Flash Card Fever!Flash Card Fever!The A.P. Exam in Psychology The A.P. Exam in Psychology

is vocabulary-driven. You is vocabulary-driven. You mustmust know it! So here we go . know it! So here we go .

. .. .

Unit 1: Intro, History, Unit 1: Intro, History, PerspectivesPerspectives

physiology physiology structuralismstructuralism functionalismfunctionalism ethnocentrismethnocentrism

1. A school of psychology based on the 1. A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic analyze consciousness into its basic elements and see how they are related. elements and see how they are related. What the mind What the mind isis..

2. The premise that knowledge should 2. The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.be acquired through observation.

collectivism collectivism

humanismhumanism ethnocentrismethnocentrism empiricismempiricism

3. A school of psychology based on 3. A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should the belief that psychology should investigate the investigate the purposepurpose of of consciousness. What the mind consciousness. What the mind doesdoes..

physiology physiology structuralismstructuralism functionalismfunctionalism ethnocentrismethnocentrism

4.4. Putting personal goals ahead of Putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group attributes rather than group memberships.memberships.

collectivismcollectivism individualismindividualism ethnocentrismethnocentrism empiricismempiricism

5. A theoretical orientation based on 5. A theoretical orientation based on the premise that psychology should the premise that psychology should study only observable behaviors.study only observable behaviors.

evolutionary psychologyevolutionary psychology humanismhumanism cognitioncognition behaviorismbehaviorism

Unit 2: Research Methodology and Unit 2: Research Methodology and StatisticsStatistics

6.6. The constitution of groups in a The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to equal chance of being assigned to the control group or the the control group or the experimental group.experimental group.

random assignmentrandom assignment random selectionrandom selection representative samplerepresentative sample normal distributionnormal distribution

7. The condition that exists when the 7. The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings probability that the observed findings are due to are due to chancechance is very low. is very low.

expectancy effectexpectancy effect social desirability biassocial desirability bias statistical significancestatistical significance operational definitionoperational definition

8.8. Any variables other than the Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in to influence the dependent variable in a study.a study.

response variablesresponse variables extraneous variablesextraneous variables standard variablesstandard variables mean variablesmean variables

9. A research strategy in which neither 9. A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or subjects are in the experimental or control groups.control groups.

single-blindsingle-blind double-blinddouble-blind controlcontrol experimentexperiment

10. The repetition of a study to see 10. The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are whether the earlier results are duplicated.duplicated.

correlationcorrelation frequency distributionfrequency distribution replicationreplication populationpopulation

11. It describes the actions or 11. It describes the actions or operations that will be made to operations that will be made to measure or control a variable.measure or control a variable.

operational definitionoperational definition illusory correlationillusory correlation standard deviationstandard deviation inferential statisticsinferential statistics

12. The score that falls exactly in the 12. The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores.center of a distribution of scores.

meanmean medianmedian modemode rangerange

13. A tendency to give socially 13. A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about approved answers to questions about oneself on a survey or questionnaire.oneself on a survey or questionnaire.

experimenter biasexperimenter bias control biascontrol bias response biasresponse bias social desirability biassocial desirability bias

14. The fact that subjects’ expectations 14. The fact that subjects’ expectations can lead them to experience some can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment.

sampling biassampling bias response setresponse set placebo effectplacebo effect confounding variableconfounding variable

15. An orderly arrangement of scores 15. An orderly arrangement of scores in a table indicating how often each in a table indicating how often each score occurs.score occurs.

range tablerange table descriptive descriptive

distributiondistribution normal distributionnormal distribution frequency distributionfrequency distribution

Unit 3: Biological Bases of Unit 3: Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior

16. A junction where information is 16. A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the transmitted from one neuron to the next.next.

synapsesynapse axonaxon dendritedendrite somasoma

17. A process in which 17. A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft (gap) by the the synaptic cleft (gap) by the presynaptic membrane.presynaptic membrane.

action potentialaction potential genetic mappinggenetic mapping adaptationadaptation reuptakereuptake

18. Axons that carry sensory 18. Axons that carry sensory information information inwardinward to the central to the central nervous system from the periphery of nervous system from the periphery of the body.the body.

efferent nerve fibersefferent nerve fibers afferent nerve fibersafferent nerve fibers dendritesdendrites glial cellsglial cells

19. The length of time after an action 19. The length of time after an action potential during which another action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.potential cannot begin.

absolute thresholdabsolute threshold neurotransmissionneurotransmission absolute refractory absolute refractory

periodperiod resting potentialresting potential

20. The largest and most complicated 20. The largest and most complicated region of the brain, encompassing a region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures including the variety of structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.system, and cerebrum.

hindbrainhindbrain midbrainmidbrain forebrainforebrain topbraintopbrain

Matching:Matching:21.21. chemical that chemical that mimicsmimics the the

action of a neurotransmitteraction of a neurotransmitter

22.22. chemical that chemical that opposesopposes the the action of a neurotransmitteraction of a neurotransmitter

23.23. increases the likelihood that increases the likelihood that a neuron will firea neuron will fire

24.24. decreases the likelihood that decreases the likelihood that a neuron will firea neuron will fire

25.25. voltage change at the voltage change at the receptor site on a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membranepostsynaptic cell membrane

post synaptic post synaptic potentialpotential

excitatory PSPexcitatory PSP inhibitory PSPinhibitory PSP agonistagonist antagonistantagonist

Unit 4: Sensation Unit 4: Sensation andand Perception Perception

26. The sensory system that responds 26. The sensory system that responds to gravity and keeps people informed of to gravity and keeps people informed of their body’s location in space (and their body’s location in space (and keeps them balanced).keeps them balanced).

gustatory system gustatory system olfactory systemolfactory system vestibular systemvestibular system kinesthetic systemkinesthetic system

27. A gradual decline in sensitivity to a 27. A gradual decline in sensitivity to a prolonged, unchanging stimulus.prolonged, unchanging stimulus.

sensory receptionsensory reception sensory adaptationsensory adaptation signal detectionsignal detection dark adaptationdark adaptation

28. The idea that incoming pain 28. The idea that incoming pain sensations must pass through a gate in sensations must pass through a gate in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking pain signals.blocking pain signals.

gate-control theorygate-control theory bottom up processingbottom up processing top down processingtop down processing gate-closure hypothesisgate-closure hypothesis

29. The illusion of movement created 29. The illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession.succession.

feature detectionfeature detection depth perceptiondepth perception visual illusionvisual illusion phi phenomenonphi phenomenon

30. Theory of color vision – says that 30. Theory of color vision – says that the eye has three types of receptors the eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different with differing sensitivities to different wavelengths.wavelengths.

place theoryplace theory frequency theoryfrequency theory trichromatic theorytrichromatic theory opponent process theoryopponent process theory

Matching:Matching: figure-figure-

ground ground relationshiprelationship

perceptual perceptual setset

transductiontransduction feature feature

detectiondetection afterimageafterimage retinal retinal

disparitydisparity

31. A visual image that persists after 31. A visual image that persists after the stimulus is removed.the stimulus is removed.

32. A readiness (expectation) to 32. A readiness (expectation) to perceive a stimulus in a perceive a stimulus in a particular way.particular way.

33. Objects project images to slightly 33. Objects project images to slightly different locations on the left and different locations on the left and right retinas, so the right and left right retinas, so the right and left eyes see slightly diff. views. eyes see slightly diff. views. (Binocular cue to depth)(Binocular cue to depth)

34. Neurons responding selectively to 34. Neurons responding selectively to very specific aspects of more very specific aspects of more complex stimuli.complex stimuli.

35. The process by which incoming 35. The process by which incoming sensory stimuli are changed from sensory stimuli are changed from energy to neural messages that energy to neural messages that go to parts of the brain.go to parts of the brain.

Unit 5: States of Unit 5: States of ConsciousnessConsciousness

36. The 24-hour biological cycles found 36. The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species. in humans and many other species.

biological rhythmsbiological rhythms circadian rhythmscircadian rhythms consciousnessconsciousness dissociationdissociation

37. According to Freud, the hidden or 37. According to Freud, the hidden or disguised meaning of dreams.disguised meaning of dreams.

night terrorsnight terrors sleep spindlessleep spindles manifest contentmanifest content latent contentlatent content

38. A disease marked by sudden and 38. A disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods.normal waking periods.

narcolepsynarcolepsy sleep apneasleep apnea night terrorsnight terrors somnambulismsomnambulism

39. A progressive decrease in a 39. A progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug.person’s responsiveness to a drug.

adaptationadaptation dissociationdissociation dependencedependence tolerancetolerance

40. Chemical substances that modify 40. Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.functioning.

rebound drugsrebound drugs REM drugsREM drugs psychoactive drugspsychoactive drugs neurotransmittersneurotransmitters

Unit 6: LearningUnit 6: Learning

41. In Dr. Pavlov’s experiment, the 41. In Dr. Pavlov’s experiment, the dogs’ salivation in response to the bell:dogs’ salivation in response to the bell:

unconditioned stimulusunconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulusconditioned stimulus unconditioned responseunconditioned response conditioned responseconditioned response

42. The 42. The strengtheningstrengthening of a response of a response because it is followed by the removal of because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.an aversive stimulus.

punishmentpunishment positive reinforcementpositive reinforcement negative reinforcementnegative reinforcement operant reinforcementoperant reinforcement

43. A type of learning in which an 43. A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.stimulation.

avoidance learningavoidance learning escape learningescape learning classical learningclassical learning latent learninglatent learning

44. A reinforcement schedule in which 44. A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after an the reinforcer is given after an unpredictable number of nonreinforced unpredictable number of nonreinforced responses. (The MOST reinforcing of responses. (The MOST reinforcing of all schedules!)all schedules!)

variable-intervalvariable-interval fixed-intervalfixed-interval variable-ratiovariable-ratio fixed-ratiofixed-ratio

45. The reinforcement of closer and 45. The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired closer approximations of a desired response.response.

extinctionextinction instinctive driftinstinctive drift shapingshaping generalizationgeneralization

Unit 7: MemoryUnit 7: Memory

46. Loss of memories for events that 46. Loss of memories for events that occur occur afterafter a head injury. Inability to a head injury. Inability to form form newnew memories. memories.

retrograde amnesiaretrograde amnesia anterograde amnesiaanterograde amnesia dissociative amnesiadissociative amnesia semantic amnesiasemantic amnesia

47. An unlimited capacity store that 47. An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over time.can hold information over time.

sensory memorysensory memory short term memoryshort term memory long term memorylong term memory episodic memoryepisodic memory

48. Forming a memory code. Getting information from short-term to long-hort-term to long-term memory.term memory.

consolidationconsolidation encodingencoding recallrecall attentionattention

49. A memory problem that occurs 49. A memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the when new information impairs the retention of previously learned retention of previously learned information. information.

decaydecay forgettingforgetting proactive interferenceproactive interference retroactive interferenceretroactive interference

50. Memory of general knowledge 50. Memory of general knowledge (facts) that is not tied to the time when (facts) that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.the information was learned.

episodic memoryepisodic memory semantic memorysemantic memory flashbulb memoryflashbulb memory prospective memoryprospective memory

Unit 8: Cognition -Unit 8: Cognition -Thinking and LanguageThinking and Language

51. A methodical step by step 51. A methodical step by step procedure for trying all possible procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem.to a problem.

mental setmental set availability heuristicavailability heuristic algorithmalgorithm representativeness heuristicrepresentativeness heuristic

52. The smallest unit of 52. The smallest unit of meaningmeaning in a in a language.language.

morphememorpheme phonemephoneme syntaxsyntax prototypeprototype

53. In children, incorrect generalization 53. In children, incorrect generalization of grammatical rules to irregular cases of grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply. (Ex: I goed where they do not apply. (Ex: I goed to school.)to school.)

overextensionoverextension underextensionunderextension framingframing overregularizationoverregularization

54. The tendency to seek information 54. The tendency to seek information that supports one’s decisions and that supports one’s decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.information.

linguistic relativitylinguistic relativity conjunction fallacyconjunction fallacy mental setmental set confirmation biasconfirmation bias

55. Basing the estimated probability of 55. Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.typical prototype of that event.

schemaschema mental setmental set availability heuristicavailability heuristic representativeness heuristicrepresentativeness heuristic

Unit 9Unit 9Intelligence, Creativity, and Intelligence, Creativity, and

Psychological TestingPsychological Testing

56.56. What kind of tests assess What kind of tests assess specific types of mental abilities. specific types of mental abilities. They are designed to measure They are designed to measure potentialpotential more than knowledge. more than knowledge.

achievement testsachievement tests aptitude testsaptitude tests intelligence testsintelligence tests personality testspersonality tests

57. ___ refers to the ability of a 57. ___ refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was test to measure what it was

designed to measure.designed to measure.

reliabilityreliability standardizationstandardization normsnorms validityvalidity

58. It is estimated by correlating 58. It is estimated by correlating subjects’ scores on a test with their subjects’ scores on a test with their scores on another measure of the scores on another measure of the samesame trait assessed by the test. trait assessed by the test.

content validitycontent validity construct validityconstruct validity criterion-related validitycriterion-related validity test-retest validitytest-retest validity

59. A child’s mental age divided 59. A child’s mental age divided by chronological age and by chronological age and

multiplied by 100.multiplied by 100.

intelligence quotientintelligence quotient mental aptitudemental aptitude giftednessgiftedness savant syndromesavant syndrome

60. _____ ratio is an estimate of 60. _____ ratio is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a the proportion of trait variability in a

population that is determined by population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.variations in genetic inheritance.

heritabilityheritability variabilityvariability enrichmentenrichment validityvalidity