Fiziologia Mainii f Buna

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Muscle Function

The main framework of the body (skeleton) is covered by muscles, whose

function is to permit movement and maintain posture. Sensory receptors

in the muscles monitor the tension and length of the muscles and

provide the nervous system with crucial information about the position

of the body parts, thereby enabling posture to be maintained. Muscle

tissue has four main properties: Excitability (ability to respond to

stimuli), Contractibility (is ability to contract), Extensibility (the

ability of a muscle to be stretched without tearing) and Elasticity

(the ability to return to its normal shape).

Movement Definitions

Each of the movements of the muscles for the various parts of the body

is described by various terms.

Abductor - moves a limb away from the midline

Adductor - moves a limb towards the midline

Extensor - increase the angle at a joint - extends a limb

Flexor - decreases the angle at a joint - flexes a limb

Pronator - turns a limb to face downwards

Supinator - turns a limb to face upwards

Rotator - rotates a limbSphincter - closes an orifice of opening

Muscle actions

Muscles which move the shoulder and their action

Levator scapulae - Raises shoulder blade

Pectoralis minor - Lowers shoulder blade

Trapezius - Lifts clavicle. Adducts, elevates and rotates scapular

outwards. Extends head

Rhomboideus major - Adducts scapular and rotates it inwards

Serratus anterior - Stabilises scapula when hand exerts pressure on an

object

Muscles which move the arm and their action

Pectoralis major - Flexes, adducts and rotates arm mediallyLatissimus dorsi - Extends, adducts and rotates arm medially. Moves

arm downward and backwards

Deltoid - Abducts, flexes, extends and medially and laterally rotates

arm

Teres major - Extends arm, assists in adduction and medial rotation of

arm

Muscles which move the forearm and wrist and their action

Biceps brachii - Flexes and supinates forearm. Flexes arm

Brachialis - Flexes the forearm

Brachoradialis - Flexes, semi-supinates and semi-pronates the forearm

Triceps brachii - Extends forearm. Extends arm

Pronator teres - Pronates and flexes forearm

Pronator quadratus - Pronates the forearm and handSupinator - Supinates forearm and hand
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Muscles which move the abdominal wall and their action

Rectus abdominis - Compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column

External obliques - Bends vertebral column laterally and rotates

vertebral column

Transversus abdominis - Compresses abdomen

Quadratus lumborum - Side flexion

Muscles which move the vertebral column and their action

Iliocostalis lumborum - Extends lumbar region

Iliocostalis thoracis - Maintains the spine's erect position

Iliocostalis cervicis - Extends cervical region

Longissimus thoracis - Extends thoracis region

Longissimus cervicis - Extends cervical region

Longissimus capitis - Extends the head and rotates it to opposite side

Spinalis thoracis - Extends vertebral column

Spinalis cervicis - Extends vertebral column

Spinalis capitis - Extends vertebral column

Muscles which move the thigh and their action

Psoas major - Flexes and rotates thigh medially and flexes vertebral

column

Iliacus - Flexes and rotates thigh medially and flexes vertebral column

Gluteus maximus - Extends and rotates thigh laterally.

Adductor longus - Adducts, medially rotates and flexes the thigh

Adductor brevis - Adducts, laterally rotates and flexes the thigh

Adductor magnus - Adducts, flexes, laterally rotates and extends the

thigh.

Muscles which act on the leg and their action

Rectus femoris - Extends knee and flexes hip

Vastus lateralis - Extends knee

Vastus medialis - Extends knee

Vastus intermedius - Extends knee

Sartorius - Flexes knee. Flexes hip and rotates femur laterallyBiceps femoris - Flexes leg and extends thigh

Semitendinosus - Flexes leg and extends thigh

Semimembranosus - Flexes leg and extends thigh

Muscles which move the foot and their action

Tibialis anterior - Dorsiflexes and inverts foot

Peroneus tertius - Dorsiflexes and everts foot

Gastrocnemius - Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee

Soleus - Plantar flexes foot

Plantaris - Plantar flexes foot

Tibialis posterior - Plantar flexes and inverts the foot

Peroneus longus - Plantar flexes and everts the foot

Peroneus brevis - Plantar flexes and everts the foot

Additional Information

Additional Links

The following links are provided by Fastbox Qlinks.

Muscular system

Bone function

Muscle contraction

Muscle groups

How do muscles work

3 types of muscles

Trapezius muscle function

Function of smooth muscle

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Human Anatomy & Physiology

This heavily illustrated self-teaching course gives you everything you

need to know.

Find out how human muscles, nerves, bones,organs, glands, connective

tissue and more, function and communicate with each other. Discover

the molecular-level workings of your glandular, genitourinary,

digestive, cardiovascular, and other systems. But that is just part of

the story.

Select this link for more information on "Human Anatomy & Physiology".

Click here for details of other available Books

Associated Pages

The following Sports Coach pages should be read in conjunction with

this page:

Articles on Physiology

Movement Analysis

Muscular System

Muscles in the human body

Muscle Fatigue

Muscle Fibre Hypertrophy

Muscle Fibre Test - Dr Fred Hatfield

Muscle Imbalance

Muscle Knot - trigger point

Muscle Movement

Muscle Range of MovementMuscle Stiffness Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

Muscle Strength and Balance Checks

Muscle Training

Muscle Types - Cardiac, Skeletal & Smooth

Associated Books

The following books provide more information related to this topic:

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, G. J. Tortora et al.

Strength Training Anatomy, F. Delavier

Atlas of Skeletal Muscles, R. J. Stone et al.

The Muscle Book, P. Blakey

Advanced Studies in Physical Education and Sport, P. Beashel et al.

Physical Education and the Study of Sport, B. Davis et al.

Essentials of Exercise Physiology, W. D. McArdle et al.

Physical Education and Sport Studies, D. Roscoe et al.

The World of Sport Examined, P. Beashel et al.

Advanced PE for Edexcel, F. Galligan et al.

Examining Physical Education, K. Bizley

Sport and PE, K. Wesson et al.

PE for you, J. Honeybourne

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