Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina · Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina 1 For further information please contact: Romy Durst Euronatur

Ulrich Schwarz

FLUVIUS, Vienna

31.05.2013

Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina


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For further information please contact:

Romy Durst Euronatur Konstanzerstrasse 22 D-78315 Radolfzell [email protected]

Dr. Ulrich Schwarz

FLUVIUS Hetzgasse 22/7 A-1030 Vienna Email: [email protected]

This document has been produced by:

Ulrich Schwarz, FLUVIUS, Vienna

Acknowledgements: Borut Stumberger

Cover photo: Livanjsko Polje, Ulrich Schwarz


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Table of Contents

1. Introduction and aim of the study .............................................................................................................. 4

2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 5

2.1.1 Geomorphological definition .......................................................................................................... 5

2.1.2 Hydrology ....................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Analysis of DEM .................................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Analysis of maps.................................................................................................................................... 8

2.4 Analysis of event documentation and other sources ........................................................................... 8

2.5 Definition of flood outlines .................................................................................................................. 9

3. Results (factsheets for Poljes) ..................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 Bjelajsko polje ....................................................................................................................................... 10

3.2 Borovo polje ......................................................................................................................................... 12

3.3 Carevo polje .......................................................................................................................................... 14

3.4 Cernica ................................................................................................................................................. 16

3.5 Crničko polje ........................................................................................................................................ 18

3.6 Dabarsko polje .................................................................................................................................... 20

3.7 Dobranjsko polje (Livno) .................................................................................................................... 22

3.8 Donje Zijemlje ..................................................................................................................................... 24

3.9 Dugo polje ........................................................................................................................................... 26

3.10 Dugo polje (Dugorudo) ..................................................................................................................... 28

3.11 Duvanjsko polje .................................................................................................................................. 30

3.12 Fatničko polje..................................................................................................................................... 32

3.13 Gatačko polje...................................................................................................................................... 34

3.14 Glamočko polje .................................................................................................................................. 36

3.15 Grab polje ........................................................................................................................................... 38

3.16 Gradac ................................................................................................................................................ 40

3.17 Grahovsko polje ................................................................................................................................. 42

3.18 Hansko polje (Gornje Zijemlje) ......................................................................................................... 44

3.19 Hutovo blato (Deransko-Svitavsko polje) ......................................................................................... 46

3.20 Imotsko polje (Bekijsko polje) .......................................................................................................... 48

3.21 Jasenpolje ........................................................................................................................................... 50

3.22 Kočerinsko polje ................................................................................................................................ 52

3.23 Konjsko polje ..................................................................................................................................... 54

3.24 Kruško polje ...................................................................................................................................... 56

3.25 Kupreško polje ................................................................................................................................... 58


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3.26 Livanjsko polje .................................................................................................................................. 60

3.27 Ljubinsko polje .................................................................................................................................. 62

3.28 Ljubomir polje ................................................................................................................................... 64

3.29 Lukavačko polje ................................................................................................................................ 66

3.30 Marinkovci ........................................................................................................................................ 68

3.31 Medeno polje...................................................................................................................................... 70

3.32 Mokro polje (Široki Brijeg)................................................................................................................ 72

3.33 Mokro polje (Trebinje) ...................................................................................................................... 74

3.34 Mostarsko blato ................................................................................................................................. 76

3.35 Nevesinjsko polje ............................................................................................................................... 78

3.36 Orahovac polje .................................................................................................................................. 80

3.37 Palanka (Lušci polje) ......................................................................................................................... 82

3.38 Pašića polje ........................................................................................................................................ 84

3.39 Petrovačko polje ................................................................................................................................ 86

3.40 Plana .................................................................................................................................................. 88

3.41 Podrašničko polje .............................................................................................................................. 90

3.42 Popovo polje ...................................................................................................................................... 92

3.43 Posušje ............................................................................................................................................... 94

3.44 Rakitno .............................................................................................................................................. 96

3.45 Rašanjsko polje (Rasno) .................................................................................................................... 98

3.46 Rastoka i Ljubuško polje .................................................................................................................. 100

3.47 Ravanjsko polje ................................................................................................................................ 102

3.48 Ravna Mliništa ................................................................................................................................. 104

3.49 Roško polje ....................................................................................................................................... 106

3.50 Rudno polje ...................................................................................................................................... 108

3.51 Slato polje ...........................................................................................................................................110

3.52 Studeničko polje ................................................................................................................................ 112

3.53 Šuičko polje ....................................................................................................................................... 114

3.54 Trusinsko polje ..................................................................................................................................116

3.55 Viničko polje...................................................................................................................................... 118

3.56 Vučipolje .......................................................................................................................................... 120

3.57 Vukovsko polje ................................................................................................................................. 122

4. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................. 124

5. References ................................................................................................................................................ 127


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1. Introduction and aim of the study

Karst poljes in the Dinarides and in particular in Bosnia & Herzegovina can be characterised as one of the most fascinating landscapes in the Balkan region. Due to the geological and hydrological circumstances (huge carbonate and karst mountains mostly under Mediterranean climate combined with rather high precipitation and water supply from the mountain ridges) an extensive number and area of poljes mostly interconnected by groundwater systems on different altitude levels (from 2-1,200 m above sea level), hosting a wide range of habitats and species (Mediterranean to alpine biogeographical units) in close vicinity was built since last ice age (during last 20,000 years).

Poljes are often very fertile and would have a great importance for human development and agricultural production in the mountainous area of Balkans. However many poljes are regularly flooded, even for several months and only the techniques available since a century make it possible to drain and meliorate poljes in a larger scale by controlling the water in and outflows, in particular during the flooding season (mostly in winter and spring time). Several larger poljes were significantly altered. Parts are lost by the enlargement of settlements and infrastructure or are used even for the exploitation of peat/lignite for heating power plants.

Due to the regular flooding poljes were used intensively for pasturing and meadows over the past 3,000 years, leading to an extensive very rich habitat mosaic namely for plant and bird species, in particular where near-natural flood tolerant forests stands and natural streams and river banks and bars were preserved, like in Livanjsko polje, which was therefore declared as Ramsar site (wetland).

The study try to summaries the potential flooding situation (only maximum water levels no duration) in the poljes to highlight the most sensible habitat areas, but to show also the potential flood risk for adjacent settlements and infrastructure even if flood dikes will be partially constructed preventing flooding from surface).

All the analysis is based on the extensive preparation work (delineation and first flood classification of Karst Poljes) by Stumberger from 2010.


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2. Methodology

The main goal is the identification of flood areas for the more or less frequent and regular

flooding and the potential flooding including all those areas protected by dikes from (surface)

flooding. Due to the very scattered data situation (in particular hydrological data) the applied

approach is basing on the elevation model, the flood documentation in the field and secondary

information such as historical maps, case studies and of course the very first raw flood

classification by Stumberger 2010.

2.1 Background

2.1.1 Geomorphological definition

Following the EPA “Glossary of Cave and Karst Terms” (EPA, 2009) a karst polje, in geological

terminology, is a large, flat-floored depression within karst limestone, whose long axis

develops in parallel with major structural trends (mountain ridges) and can become several

kilometers long. Superficial deposits tend to accumulate along the floor. Drainage may be

either by surface watercourses (as an open polje) or by swallow holes (as a closed polje) or

ponors (holes and clefts where parts or the entire surface discharge can be disappear). Usually,

the ponors cannot transmit entire flood flows, so many poljes become flooded or even wet-

season lakes. The structure of some poljes is related to the geological structure, but others are

purely the result of lateral dissolution and planation. The development of poljes is fostered by

any blockage in the karst drainage. The flat floor of a polje may consist of bare limestone, of a

nonsolvable formation, or of soil. A polje typically shows complex hydrogeological

characteristics such as exsurgences, estavelles, swallow holes, and lost rivers. The margin along

the surrounding mountain foot is the most active hydrological exchange zone.

Figure 1: Overview of the distribution of karst polje in the Dinaric region (from Lewine 2009)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow_hole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planation

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exsurgence&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estavelle


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Figure 2: Overview of the distribution of karst polje in Bosnia & Herzegovina used for the analysis (data from Stumberger)


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2.1.2 Hydrology

Karst hydrology is a very complex issue and the water balance of only one Polje can be very

difficult to determine or even measure (e.g. by tracer experiments). Many gauges would be

necessary to measure all in and outflows in particular for the underground water.

Not only in smaller poljes the water levels can be rise extraordinarily high: Usually the water

levels differ from 2-5 m over large areas but can reach 20-30 m easily and for some polyes they

can reach up to 80 m due to the narrow topography and valley form and possibilities for water

to leave the polje.

Figure 3: Basic karst features in polje landscapes (after Still 2007)

2.2 Analysis of DEM

The first major analysis step is the evaluation of elevation data coming from ASTER 2 data

(ASTER GDEM v2 data 2011). Aside of several limitations such as the resolution and the

visualization of elevation artifacts the ASTER data is the best available free digital elevation

model. Basically the elevation information for the rather plain less vegetated polje areas

(mostly grassland) is good and can be estimated by an accuracy of 30x30 m² per pixel by a high

accuracy between 2-5 m. Calculating the model for larger areas in poljes areas with differing

altitude information such as Forests or infrastructure can be rather good recognized and

excluded from the flood area calculation (if surrounding area is deeper and the proof by

satellite images and maps is given, the area was assumed as “flooded” , e.g. flooded forests).

Regarding the provided GIS polygons from earlier projects unfortunately the database has a

limited resolution and the spatial fit (projection) of the data is in an former national

Yugoslavian datum and must be transformed to UTM or decimal degrees in ETRS89 (this

should be done in the future as well as amendments for the polje delineation, which was not

subject of this elaboration).


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2.3 Analysis of maps

In a second analysis run the resulting elevation maps were directly overlaid with the

landuse/habitat information available by free satellite images such as Google and Bing maps.

The results changed and improved also the existing outline for many poljes. Areas on higher

terrain hosting dry brush land can be excluded from the “current” but in most cases not from

the “potential” flooding”.

2.4 Analysis of event documentation and other sources

Unfortunately the exiting documentation of polje flooding is rather poor, however the local

people has good long-lasting experiences of average and catastrophic events, at least for some

localities. The current Euronature photo documentation (Euronatur 2000-2011) over the last 10

years which was provided for the project allow at least an initial analysis and where meaningful

those photographs were added to the respective poljes in the result chapter. Detailed studies

such as those from Schwarz (2010) for the Livanjsko polje directly provide flood outline

information to the data.

Regarding historical maps at least for larger poljes the Österreichische Generalkarte 1:200,000

(1870-1910) was used to verify the basic extend of poljes and main river curses.

Figure 4: Example for historical maps for the Buško Blato area (Österreichische Generalkarte

1:200,000 (1870-1910).

Additional available satellite quick-look information was screened and at least for the larger

poljes some additional information was obtained, in particular –only for a very few situations-

regarding the flooding period (time steps, start and duration of flooding).


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2.5 Definition of flood outlines

In the last step the final result of flood outlines was carried out based on previous three steps

by an assessment of each individual polje. Namely the flood outlines were prepared:

1. The current maximum flood outline proved by documentation. Unfortunately it is nearly

impossible to define a kind of return interval, but in best case it should represent the

“maximum flood outline in the last century” meaning a 100 years event as usual also for river

gauges.

2. The maximum potential flood outline, not considering any flood protection dikes or

structures/canals based only on the elevation model by using a certain buffer in high. As

mentioned for the first outline it is impossible to define the return intervals, but it would be

the multi century flood outline similar to those defined as “morphological floodplains” for

rivers, meaning the maximum potential extend of flooding.

3. Results (factsheets for Poljes) This following chapter will give on each two pages the most important findings as short

factsheets/maps for the analysed 57 karst poljes in alphabetical order.

Explanation: The maps on left side include a Google earth snapshot and some basic

information (Stumberger 2010) together with a photograph and a short text to the flood

situation, the maps on right side show a meaningful colored elevation model (ASTER) in

elevation classes (m; in best case one m steps for the bottom, for larger poljes however also

classes of 2-5 or even 10 m; therefore the coloring is not uniform and the colors indicate only

the differences in a good, visual way), the polygon for each polje and the flood outlines (one

dark blue bold outline for the active maximum flooding considering field records and flood

defenses and in grey the additional potential flooded area; in case of no evidence for active

flooding only the potential grey outline is visualised).


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3.1 Bjelajsko polje

Based on vegetation and landuse this polje is only potentially flooded.


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3.2 Borovo polje

This polje over 1,000 m above sea level is mostly dry, surrounded in its southeastern part by

Dolines and rock fields. The landscape of much deeper southeastern part (compare map on

next page) is not connected to Borovo polje.


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3.3 Carevo polje

This very small polje is totally dry.


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3.4 Cernica

The polje is regularly flooded (deepest pools are than up to 30 m). There are no significant

structures inside therefore the active and potential flood extent is equal.

Flood picture from east to west (Google Panoramio).


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3.5 Crničko polje

Basically there is no reference for flooding of this polje. However the vegetation and remnants

of fluvial activity indicate a potential for flooding. Regarding the raw elevation information the

potential areas was delineated by some 10 m altitude difference)

Some smaller water bodies in the central part (Jasminko Mulaomerovic).


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3.6 Dabarsko polje

Still one of the best preserved poljes and regularly flooded. In its upper part two roads crossing

the polje bottom and will prevent frequent flooding of same smaller areas.

Flooded polje from southeast to northwest, January 20 2010 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.7 Dobranjsko polje (Livno)

No flood evidence is given for this polje, only several small karst springs and creeks on its

eastern margin indicate potential flooding.


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3.8 Donje Zijemlje

This polje is situated on a karst fan on its western part including fluvial land forms assuming a

flood potential for the lower central part.

Pattern of vegetation depending on soil wetness indicate the potential flooding (Google

Panoramio).


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3.9 Dugo polje

Only the low laying part used as agricultural fields could be potentially flooded.


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3.10 Dugo polje (Dugorudo)

This mountain polje with the Blidinje Lake (1,180 m above see level) host the largest mountain

lake in Bosnia. Flooding occurs only in the southwestern lower part and potentially around the

lake.


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3.11 Duvanjsko polje

A large more or less entirely agricultural used polje which is regular flooded.

Flooded polje during winter season, January 11 2010 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.12 Fatničko polje

A beautiful large and extensively flooded polje with no settlement on the valley floor.

From Northwest during flood season, January 20 2010 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.13 Gatačko polje

Huge and heterogeneous polje, in its northwestern part lignite are exploited for energy

production. The polje included near natural karst river courses.

Phantastic meandering melting rivers and springs indicating the flood period in the

northeastern corner, building meander and fans (Borut Stumberger).


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3.14 Glamočko polje

This polje has a unique shape and is pristine in its southeastern part and scattered settled and

invariant in its northwestern area.

Flood lake in the southern pool in January (Borut Stumberger).


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3.15 Grab polje

Potential flooding occurs potentially only along the creek fan in the southern area.


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3.16 Gradac

No regular and significant flooding can be expected for this polje.


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3.17 Grahovsko polje

This polje is basically dry over large areas, but the central southern part includes some area

with karst streams and wet meadows indicating a temporary water cover.

Central-south flood area from plane, January 16 2010 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.18 Hansko polje (Gornje Zijemlje)

Only potentially flooded in its southern part.


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3.19 Hutovo blato (Deransko-Svitavsko polje)

One of the most wet poljes (reed beds) and strongly protected the Hutovo blato is directly

connected to the Neretva lowlands and the potentially flooded area can be estimated by the

comparison with the elevation model on the next page. The artificial reservoir in the south is

part of the hydropower system and was earlier a similar wetland.

This view from southwest shows the entire flooded area and the submerged meadows in front

of the flood dikes caused by groundwater (Borut Stumberger).


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3.20 Imotsko polje (Bekijsko polje)

This polje at the border to Croatia is flooded regularly in its central part. The Matica river is

collected in its southeastern part for hydropower generation. Also in the far western corner

river regulation and canalization to collect water changed the flooding situation in this part of

the polje. Further significant typical forest stands can be find in the central part.

Flood in the central part, March 15 2010 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.21 Jasenpolje

This rather densely settled polje with agricultural landscape is associated with a terraced

second polje (right middle part of the image). Flooding occurs only in the meadow valley

bottoms.


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3.22 Kočerinsko polje

This polje has a clearly defined flood bottom.

Small flood in the main depression on March 15 2010 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.23 Konjsko polje

No flooding at all can be presumed for this polje. Only the very most northwards part indicates

more wetness.


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3.24 Kruško polje

This high laying polje surrounded by doline fields is basically not flooded.


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3.25 Kupreško polje

There is a wide range of fluvial forms in this polje reaching some reed beds and peat areas in

the north to meandering rivers in the south. A road crossing the polje and drainage allow

agricultural fields.

One of the permanent water courses with dense sedge beds, 25.5.2011 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.26 Livanjsko polje

The largest among all Bosnian karst fields still host typical huge areas of wetlands, meadows,

forests, dry habitat components and is protected. In the south the Busko hydropower plant

lake is regulating the water flow (exclusion of several areas from flooding).

Left: Large regular and long-lasting flooding in the northern and middle part of the polje

(Borut Stumberger). Rigth: Huge temporal karst spring and flood water marks (Dejan Kulier).


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3.27 Ljubinsko polje

The flood is limited to the vicinity of the active river channel.


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3.28 Ljubomir polje

Flooding occurs only in the central part along a meandering karst river.


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3.29 Lukavačko polje

This bottom like polje is only partially flooded in its deepest areas.

Some permanent water bodies in the deepest points of the polje (Dejan Kulier).


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3.30 Marinkovci

This polje seems to be entirely dry.


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3.31 Medeno polje

The relief of this polje is rather uneven and only a very small area along a central chute could

be potentially flooded.


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3.32 Mokro polje (Široki Brijeg)

Flooded in its western central part.

View into the most frequently flooded part, January 18 2010 (Martin Schneider-Jacoby).


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3.33 Mokro polje (Trebinje)

Associated with the huge Popovo polje and Trebisnijca river the polje is separated in an upper

and lower part by a road dam preventing the flooding of lower parts.

January flooding from the cross dike showing the southeastern flooded part (Google

Panoramio).


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3.34 Mostarsko blato

The rather huge and frequently flooded polje is feed by river Lisitca and by underground filling

up the bath tube before the water is running through underground to the Neretva Valley

(Jasenica is the name of this new short river before entering Neretva) which is 200 m below.

Frequent flooded polje bottom, with flood tolerant grass species and willow groups also

indicating the high flood dynamic of this polje by the debris flood marks April 16 2007 (Borut

Stumberger).


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3.35 Nevesinjsko polje

Larger flooding occurs in particular in the southern part of the polje along the Zalomka river

(flood amplitude is up to 15 meters referencing a road bridge, the riverbed dry out during

summer).

Picture from plane showing the partially flooded central part (Borut Stumberger).


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3.36 Orahovac polje

The polje terrain is rather variable including a lot of rocky islands, No flood evidence for this

polje.


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3.37 Palanka (Lušci polje)

Flooding occurs primarily in three separated depressions.


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3.38 Pašića polje

This polje is very dry in the southeastern lower part, but wet and regularly flooded in its

western and northeastern branches.

Documentation photo from air plane showing the northeastern flood basin January 16 2010

(Borut Stumberger).


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3.39 Petrovačko polje

Karst river driven flooding in smaller areas.


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3.40 Plana

The polje seems to be mostly not flooded at all.


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3.41 Podrašničko polje

Meandering, in its upper parts incised karst rivers with woody galleries characterizing this

polje.


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3.42 Popovo polje

This long east-west shaped polje is flow trough by Trebisnjica river with is nearly entirely

canalized or stored in reservoirs for irrigation and hydropower generation. Therefore the polje

is strongly altered and large areas are completely cut from flooding at all. However the polje is

still subject of extensive flooding and some areas of high protection value remain.

Not a hydropower lake but the regular spring flooding: In its lower tubular stretch the flood

water can accumulate up to 40 m (Borut Stumberger).


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3.43 Posušje

The eastern depression is frequently flooded even if the altitude is much above the western

part of the polje (the water leave the area by underground joining neighboring river

catchments in the west).

Flooding in the eastern depression (Martin Schneider-Jacoby).


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3.44 Rakitno

The polje is regularly flooded by karst streams in its central part. The lower part is clearly

separated by karst rock formations and most properly rather dry.

View of the wet upper part of the polje, typical extensive grazing grounds (Google Panoramio).


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3.45 Rašanjsko polje (Rasno)

Flooding occur in the western depression.

Western part with partial flooding (Google Panoramio).


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3.46 Rastoka i Ljubuško polje

This poly is flow trough by Trebizat river flooding significant areas in its central northern part.


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3.47 Ravanjsko polje

Not regularly flooded polje (the lower areas in the southeastern part are entirely used for

agriculture and include rocky karst elements, only the central part indicates a little more

wetness.


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3.48 Ravna Mliništa

This high laying (1,150 m) polje surrounded by forests is flooded only in smaller parts in the

center.

View of the flood basin (the small road in the middle right has a concrete bridge) (Jasminko

Mulaomerovic).


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3.49 Roško polje

Flooding is evident only on smaller areas like in the northwestern part.


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3.50 Rudno polje

This is mostly a dry polje including in its central part also dry rocky karst elements. However it

is covered mostly by grasslands.


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3.51 Slato polje

Beautiful small polje flooded in its deepest part.

Flooded polje on January 16 2010 (Borut Stumberger).


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3.52 Studeničko polje

Kravica river is feeding this polje, flood occurs along rivers, but the polje floor is used mainly

for agriculture.


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3.53 Šuičko polje

This picturesque polje is a kind of floodplain.

Beautiful river meander flooded by melting water, upstream, January 16 2010 (Dejan Kulijer)


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3.54 Trusinsko polje

Flooding occur only in the western part.


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3.55 Viničko polje

Flooding occurs in the lowest western part.


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3.56 Vučipolje

The polje is situated in a dry high plain surrounded by rocky formations and is not usually

flooded.


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3.57 Vukovsko polje

This polje is only scattered flooded in its western part along several small karst creeks.

After summer grazing period, October 11 2012 (Borut Stumberger)


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4. Conclusions

The quick analysis prepared for the karst poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina indicate for a large

area first time a commonly used methodology to approximate potential flooding in polje

landscape mainly by analyzing the elevation model in combination with field indication of

flood events within the last 10 years and various other sources. The results clearly indicate the

importance of flooding for many poljes and the need of sustainable usage and only absolutely

necessary flood protection for infrastructure and settlements.

Out of the 57 poljes with a total area size of 152,574 ha in 37 poljes (67,507 ha) regular flooding

can presumed and additionally in 9 at least potential flooding can be expected. Only 10 poljes

are mostly dry. All together the maximum potential for flooding is 80,261 ha.

Further analysis must use hydrological data to be able to evaluate flood events, returning

intervals and flood duration, which is important for the habitats in the poljes. The poljes are

integral part of the “Blue heart of Europe” for the Balkan rivers, closely linked to floodplains

and river flooding (Schwarz 2012).

KarstField Total Size ha

Max Flood Record ha

Potential Max Flood ha

Borovo polje 402 0 0

Carevo polje 30 0 0

Konjsko polje 149 0 0

KruÜko polje 364 0 0

Marinkovci 1017 0 0

Orahovac polje 108 0 0

Plana 70 0 0

Ravanjsko polje 1927 0 0

Rudno polje 889 0 0

VuÞipolje 110 0 0

Hansko polje (Gornje Zijemlje) 148 0 7

Gradac 223 0 9

RoÜko polje 394 13 13

Medeno polje 578 0 17

Ravna MliniÜta 445 21 21

RaÜanjsko polje (Rasno) 42 23 23

Dobranjsko polje (Livno) 167 0 27

Trusinsko polje 156 30 30

StudeniÞko polje 183 36 36

Donje Zijemlje 457 0 37

Dugo polje 257 0 41

Grab polje 968 0 42

Vukovsko polje 2814 44 44

Jasenpolje 114 50 50

LukavaÞko polje 339 57 57

Mokro polje (èiroki Brijeg) 342 66 66


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KarstField Total Size ha

Max Flood Record ha

Potential Max Flood ha

Slato polje 418 73 73

ViniÞko polje 224 78 78

Ljubinjsko polje 700 90 90

CrniÞko polje 295 0 116

Ljubomir polje 1274 133 133

èuiÞko polje 277 150 150

Cernica 555 186 186

KoÞerinsko polje 491 253 253

PetrovaÞko polje 2250 354 354

Bjelajsko polje 949 0 364

Grahovsko polje 2302 169 406

Mokro polje (Trebinje) 630 300 416

Rakitno 1414 508 508

PosuÜje 2177 513 513

Dugo polje (Dugorudo) 1913 131 544

PaÜiµa polje 1367 578 578

FatniÞko polje 772 727 727

Palanka (LuÜci polje) 2271 740 740

PodraÜniÞko polje 3426 1269 1269

Rastoka i LjubuÜko polje 7451 1270 1270

Nevesinjsko polje 12903 1664 1664

Dabarsko polje 2896 1669 2232

Mostarsko blato 3314 3179 3314

Hutovo blato (Deransko-Svitavsko polje) 3971 3971 3971

GataÞko polje 6012 3817 4291

KupreÜko polje 8182 3622 4383

GlamoÞko polje 6244 4761 4761

Popovo polje 11891 4206 7778

Duvanjsko polje 12508 5307 7853

Livanjsko polje 40803 27449 30725


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Figure 5: Overview of karst polje flooding in Bosnia & Herzegovina


127

5. References

ASTER GDEM v2 data (2011): http://gdem.ersdac.jspacesystems.or.jp/index.jsp

Euronatur (2000-2010): Karst Polje Photo Documentation, prepared by Martin

Schneider-Jacoby and Borut Stumberger.

Lewin, J. & Woodward, J. C. (2009): Geomorphology and Environmental Change. In:

Woodward, J.C, editor(s). The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. 1st ed. Oxford

University Press; p. 287-317.

Österreichische Generalkarte 1:200,000 (1870-1910): 13 map sheets for Bosnia

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzisco-Josephinische_Landesaufnahme

Schwarz, U. (2012): Outstanding Balkan River landscapes – a basis for wise

development decisions. For ECA Watch Austria/Euronature Germany/MAVA

Switzerland, 150 pp and 101 pp. Separate Annex („River Catalogue“). Vienna

Schwarz, U. (2010): Habitat mapping of the Livanjsko Polje (BA), the Neretva Delta

(HR, BA) and Lake Skadar-Shkoder (ME, AL). In: Adriatic Flyway, closing the gap in

bird conservation. EURONATUR, edited by Damijan Denac, Martin Schneider-Jacoby

and Borut Stumberger, pp. 79-87. Radolfzell.

Still, U. (2007): Polje-Model. In Wikimedia Commons:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polje-Modell.jpg

Stumberger (2010): A classification of karst poljes in the Dinarides and their

significance for waterbird conservation. In: Adriatic Flyway, closing the gap in bird conservation. EURONATUR, edited by Damijan Denac, Martin Schneider-Jacoby and Borut Stumberger, pp. 69-78. Radolfzell.

EPA (US Environmental Agency) (2009): Glossary of Cave and Karst Terms. United States Office of Research and EPA/600/R-02/003 Environmental Protection Development http://www.speleogenesis.info/directory/glossary/?letter=p

Documents

Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina · Flooding analysis of Karst Poljes in Bosnia & Herzegovina 1 For further information please contact: Romy Durst Euronatur