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health.springer.com Springer for Hospitals & Health Results Matter. Choose Springer. 12 Medical Specialty Collections Immediate Access to Quality Medical & Biomedical Content Custom Business Models 015403x included Content Solutions for Hospitals & Health Biomedicine Internal Medicine & Dermatology Neurology Nuclear Medicine Oncology & Hematology Orthopedics Pathology Pharmacology & Toxicology Public Health Radiology Surgery & Anesthesiology Urology & Gynecology VOLUME 9 • NUMBER 4 DECEMBER 2016 12155 • ISSN 1939-1234 9(4) 981–1304 (2016) VOLUME 9 • NUMBER 4 • DECEMBER 2016 • PAGES 981–1304 Springer BioEnergy Research Bioenergy in Mexico BioEnergy Research

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Page 1: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

health.springer.com

Springer forHospitals & HealthResults Matter. Choose Springer. • 12 Medical Specialty Collections

• Immediate Access to Quality Medical &Biomedical Content

• Custom Business Models

015403x

included

Content Solutions

for Hospitals & Health

• Biomedicine

• Internal Medicine & Dermatology

• Neurology

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• Orthopedics

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VOLUME 9 • NUMBER 4DECEMBER 2016

12155 • ISSN 1939-12349(4) 981–1304 (2016)

VO

LUM

E 9 • N

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R 4 • D

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Bioenergy in Mexico

BioEnergyResearch

Page 2: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

Bioenergy Potential, Energy Crops, and Biofuel Production in Mexico Bioenergy Research. (2016) 9:981–984 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9802-7

Héctor A. Ruiz1, Alfredo Martínez2, Wilfred Vermerris3,4 Corresponding Editors: Héctor A. Ruiz: [email protected] Alfredo Martínez: [email protected] Wilfred Vermerris: [email protected] 1 Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, 25280 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico 2 Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 3 Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, PO Box 103610, Gainesville, FL 32610-3610, USA 4 UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, PO Box 103610, Gainesville, FL 32610-3610, USA

Page 3: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

1.- Characterization of Blue Agave Bagasse (BAB) as Raw Material

for Bioethanol Production Processes by Gravimetric, Thermal,

Chromatographic, X-ray Diffraction, Microscopy, and Laser Light

Scattering Techniques Bioenergy Research (2016) 9:985–997 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9760-0

Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín Hernández-Luna1, Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima1, Carlos Mena-Brito4, Eduardo Bárzana3

Corresponding authors: Oscar Hernández-Meléndez: [email protected] Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima: [email protected] 1 Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D.F., México 2 Consejo Regulador del Tequila, Av. Patria No. 723, Jardines de Guadalupe, 45030 Zapopan, Jalisco, México 3 Facultad de Química, Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D.F., México 4 Centro Mario Molina Para Estudios Estratégicos Sobre Energía y Medio Ambiente, Prolongación Paseo de los Laureles No. 458, Despacho 406. Col. Bosques de las Lomas, 05120 México, D.F., México Abstract: A detailed characterization of the main types of blue agave bagasse (BAB) obtained from the four largest tequila factories in the State of Jalisco (Mexico) is presented here. After milling/sieving the agave bagasses, two particle size fractions were identified, one rich in fibers and the other consisting of dust/fine particles. Both fractions were analyzed to determine the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, organic-soluble compounds, absorbed remaining sugars, minerals, and organic matter. After detailed analyses of both fractions by wet, thermal (thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTA)), and other methods (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), microscopy, particle size by laser diffraction light scattering, and crystallinity by X-ray diffraction), a moderate-to-intensive method was devised for further processing the fibrous fraction, which had a high crystalline cellulose content, as well as for its subsequent enzymatic saccharification under well-defined moderate conditions. Alternative processing options were also devised for the dust/fine particle fraction, which has a moderate crystalline cellulose that is rich in adsorbed sugars and that has a high mineral matter content.

Page 4: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

2.- Tequilana weber Agave Bagasse Enzymatic Hydrolysis for the

Production of Fermentable Sugars: Oxidative-Alkaline Pretreatment

and Kinetic Modeling Bioenergy Research. (2016) 9:998–1004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9757-8

Ulises Velázquez-Valadez1, Juan Carlos Farías-Sánchez1, Alfonso Vargas-Santillán1, Agustín Jaime Castro-Montoya1

Corresponding author: Agustín Jaime Castro-Montoya: [email protected] 1 Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Edificio M, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Múgica S/N. Col. Felicitas de Río, Morelia, Michoacán C.P. 58040, México Abstract: As a way to mitigate the harmful effects of fossil fuel utilization, the use of second-generation ethanol has been proposed. However, the microorganisms responsible for its production are not able to degrade structural polysaccharides, so their hydrolysis is necessary. Previously to this work, a factorial experimental design was carried out to investigate the relation between the NaOH and H2O2 concentrations with the yield of carbohydrates, and then this variable was optimized by using a response surface method. A study of the hydrolysis process was performed using enzymes to establish a process that maximizes the depolymerization of Agave tequilana fibers after an alkali-oxidative pretreatment with optimal reagents concentrations, this pretreatment was selected because it can remove almost the total content of lignin and destroys efficiently the crystallinity of cellulose fibers with a lower sugar losses and no production of toxic compounds. An orthogonal array using the novel enzymes Cellic CTec 3 and Cellic HTec 3 was performed to determinate the optimal combination of them, which has resulted in a concentration of 165.67 g/L at the supernatant with 82.21 % conversion and a yield of 352.18 g reducing sugars per kilogram of lignocellulosic material in dry basis. These results are 29 % better in comparison with the previous generation of enzymes with a reduction in the enzymatic charge of 82 %.

Page 5: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

3.- Enhanced Bioethanol Production from Blue Agave Bagasse in a

Combined Extrusion–Saccharification Process Bioenergy Research (2016) 9:1005-1014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9747-x

Carmina Montiel1, Oscar Hernández-Meléndez2, Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima2, Martín Hernández-Luna2, Eduardo Bárzana1

Corresponding authors: Carmina Montiel: [email protected] Eduardo Bárzana: [email protected] 1 Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, México 2 Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, México Abstract: This paper describes an improved process for bioethanol production using a recently developed combined extrusion–saccharification technology. Blue agave bagasse (BAB) was pretreated via a thermo-mechano-chemical process (co-rotational twin-screw, reactive extrusion) to increase the availability of cellulose and hemicellulose for enzymatic saccharification. Then, several commercial enzyme preparations, boosted with accessory enzymes (exoglucanase, endoglucanase, hemicellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase), were tested with extruded BAB at 5 % consistency in a stirred vessel. The enzyme blend that produced the highest saccharification yield was evaluated at different BAB consistencies. The obtained concentration of sugars increased up to 69.5 g/L (73 % yield) when a 20 % BAB mixture was used. When the enzyme blend was fed into the extruder and with a residence time of 2 min, the yield reached 15 % of the maximum theoretical of C6 sugars along this step. This extruded and pre-saccharified BAB was further hydrolyzed and used for fermentation. The pre-saccharification step significantly enhanced cellulose degradation and ethanol production. Our results indicate that the enzymatic saccharification of BAB, coupled with reactive extrusion, produces an excellent substrate for bioethanol production.

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4.- Production of Fermentable Sugars and Hydrogen-Rich Gas from

Agave tequilana Biomass Bioenergy Research (2016) 9:1015-1022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9799-y

Juan Carlos Farías-Sánchez1, Ulises Velázquez-Valadez1, Alfonso Vargas-Santillán1, María Guadalupe Pineda-Pimentel1, Erick Alejandro Mendoza-Chávez1,

José Guadalupe Rutiaga-Quiñones2, Jaime Saucedo-Luna1, Agustín Jaime Castro-Montoya1

Corresponding author: Agustín Jaime Castro-Montoya: [email protected] 1 Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N, Edificio V1, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Felicitas del Rio, C.P. 58040 Morelia, Michoacán, México 2 Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnología de la Madera, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. Fco. J. Mújica S/N, Edificio D, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Felicitas del Rio, C.P. 58040 Morelia, Michoacán, México Abstract: The Mexican tequila industry annually processes approximately 1 × 106 Agave tequilana plants, generating approximately 1.78 × 108 kg of bagasse per year. This biomass is considered an attractive alternative to fossil fuels as an energy source and to produce biofuels and/or chemical products because it is produced and used without adversely affecting the environment. The first aim of the present work was to determine the effect of temperature, the concentration of H2SO4, and reaction time on the hydrolysis of agave bagasse to maximize the fermentable sugars using a steam explosion. This step process generated 71.11 g/L of reducible sugars in the supernatant (59.29 % glucose, 29.05 % xylose, and 11.66 %fructose) and unconverted organic matter of enzymatic hydrolysis bagasse (35.4 % α-cellulose, 7.33 % hemicellulose, 49.91 % lignin, and 7.31 % ashes). A mathematical surface response analysis of the hydrolysis was used for process optimization. The second aim involves the study of the thermodynamics of the reforming of unconverted organic matter from enzymatic hydrolysis of Agave tequilana bagasse (ATB) evaluated by the Gibbs free energy minimization method for hydrogen production. The effect of the parameters on the system performance measures, such as reaction temperature (T), Water/Biomass ratio (WBR), and pressure (P), were also investigated. The maximum H2 production obtained was 23.2 mol of H2/271.5 g ATB with a WBR ≥ 11 and a temperature of 740 °C. These findings indicate that the temperature and WBR are essential factors in the production of H2, which was reflected in the efficiency of the process.

Page 7: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

5.- Assessing the Performance of Bacterial Cellulases: the Use of

Bacillus and Paenibacillus Strains as Enzyme Sources for

Lignocellulose Saccharification Bioenergy Research (2016) 9:1023-1033 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9797-0

Montserrat Orencio-Trejo1, Susana De la Torre-Zavala1, Aida Rodriguez-Garcia1, Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut1, Argel Gastelum-Arellanez1

Corresponding author: Argel Gastelum-Arellanez: [email protected] 1 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México Abstract: Plant biomass offers a renewable and environmentally favorable source of sugars that can be converted to different chemicals, second-generation ethanol, and other liquid fuels. Cellulose makes up approximately 45 % of the dry weight of lignocellulosic biomass. Prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose must be structurally altered or removed, at least in part, by chemical and/or physical pretreatments. However, the high cost and low efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis prevent the process from being economically competitive. For this reason, it is necessary to find enzymes suitable for this type of process, with higher specific activities and greater efficiency. Members of the Bacillus and Paenibacillus genera have been traditionally used for the production of many enzymes for industrial applications. Cellulases produced by both genera have shown activity on soluble and crystalline cellulose and high thermostability and/or activity over a wide pH spectrum. In this review, the most recent information about the characterization of cellulolytic enzymes obtained from new strains of the Bacillus and Paenibacillus genera are reviewed. We focused on the variety of isoenzymes produced by these cellulolytic strains, their optimal production and reaction conditions, and their kinetic parameters and biotechnological potential.

Page 8: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

6.- Cellulase and Xylanase Production by the Mexican Strain

Talaromyces stollii LV186 and Its Application in the Saccharification

of Pretreated Corn and Sorghum Stover Bioenergy Research. (2016) 9:1034–1045 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9791-6

Montserrat Orencio-Trejo1,2, Jessica Torres-Granados1, Arelis Rangel-Lara1, Esmeralda Beltrán-Guerrero1, Santos García-Aguilar1, Cessna Moss-Acosta3, Humberto Valenzuela-Soto1,4, Susana De la Torre-Zavala1,2, Argel Gastelum-Arellanez2,5, Alfredo Martinez3, Axel

Tiessen1, Edith Diaz-Mireles1, Edmundo Lozoya-Gloria1 Corresponding authors: Montserrat Orencio-Trejo: [email protected] 1 Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV IPN Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, C.P. 36821 Irapuato, Gto, México 2 Present address: Instituto de Biotecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León,Av. Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L, México 3 Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México 4 Present address: Departamento de Plásticos en la Agricultura, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Boulevard Enrique Reyna Hermosillo 140, C.P. 25294 Saltillo, Coahuila, México 5 Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, CINVESTAV IPN Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, C.P. 36821 Irapuato, Gto, México

Abstract: A Mexican strain of Talaromyces stollii LV186 was isolated from decaying pretreated corn stover. The production of cellulase and xylanase enzyme cocktails was evaluated with corn and sorghum stover used as inducers in a mineral medium. The volumetric and specific activities of T. stollii LV186 were compared with the values produced by Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 in a time-course experiment. After the submerged culture and a posterior ultrafiltration stage, the enzyme complexes were evaluated over acid-pretreated corn or sorghum stover in baffled flasks under controlled temperature and agitation conditions, and hydrolysis levels of 30 and 39 % of the theoretical maximum were obtained after only 72-h reactions, for each substrate. A side-by-side comparison showed a better ratio of endoglucanase to cellobiohydrolase to β-glucosidase and of xylanase to β-xylosidase enzymes in T. stollii than in T. reesei ATCC 26921. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of pretreated corn and sorghum stover achieved by T. stollii is significantly higher compared with that of a commercial cocktail from T. reesei ATCC 26921 (Celluclast). Therefore, the T. stollii LV186 strain is a good candidate for the hydrolysis of complex lignocellulose substrates. To the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to describe the cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activities produced by a T. stollii strain.

Page 9: for Hospitals & Health Researchrtbioenergia.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Publicaciones_cien… · Oscar Hernández-Meléndez1, Floriberto Miguel-Cruz2, Carmina Montiel3, Martín

7.- Sequential Thermochemical Hydrolysis of Corncobs and

Enzymatic Saccharification of the Whole Slurry Followed by

Fermentation of Solubilized Sugars to Ethanol with the

Ethanologenic Strain Escherichia coli MS04 Bioenerg. Res. (2016) 9:1046–1052 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9756-9

Lorena Pedraza1, Araceli Flores1, Hector Toribio1, Rodolfo Quintero2, Sylvie Le Borgne2, Cessna Moss-Acosta3, Alfredo Martinez3

Corresponding authors: Lorena Pedraza: [email protected] Sylvie Le Borgne: [email protected] Alfredo Martinez: [email protected] 1 Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, Lomas de Santa Fe 01219, México DF, México 2 Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Santa Fe Cuajimalpa 05300, México DF, México 3 Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México Abstract: Interest in the use of corncobs as feedstock for bioethanol production is growing. This study assesses the feasibility of sequential thermochemical diluted sulfuric acid pretreatment of corncobs at moderate temperature to hydrolyze the hemicellulosic fraction, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the whole slurry, and fermentation of the obtained syrup. The total sugar concentration after enzymatic hydrolysis was 85.21 g/l, i.e., 86 % of the sugars were liberated from the polymeric fractions, together with a low amount of furfural (0.26 g/l) and 4.01 g/l of acetic acid. The syrups, which contained 36.3, 40.9, 4.47, and 1.84 g/l of xylose, glucose, arabinose, and mannose, respectively, were fermented (pH 7, 37 °C, 150 rpm) to ethanol with the metabolically engineered acetate-tolerant Escherichia coli strain MS04 under nonaerated conditions, producing 35 g/l of ethanol in 18 h (1.94 gEtOH/l/h), i.e., a conversion yield greater than 80 % of the theoretical value based on total sugars was obtained. Hence, using the procedures developed in this study, 288 l of ethanol can be produced per metric ton of dry corncobs. Strain MS04 can ferment sugars in the presence of acetate, and the amount of furans generated during the sequential thermochemical and enzymatic hydrolysis was low; hence, the detoxification step was avoided. The residual salts, acetic acid, and solubilized lignin present in the syrup did not interfere with the production of ethanol by E. coli MS04 and the results show that this strain can metabolize mixtures of glucose and xylose simultaneously.

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8.- Financial Risk Assessment and Optimal Planning of Biofuels

Supply Chains under Uncertainty Bioenergy Research. (2016) 9:1053–1069 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9743-1 José Ezequiel Santibañez-Aguilar1, Gonzalo Guillen-Gosálbez2,3, Ricardo Morales-

Rodriguez4, Laureano Jiménez-Esteller3, Agustín Jaime Castro-Montoya1, José María Ponce-Ortega1

Corresponding author: José María Ponce-Ortega: [email protected] 1 Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán 58060, México 2 Centre for Process System Engineering (CPSE), Imperial College London, London SW7 7AZ, UK 3 Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain 4 Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico Abstract: Biofuels provide an attractive alternative for satisfying energy demands in a more sustainable way than fossil fuels. To establish a biorefinery, an optimal plan must be implemented for the entire associated supply chain, covering such aspects as selection of feedstocks, location, and capacity of biorefineries, selection of processing technologies, production amounts and transportation flows. In this context, there are several parameters, including the availability of biomass, product demand, and product prices, which are difficult to predict because they might change drastically over the different seasons of the year as well as across years. To address this challenge, this work presents a mathematical programming model for the optimal planning of a distributed system of biorefineries that considers explicitly the uncertainty associated with the supply chain operation as well as the associated risk. The potential of the proposed approach is demonstrated through its application to the production of biofuels in Mexico, considering multiple raw materials and products.

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9.- An Olive Tree Pruning Biorefinery for Co-Producing High Value-

Added Bioproducts and Biofuels: Economic and Energy Efficiency

Analysis

Bioenergy Research. (2016) 9:1070–1086 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-016-9786-3 J. M. Romero-García1, A. Sanchez2, G. Rendón-Acosta2, J. C. Martínez-Patiño1, E.

Ruiz1, G. Magaña2, E. Castro1 Corresponding author: A. Sanchez: [email protected] 1 Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 2 Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Unidad Guadalajara de Ingeniería Avanzada, 45019 Zapopan, Jalisco, México Abstract: This work presents a conceptual design of an integrated biorefinery using olive tree pruning as feedstock. The biorefinery combines a state-of-the-art thermochemical technology for producing high value-added antioxidants with an energy self-sufficient biochemical platform for lignocellulosic ethanol production. These plants are integrated by exchanging energy and feedstock. The process and design parameters employed in the plant designs are based on the authors’ own lab and pilot-scale data. The paper discusses the economic dilemma of using this feedstock for producing high value added products in small amounts versus producing large amounts of low-profit biofuels. The feasibility of this production strategy at medium scale is demonstrated via a technoeconomic analysis based on total production cost for each coproduct. Each plant is energy integrated, and the energy performance of the bioethanol plant is assessed by calculating the end-use-energy ratio. Both analyses are parameterized with respect to plant capacity (100–1500 t dry weight (dw)/day) and raw material price (20–100 €/ton dry weight).