First World WarFirst World War CausesCauses

• Increased militarism – arms raceIncreased militarism – arms race• Alliance system Alliance system

Russia, Serbia, Britain, France, JapanRussia, Serbia, Britain, France, Japan Germany, Austria-HungaryGermany, Austria-Hungary

• New imperialismNew imperialism• Arms raceArms race• Pan-Slavism – Russian belief in protecting Slavic Pan-Slavism – Russian belief in protecting Slavic

descendantsdescendants• Balkan NationalismBalkan Nationalism• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand – heir to the throne of Assassination of Franz Ferdinand – heir to the throne of

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

First World WarFirst World War War begins June of 1914 with War begins June of 1914 with

assassinationassassination U.S. enters the war in April of 1917U.S. enters the war in April of 1917

• Submarine warfareSubmarine warfare• Zimmermann telegram “note”Zimmermann telegram “note”

Considered first “modern” warConsidered first “modern” war• Use of new technologyUse of new technology

Airplane, tank, machine gunsAirplane, tank, machine guns Poison gasPoison gas Trench warfareTrench warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles- Armistice on November 11, 1918Armistice on November 11, 1918- Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference

- January – June of 1919January – June of 1919- Woodrow Wilson – U.S.Woodrow Wilson – U.S.

- 14 Points – League of Nations, no secret alliances, 14 Points – League of Nations, no secret alliances, freedom of seasfreedom of seas

- David Lloyd George – Great BritainDavid Lloyd George – Great Britain- Georges Clemenceau - FranceGeorges Clemenceau - France- Results in the Treaty of VersaillesResults in the Treaty of Versailles

- German Reparations to AlliesGerman Reparations to Allies- Reduction of German militaryReduction of German military- League of Nations createdLeague of Nations created- U.S. does not ratify the treaty, or join League of NationsU.S. does not ratify the treaty, or join League of Nations

Inter-War PeriodInter-War Period

Period of time between end of World War Period of time between end of World War One and beginning of World War TwoOne and beginning of World War Two

Russian Revolution - 1917Russian Revolution - 1917 Rise of totalitarian leaders – Hitler, Stalin, Rise of totalitarian leaders – Hitler, Stalin,

MussoliniMussolini Europe – DepressionEurope – Depression U.S. – Roaring ’20’s, Great Depression U.S. – Roaring ’20’s, Great Depression

begins in October 1929begins in October 1929 Rise of consumerism Rise of consumerism

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Lost remaining land in World War One.Lost remaining land in World War One. Mustafa Kemal – Ataturk – led successful Mustafa Kemal – Ataturk – led successful

military campaigns against nationalist military campaigns against nationalist uprisings, overthrew Ottoman sultan.uprisings, overthrew Ottoman sultan.

1923 – established modern Turkey1923 – established modern Turkey Ataturk – secularization and westernizationAtaturk – secularization and westernization Ataturk is opposed by religious forces, who Ataturk is opposed by religious forces, who

view his changes as a removal of Islamic view his changes as a removal of Islamic influence.influence.

Russian Revolution - 1917Russian Revolution - 1917

February 1917 – Czar Nicholas February 1917 – Czar Nicholas abdicated.abdicated.

Provisional Government – Alexander Provisional Government – Alexander Kerensky – natural rights, goal was to Kerensky – natural rights, goal was to form a liberal democracy.form a liberal democracy.

November 1917 – Communist November 1917 – Communist Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin.Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin.

Russian Revolution - 1917Russian Revolution - 1917

Bolshevik Party – Lenin and TrotskyBolshevik Party – Lenin and Trotsky Peace, Land and Bread – directly Peace, Land and Bread – directly

addresses the needs of peasantsaddresses the needs of peasants March 1918 – Signed Treaty of Brest-March 1918 – Signed Treaty of Brest-

Litovsk – ceded a huge piece of Litovsk – ceded a huge piece of western Russia to Germany.western Russia to Germany.• Russia out of World War One.Russia out of World War One.

Russian Revolution - 1917Russian Revolution - 1917

Civil War -1918-1921 – Reds vs. Civil War -1918-1921 – Reds vs. WhitesWhites

Red Army – led by LeninRed Army – led by Lenin Communist Victory Communist Victory Established U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Established U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics).Socialist Republics).

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

New Economic Policy - LeninNew Economic Policy - Lenin Lenin dies in 1924, replaced by StalinLenin dies in 1924, replaced by Stalin StalinStalin

• 5 Year Plans5 Year Plans• CollectivizationCollectivization• IndustrializationIndustrialization• Secret police, “Great Purge” – 1936-38Secret police, “Great Purge” – 1936-38

Great DepressionGreat Depression U.S. major source of credit to European U.S. major source of credit to European

nationsnations France and Germany rely on American France and Germany rely on American

creditcredit Germany – financial obligations due to Germany – financial obligations due to

reparation paymentsreparation payments U.S. stock market crash – October 1929 – U.S. stock market crash – October 1929 –

quickly became international depression quickly became international depression due to creditdue to credit

Unemployment, famine, public works Unemployment, famine, public works declinedecline

Great Depression - FascismGreat Depression - Fascism

FascismFascism• Unified Unified • Destroy individual will in favor of the Destroy individual will in favor of the

“people”“people”• Not concerned with elimination of Not concerned with elimination of

private property, or class distinctions. private property, or class distinctions. (Communism)(Communism)

• Pursued policy of extreme nationalism – Pursued policy of extreme nationalism – based on racial identitybased on racial identity

ItalyItaly

Benito Mussolini – National Fascist Party – Benito Mussolini – National Fascist Party – 19191919

1921 – Fascists in parliament1921 – Fascists in parliament Mussolini named prime ministerMussolini named prime minister Decline in economy – Italy demoralized – Decline in economy – Italy demoralized –

turn to “strong leader” Mussoliniturn to “strong leader” Mussolini Mussolini – 1922 take over ParliamentMussolini – 1922 take over Parliament Focus on expansion (North Africa)Focus on expansion (North Africa)

Germany - HitlerGermany - Hitler

Weimar Republic – post WWI German Weimar Republic – post WWI German governmentgovernment

National Socialist Party (Nazi) rose to National Socialist Party (Nazi) rose to power in the 1920’s – depressionpower in the 1920’s – depression

Depression Depression dissatisfaction with Weimar dissatisfaction with Weimar Republic Republic Nazi party elected to Reichstag Nazi party elected to Reichstag

1933 – Hitler chancellor – takes control of 1933 – Hitler chancellor – takes control of government, established 3government, established 3rdrd Reich Reich

JapanJapan

1920’s focused on internal 1920’s focused on internal developmentsdevelopments

1931 – Japanese invasion of 1931 – Japanese invasion of ManchuriaManchuria

Withdrew from League of NationsWithdrew from League of Nations 1937 – invaded China – “Rape of 1937 – invaded China – “Rape of

Nanking”Nanking”

World War TwoWorld War Two

European leaders follow a policy of European leaders follow a policy of appeasementappeasement towards Hitler towards Hitler

Munich Conference – 1938Munich Conference – 1938 German invasion of Poland - German invasion of Poland -

September 1939September 1939 German, Japan, Italy – AxisGerman, Japan, Italy – Axis Great Britain, France, Russia, Great Britain, France, Russia, U.S. (1941) - AlliesU.S. (1941) - Allies

World War TwoWorld War Two European Theater of OperationsEuropean Theater of Operations Pacific Theater of OperationsPacific Theater of Operations U.S. joins the war in December of 1941 – U.S. joins the war in December of 1941 –

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor May 1945 – Victory in EuropeMay 1945 – Victory in Europe August 1945 – Atomic bombs dropped on August 1945 – Atomic bombs dropped on

Hiroshima and NagasakiHiroshima and Nagasaki War ends in Japan following atomic bombs, War ends in Japan following atomic bombs,

war is officially overwar is officially over Both Germany and Japan surrender, no Both Germany and Japan surrender, no

peace treaty is necessarypeace treaty is necessary

World War Two - OutcomesWorld War Two - Outcomes

Holocaust – as many as 6 million Holocaust – as many as 6 million Jews killed, 6 million Poles, Slavs, Jews killed, 6 million Poles, Slavs, Homosexuals, Disabled as well.Homosexuals, Disabled as well.

Allied occupation of Germany.Allied occupation of Germany. Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine.Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine. Occupation of Japan.Occupation of Japan. Women’s roles – continue in Women’s roles – continue in

workplaceworkplace Creation of the United NationsCreation of the United Nations

Cold WarCold War Following World War Two, nuclear Following World War Two, nuclear

competition between the United States competition between the United States and Soviet Union and Soviet Union

Berlin Airlift – 1948Berlin Airlift – 1948 Bay of Pigs – 1961Bay of Pigs – 1961 Berlin Wall - 1961Berlin Wall - 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 Détente – 1970’sDétente – 1970’s Reagan and Gorbachev 1980’sReagan and Gorbachev 1980’s Gorbachev – Glasnost and PerestroikaGorbachev – Glasnost and Perestroika

Cold WarCold War

Soviet Bloc – Soviet controlled Soviet Bloc – Soviet controlled Eastern European countriesEastern European countries

Western Bloc – Western European Western Bloc – Western European countries countries

ContainmentContainment NATO vs. Warsaw PactNATO vs. Warsaw Pact Iron CurtainIron Curtain

Cold War - ChinaCold War - China

1949 – Mao and the Communists establish 1949 – Mao and the Communists establish the People’s Republic of Chinathe People’s Republic of China

MaoMao• Great Leap Forward – 1958 – huge communes Great Leap Forward – 1958 – huge communes

developed developed famine famine• Cultural Revolution – 1966 – shut down Cultural Revolution – 1966 – shut down

universities, elite sent to work on communes, universities, elite sent to work on communes, purgespurges

• Little Red BookLittle Red Book• Red GuardsRed Guards

Cold War - ChinaCold War - China

Deng Xiaoping – 1976Deng Xiaoping – 1976• Limited business and property Limited business and property

ownershipownership• 4 Modernizations – changes to the 4 Modernizations – changes to the

economyeconomy• Elements of capitalist changesElements of capitalist changes• Government remains Communist, Government remains Communist,

totalitariantotalitarian• 1989 – Tiananmen Square massacre1989 – Tiananmen Square massacre

Cold War - KoreaCold War - Korea

1948 – Korea divided along the 381948 – Korea divided along the 38thth ParallelParallel

June 1950 – North Korea invades June 1950 – North Korea invades South KoreaSouth Korea

U.N. forces (including U.S.) went to U.N. forces (including U.S.) went to assist South Koreaassist South Korea

June 1953 - ArmisticeJune 1953 - Armistice

Cold War - VietnamCold War - Vietnam

1954 – Vietnam split1954 – Vietnam split Ho Chi Minh – communist leaderHo Chi Minh – communist leader Ngo Dihn Diem – leader of SouthNgo Dihn Diem – leader of South North Vietnam sought to unify North Vietnam sought to unify

Vietnam under a communist Vietnam under a communist governmentgovernment

U.S. and France assist South VietnamU.S. and France assist South Vietnam French withdrawal in 1954French withdrawal in 1954 U.S. involvement 1965-1973U.S. involvement 1965-1973

Cold War - CubaCold War - Cuba

1939-1959 – Fulgencio Batista – dictator of 1939-1959 – Fulgencio Batista – dictator of Cuba – supported by the U.S.Cuba – supported by the U.S.

1956 – Peasant rebellion led by Fidel 1956 – Peasant rebellion led by Fidel Castro – 1959, Batista fledCastro – 1959, Batista fled

Castro – communist governmentCastro – communist government• Executed rivalsExecuted rivals• Nationalized industriesNationalized industries• Bay of Pigs – 1961 – failed U.S. overthrowBay of Pigs – 1961 – failed U.S. overthrow• Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 – removal of Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 – removal of Soviet

missiles from Cuba, U.S. pledge not to invademissiles from Cuba, U.S. pledge not to invade

Cold War – Latin AmericaCold War – Latin America

U.S. Good Neighbor Policy – 1930’s – U.S. Good Neighbor Policy – 1930’s – FDRFDR• U.S. pledge to avoid intervention in Latin U.S. pledge to avoid intervention in Latin

AmericaAmerica Increased U.S. involvement in Latin Increased U.S. involvement in Latin

America during the Cold WarAmerica during the Cold War

Cold War - EuropeCold War - Europe

Western Europe – Standard of Living Western Europe – Standard of Living increases, decreases in Eastern increases, decreases in Eastern Europe – connection to U.S.S.R.Europe – connection to U.S.S.R.

Poland – Lech Walesa – Solidarity – Poland – Lech Walesa – Solidarity – 1980’s – 1989 – free elections1980’s – 1989 – free elections

Germany – Berlin Wall torn down Germany – Berlin Wall torn down 1989, reunified 19901989, reunified 1990

Collapse of the Soviet UnionCollapse of the Soviet Union

1985 – Gorbachev1985 – Gorbachev• Glasnost – OpennessGlasnost – Openness• Perestroika – Economic restructuringPerestroika – Economic restructuring• Rising nationalism in areas of Soviet controlRising nationalism in areas of Soviet control• Nuclear arms agreements with President Nuclear arms agreements with President

ReaganReagan• 1991 – Soviet Union break up 1991 – Soviet Union break up Russian Russian

FederationFederation• 1993 – Constitution1993 – Constitution• Boris Yeltsin first presidentBoris Yeltsin first president

Decolonization - IndiaDecolonization - India

Indian National Congress – 1885Indian National Congress – 1885 Muslim League - 1906Muslim League - 1906 Amritsar Massacre – 1919Amritsar Massacre – 1919

• British slaughter of Hindus and Muslims during British slaughter of Hindus and Muslims during peaceful protestpeaceful protest

• 1920’s Gandhi1920’s Gandhi Passive resistancePassive resistance Civil disobedienceCivil disobedience Salt marchSalt march Calls for Indian unityCalls for Indian unity Independence and Partition - 1947Independence and Partition - 1947

Decolonization - AfricaDecolonization - Africa Following World War II, African nations begin to gain Following World War II, African nations begin to gain

independence.independence. Northern Africa gains independence first.Northern Africa gains independence first. 1950’s – Egypt – Gamal Abdul Nasser – republic1950’s – Egypt – Gamal Abdul Nasser – republic South of Sahara – independence movements more difficult due to South of Sahara – independence movements more difficult due to

a lack of resourcesa lack of resources Civil Wars, ethnic tensions plagued the African continentCivil Wars, ethnic tensions plagued the African continent African UnionAfrican Union Rwanda – Tutsi (15%) vs. Hutu (85%) – 1994 Rwandan genocide – Rwanda – Tutsi (15%) vs. Hutu (85%) – 1994 Rwandan genocide –

against Tutsiagainst Tutsi South Africa – ApartheidSouth Africa – Apartheid

• 1950’s Nelson Mandela1950’s Nelson Mandela• African National CongressAfrican National Congress• Sharpeville Massacre – 1960 – protests against pass system – 67 Sharpeville Massacre – 1960 – protests against pass system – 67

protesters killedprotesters killed• Mandela imprisoned for protests – released in 1990, end of apartheidMandela imprisoned for protests – released in 1990, end of apartheid• 1994 – first free elections, Mandela becomes president1994 – first free elections, Mandela becomes president

Decolonization – Middle EastDecolonization – Middle East Zionist movement – Jewish nationalismZionist movement – Jewish nationalism 1917 – Balfour Declaration – Jewish homeland in 1917 – Balfour Declaration – Jewish homeland in

Palestine, no displacement of PalestiniansPalestine, no displacement of Palestinians 1948 Israel created – Jewish homeland, Palestine 1948 Israel created – Jewish homeland, Palestine

– Muslim– Muslim 1948 Arab-Israeli War1948 Arab-Israeli War 1967 – 6 Days War1967 – 6 Days War 1977 – Camp David Accords 1977 – Camp David Accords Formation of Palestinian Liberation Organization Formation of Palestinian Liberation Organization

(PLO) – dedicated to reclaiming Palestinian (PLO) – dedicated to reclaiming Palestinian territoryterritory

Iranian RevolutionIranian Revolution Reza Shah Pahlavi – 1925 – westernization Reza Shah Pahlavi – 1925 – westernization

(similar to Meiji)(similar to Meiji) Land reform, education, rights of women Land reform, education, rights of women

improved (voting)improved (voting) Western careers, clothingWestern careers, clothing Pahlavi – violent put downs of rebellionPahlavi – violent put downs of rebellion 1979 – Iranian Revolution – led by Ayatollah 1979 – Iranian Revolution – led by Ayatollah

Khomeini – Iran becomes a theocracyKhomeini – Iran becomes a theocracy• Westernization ended, women required to wear Westernization ended, women required to wear

traditional Islamic clothing, Koran became basis of legal traditional Islamic clothing, Koran became basis of legal system (sharia)system (sharia)

• Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988

OilOil

Source of fuel for Western nationsSource of fuel for Western nations 2/3 of resources in Middle East2/3 of resources in Middle East 1960 – OPEC1960 – OPEC

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Countries

GlobalizationGlobalization

International terrorism increasedInternational terrorism increased Persian Gulf Persian Gulf

• 1990 – Iraq invaded Kuwait, sought 1990 – Iraq invaded Kuwait, sought greater control of oil reservesgreater control of oil reserves

• 1991 – United Nations (U.S.) began to 1991 – United Nations (U.S.) began to drive Iraq out of Kuwaitdrive Iraq out of Kuwait

• April 2003 – invasion of Iraq to drive April 2003 – invasion of Iraq to drive Saddam Hussein from powerSaddam Hussein from power

AfghanistanAfghanistan

Taliban Regime – 1996Taliban Regime – 1996• Government imposed Islamic lawGovernment imposed Islamic law• Restrictions on womenRestrictions on women• Safe haven for terrorist organizations – Safe haven for terrorist organizations –

Al Qaeda and Osama Bin LadenAl Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden• Attacks of September 11, 2001Attacks of September 11, 2001• U.S. invades Afghanistan, removes U.S. invades Afghanistan, removes

Taliban from powerTaliban from power

TradeTrade

NAFTA – 1990’sNAFTA – 1990’s European Union – EuroEuropean Union – Euro

• Designed to provide economic Designed to provide economic competition by banding Europe together competition by banding Europe together as a single marketas a single market

TradeTrade

China China • ImportsImports• Industry Industry • ConstructionConstruction• Rise of the middle classRise of the middle class• Communists maintain government Communists maintain government

controlcontrol

TradeTrade

IndiaIndia• ComputerComputer• TechnologyTechnology• Telemarketing centerTelemarketing center• Cheap source of laborCheap source of labor

TradeTrade

International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Monetary Fund (IMF) World BankWorld Bank G-8 – U.S., Great Britain, Germany, G-8 – U.S., Great Britain, Germany,

Italy, Japan, Poland, Canada, RussiaItaly, Japan, Poland, Canada, Russia

Environment and TechnologyEnvironment and Technology

Deforestation, desertificationDeforestation, desertification Pollution and global warmingPollution and global warming OilOil Rise of the computer and internetRise of the computer and internet Increased communication systemsIncreased communication systems

Role of WomenRole of Women

Right to vote in most areasRight to vote in most areas Enter workforce – equal pay?Enter workforce – equal pay? Changes to family structureChanges to family structure

• Birth rates dropBirth rates drop• Divorce rate increasesDivorce rate increases