BQS 2213 : TENDERING AND ESTIMATING

Principle and Technique of Estimating

-FLOOR FINISHES-

FLOOR FINISHES

FLOOR SURFACE – top surface of a floor structure

FLOOR LAYERS - thickness of floor in multiples of 50mm

FLOOR SCREEDS

- provide a level surface to which a floor finish can be applied

- protection of insulation layer

- cement+sand+water / precast slabs / made ground

- a screed laid on a concrete base should be at least 40mm thick, with wire net reinforcement at least 35mm thick

FLOOR FINISHES

- materials that are applied to a floor surface as a finished surface

- determinants in choosing floor finish

1. type of building (residential, inddustrial, commercial)

2. foot traffic (light, heavy, wheeled)

3. special requirements (easy to clean, resistant to liquids, non-slip,...)

4. cost (labor, manual)

FLOOR FINISHES CLASSIFICATION

1.JOINTLESS

2.FLEXIBLE THIN SHEET AND TILE

3. RIGID TILE AND STONE SLABS 4. WOOD AND WOOD BASED

JOINTLESS FLOOR FINISHES

MASTIC ASPHALT PAVING

- made from either limestone aggregate,

natural rock or pitch-mastic

- serves both floor finish and DPM

- hardwearing, smooth, easy to clean,

but slipery when wet

- can be coloured

load grade thickness

light duty 15 – 20 mm

medium 20 – 25 mm

heavy duty 30 – 50 mm

GRANOLITHIC PAVING

- cement screed finish

- mixture of crushed granite which has been sieved + cement + water (spread uniformly and trowelled to a smooth flat surface)

- factories, stores, garages

- additives (sealers, hardeners) may be added to produce improve resistance to surface water

RESIN BASED FLOOR FINISH

- durability, chemical resistance and hygiene required

- laboratories, hospitals, food preparation buildings

- epoxy resins as binders with cement, quartz, aggregate and pigments

FLEXIBLE THIN SHEET AND TILE FINISHES

LINOLEUM ( “cork lino“ )

- smooth, easy to clean

- oxidised linseed oil + resins + cork or wood

flour + fillers + pigments pressed on a backing

- laid over an effective damp-proof area

- resilient, durable, resistant to oil and grease,

quiet and warm underfoot

- susceptible to water

- in rolls (1,8 or 3,6 m long and

from 2 to 6 mm thick)

- tiles

VINYL FLOORS

- a thermoplastic used in the manufacture of flexible sheets and tiles as a floor finish

- combination of PVC (polyvinylchloride) as a binder with fillers, pigments and plasticizers to control flexibilty

- wide range of colours, shapes of cuts and thicknesses

- kitchens, bathrooms, offices

- easy to clean, moderate wear, low cost

RUBBER FLOORS

- made from synthetic rubber (SBR – styrene butadine rubber)

- cured or vulcanized by the heat

- waterproof, nonporous, resilient

- susceptible to oil, alkalines, grease, ultraviolent light

CORK TILES

- warm, quiet underfoot, resilient and

water-resistant

- susceptible to oil and grease,

nondurable

CARPET FLOORS

- installed wall-to-wall to eliminate

maintanance of hard flooring

- additional source of insulation (acoustical)

- the most resilient floor finish

RIGID TILE AND STONE SLABS FINISHES

CLAY TILES

- a mixture of clay shaped and fired at high

temperature resulting in hard body

- hard, durable floor surface for domestic

and agricultural ground floors

- cold and noisy underfoot

FLOOR QUARRIES

- “carré“ = square

- from natural plastic clay

- the clay is ground, mixed with water and then

moulded in hand operated process and then

burned in a kiln

- tiles vary in quality and size

- colours: red, buff, black, heather brown

-. Very durable, strong inexpensive

VITREOUS FLOOR TILES

- special clay + felspar which gives a tile a semi-gloss finish

- water-resistant, bit slippery when wet

- tiles are uniform in shape and size

- wide range of colours

CONCRETE TILES

- made of cement and sand

(hydraulically pressed to

shape as floor tiling)

STONE SLABS

- natural stone in units (larger than tiles)

- from very hard slabs of granite to the less dense

soft marble

- hard, noisy and cold (when floor is not insluated)

underfoot

Drawing of bathroom tiles design example

WOOD AND WOOD BASED FINISHES-

FLOOR BOARDS

- boards are nailed to wood battens set in a screed or to batterns secured in floor clips

WOOD STRIP FLOORING

- wood shrinks across the long grain (the wider the board, the greater the loss of width and shape --> narrow stripes

- T & G strip flooring (edges are cut on one side to tongue and on the other side to groove)

- secret nailing

Strip flooring fixed to battens and clips

BLOCK WOOD FLOORING

- resistance to heavy wear is required

- patterns : bonded, herringbone, basket weave

- the top surface may be sanded

LABOUR CONSTANT

TYPE OF PAVING 1 PAVIOR AND 1 GENERAL WORKER(hour/m2)

Cement paving/ Turapan simenGranolithic paving / Turapan granolitikScreeded / Lapis lepa screededFloated / Lapis lepa floatedTrowelled / Lapis lepa trowelled

0.300.350.250.280.30

Finishes work normally can be divided by 2 steps :1. Mixing the materials (cement and sand) needed to make a mortar by

the general worker with the constant output 2hour per 1m3 mortar2. Spread and leveling the mortar to the floor, ceiling or wall with steel

trowelled. Below the labour constant for spreading the mortar:

SCHEDULE OF DAYWORK RATES

Trade (Tukang) Rate per Day (RM)Kadar Upah / Hari (RM)

Tiler (Tukang Tile)Pavior (Tukang Jubin)Painter (Tukang Cat)Glazier (Tukang Kaca)General Worker (Pekerja Biasa)

RM 65.00RM 65.00RM 65.00RM 65.00RM 40.00

NOTE : 1 WEEK – 7 working days 1 DAY - 8 working hours

Example 1Calculate the unit rate for cement paving below:

“25mm thk cement and sand (1:3) paving with steel trowelled finish to floor level or to falls not exceeding 15o from the horizontal on concrete base” – m2

Assumptions:

Cement = RM 10.50/bag of 50kgFor 1m3 cement need 28 bagsSand = RM 30.00/m3

Shrinkage and wastage = 1/3 of the cost for cement and sandOverhead and profit = 15%

1.Cost to prepare or mix the mortar:Material cost:Cement and sand (1:3)1 m3 cement = 28 bags x RM 10.503 m3 sand = 3 m3 x RM 30.00

1/3 shrinkage and wastage Material cost for 4 m3

Material cost for 1m3 = RM 512.00 4m3

Labour cost:General worker = 2 hour x RM 40.00 8 hourCost of mortar/m3

Cost of 25mm thick mortar /m2 = RM 138 x 0.025m

RM 294.00RM 90.00RM 384.00RM 128.00RM 512.00

RM 128.00

RM 10.00

RM 138.00

RM 3.45

2. Spread and leveling the mortar to the floor using steel trowel

Cost of 25mm thick mortar /m2 = RM 138 x 0.025m

Labour cost: 1 pavior = 0.30 hour x RM 65.00 8 hour 1 general worker = 0.30 hour x RM 40.00 8 hour

Overhead and profit (15%)

RM 3.45

RM 2.44

RM 1.50

RM 7.39RM 1.11

RM 8.50

Example 2Calculate the unit rate for tiles to the floor finishes:

200mm x 200mm x 7mm thick homogenous tile bedded, jointed and pointed in cement past to floor level or to falls not exceeding 15o from the horizontal on screeded bed – m2

Assumption:• Tile cost = RM 2.00/pcs• Tile wastage = 5%• Cement paste wastage = 5%• Labour output to mix cement paste = 1 general worker at 2hour per 1m3

• Cement paste usage to bedded the tile = 0.02m3 per 1m2 of tiles• Labour output to lay tile = 0.75 hour/m2 for 1 general worker and 1 pavior• Profit and overhead = 15%

Material cost:Tiles = 25 pcs x RM 2.00Wastage (5%)

Cement mix (1m3) = 28 bag x RM 10.50Wastage (5%)Labour cost (cement paste) : 2hour x RM 40.00 / 8 hourTotal cost to prepare cement paste0.02 m3 cement paste = 0.02 m3 x RM 318.70

Cost to bed the tiles to floor:Pavior = 0.75 hour x RM 65/8hourGeneral worker = 0.75 hour x RM 40/8 hour

Overhead and profit (15%)RM/m2

RM 294.00RM 14.70RM 308.70RM 10.00RM 318.70

RM 5.63RM 3.75

RM 50.00 RM 2.50

RM 6.37RM 58.87

RM 9.38RM 68.25RM 10.24

RM 78.49