`,Oj`fiei j`d tnh Ah`trjc rhfge`, wngan jrh tnh e`hs wgtn tnh mest medhr` g`dustrgjcj`d aemmhragjc shaters, njvh tnh ngfnhst phr ajpgtj gàemh (shh Lgfurh 1). E`jvhrjfh, Oj`fieigj`s j`d tnesh wne cgvh g` tnh surreu`dg`f prevgàhs hjr` merh tnj`

?

Mgare-h`thrprgshs jrh dhlg`hd oy EQMHR js h`thrprgshs wgtn è merh tnj` lgvh werihrs j`d tnjt jrh ètrhfgsthrhd js aempj`ghs.


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twgah tnh `jtge`jc jvhrjfh, wngch phr ajpgtj gàemh ler tnesh g` tnh Ah`trjc rhfge` gs:.8.?%) (@QE ?2:1).

Lgfurh ?; Revhrty Nhjdaeu`t _jtge jt tnh @jtge`jc Revhrty Cg`h j`d Fg`g G`dhx

Qeurah; Vercd Dhvhcepmh`t G`dgajters ?2:4.

Lgfurh 1; Rhr Ajpgtj Gàemh oy _hfge`, ?2:2

Qeurah; Jutner‗s ajcaucjtge`s, @HQDO djtj ?2:4.

Tnjgcj`d njs j cjrfh g`lermjc shater, j`d j cjrfh ùmohr el smjcc h`thrprgshs. El tnhtetjc cjoer lerah el jcmest 42 mgccge` phepch,


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dgsprepertge`jthcy cjrfh g`lermjc cjoer lerah1 (wgtn


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4.: Dhsgrhd Eutaemhs el Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge`; J` G`thr`jtge`jcRhrsphatgvh

Jaaerdg`f te tnh Ae`suctjtgvh Freup te Jssgst tnh Reer (AFJR), j aeccjoerjtge` el 14

erfj`gzjtge`s wercdwgdh tnjt shhi te lurtnhr lg`jàgjc gàcusge`, tnh thrm gs tjih` temhj` tnjt

–neushnecds j`d ousg`hsshs njvh jaahss j`d aj` hllhatgvhcy ushjppreprgjth lg`jàgjc shrvgahs. Quan shrvgahs must oh prevgdhdrhspe`sgocy j`d sustjg`jocy, g` j whcc-rhfucjthd h`vgre`mh`t.” (AFJRwhosgth, gtjcgas jddhd).

Jt j Ngfn-Chvhc Qgdh-Hvh`t jt tnh X`gthd @jtge`s Mgcch``gum Dhvhcepmh t̀ FejcsQummgt g` ?2:2, Zuhh` Mjxgmj el tnh @htnhrcj`ds, tnh X`gthd @jtge`s Qharhtjry‑ Fh`hrjc‗s Qphagjc Jdveajth ler Gàcusgvh Lg`jàh ler Dhvhcepmh`t (X@QFQJ), dhlg`hdlg`jàgjc gàcusge` js

–u`gvhrsjc jaahss, jt j rhjse`joch aest, te j rj`fh el lg`jàgjc shrvgahsler hvhrye`h `hhdg`f tnhm, prevgdhd oy j dgvhrsgty el seu`d j`dsustjg`joch g`stgtutge`s. Lg`jàgjc gàcusge` rhaef`gzhs tnjt phepch j`dousg`hsshs rhqugrh j rj`fh el lg`jàgjc shrvgahs g` jddgtge` te arhdgt-sjvg`fs, pjymh`t shrvgahs, rhmgttjàhs, g`surjàh, kust te `jmh j lhw.”(Zuhh` Mjxgmj ?2:2, gtjcgas jddhd).

Qhvhrjc aemme` tnhmhs hmhrfh lrem tnhsh twe dhlg`gtge`s el lg`jàgjc gàcusge`.Lgrstcy, lg`jàgjc gàcusge` rhqugrhs –u`gvhrsjc jaahss,” g.h., tnh prevgsge` el lg`jàgjcshrvgahs te hvhrye`h tnjt `hhds tnhm. Tnh shrvgahs sneucd oh –jppreprgjth,” er sugthdte tnh `hhds el tnh phepch, j`d prevgdhd jt rhjse`joch aest, se tnjt aests weucd èt ohj ojrrghr te usjfh. Qhrvgah prevgdhrs sneucd njvh rhspe`sgoch j`d seu`d prjatgahs, j`dtnhy sneucd oh sustjg`joch g`stgtutge`s. Jcc must ephrjth wgtng` j whcc-rhfucjthdh`vgre`mh`t.

Lrem tngs phrsphatgvh, tnh jvjgcjogcgty el lg`jàgjc shrvgahs wngan jrh pnysgajccyjaahssgoch te jcc, out wngan jrh èt sugthd te tnh `hhds el semh, er jrh prengogtgvhcyaestcy ler etnhrs, aj`èt oh ae`sgdhrhd js mhhtg`f tnh eokhatgvh el u`gvhrsjc jaahss.Lurtnhrmerh, tnh joevh dhlg`gtge`s suffhst tnjt gt gs èt e`cy tnh shrvgahs prevgdhd j`dtnh aests tnjt mjtthr9 tnh qujcgty el lg`jàgjc shrvgahs j`d tnh qujcgty el tnh shrvgahprevgdhrs tnhmshcvhs jrh kust js gmpertj`t g` lurtnhrg`f tnh fejc el lg`jàgjc gàcusge`.Lg`jccy, te h`surh j whcc-luàtge`g`f systhm, feed rhfucjtge`s j`d rhfucjtery prjatgahsjrh jcse hssh`tgjc.

4.? Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` lrem tnh Demhstga Rhrsphatgvh

Demhstgajccy, lg`jàgjc gàcusge` gs shh` js j mhj`s el janghvg`f ngfnhr dhvhcepmh`tfejcs. Tngs aj` oh shh` lrem tnh Hchvh`tn @jtge`jc Haeèmga j`d Qeagjc Dhvhcepmh`tRcj` (::tn @HQDR),

4 tnh lgvh-yhjr pcj` tnjt shts eut tnh aeu`try‗s dhvhcepmh`t jfh`dj

ler ?2:?‑?2:


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ajpgtjc, h`njàg`f QMHs‗ aemphtgtgvh`hss, j`d gmprevg`f j`d dgvhrsglyg`f frjssreetslg`jàg`f j`d sjvg`fs g`stgtutge`s, jrh dhhmhd gmpertj`t mhjsurhs.

X`dhr tnh strjthfy ler rhstruaturg`f tnh haeèmy tewjrd qujcgty frewtn j`dsustjg`jogcgty, lg`jàgjc gàcusge` ler oetn tnh frjssreets j`d QMHs njs ohh` gdh`tglghd

js j` gmpertj`t aempe`h`t tnjt weucd chjd te tnh janghvhmh`t el tngs strjthfy. Tnhrhchvj`t jsphats el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` jrh tnh hàeurjfhmh`t el hqujc jaahss telg`jàgjc rhseurahs jt rhjse`joch aest, tnh hàeurjfhmh`t el `hw lg`jàgjc preduatssuan js ljaterg`f j`d chjsg`f, j`d tnh rhfucjtge` el aemmhragjc ojìs rhfjrdg`f rgsimj`jfhmh`t te gàh`tgvgzh ch`dg`f te QMHs, h`trhprh`hurs j`d cew-gàemh freups.Tnhsh njvh ohh` gdh`tglghd js mhjsurhs tnjt weucd chjd te sustjg`joch j`d hqugtjochfrewtn, j`d ler janghvg`f rhsgcghàh jt oetn tnh g`dgvgdujc j`d seaghtjc chvhcs.

Jcse u`dhr tnh strjthfy el qujcgty frewtn j`d sustjg`jogcgty jrh jsphats el lg`jàgjcgàcusge` tnjt phrtjg` te tnh jogcgty el mgarelg`jàh shrvgah prevgdhrs te mjg`tjg` j`dsustjg` tnhmshcvhs. Tngs weucd rhqugrh èt e`cy gàrhjsg`f tnh ajpjogcgty, rhseurahs,j`d aevhrjfh el frjssreets lg`jàgjc shrvgahs, out jcse gmpchmh`tg`f mhanj`gsms te

cgì lu`ds jme`f mgarelg`jàh freups j`d ohtwhh` suan freups j`d lg`jàgjcg`stgtutge`s. Tnhsh mhjsurhs sneucd oh u`dhrtjih` te lesthr seu`d lg`jàgjcmj`jfhmh`t j`d sjvg`fs njogts jt tnh neushnecd chvhc.

G` jddgtge` te tnh mhjsurhs eutcg`hd joevh, lg`jàgjc hduajtge` lerms j` gmpertj`t pjrtel tnh strjthfy te premeth hqugtjoch j`d sustjg`joch frewtn. _haef`gzg`f tnh frewg`fpreochm el evhr-g`dhothd`hss g` Tnjgcj`d, tnh ::tn @HQDR gdh`tglghs premetg`fièwchdfh j`d g`lermjtge` e` lg`jàh ler oetn neushnecds j`d QMHs, j`dhàeurjfg`f cew j`d mgddch-gàemh neushnecds te sjvh, js gmpertj`t mhjsurhs teaemojt tnh g`dhothd`hss preochm. Merh sphaglgajccy, tnh pcj` gdh`tglghs tnh prevgsge` ellg`jàgjc ièwchdfh j`d g`lermjtge` rhfjrdg`f sjvg`fs, g`vhstmh`t, rgsi mj`jfhmh`t,phrse`jc lg`jàgjc pcj``g`f, prhpjrjtge` el gàemh j`d hxph`dgturh jaaeu`ts, j`dièwchdfh e` tnh rgsis el oerrewg`f me`hy eutsgdh tnh ojìg`f systhm js `hahssjrymhjsurhs te nhcp prhvh`t j`d rhsecvh tnh preochms el evhr-g`dhothd`hss g` tnhaeu`try.

4.1 Etnhr Fevhr`mh`t Recga ghs te Rremeth Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge`g` Tnjgcj`d

G` jddgtge` te tnh vjrgeus jsphats el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` gdh`tglghd g` tnh ::tn @HQDR,shvhrjc etnhr pecgaghs te premeth lg`jàgjc gàcusge` njvh ohh` gmpchmh`thd oy tnhTnjg fevhr`mh`t tnreufn gts vjrgeus fevhr`mh`t jfhàghs. G` ?2::, tnh Mg`gstry elLg`jàh (MEL) rhquhsthd jssgstjàh lrem tnh Jsgj` Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì (JDO) telurtnhr dhvhcep mgarelg`jàh j`d premeth lg`jàgjc gàcusge` ler g`dgvgdujcs j`d

neushnecds g` Tnjgcj`d. E`h el tnh eutputs el tnh prekhat gs j @jtge`jc Qtrjthfy lerLg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d, wngan njs ohh` jpprevhd.

G` tnh hxgstg`f shtup, aemmhragjc ojìs jrh gàh`tgvgzhd te hxth`d tnhgr rhjan te tnhcewhr-gàemh shfmh`ts. Tngs gs pjrt el orejdhr rhlerms el tnh aeu`try‗s lg`jàgjcshater, j`d suan mhjsurhs jrh eutcg`hd g` tnh Lg`jàgjc Qhater Mjsthr Rcj`s (LQMRs).Tnh rhlerms jrh ajrrghd eut g` stjfhs j`d tnh shae`d pnjsh el tnh LQMR ru`s lrem?2:2 te ?2:4.8 Hxth`dg`f lg`jàgjc jaahss gs e`h el tnrhh gmpertj`t pgccjrs el tnh rhlermpreahss. Te fgvh ojìs gàh`tgvhs te ch`d te tnh cewhr-gàemh shfmh`t, ruchs njvhohh` medglghd, `hw shrvgah prevgdhrs wgtn mgarelg`jàh hxphrtgsh njvh ohh`g`treduahd, j`d suppert njs ohh` prevgdhd te tnh sphagjcgzhd lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s

8 Tnh lgrst pnjsh aevhrhd tnh phrged lrem ?224 te ?22>9 tnh tngrd pnjsh gs hxphathd te ohfg` jlthr ?2:4.

:2


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(QLGs) tnjt jcrhjdy ellhr shrvgahs ler tnh cewhr-gàemh shfmh`t (Mhjfnhr ?2:1).Gàh`tgvhs ellhrhd gàcudh tnh upwjrd rhvgsge` el tnh g`thrhst rjth ajp te ?>% phr yhjr(g`thrhst j`d lhhs) ler u`shaurhd phrse`jc j`d mgarelg`jàh cej`s,


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argsgs, jutnergtghs werihd njrd te g`stgtuth rhfucjtge`s j`d gmpchmh`t mhjsurhs jgmhdjt g`sucjtg`f aemmhragjc ojìs jfjg`st j pessgoch rhphjt el tnh Jsgj` Lg`jàgjc Argsgs,wngan ngt tnh lermjc lg`jàgjc shater hsphagjccy njrd. Qhae`d, te ajthr te tnh `hhds elcewhr-gàemh neushnecds j`d smjcc h`thrprgshs, tnh fevhr`mh`t njs rhcghd e` etnhrpecgay g`strumh`ts. Fevhr`mh`t-ew`hd lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s whrh hstjocgsnhd, j`dcewhr-tghr lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s whrh hàeurjfhd j`d supperthd. Tefhtnhr, tnhshmhjsurhs oreufnt joeut tnh aurrh`t lg`jàgjc cj`dsajph, wngan njs j muctgtudh ellg`jàgjc shrvgah prevgdhrs. Acjssglghd orejdcy js lermjc, shmg-lermjc, j`d g`lermjcg`stgtutge`s, tnhsh lg`jàgjc shrvgah prevgdhrs njvh dgllhrh`t anjrjathrgstgas j`d typgajccyajthr te dgllhrh`t freups el tnh pepucjtge`, jctneufn tnhrh jrh semh evhrcjps g` tnhaustemhr ojsh jaress shrvgah prevgdhrs (shh Tjoch 1). Tefhtnhr, tnhy prevgdh j wgdhvjrghty el shrvgahs, suan js ae`sumhr cej`s, sjvg`fs, dhpesgts, rhmgttjàhs, pjymh`ts,j`d g`surjàh preduats (shh Tjoch 4).

Lgfurh 4; Cj`dsajph el Jcc Lg`jàgjc Qhrvgah Rrevgdhrs (Mgarel g`jàh j`d @e`-mgarelg`jàh) g` Tnjgcj`d

Lermjc

Qhmg-lermjc

G`lermjc

@e`-ojì lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s (@OLGs)

Qphagjcgzhd lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s (QLGs)

Aemmhragjc ojìs, lg`jàh aempj`ghs, arhdgtleàghrs

1d

>

:1,222h

?6,222>2,222

?>,222o

$178.8 ogccge`(7?.6%)

(è`-ojì$1.7 ogccge`)

$?7.> ogccge`(6%)

$:.?< ogccge`(2.1%)

Qhater Ihy Rcjyhrs @umohr j Arhdgt \ecumho

@eths;

j @umohrs ler shmg-lermjc j`d g`lermjc g`stgtutge`s jrh reu`dhd.

o Hstgmjthd.

a Gàcudhs Tnjg aemmhragjc ojìs (:8), lerhgf` suosgdgjrghs j`d lerhgf` ojì orjànhs (:


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Tjoch 1; Rrelgch el Lg`jàgjc G`stgtutge` Acgh`ts (cej`s e`cy)

G`stgtutge`Typh

G`dgvgdujcsQhrvhd

Jvhrjfh Me`tn cy Gàemhel G`dgvgdujc Qhrvhd

(O)

Jvhrjfh Tetjc Dhotel G`dgvgdujc Qhrvhd

(O)_hfge`

Aemmhragjcojì

?,2>>,7?< ?6,?:6 :6


16/38


ojìs.:2 Hstjocgsnhd te shrvh sphaglga purpeshs, QLGs jrh typgajccy ushd js teecs lerlurtnhrg`f tnh haeèmga j`d dhvhcepmh`t jfh`dj el tnh stjth. Tnhgr shrvgahs gàcudhaemmhragjc ojìg`f shrvgahs, mgarelg`jàh preduats, j`d arhdgt fujrj`thh preduats.

Vngch lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s jrh oy ljr tnh cjrfhst g` thrms el oetn g`dgvgdujc j`d

aecchatgvh rhseurahs j`d ajpjogcgtghs, tnhy typgajccy ajthr te cjrfh aerperjtge`s j`dngfnhr-gàemh neushnecds ceajthd g` uroj` jrhjs, j`d prevgdh vhry cgttch g` thrms elmgarelg`jàh shrvgahs. Cej`s djtj g`dgajth tnjt wngch tnh lermjc lg`jàgjc shaterjaaeu`ts ler 71% el tetjc arhdgt g` tnh aeu`try, gt e`cy prevgdhs


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g`dgvgdujcs wne ru` QMHs, ew`hrs el mem-j`d-peps sneps, er te cew-gàemhg`dgvgdujcs wgsng`f te stjrt tnhgr ew` ousg`hsshs. Tnhsh sanhmhs jrh gmpchmh`thd g`jddgtge` te tnh usujc ojìg`f shrvgahs ellhrhd oy tnh FQO.

Tnh Qmjcc j`d Mhdgum H`thrprgsh Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì (QMH Ojì) wjs leu`dhd te

premeth, dhvhcep, j`d jssgst QMHs g` tnhgr hstjocgsnmh`t, hxpj`sge`, er ousg`hssgmprevhmh`ts. G` prjatgah, te suppert j`d premeth QMHs, tnh ojì prevgdhs arhdgtpreduats, js whcc js fujrj`thhs j`d vh`turh ajpgtjc. Tnh Qmjcc j`d Mhdgum H`thrprgshDhvhcepmh`t Ojì el Tnjgcj`d Jat el ?22? jcse phrmgts tnh ojì te prevgdh aeu`shcg`fshrvgahs, j`d j`y etnhr `hahssjry shrvgahs tnjt lgt tnh eokhatgvhs el tnh ojì j`d jrhaevhrhd oy tnh prevgsge`s el tnh Jat. Js j` QLG, tnh ojì gs jcse g`vecvhd g` tnh ?2:?dhot merjtergum pecgay e` phrlermg`f cej`s el è merh tnj` O822,222, jctneufn tnhourdh` el tngs pecgay e` tnh ojì gs èt js frhjt js gt gs e` tnh OJJA er tnh FQO. Tngsgs pjrtcy duh te tnh ljat tnjt, ojshd e` tnh ojì‗s dhlg`gtge` el QMHs, :? tnh h`thrprgshsaevhrhd gàcudh tnesh wngan jrh cjrfhr g` sgzh j`d, js j rhsuct, cej` sgzhs th`d te ohcjrfhr ler QMH ojì austemhrs tnj` ler g`dgvgdujc acgh`ts el tnh OJJA er tnh FQO.

G` jddgtge` te tnh OJJA, tnh FQO, j`d tnh QMH Ojì, tnh Gscjmga Ojì el Tnjgcj`d(GOjì), jètnhr QLG, Iru`ftnjg Ojì (ITO), j`d Tnjg Arhdgt _htjgc Ojì (TA_O) jcseprevgdh semh arhdgt preduats tnjt ajthr te cewhr-gàemh freups j`d smjcc-sajchh`trhprh`hurs, jctneufn tnh sajch j`d saeph el tnhgr mgarelg`jàh ephrjtge`s jrhsmjcchr tnj` tnh QLGs mh`tge`hd joevh. Js j` QLG hstjocgsnhd te shrvh tnh ojìg`f`hhds el tnh Gscjmga aemmu`gty g` tnh aeu`try, GOjì‗s mjg` tjrfhts njvh ohh` teshrvh Muscgm austemhrs j`d te ajrry eut fevhr`mh`t pecgaghs. Tnh ITO gs jaemmhragjc ojì, out j stjth-ew`hd h`thrprgsh, j`d js suan gt jcse ellhrs preduats tesuppert fevhr`mh`t pecgaghs g` thrms el ellhrg`f mgarelg`jàh preduats te cew-gàemhg`dgvgdujcs j`d mgare-h`thrprgshs. Tnh TA_O gs wneccy prgvjth-ew`hd, j`d eaaupghs j`ganh mjriht tjrfhtg`f austemhrs j`d ousg`hss ew`hrs tnjt jrh smjcchr g` sgzh tnj` tnhmjg` austemhrs el aemmhragjc ojìs. Newhvhr, tnh TA_O‗s ephrjtge`s jrh mjg`cy g`

uroj` jrhjs, j`d aeccjthrjc gs stgcc rhqugrhd ler cej` jpprevjcs.G` jddgtge` te dhpesgt-tjig`f g`stgtutge`s, tnhrh jrh jcse arhdgt-e`cy lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s,aecchatgvhcy thrmhd è`-ojì lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s (@OLGs). Lermjc @OLGs:1 jrh cjrfhaerperjtge`s tnjt ellhr phrse`jc cej`s, arhdgt ajrd shrvgahs, j`d/er ajsn ajrd preduats.Qemh aempj`ghs jcse ellhr chjsg`f j`d ngrh‑puranjsh shrvgahs. @OLGs jrh ogfprevgdhrs el ae`sumhr arhdgt, j`d jrh prhsh`t mjg`cy g` uroj` tew` ah`thrs. Chwgs htjc. (?2:1) rhperthd tnjt 68.6% el tnh tetjc ùmohr el ae`sumhr arhdgt g` tnh lermjcshater gs g` tnh nj`ds el tnh cjrfh @OLGs. Newhvhr, jvhrjfh cej` sgzh ler @OLGs gsmuan smjcchr, ohg`f e`cy j tngrd el tnh jvhrjfh cej` sgzh ler Tnjg aemmhragjc ojìs.Tngs suffhsts tnjt tnh lermjc @OLGs ajthr te j wgdhr ojsh tnj` aemmhragjc ojìs, j`dtypgajccy rhjan phepch wgtn cewhr gàemhs tnj` aemmhragjc ojìs g` thrms el tnhgr

acgh`t ojsh. Dhspgth tnh cewhr rhjan el tnh lermjc @OLGs, tnh preduats ellhrhd oy tnhmjrh stgcc g`jaahssgoch te phepch wgtn grrhfucjr gàemh j`d è aeccjthrjc suan jsjutemeogchs er nemhs. Tnhsh phepch tur`, g`sthjd, te g`stgtutge`s ellhrg`f sgmgcjrshrvgahs te @OLGs, out jrh èt rhfucjthd oy tnh OET duh te tnh smjcchr sgzh el tnhgrephrjtge`s.

:? Qmjcc h`thrprgshs jrh tnesh wgtn jt mest 82 hmpceyhhs j`d wgtn lgxhd è`-cj`d jsshts el O82 mgccge` erchss (O12 mgccge` ler rhtjgchrs). Tnus, mj`y h`thrprgshs tnh ojìs weucd acjssgly js –smjcc” weucd stgcc ohogffhr tnj` mgare-h`thrprgshs. Mhdgum h`thrprgshs jrh tnesh wgtn 8:‑?22 hmpceyhhs wgtn è`-cj`dlgxhd jsshts el merh tnj` O82 mgccge`‑O?22 mgccge` (tnh rj`fh gs merh tnj` O82 mgccge`‑O:22 mgccge` lerwnechsjchrs j`d merh tnj` O12 mgccge`‑O


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Lgfurh 8; Rjrtgagpjtge` g` Mgarelg`jàh

Qeurah; Jutner‗s gccustrjtge` usg`f djtj lrem Chwgs ht jc. (?2:1) j`d Rrjyee`sg` (?2:4).

8.? Etnhr Fevhr`mh`t Recga ghs te Rremeth Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge`g` Tnjgcj`d

Cgih lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s, shmg-lermjc g`stgtutge`s jcse njvh chfjc stjtus, out jrhèt rhfucjthd oy lg`jàgjc jutnergtghs suan js tnh OET er tnh MEL. Js suan, mj`y eltnhm ephrjth u`dhr è`-prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s.:4 Tnhsh g`stgtutge`s th`d te oh smjcchrtnj` tnh lermjc e`hs, jrh typgajccy mhmohr-ojshd g`stgtutge`s, j`d jrh hgtnhrhstjocgsnhd oy tnh stjth, er tnhgr hstjocgsnmh`t gs hàeurjfhd oy tnh fevhr`mh`t lertnh purpesh el premetg`f sjvg`fs j`d preduatgvh g`vhstmh`ts jt tnh aemmu`gty chvhc erler sphaglga prelhssge`jc freups. Mj`y el tnhsh g`stgtutge`s jcse rhahgvh lu`dg`f j`d

semh lerm el jssgstjàh lrem tnh fevhr`mh`t jfhàghs rhspe`sgoch ler evhrshhg`ftnhm.

Tnhrh jrh tnrhh mjg` typhs el shmg-lermjc g`stgtutge`s g` Tnjgcj`d—aeephrjtgvhs j`deaaupjtge`jc freups, Qjvg`fs Freups ler Rreduatge` (QFR), j`d tnh \gccjfh Lu`ds.Aeephrjtgvhs drjw tnhgr mhmohr ojsh lrem tnesh el tnh sjmh eaaupjtge` er lremtnesh cgvg`f g` tnh sjmh jrhjs j`d whrh arhjthd se tnjt tnh mhmohrs aj` peec tnhgrrhseurahs te nhcp hjan etnhr. Vngch aeephrjtgvhs hxgst jcc evhr tnh aeu`try, tnh mestùmhreus g` thrms el ùmohr el erfj`gzjtge`s j`d mhmohrs jrh jfrgaucturjcaeephrjtgvhs j`d ljrmhrs freups, wngan ephrjth mjg`cy g` tnh @ertnhjsthr` j`d@ertnhr` rhfge`s el tnh aeu`try (shh Lgfurh


19/38


tnhm e` vjrgeus jsphats suan js lg`jàgjc phrlermjàh, prhvjchàh el lrjuduch`tjatgvgtghs, mhmohr pjrtgagpjtge`, j`d g`thr`jc mj`jfhmh`t prjatgahs.

Lgfurh


20/38


Me`hy lrem tnh \gccjfh Lu`d gs prgmjrgcy ushd te prevgdh retjtg`f arhdgt te mhmohrs eltnh vgccjfh aemmu`gty, j`d wngch sjvg`f wgtn tnh \gccjfh Lu`d gs pessgoch, lhw phepchde. J \gccjfh Lu`d cej` aj` oh ushd ler j`y purpesh, out gs typgajccy smjcc—jreu`dO:2,222‑O?2,222—g` ihhpg`f wgtn tnh cewhr gàemh el \gccjfh Lu`d oerrewhrs. Xshrsmestcy cgvh g` tnh @ertnhjsthr` j`d @ertnhr` rhfge`s, wnhrh ph`htrjtge` oy lermjclg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s njs ohh` cgmgthd. Mhìnell j`d _u`fruxsgrgver` (?227) snewhdtnjt tnh Lu`d njs njd semh suaahss g` rhjang`f tnesh wne njd prhvgeuscy cgmgthdjaahss te arhdgt j`d njd te rhcy e` g`lermjc me`hych`dhrs ler cej`s. @e`htnhchss,Tjoch 1 snews tnjt tnh tetjc dhot ourdh` nhcd oy \gccjfh Lu`d ushrs gs O1??,1


21/38


tnhgr ephrjtge`s, tnh cjai el ae`trec evhr tnh g`thrhst j`d lhhs anjrfhd, j`d tnh cjai elfugdjàh e` jppreprgjth mjriht ae`duat, put oetn tnh g`stgtutge`s tnhmshcvhs j`d tnhgracgh`ts jt rgsi.

8.4 H`jocg`f Jfhàghs j`d Quppertg`f Mhanj`gsms; Arhdgt

Djtjojsh j`d Arhdgt Fujrj`thh

Tnh hxgstg`f g`stgtutge`jc jrrj`fhmh`t el tnh jfhàghs suppertg`f mgarelg`jàh rhlchatstnh ce`f ngstery el stjth g`vecvhmh`t g` tngs shater. E`h mjg` eostjach te prevgdg`fmgarelg`jàh shrvgahs, hsphagjccy g` thrms el cej`s, gs tnh ngfn trj`sjatge` aestsrhsuctg`f cjrfhcy lrem tnh g`lermjtge` jsymmhtry ohtwhh` suppcghrs j`d peth`tgjcacgh`ts. Tngs mjihs gt dgllgauct ler peth`tgjc shrvgah prevgdhrs te jsshss tnh rgsis elmgarelg`jàh cej`s, j`d elth` chjds te rhqugrhmh`ts el aeccjthrjc tnjt cew-gàemhneushnecds j`d QMHs aj`èt prevgdh. Tnh preochm gs pjrtgaucjrcy jauth ler lg`jàgjcg`stgtutge`s g` tnh lermjc lg`jàgjc shater tnjt njvh cgmgthd hxphrghàh g` jsshssg`f tnhrgsis jsseagjthd wgtn cej`s te cew-gàemh g`dgvgdujcs j`d QMHs. Quan acgh`ts jrhhxacudhd lrem lermjc lg`jàgjc shrvgahs, tnhrhlerh.

Tnh @jtge`jc Arhdgt Ourhju (@AO):> nhcps te jcchvgjth tngs preochm oy aecchatg`f arhdgtg`lermjtge` lrem mhmohr lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s j`d suppcghs arhdgt rhperts te mhmohrsupe` tnhgr rhquhst.:7 _hperts prevgdhd gàcudh oetn ae`sumhr j`d aempj`y arhdgtngstery. Jt prhsh`t, jcc Tnjg aemmhragjc ojìs j`d tnrhh QLGs—Fevhr`mh`t Neusg`fOjì (FNO), Fevhr`mh`t Qjvg`fs Ojì (FQO), j`d QMH Ojì—jrh snjrhnecdhrs j`dmhmohrs el tnh @AO. Tnh OJJA, e`h el tnh cjrfhst mgarelg`jàh shrvgah prevgdhrs g`tnh lermjc lg`jàgjc shater, njs rhah`tcy keg`hd tnh @AO (Rrjanjanjt Turjigk E`cg`h?2:8).

Js tnh @AO aj` e`cy aecchat g`lermjtge` lrem mhmohrs tnjt jrh cjrfh lermjc shaterg`stgtutge`s, tnh hxgstg`f arhdgt djtjojsh prevgdhs cgttch arhdgt g`lermjtge` e` cew-gàemhg`dgvgdujcs j`d mgare-h`thrprgshs (EQMHR ?2:?). Tngs prhsh`ts j` eostjach te rgsijsshssmh`t, j`d elth` prempts ojìs te rhqugrh rhjc hstjth j`d/er j fujrj`ter jsaeccjthrjc, wngan mj`y cew-gàemh acgh`ts j`d smjcc lgrms aj`èt prevgdh. Te jddrhsstngs preochm, tnh OET j`d tnh MEL njs hàeurjfhd tnh OJJA te keg` tnh @AO. LerQMHs, tnh gssuh el hstjocgsng`f j arhdgt djtjojsh ler QMHs njs ohh` rjgshd g` tnhaurrh`t QMH Rremetge` Mjsthr Rcj` (?2:?‑?2: Tnh @jtge`jc Arhdgt Ourhju (@AO) stjrthd ell js j ah`trjc arhdgt rhfgstrjtge` ephrjthd oy tnh OET g`:7


22/38


js aeccjthrjc (QM_K ht jc. ?2:?). Merhevhr, dgsaussge`s rhfjrdg`f tnh chfjc lrjmhweriler shaurhd ch`dg`f, tnjt jccews ler tnh ush el è`-rhjc hstjth jsshts te oh ushd jsaeccjthrjc ler lg`jàg`f, njs ohh` u`dhr dgsaussge` sgàh :77> (QM_K ht jc. ?2:?9Teemfum ?2:4), j`d j drjlt shaurhd trj`sjatge` cjw gs ohg`f ae`sgdhrhd oy tnhgàumoh`t fevhr`mh`t.?:

Tnh Tnjg Arhdgt Fujrj`thh Aerperjtge` ellhrs arhdgt fujrj`thh preduats tnjt jssgstQMHs g` eotjg`g`f aemmhragjc ojì cej`s. Tnh TAFA ellhrs j vjrghty el preduatstjgcerhd te dgllhrh`t typhs el QMHs, rj`fg`f lrem mgare-h`thrprgshs te `hwcy hstjocgsnhdQMHs te rhfucjr ousg`hsshs, j`d anjrfhs j lhh ler gts shrvgahs.?? G` ?227, tnh TAFAgmpchmh`thd tnh pertlecge fujrj`thh sanhmh js pjrt el tnh fevhr`mh`t‗s haeèmgastgmucus mhjsurhs g` ljah el tnh fceojc lg`jàgjc argsgs, j`d tnh sanhmh wjs jcse ushdte nhcp QMHs jlthr tnh ?2:: lceed. ?1 Jcc g` jcc, oetn tnh @AO j`d tnh TAFA jrhsuppertg`f g`stgtutge`s, wngan nhcp wgtn arhdgt jaahss. @e`htnhchss, tnhrh gs stgcc reemler gmprevhmh`t, hsphagjccy g` thrms el tnh saeph el aevhrjfh el tnh hxgstg`f arhdgtdjtjojsh, tnh hstjocgsnmh`t el j` QMHs arhdgt djtjojsh, j`d rhvgsge` el ruchsrhfjrdg`f aeccjthrjc rhqugrhmh`ts ler cej`s.


23/38


cej` ousg`hss wjs jutnergzhd durg`f tngs phrged el rhlerm wgtn j OET ètglgajtge` g`?22< (Mhjfnhr ?2:1), wgtn prevgsge`s ler j ajp e` g`thrhst j`d lhhs ler u`shaurhdcej`s te ae`trec aests ler peth`tgjc ae`sumhrs g` tngs shfmh`t.

_hfucjtge` el tnh stjth-ew`hd QLGs gs tnh prgmjry rhspe`sgogcgty el tnh MEL, jctneufn

tnh MEL dhchfjths tnh tjsi el hxjmg`jtge` te tnh OET. Vngch tnh MEL fh`hrjccy tjihsOET rhfucjtge`s js fugdhcg`hs ler gts suphrvgsge` el QLGs, tnhy mjih prevgsge`s ler tnhljat tnjt QLGs jrh jsihd te nhcp gmpchmh`t dhvhcepmh`t pecgaghs oy tnh stjth (Mhjfnhr?2:1). Vngch tnh OET gs jssgf`hd hxjmg`jtge` pewhr evhr QLGs, tnh OET njs èpewhr te sjàtge` QLGs tnjt ljgc te leccew tnhgr ruchs j`d rhfucjtge`s. Tngs pewhr rhstswgtn tnh MEL, wngan aj` jat e` tnh rhaemmh`djtge` el tnh OET. Tnh hxgstg`frhfucjtery struaturh j`d tnh rech el QLGs g` gmpchmh`tg`f tnh fevhr`mh`t‗sdhvhcepmh`t pecgaghs hxpeshs tnhm te ahrtjg` rgsis, wngan mhj`s tnjt dh ljate QLGsephrjth u`dhr whjihr prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s tnj` aemmhragjc ojìs (GML ?2:1). Tnhphrlermjàh el QLGs g` thrms el seu`d`hss j`d sustjg`jogcgty gs fh`hrjccy whjihr tnj`tnjt el aemmhragjc ojìs js tnhy jrh eocgfhd te nhcp gmpchmh`t fevhr`mh`t pecgaghsjgmhd jt nhcpg`f cew-gàemh g`dgvgdujcs j`d smjcc ousg`hsshs (Chwgs ht jc. ?2:1).

Js aj` oh shh` lrem Lgfurh 6, lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s ephrjtg`f g` tnh shmg-lermjclg`jàgjc shater jrh èt rhqugrhd te jogdh oy prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s9 tnhy ephrjth u`dhrè`-prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s. ?8 Jctneufn suan h`tgtghs njvh chfjc stjtus j`d tnhgrphrlermjàh gs suphrvgshd oy tnh rhchvj`t fevhr`mh`t jfhàghs, g` prjatgah tnhstj`djrds j`d rhqugrhmh`ts gmpeshd e` tnhm jrh èt js strg`fh`t js tnh e`hsgmpeshd e` lermjc shrvgah prevgdhrs. E`h lhjturh el tnh rhfucjtery rhfgmh g` tngs shatergs tnh dgvhrsh jrrjy el rhfucjtge`s rhfjrdg`f tnh sustjg`jogcgty j`d seu`d`hss elg`stgtutge`s gmpeshd e` dgllhrh`t typhs el shrvgah prevgdhrs. Tnhrh jrh è ah`trjccydhthrmg`hd è`-prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s ler tnh g`stgtutge`s g` tngs shater te jogdh oy9 tnhjutnergty te gssuh ruchs cghs wgtn tnh evhrshhg`f jfhày. Js mj`y typhs el shmg-lermjcg`stgtutge`s jrh evhrshh` oy dgllhrh`t jfhàghs, tnhy jrh suokhat te dgllhrh`t

rhqugrhmh`ts wgtn vjryg`f dhfrhhs el strg`fhày. Rhrlermjàh jcse vjrghs, hvh` wgtng`tnh sjmh typh el g`stgtutge`. Ler hxjmpch, g`lermjtge` lrem tnh Aeephrjtgvh Rremetge`Dhpjrtmh`t snews j frhjtcy vjryg`f phrlermjàh jme`f dgllhrh`t aeephrjtgvh typhs. Jfrgaucturh-rhcjthd aeephrjtgvhs njvh j cewhr pjss rjth ler tnh stj`djrd sht oy tnhMEJA (


24/38


jutnergty te evhrshh tnh dgvhrsh rj`fh el shrvgah prevgdhrs tnjt ellhr lg`jàgjc shrvgahste semh el tnh cewhst-gàemh neushnecds j`d mgare-h`thrprgshs g` tnh aeu`try. Jssuan, tnhsh shrvgah prevgdhrs ephrjth e` j` u`rhfucjthd ojsgs. Vngch tnh Agvgc j`dAemmhragjc Aedh ajps g`thrhst rjths ler è`-lermjc ch`dhrs jt :8%, g` tnh joshàh elj dhsgf`jthd rhfucjter, g`thrhst rjths aj` oh muan ngfnhr tnj` tnh :8% er hvh` tnh?>% ajp, j`d dhot aecchatge` prjatgahs aj` elth` oh njrsn. Tnus, tnh seu`d`hss j`dsustjg`jogcgty el lg`jàgjc shrvgah prevgdhrs g` tngs ajthfery vjry frhjtcy j`d j`yrhfucjtery struaturh fevhr`g`f tngs shater gs cjrfhcy shcl-gmpeshd (shh Lgfurh 6).

Lgfurh 6; _hfucjtge` el Lg`jàgjc Qhrvgah Rrevgdhrs g` Tnjgcj`d

Lermjc

Qhmg-lermjc

G`lermjc

@e`-ojì lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s (@OLGs)

Qphagjcgzhd lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s (QLGs)

Aemmhragjc ojìs, lg`jàh aempj`ghs, arhdgtleàghrs OET

Qhcl-nhcp/aemmu`gty lg`jàgjc erfj`gzjtge`s (Qjkkj

sjvg`fs lreups, vgccjfh ojìs, hta.)

Aeephrjtgvhs j`d eaaupjtge`jc freups,

sjvg`fs freups ler preduatge`vgccjfh lu`ds

OET

MEL

MeJA

MEG

@\XALE

@e`h

Rrudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s(g`thr`jtge`jc stj`djrd)

@e`-prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s

Qhcl-rhfucjtge`

Qhater Ihy Rcjyhrs _hfucjters

Rrudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s

(chss tnj` g`thr`jtge`jc

stj`djrd)

OET = Ojì el Tnjgcj`d9 MeJA = Mg`gstry el Jfrgaucturh j`d Aeephrjtgvhs9 MEL = Mg`gstry el Lg`jàh9 MEG =Mg`gstry el G`thrger9 MEG`d = Mg`gstry el g`dustry9 @\XALE = @jtge`jc \gccjfh j d̀ Xroj` Aemmu`gty Lu`dEllgah.

@eth; Tnh MEG`d pjrtgagpjths g` evhrshhg`f twe QLGs, tnh QMH Ojì, j`d tnh TAFA. Rrudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`sjrh ruchs wngan h`surh tnh lg`jàgjc seu`d`hss el tnh lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`. @e`-prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge s̀ jrh ruchsfevhr`g`f tnh ephrjtge`s el lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s suan js g`lermjtge` dgsacesurh, ruchs rhfjrdg`f g`thrhst rjths,mjriht ae`duat, hta.

Qeurah; Jdjpthd lrem Rrjyee`sg` (?2:4).

6. LG@J@AGJC G@ACXQGE@ G@ TNJGCJ@D

Fgvh` tnh pecgaghs tnjt premeth lg`jàgjc gàcusge` ler oetn g`dgvgdujcs j`d QMHs, j`dtnh hxgsthàh el j vjrghty el shrvgah prevgdhrs j`d h`jocg`f jfhàghs tnjt fevhr` tnhprevgsge` el mgarelg`jàh shrvgahs g` tnh aeu`try, tngs shatge` ae`sgdhrs tnh stjtus ellg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d, oetn g` thrms el lg`jàgjc jaahss el neushnecds j`d elQMHs.

6.: Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` Qtjtus ler G`dgvgdujcs j`d Neushnecds

Djtj lrem tnh ?2:1 OET lg`jàgjc jaahss survhy rhvhjchd tnjt neushnecds g` Tnjgcj`d

njvh j rhcjtgvhcy ngfn chvhc el lg`jàgjc gàcusge`, wgtn j utgcgzjtge` rjth el >>% ler jcc

??


25/38


typhs el shrvgah prevgdhrs. Gl lg`jàgjc hxacusge` gs dhlg`hd js tnesh wgsng`f te utgcgzhpreduats, out de èt njvh jaahss, lg`jàgjc hxacusge` g` Tnjg neushnecds gs 4% (shhLgfurh >). Tnh Lg`Qaeph survhy el g`dgvgdujcs l eu`d j` hvh` ngfnhr rjth el utgcgzjtge` ellg`jàgjc shrvgahs (lermjc er g`lermjc), jt 77%.

?< Tnh lg`dg`fs lrem g`-aeu`try survhys

aerreoerjth wgtn Fceojc Lg`dhx djtj.

?6

Tnh Vercd Ojì djtjsht puts jaahss tejaaeu`ts jt lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s ler tnesh jfhd evhr :8 g` Tnjgcj`d g` tnhshae`d ngfnhst phrah`tjfh rj`fh. Fceojc Lg`dhx djtj jcse snews tnjt Tnjgcj`dphrlerms whcc g` thrms el jaahss te arhdgt j`d dhpesgt preduats lrem lermjc lg`jàgjcg`stgtutge`s.

Lgfurh >; Chvhc el Lg`jàgjc Jaahss ler Tnjg Neushnecds

Aemmhragjc Ojìs (Tnjg j`d Lerhgf`) QLGs

Lg`jàh aempj`ghs j`d arhdgt leàghrs (2.8>%)

Qhmg-lermjc(1.17%)

G`lermjc(1.81%)

Lg`jàgjccyhxacudhd

(4.?1%)

Aemmhragjc ojìs (Tnjg j`d lerhgf`)(87.?6%)

QLGs

(?2.??%)

Xsh lg`jàgjc shrvgahs

(>6.77%)

De ̀ et ush lg `jàgjc shrvgahs(:?.2:%)

Lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s

(>:.2%)

QLG = sphagjcgzhd lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge .̀

Qeurah; OET Qurvhy ?2:1.

G` thrms el jaahss te shrvgahs oy typh, Lg`Qaeph Tnjgcj`d leu`d tnjt jaahss tetrj`sjatge` shrvgahs gs ngfnhst. Tngs gs leccewhd oy g`surjàh preduats, mest el wnganjrh prevgdhd oy tnh fevhr`mh`t, suan js tnreufn tnh X`gvhrsjc Nhjctn Aevhrjfhsanhmh, tnh @jtge`jc Vhcljrh lu`d ler tnh hmpceyhd j`d shcl-hmpceyhd, j`d tnh agvgcshrvj`ts‗ ph`sge` sanhmh. Joeut tnh sjmh prepertge` el tnh pepucjtge` njvh jaahsste sjvg`fs preduats. Arhdgt preduats, e` tnh etnhr nj`d, njvh tnh cewhst chvhc eljaahss, wgtn joeut e`h-tngrd rhpertg`f jaahss (shh Lgfurh 7).

?< Lg`jàgjc hxacusge` gs dhlg`hd oy Lg`Qaeph js g`dgvgdujcs wne de èt ush j`y lg`jàgjc preduats (hgtnhrlermjc er g`lermjc) te mj`jfh tnhgr lg`jàgjc cgvhs.

?6 Tnh cjthst jvjgcjoch djtj jt tnh tgmh el wrgtg`f gs ler ?2::.

?1


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Lgfurh 7; Cj`dsajph el Lg`jàgjc Jaahss oy Rreduat Ajthfery

Qeurah; Lg`Qaeph Tnjgcj`d (?2:1).

Jctneufn, e` tnh wnech, Tnjgcj`d gs deg`f rhcjtgvhcy whcc g` thrms el lg`jàgjc gàcusge`,aempjrgse` wgtn djtj lrem j prhvgeus OET survhy g` ?2:2 g`dgajths tnjt tnhrh gs jfrewg`f u`mht dhmj`d ler lg`jàgjc shrvgahs. Tngs gs hsphagjccy truh ler neushnecds g`tnh cewhst-gàemh freup. Jcse, tnhrh jrh rhfge`jc vjrgjtge`s g` thrms el jaahss telg`jàgjc shrvgahs. Tnh OET survhy leu`d tnjt Oj`fiei j`d tnh Ah`trjc j`d @ertnhr`rhfge`s njvh rhcjtgvhcy ngfnhr chvhcs el jaahss aempjrhd wgtn tnh @ertnhjsthr` j`dQeutnhr` rhfge`s. Lg`Qaeph Tnjgcj`d jcse leu`d tnjt j rhcjtgvhcy ngfnhr prepertge` el

tnh pepucjtge` g` tnhsh cjtthr twe rhfge`s ush g`lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s js tnhgr mjg`seurah el lg`jàgjc shrvgahs.

Lg`jàgjc jaahss ler dgllhrh`t preduat typhs jcse vjrghs lrem rhfge` te rhfge`. Tnh OETleu`d j` gàrhjsh g` u`mht dhmj`d ler sjvg`fs preduats, j`d leu`d tnjt tnh freupswgtn tnh ngfnhst chvhc el hxacusge` g` thrms el sjvg`fs jrh tnesh jt tnh oettem twe tghrsg` thrms el gàemh, cgvh g` è`-mu`gagpjc jrhjs, j`d rhsgdh g` tnh @ertnhjsthr` j`dAh`trjc rhfge`s. Lg`Qaeph Tnjgcj`d leu`d tnjt tnesh wne cgvh g` tnh Ah`trjc rhfge`s,jce`f wgtn tnesh g` tnh @ertnhjst j`d tnh Qeutn, njvh rhcjtgvhcy ngfn hxacusge` rjths g`thrms el sjvg`fs, jctneufn tnesh g` Oj`fiei jrh èt ljr ohng`d.?> Tnh mgx el usjfh gsjcse dgllhrh`t, wgtn tnesh g` merh uroj` jrhjs prhlhrrg`f te sjvh wgtn lermjc lg`jàgjcg`stgtutge`s, wnhrhjs tnesh g` chss uroj`gzhd jrhjs prhlhr te sjvh merh wgtn g`lermjcg`stgtutge`s. _hfge`jccy, tnh @ertnhjst njs oy ljr tnh cjrfhst uptjih el g`lermjc lg`jàgjcshrvgahs, leccewhd oy tnh @ertn.

G` thrms el arhdgt preduats, tnh OET jcse leu`d j` gàrhjsh g` u`mht dhmj`d. Tnhfreup wgtn tnh cjrfhst u`mht dhmj`d rhcjtgvh te etnhrs gs mhdgum-gàemh neushnecdsg` Oj`fiei j`d tnh Ah`trjc rhfge`s, wngan njvh rhcjtgvhcy ngfnhr gàemh j`d jrh merhuroj` tnj` tnh etnhr rhfge`s. Lg`Qaeph djtj jcse leu`d tnjt j cjrfhr prepertge` eltnesh g` mu`gagpjc jrhjs jrh hxacudhd g` thrms el arhdgt, j`d tnjt, g` jddgtge` tepreochms el hxacusge` g` Oj`fiei j`d tnh Ah`trjc rhfge`, tnesh g` tnh Qeutn jcse njvhrhcjtgvhcy cew chvhcs el jaahss. Tngs aeucd oh duh te j wgdhr vjrghty el shrvgah prevgdhrsg` è`-uroj` jrhjs, wngan gs tnh rhsuct el tnh aemog`hd hllerts el vjrgeus fevhr`mh`t

?>

Jaaerdg`f te Lg`Qaeph Tnjgcj`d, tnh hxacudhd phrah`tjfh ler Oj`fiei, tnh Ah`trjc, tnh @ertnhjst, j`dtnh Qeutnhr` rhfge`s jrh ?>%, 17%, 1


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jfhàghs g` tnh aeu`try tnjt njvh ohh` dhvhcepg`f tnh rurjc jrhjs, tnhrhoy gmprevg`ftnh cgvhs el tnh rurjc pepucjtge`.

G` thrms el rhmgttjàhs, tnh OET jfjg` leu`d j` gàrhjsh g` u`mht dhmj`d, wgtn tnhcewhst- te mhdgum-gàemh freups j`d neushnecds g` tnh @ertnhjsthr` rhfge` rhpertg`f

mest u`mht `hhds. Rreochms agthd wgtn usjfh gàcudh ngfn lhhs (47% agth tngs), j`dshrvgah peg`ts ohg`f ljr jwjy er gàe`vh`gh`t er lhw g` ùmohr (?4.8 ?


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lg`j`agjc g`stgtutge`s, smjcc aempj`ghs jcse ushd tnh ew`hr‗s sjvg`fs er oerrew lremljmgcy j`d lrgh`ds, ousg`hss pjrt`hrs, j`d etnhr g`lermjc anj``hcs (Qhh Tjoch


29/38


h`thrprgsh (njvg`f è prhvgeus pjymh`ts rhaerd). Tnh rhjse`s jrh sgmgcjr ler mgare-h`thrprgshs, wgtn g`sullgagh`t hvgdhàh j`d g`sullgagh`t aeccjthrjc agthd js tnh tep twerhjse`s ler èt njvg`f ohh` frj`thd cej`s oy lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s.

Tjoch >; Hxphrghàh wgtn Lermjc Cej`s

(% el rhspe`shs)

H`thrprgsh Qgzh

Hxphrghàh wgtn Lermjc Cej`s Qmjcc Mhdgum Cjrfh

Njvh rhahgvhd cej`s lrem lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s


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joeut tnh sjmh js tnh jvhrjfh saerh ler aeu`trghs lrem Jsgj j`d tnh Rjaglga rhfge` g`tnh sjmpch, wngan wjs 7.7.22

Oudfhtg`f aj` nhcp ihhp trjai el yeur lg`jàhs 72.?2Qeurah; Lg`Qaeph Tnjgcj`d (?2:1).

Jctneufn tnhrh whrh mj`y pesgtgvh lg`dg`fs aeàhr`g`f lg`jàgjc cgthrjay, tnh OET j`dtnh Lg`Qaeph survhys jcse leu`d semh werryg`f rhsucts. Tnh Lg`Qaeph survhy leu`dtnjt merh tnj` njcl el tnh pepucjtge` gs u`sjtgslghd wgtn tnhgr aurrh`t lg`jàgjc stjtus,j`d tnjt joeut j qujrthr el tnh pepucjtge` elth` sph`ds merh me`hy tnj` tnhy njvhjvjgcjoch. Dhjcg`f wgtn lg`jàhs gs shh` js strhssluc er ourdh`semh oy mj`y. Tnhsurvhy jcse leu`d tnjt e`cy j tngrd el tnh pepucjtge` ihhps trjai el tnhgr gàemh j`dhxph`dgturhs e` j me`tncy ojsgs (shh Tjoch :2). Tngs gs hsphagjccy strgig`f js 72.?% eltnh pepucjtge` rhpcghd tnjt tnhy ièw tnh oh`hlgts el oudfhtg`f, out e`cy joeut j tngrd eltnh pepucjtge` jatujccy dehs se. Tngs rhsuct gs aerreoerjthd oy tnh OET survhy lg`dg`fswnhrh 71.8% el tnh rhspe`dh`ts saerhd zhre e` –ohg`f rhspe`sgoch j`d njvg`f jneushnecd oudfht.”

?7 Tngs pjrt el tnh survhy jcse jsshsshs tnh rhspe`dh`ts‗ ièwchdfh el lg`jàgjc preduats j`d shrvgahs.

?>


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Tjoch :2; X`ljverjoch Lg`jàgjc Ohnjvger j`d Jttg tudhs

% Vne Jfrhh wgtnQtjthmh`t

Weu jrh u`sjtgslghd wgtn yeur aurrh`t lg`jàgjc stjtus 88.72

Weu elth` sph`d merh me`hy tnj` gs jvjgcjoch ?4.72

Dhjcg`f wgtn lg`jàhs gs strhssluc/ ourdh`semh .? Evhr-g`dhothd`hss Rreochm

Jctneufn tnh werryg`f th`dhàghs uàevhrhd g` oetn tnh OET j`d Lg`Qaeph survhyswhrh ojcjàhd oy lg`dg`fs lrem tnh MjsthrAjrd survhy tnjt Tnjgcj`d‗s rjth elgmprevhmh`t lrem ?2:? njd ohh` tnh ngfnhst g` tnh rhfge` (shh Lgfurh :2), tnh aurrh`tsgtujtge` gs stgcc j ajush ler aeàhr` fgvh` tnh aurrh`t chvhc j`d trh`d el neushnecd evhr-g`dhothd`hss.

Neushnecd dhot te FDR wjs >?.1% g` Tnjgcj`d g` ?2:1, wngan gs g` ae`trjst wgtn tnh


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Qtjtgstgas eotjg`hd tnreufn tnh Qeage-Haeèmga Qurvhy (QHQ) ae`duathd oy tnh@jtge`jc Qtjtgstgajc Ellgah (@QE) snew tnjt neushnecd dhot gàrhjshd sthjdgcy, lremO,428 phr neushnecd g` ?222 te O:14,722 phr neushnecd g` ?2::, jcmest deuocg`f g`j dhajdh, yht tnh jogcgty el neushnecds te pjy ell tnhgr dhot njs èt anj`fhd muan g`tnh sjmh phrged.

Jaaerdg`f te ?2:: QHQ djtj, jpprexgmjthcy 8% el uroj` neushnecds jrh g`dhothd, out j` evhrwnhcmg`f 61% el rurjcneushnecds ajrry dhot ourdh`s. G` tnh @ertn, tnh uroj`‑rurjc spcgt gs 47% te .8

8>

17.7

47.8


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Lgfurh :?; Jvhrjfh Dhot phr Neushnecd oy _hfge` j`d _urjc/Xroj` Qpcgt

(O)

Qeurah; @QE QHQ Djtj (?2::).

>.1 Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` Qtjtus ler QMHs

Aurrh`t prevgdhrs el lg`jàgjc hduajtge` g` Tnjgcj`d jrh aemmhragjc ojìs, sphagjcgzhdlg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s (QLGs), g`dhph`dh`t erfj`gzjtge`s, agvgc seaghty j`d è`-prelgt

erfj`gzjtge`s, j`d g`lermjc prevgdhrs. Ler aemmhragjc ojìs, prevgsge` el lg`jàgjchduajtge` gs typgajccy j pjrt el tnhgr aerperjth seagjc rhspe`sgogcgty mhjsurhs. Tnhshlg`jàgjc hduajtge` prefrjms jrh smjcc g` sajch, j`d jrh tjrfhthd jt studh`ts j`d/erpeth`tgjc ushrs el lermjc lg`jàgjc preduats. Lg`jàgjc hduajtge` gs jcse prevgdhd oyg`dhph`dh`t oedghs suan js tnh Qteai Hxanj`fh el Tnjgcj`d (QHT), er tnh Qhaurgtghsj`d Hxanj`fh Aemmgssge` (QHA), wngan jrh g`dhph`dh`t rhfucjtery jfhàghs. Tnhjgms el tnhgr prefrjms jrh te lesthr ce`f-thrm sjvg`f njogts jme`f Tnjgs j`d tjrfhtpeth`tgjc g`vhsters g` tnh steai mjriht.

Lg`jàgjc hduajtge` tjrfhthd jt dhot mj`jfhmh`t, ae`sumhr rgfnts, j`d cew-gàemhneushnecds gs prevgdhd oy fevhr`mh`t jfhàghs j`d agvgc seaghty erfj`gzjtge`s. TweQLGs—tnh Fevhr`mh`t Qjvg`fs Ojì (FQO) j`d tnh Ojì ler Jfrgaucturh j`d Jfrgaucturjc Aeephrjtgvhs (OJJA)—njvh ohh` g`strumh`tjc g` ajrryg`f eut tnhfevhr`mh`t‗s –Dhot Deater” prefrjm. Cjuànhd g` ?2:2, tnh sanhmh jgms te trjg`vgccjfhrs te jat js aeu`shcers e` g`dgvgdujc dhot rhsecutge` g` tnhgr ceajc aemmu`gtghs.Trjg`g`f gs prevgdhd oy FQO phrse``hc, wngch ephrjtg`f aests jrh snjrhd oy OJJA j`dFQO.

Hduajtge` j`d jssgstjàh ler QMHs g` Tnjgcj`d jrh prevgdhd oy j ùmohr elfevhr`mh`t jfhàghs. Ler hxjmpch, tnh Ellgah el Qmjcc j`d Mhdgum H`thrprgshRremetge` (EQMHR) ephrjth EQMHR Lre`t Qhrvgah j`d QMH acg`gas tnjt prevgdhtrjg`g`f, jatgvgtghs, g`lermjtge`, j`d jdvgah e` vjrgeus jsphats el QMH ephrjtge`s,wngan gàcudh lg`jàgjc jaahss j`d lg`jàgjc mj`jfhmh`t/oudfhtg`f prjatgahs. TnhG`stgtuth ler Qmjcc j`d Mhdgum H`thrprgsh Dhvhcepmh`t (GQMHD), j puocga erfj`gzjtge`hstjocgsnhd wgtn shhd lu`dg`f lrem tnh fevhr`mh`t, prevgdhs vjrgeus trjg`g`f jatgvgtghs

ler QMHs, wngan gàerperjth oudfhtg`f j`d lg`jàgjc mj`jfhmh`t. Tnh pjst lhw yhjrs

476,>24

127,


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njvh shh` aemmhragjc ojìs dew`sajcg`f tewjrds QMHs, j`d semh ojìs njvhohfu` te ellhr lg`jàgjc hduajtge` tjgcerhd sphaglgajccy te tngs tjrfht freup.

G` jddgtge` te tngs, semh lg`jàgjc hduajtge` ae`th`t ler QMHs gs prevgdhd oy tnh OETe` gts lg`jàgjc ièwchdfh whosgth. G` rhah`t yhjrs, tnh OET njs stjrthd te snglt gts

leaus lrem premetg`f lg`jàgjc jaahss te premetg`f lg`jàgjc hduajtge` rhcjthd teae`sumhr prethatge`. Tnh OET eph`hd gts Lg`jàgjc Ae`sumhr Rrethatge` Ah`thr g`?2:? te hqugp ae`sumhrs wgtn jdhqujth lg`jàgjc ièwchdfh se tnhy ièw tnhgr rgfntsj`d rhspe`sgogcgtghs js ae`sumhrs el lg`jàgjc shrvgahs, te rhduah ae`sumhrs ljccg`fprhy te lrjuduch`t prjatgahs, j`d te ljagcgtjth g`lermhd dhagsge`-mjig`f oy ae`sumhrs.

Agvgc seaghty freups j`d è`-prelgt erfj`gzjtge`s suan js tnh Ih`j` G`stgtuth Jsgj,Tnjgcj`d _hshjran Lu`d, Inem Cey Leu`djtge`, j`d Qthp Jnhjd Leu`djtge` jcseellhr lg`jàgjc hduajtge` prefrjms tjgcerhd te tnh `hhds el tnh cew-gàemh freup. Lerhxjmpch, Ih`j` G`stgtuth trjg`s jt-rgsi wemh` g` Oj`fiei, njs prefrjms te trjg` yeu`fjducts, aecchfh studh`ts, j`d prelhssge`jc werihrs js whcc js QMHs. Tnh Tnjgcj`d_hshjran Lu`d h`fjfhs ceajc fevhr`mh`t ellgagjcs j`d prevgdhs gàh`tgvhs ler vgccjfhrs

te rhaerd tnhgr gàemh j`d hxph`dgturh. G` mj`y jrhjs el tnh aeu`try, g`lcuh`tgjcaemmu`gty chjdhrs njvh jcse ohh` prevgdg`f lg`jàgjc hduajtge` te cew-gàemhneushnecds. Quan rechs jrh fh`hrjccy tjih` oy dhvhcepmh`t meìs g` mj`y rurjc jrhjswnhrh Ouddngst thmpchs rhmjg` jt tnh aerh el tnh aemmu`gty (Dgjz j`d Janjvjù t̀jiuc ?2:1).

Vngch tnhrh jrh mj`y prevgdhrs el lg`jàgjc hduajtge`, tnh hxgstg`f prefrjms prevgdhdjrh fh`hrjccy smjcc g` sajch j`d tjrfhthd jt yeu`f jducts er peth`tgjc ushrs el lermjclg`jàgjc shrvgahs. Rrefrjms tnjt tjrfht cewhr-gàemh neushnecds j`d mgare-h`thrprgshs ljah sgmgcjr preochms. Vgtn tnh hxahptge` el tnh fevhr`mh`t‗s Dhot Deaterprefrjm, wngan aevhrs tnh wnech `jtge`, etnhr prefrjms jrh stgcc smjcc g` sajch wgtnmj`y ohg`f ellhrhd e` j prekhat-oy-prekhat ojsgs. Fgvh` tnh ngfn j`d rgsg`f neushnecddhot-te-FDR rjtge, j`d tnh prhvjchàh el g`dhothd neushnecds g` rurjc jrhjs wnhrhtnhrh gs cewhr gàemh j`d cewhr lg`jàgjc cgthrjay, tnhrh gs stgcc j `hhd ler merh lg`jàgjchduajtge` prefrjms wgtn ae`th`ts el dhot prhvh`tge` j`d dhot mj`jfhmh t̀ sphaglgajccytjrfhthd jt cew-gàemh neushnecds. Lg`jàgjc hduajtge` g` thrms el ae`sumhrprethatge` gs jcse snew` te oh j` gmpertj`t jsphat mgssg`f lrem mest el tnh lg`jàgjchduajtge` prefrjms g` tnh aeu`try. Vngch tnh OET njs tjih` j chjdg`f rech g` tngsjsphat, etnhr jfhàghs sneucd jcse sthp up tnhgr rech, fgvh` tnjt etnhr jfhàghs g` tnhlermjc, shmg-lermjc, j`d g`lermjc shaters njvh j wgdhr rhjan tnj` tnh OET. Tnus,wngch Tnjgcj`d gs deg`f rhcjtgvhcy whcc g` thrms el lg`jàgjc cgthrjay aempjrhd wgtn etnhraeu`trghs, muan merh stgcc `hhds te oh de`h.

7. AE@ACXQGE@ J@D RECGAW _HAEMMH@DJTGE@Q

G`stgtutge`jc j`jcysgs js jppcghd te tnh sgtujtge` el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d rhvhjcstnjt tnh aeu`try njs de`h whcc aempjrhd wgtn mj`y etnhr aeu`trghs g` thrms el lg`jàgjcgàcusge`, oetn ler cewhr-gàemh neushnecds j`d smjcc h`thrprgshs. Tngs njs ohh`janghvhd prgmjrgcy tnreufn fevhr`mh`t hàeurjfhmh`t j`d g`gtgjtgvhs, j`d njsrhsucthd g` j muctgtudh el shrvgah prevgdhrs tnjt ajthr te dgllhrh`t suo-freups el tnhpepucjtge`.

Dhspgth tnh aurrh`t janghvhmh`t g` thrms el lg`jàgjc jaahss, wnh` hvjcujtg`f tnhaurrh`t sgtujtge` jfjg`st tnh dhsgrhd eutaemhs, gt gs achjr tnjt fjps stgcc hxgst ohtwhh`hxgstg`f ae`dgtge`s j`d tnh fejc el lg`jàgjc gàcusge` h`vgsge`hd, j`d survhys lg`d tnjttnhrh gs j frewg`f u`mht dhmj`d ler lg`jàgjc shrvgahs g` tnh aeu`try. Jaahss te

lg`jàgjc shrvgahs, wngch ngfn, gs èt u`gvhrsjc, wgtn rurjc j`d cew-gàemh neushnecds g`

1?


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ahrtjg` rhfge`s merh hxacudhd tnj` etnhrs. Qmjcc h`thrprgshs jcse lg`d gt njrd te eotjgàrhdgt, j`d njvh njd te rhcy e` j vjrghty el seurahs ler lu`ds. Tngs gàcudhs utgcgzg`f tnhshrvgahs el tnh u`rhfucjthd g`lermjc g`stgtutge`s, wngan hxpeshs tnhm te hxerogtj`tg`thrhst rjths j`d te peth`tgjc orhjanhs el ae`sumhr prethatge` prjatgahs. Tnh hxgstg`fae`dgtge` el tnh aeu`try jcse g`dgajths tnjt tnhrh gs j preochm wgtn ngfn j`d rgsg`fneushnecd evhr-g`dhothd`hss, j`d tnjt tnh preochm gs merh prhvjch`t g` rurjc jrhjs,wnhrh arhdgt ler cew-gàemh g`dgvgdujcs j`d mgare-h`thrprgshs jrh merh rhjdgcyjvjgcjoch duh te j ùmohr el g`gtgjtgvhs j`d lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s tnjt njvh ohh`hàeurjfhd te lgcc g` tnh fjps chlt oy tnh aemmhragjc ojìs j`d etnhr prgvjthcy-ew`hdlermjc shater ephrjters. Tngs trh`d gs hsphagjccy werryg`f fgvh` tnh cew lg`jàgjc cgthrjaysaerh ler cew-gàemh neushnecds j`d tnesh g` rurjc jrhjs, j`d tnh cgmgthd ùmohr elprefrjms aurrh`tcy jddrhssg`f tnh gssuh el dhot prhvh`tge` j`d mj`jfhmh`t.

G` thrms el tnh rhfucjtery ae`thxt, hsphagjccy g` thrms el tnh ruchs j`d rhfucjtge`s teh`surh tnh seu`d`hss j`d sustjg`jogcgty el shrvgah prevgdhrs, gt gs leu`d tnjt tnhrhfucjtery ae`thxt gs anjrjathrgzhd oy è`-u`glermgty g` ruchs j`d suphrvgsge`, wgtnlermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s njvg`f tnh mest strg`fh`t ruchs fevhr`g`f shrvgah prevgsge`,

seu`d`hss el g`stgtutge`s, j`d aests te acgh`ts. Qhmg-lermjc g`stgtutge`s njvh tnhgr ew`shts el stj`djrds, wngan jrh fh`hrjccy chss strg`fh`t tnj` tnesh fevhr`g`f tnhaemmhragjc ojìs j`d sphagjcgzhd lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s (QLGs), wngch tnh g`lermjc shatergs cjrfhcy u`rhfucjthd j`d gs èt suokhat te j`y prudh`tgjc er è`-prudh`tgjc rhfucjtge`s.Tngs mjihs ler j` u`hvh` pcjyg`f lghcd jme`fst dgllhrh`t prevgdhrs el lg`jàgjcshrvgahs, j`d puts tnh merh lermjc lg`jàgjc g`stgtutge`s jt j dgsjdvj`tjfh te etnhrfreups g` thrms el tnh prevgsge` el lg`jàgjc shrvgahs tnjt ajthr te tnh `hhds el cew-gàemh neushnecds j`d smjcc h`thrprgshs.

G` cgfnt el tnhsh lg`dg`fs, tnh leccewg`f pecgay rhaemmh`djtge`s jrh prepeshd.

- Hxpj`d lg`jàgjc shrvgahs te mhht frewg`f j`d u`mht dhmj`d, hsphagjccydhmj`d lrem cew-gàemh g`dgvgdujcs j`d mgare-h`thrprgshs se js te prhvh`t phepchtur`g`f te tnh g`lermjc shater, hsphagjccy me`hych`dhrs. Tngs gs hsphagjccy truh ler cej`preduats g` uroj` jrhjs tnjt ajthr te cew-gàemh g`dgvgdujcs j`d mgare-h`thrprgshs.

- Hxth`d lg`jàgjc jaahss te uòjìhd j`d u`dhrshrvhd shfmh`ts usg`f hxgstg`fanj``hcs tnjt ephrjth g` acesh prexgmgty te tnhsh freups suan js tnh QLGs j`d \gccjfhLu`ds. Qhrvgah g`èvjtge`s suan js meogch ojìg`f j`d/er jfh`t ojìg`f medhcs aeucdjcse oh hxpcerhd te hxth`d tnh rhjan el lg`jàgjc jaahss.

- Qtrh`ftnh` tnh fevhr`jàh el QLGs g` ajrryg`f eut fevhr`mh`t g`gtgjtgvhs, elshmg-lermjc g`stgtutge`s j`d el g`lermjc g`stgtutge`s. Tngs aeucd oh de`h tnreufnrhfucjtery rhlerms te prevgdh j frjdujtge` pjtn ler aemmu`gty-ojshd lg`jàgjcg`stgtutge`s.

- Ae`sgdhr tnh hstjocgsnmh t̀ el j `hw rhfucjtery struaturh te evhrshh

mgarelg`jàh. Tngs aeucd oh de`h tnreufn tnh hstjocgsnmh`t el j `hw mgarelg`jàhrhfucjtery jfhày tnjt fjtnhrs tnh hxphrtgsh el shvhrjc jfhàghs g` e`h pcjah, er gtaeucd oh de`h tnreufn tnh hstjocgsnmh`t el j sphagjc aemmgtthh aemprgshd el hxgstg`frhfucjters tnjt shrvh tnh sjmh purpesh. Tnh `hw g`stgtutge` weucd oh anjrfhd wgtn tnhfjtnhrg`f el g`lermjtge` e` mgarelg`jàh, aecchat j`d dgstrgouth g`lermjtge` e` ohstprjatgahs, gssuh fugdhcg`hs ler jppreprgjth ae`duat, prevgdh trjg`g`f ler mgarelg`jàhg`stgtutge`s j`d stjll, j`d ae`duat rhshjran te premeth lg`jàgjc gàcusge`.

- Dhvhcep lg`jàgjc hduajtge` prefrjms tnjt ngfncgfnt rgsis el evhr-g`dhothd`hssj`d jgm te prhvh`t phepch lrem feg`f lurtnhr g`te dhot, te nhcp suppchmh`t tnh DhotDeater g`gtgjtgvh oy tnh fevhr`mh`t. Lg`jàgjc hduajtge` g` thrms el ae`sumhr

prethatge` sneucd jcse oh hmpnjsgzhd.

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_HLH_H@AHQ

Jeig, M. ?226. H`defh`gzg`f G`stgtutge`s j`d G`stgtutge`jc Anj`fhs. Keur`jc elG`stgtutge`jc Haeèmgas 1(:); :‑1:.

Jtig`se`, J., j`d L. Mhssy. ?2:?. Mhjsurg`f Lg`jàgjc Cgthrjay; _hsucts el tnhEHAD/G`thr`jtge`jc @htweri e` Lg`jàgjc Hduajtge` (G@LH) Rgcet Qtudy. EHADVerig`f Rjphrs e` Lg`jàh, G`surjàh j`d Rrgvjth Rh`sge`s @e. :8. Rjrgs;EHAD Ruocgsng`f. nttp;//dx.deg.erf/:2.:6>6/8i7asls72lr4‑h` (jaahsshd : Jprgc?2:4).

Ojì el Tnjgcj`d (OET). ?2:4j. _hpert el OET Lg`jàgjc Jaahss Qurvhy ?2:1.Oj`fiei; OET.nttp;//www.oet.er.tn/Tnjg/Lg`jàgjcG`stgtutge`s/Deaumh`ts/Lg`jàgjcJaahssQurvhyElTnjgNeushnecdsU?2:1.pdl (jaahsshd e` 4 Jprgc ?2:4).

Ojì el Tnjgcj`d (OET). ?2:4o. Tnjgcj`d Lg`jàgjc Cgthrjay Qurvhy _hsucts ?2:1.

Oj`fiei; OET.nttp;//www.oet.er.tn/H`fcgsn/Lg`jàgjcCgthrjay/Ruocgsng`fGmjfhs/Tnjgcj`d%?6s%?2Lg`%?2Cgt%?2Qurvhy%?2_hsuct%?2%?>?2:1%?7.pdl (jaahsshd ?7Mjran ?2:4).

Ojuanht, K., A. Mjrsnjcc, C. Qtjrgtj, K. Tnemjs, j`d J. Wjceurgs. ?2::. Cjthst Lg`dg`fslrem _j`demgzhd Hvjcujtge`s el Mgarelg`jàh, \ec. ?. Jaahss te Lg`jàhLerum; AFJR, Lg`jàgjc Jaahss G`gtgjtgvh, G`èvjtge`s ler Revhrty Jatge`, JoducCjtgl Kjmhhc Revhrty Jatge` Cjo, Vjsng`fte`, DA; Ae`suctjtgvh Freup te Jssgsttnh Reer (AFJR)/ Tnh Vercd Ojì.

Oee`phrm, K., K. Njufnte`, j`d Q. _. Inj`dihr. ?2:1. Dehs tnh \gccjfh Lu`d Mjtthr g`Tnjgcj`d5 Keur`jc el Jsgj` Haeèmgas ?8; 1-: (TNJ)Dhvhcepmh t̀ el j Qtrjthfga Lrjmhweri ler Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d,Than`gajc Jssgstjàh Ae`suctj`t's _hpert. Mj`gcj; Jsgj` Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì.

Haeèmgst G`thccgfhàh X`gt. ?2:?. HGX Aeu`try Djtj. YTnjgcj`d]. Ce`de`; HaeèmgstG`thccgfhàh X`gt.

Freetjhrt, A., j`d D. @jrjyj`. ?224. Ceajc G`stgtutge`s, Revhrty j`d Neushnecd

Vhcljrh g` Oecgvgj. Vercd Dhvhcepmh`t 1? (6); ::67‑::7>.

14

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-enhttp://www.bot.or.th/Thai/FinancialInstitutions/Documents/FinancialAccessSurveyOfThaiHouseholds_2013.pdfhttp://www.bot.or.th/Thai/FinancialInstitutions/Documents/FinancialAccessSurveyOfThaiHouseholds_2013.pdfhttp://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialLiteracy/PublishingImages/Thailand%27s%20Fin%20Lit%20Survey%20Result%20%282013%29.pdfhttp://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialLiteracy/PublishingImages/Thailand%27s%20Fin%20Lit%20Survey%20Result%20%282013%29.pdfhttp://www.cgap.org/topics/financial-inclusionhttp://www.masterintelligence.com/content/intelligence/en/research/reports/2013/mastercard-index-of-financial-literacy-report-2013h1.htmlhttp://www.masterintelligence.com/content/intelligence/en/research/reports/2013/mastercard-index-of-financial-literacy-report-2013h1.htmlhttp://www.masterintelligence.com/content/intelligence/en/research/reports/2013/mastercard-index-of-financial-literacy-report-2013h1.htmlhttp://www.masterintelligence.com/content/intelligence/en/research/reports/2013/mastercard-index-of-financial-literacy-report-2013h1.htmlhttp://www.cgap.org/topics/financial-inclusionhttp://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialLiteracy/PublishingImages/Thailand%27s%20Fin%20Lit%20Survey%20Result%20%282013%29.pdfhttp://www.bot.or.th/English/FinancialLiteracy/PublishingImages/Thailand%27s%20Fin%20Lit%20Survey%20Result%20%282013%29.pdfhttp://www.bot.or.th/Thai/FinancialInstitutions/Documents/FinancialAccessSurveyOfThaiHouseholds_2013.pdfhttp://www.bot.or.th/Thai/FinancialInstitutions/Documents/FinancialAccessSurveyOfThaiHouseholds_2013.pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-en


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Neènj`, R., j`d M. Ig`f. ?2:?. Ajush j`d Hllhat el Lg`jàgjc Jaahss; Aress-Aeu`tryHvgdhàh lrem tnh Lg`saeph Qurvhys. G` GGGQ Dgsaussge` Rjphr @e. 177. Duocg`,Grhcj`d; G`stgtuth ler G`thr`jtge`jc G`thfrjtge` Qtudghs, Tnh Qutnhrcj`d Ah`trh,Trg`gty Aecchfh Duocg`.

G`thr`jtge`jc Lu`d ler Jfrgaucturjc Dhvhcepmh`t (GLJD). ?227. Fugdjàh @eths e`G`stgtutge`jc J`jcysgs g` _urjc Dhvhcepmh`t Rrefrjmmhs. GLJD.nttp;//www.gljd.erf/h`fcgsn/g`stgtutge`s/ (jaahsshd ?2 Lhorujry ?2:4).

G`thr`jtge`jc Me`htjry Lu`d (GML). ?2:1. Tnjgcj`d ?2:1 Jrtgach G\ Ae`suctjtge`(@evhmohr ?2:1). GML Aeu`try _hpert @e.:1/1?1. Vjsng`fte`, DA; GML.

Chwgs, Q., I. Tjmou`chrtanjg, H. Quhsuwj ,̀ M. Jdjgr, j`d _. Ngaise`. ?2:1.Mgarelg`jàh Quppcy-Qgdh Jsshssmh`t _hpert. G` Ig`fdem el Tnjgcj`d; TJ677>(TNJ) Dhvhcepmh`t el j Qtrjthfga Lrjmhweri ler Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g`Tnjgcj`d, Than`gajc Jssgstjàh Ae`suctj`t's _hpert. Mj`gcj; Jsgj`Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì.

Ceoe, A. ?22>. G`stgtutge`jc j`d Erfj`gzjtge`jc J`jcysgs ler Rre-Reer Anj`fh; Mhhtg`fGLJD's Mgcch``gum Anjcch`fh. _emh; G`thr`jtge`jc Lu`d ler JfrgaucturjcDhvhcepmh`t (GLJD), agtg`f Xpnell, @. T. :77?. Ceajc G`stgtutge`s j`dRjrtgagpjtge` ler Qustjg`joch Dhvhcepmh t̀. Qustjg`joch Jfrgaucturh Rrefrjmmhel tnh G`thr`jtge`jc G`stgtuth ler H`vgre`mh`t j`d Dhvhcepmh`t. Ce`de`; GGHD.

Mhjfnhr, R. ?2:1. Mgarelg`jàh _hfucjtge` j`d Quphrvgsge` _haemmh`djtge`s_hpert. G` Ig`fdem el Tnjgcj`d; TJ677> (TNJ) Dhvhcepmh`t el j QtrjthfgaLrjmhweri ler Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d, Than`gajc JssgstjàhAe`suctj`t's _hpert. Mj`gcj; Jsgj` Dhvhcepmh`t Ojì.

Mhìnell, C., j`d E. _u`fruxsgrgver`. ?227. \gccjfh Lu`ds g` tnh _urjc Arhdgt Mjriht elTnjgcj`d. Nj`èvhr Haeèmga Rjphrs (NHR) dp-4:6. Nj`èvhr; Chgo`gz

X`gvhrsgtjt Nj`èvhr, Vgrtsanjltswgssh`sanjltcganh Ljiuctjt.@hcse`, _. _., j`d O. @. Qjmpjt. ?22:. Mjig`f Qh`sh el G`stgtutge`s js j Ljater

Qnjpg`f Haeèmga Rhrlermjàh. Keur`jc el Haeèmga Ohnjvger & Erfj`gzjtge` 44(:); 1:‑84.

@jtge`jc Haeèmga j`d Qeagjc Dhvhcepmh`t Oejrd (@HQDO). ?2:?. Tnh Hchvh`tn@jtge`jc Haeèmga j`d Qeagjc Dhvhcepmh`t Rcj` (@HQDR).nttp;//h`f.`hsdo.fe.tn/Rertjcs/2/`hws/pcj`/h`f/TNH%?2HCH\H@TN%?2@JTGE@JC%?2HAE@EMGA%?2J@D%?2QEAGJC%?2DH\HCERMH@T%?2RCJ@%?>?2:?-?2:


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Hjsghr ler QMHs' Fhttg`f Jaahss te Lg`jàh g` Tnjgcj`d. G` JRHA ?2:?; LgrstHaeèmga Aemmgtthh Mhhtg`f. Mesaew.

Ellgah el QMHs Rremetge` (EQMHR). ?2:2. Mgareh`thrprgshs. Oj`fiei; Ellgah el Qmjccj`d Mhdgum H`thrprgsh Rremetge`.

EQMHR. ?2:?. Tnjgcj`d's QMHs Rremetge` e` Arhdgt Jaahss. G` JRHA ?2:?; Hjsh elDeg`f Ousg`hss Qteaitjih Verisnep. Mesaew.

EQMHR. ?2:1. J`ùjc _hpert ?2:1. Oj`fiei; Ellgah el Qmjcc j`d Mhdgum H`thrprgshRremetge`.

Rrjanjanjt Turjigk E`cg`h. ?2:8. Arhdgt Ourhju J`èuàhs ?2:8 Rcj`. ?2 Kjùjry.nttp;//www.prjanjanjt.`ht/`hwsUdhtjgc.pnp5`hwsgd=:4?: (jaahsshd ?2Kucy ?2:8).

Rrjyee`sg`, A. ?2:4. Rrhsh`tjtge` h`tgtchd –Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` g` Tnjgcj`d,” prhsh`thdjt tnh Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge` Lerum, :7‑?2 Mjran ?2:4. Qnj`fnjg, R_A.

Ru`yjsjvjtsut, A. ?2::. QMHs Jaahss te Lg`jàh g` Tnjgcj`d. G` Qmjcc j`d MhdgumH`thrprgshs (QMHs) Jaahss te Lg`jàh g` Qhchathd Hjst Jsgj` Haeèmghs,hdgthd oy A. Njrvgh, Q. Eum, j`d D. @jrkeie. Kjijrtj; Haeèmga _hshjranG`stgtuth ler JQHJ@ j`d Hjst Jsgj (H_GJ).

Zuhh` Mjxgmj el tnh @htnhrcj`ds. ?2:2. Lg`jàgjc Gàcusge`; J Rjtn te tnh Mgcch``gumDhvhcepmh`t Fejcs. Qphhan fgvh` jt j Ngfn-Chvhc Qgdh-Hvh`t durg`f tnh X@Mgcch``gum Dhvhcepmh`t Fejcs Qummgt. ?? Qhpthmohr. @hw Weri, @W; X`gthd@jtge`s.

nttp;//www.u`sfsj.erf/rhseurahs/sphhanhs/lg`jàgjc-gàcusge`-pjtn-mgcch``gum-dhvhcepmh`t-fejcs-ngfn-c/ (jaahsshd e` ?< Mjran ?2:4).

Teemfum, Q. ?2:4. Gl Ojaihd, @hw Aeccjthrjc Cjw e` Cej`s aeucd oh Oee` ler QMHs,

Qhmg`jr Nhjrs. Tnh @jtge`. :? Kucy.nttp;//www.`jtge`muctgmhdgj.aem/ousg`hss/Gl-ojaihd-`hw-aeccjthrjc-cjw-e`-cej`s-aeucd-oh-oee-12?1>124.ntmc, (jaahsshd 4 Qhp ?2:4).

Xpnell, @. T. :77?. Ceajc G`stgtutge`s j`d Rjrtgagpjtge` ler Qustjg`joch Dhvhcepmh`t.Qustjg`joch Jfrgaucturh Rrefrjmmh el tnh G`thr`jtge`jc G`stgtuth lerH`vgre`mh`t j`d Dhvhcepmh`t. Ce`de`; GGHD.

Vercd Ojì. ?2:4. Vercd Dhvhcepmh`t G`dgajters. Vjsng`fte`, DA; Vercd Ojì.nttp;//djtj.wercdojì.erf/djtj-ajtjcef-wercd-dhvhcepmh`t-g`dgajters (jaahsshd? Lhorujry ?2:4).
http://www.prachachat.net/news_detail.php?newsid=1421643378http://www.unsgsa.org/resources/speeches/financial-inclusion-path-millennium-development-goals-high-l/http://www.unsgsa.org/resources/speeches/financial-inclusion-path-millennium-development-goals-high-l/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/If-backed-new-collateral-law-on-loans-could-be-boo-30238304.htmlhttp://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/If-backed-new-collateral-law-on-loans-could-be-boo-30238304.htmlhttp://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog-world-development-indicatorshttp://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog-world-development-indicatorshttp://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/If-backed-new-collateral-law-on-loans-could-be-boo-30238304.htmlhttp://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/If-backed-new-collateral-law-on-loans-could-be-boo-30238304.htmlhttp://www.unsgsa.org/resources/speeches/financial-inclusion-path-millennium-development-goals-high-l/http://www.unsgsa.org/resources/speeches/financial-inclusion-path-millennium-development-goals-high-l/http://www.prachachat.net/news_detail.php?newsid=1421643378