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Forces & Motion
“Trust the Force Luke”
Forces
ForcesForces
The Cause of The Cause of ForcesForcesA force is a push or pull, or an action that
has the ability to change motion.Forces can increase or decrease the speed of a moving object. Forces can also change the direction in which an object is moving.
How do we label How do we label force???force???F = maMass is measured in kgAcceleration is measured in m/sec2
If we multiply these two units :
1 kg m/sec2 = 1 newton (N)
Unit of ForceUnit of ForceForce is measured in newtons (N).1 newton is the force needed to cause a 1 kg mass to accelerate at a rate of 1 m/s2 . 1 N = 1 kg m/s2 .
5.1 How are forces 5.1 How are forces created? created? Forces are created in many ways.
For example, your muscles create force when you swing a baseball bat.
Four Elemental Four Elemental ForcesForces
All forces in the universe come from only four basic forces.
Strong nuclear forceElectromagnetic forceWeak forceGravity
Electromagnetic forces are important to technology.Gravity is a universal force.
NewtonNewton’’s Law of Universal s Law of Universal GravitationGravitation
Every object in the universe attracts every other object.Depends on two factors:
Distance between the objectsMass of the objects
5.1 Units of force5.1 Units of forceThe pound is a unit of force commonly used in the United States.For smaller amounts, pounds are divided into ounces (oz.). There are 16 ounces in 1 pound.
5.1 Newtons5.1 NewtonsAlthough we use pounds all the time in our everyday life, scientists prefer to measure forces in newtons. The newton (N) is a metric unit of force.
5.1 Unit conversions5.1 Unit conversionsThe newton (N) is a smaller unit of force than the pound (lb).If one pound of force equals 4.448 newtons, then a 100 lb person weighs 444.8 newtons.
5.1 Drawing a force vector5.1 Drawing a force vectorThe arrow points in the direction of the force.
Representing forcesRepresenting forcesWe often use arrows.Force is a vector.You can combine force vectors by adding them.Larger the arrow, the greater the force
Representing forcesRepresenting forcesCombined balanced forces equal zeroNormal force = the force acting perpendicular on an object in contact with another object.
5.1 The force vector5.1 The force vectorThe direction of a force makes a big difference in what the force does.
That means force is a vector, like velocity or position.
Arrows are often used to show the direction of forces in diagrams.
5.1 How forces act5.1 How forces actOne way forces act is the result of direct contact.Matter directly touching other matter, such as wind acting to slow a parachute, transmits a contact force.
5.1 How forces act5.1 How forces act
The force of gravity between Earth and Moon appears to be what people once called “action-at-a-distance”.Today, we know that the gravitational force is carried from the Earth to the Moon by a force field.
5.1 Contact forces from ropes 5.1 Contact forces from ropes and springsand springs
Ropes and springs are often used to make and apply forces.Ropes are used to transfer forces or change their direction.The pulling force carried by a rope is called tension. Tension always acts along the direction of the rope.
The winning person pushes harder against the ground than the losing person.
5.1 Spring 5.1 Spring forcesforces The force created by a
spring is proportional to the ratio of the extended or compressed length divided by the original (resting) length. If you stretch a spring twice as much, it makes a force that is twice as strong.
5.1 Gravity5.1 Gravity The force of gravity on an object is called weight. At Earth’s surface, gravity exerts a force of 9.8 N on every kilogram of mass.
5.1 Weight vs. mass5.1 Weight vs. massWeight and mass are not the same.Mass is a fundamental property of matter measured in kilograms (kg). Weight is a force measured in newtons (N).Weight depends on mass and gravity.
Weight depends on mass and gravity
A 10-kilogram rock has the same mass no matter where it is in the universe. On Earth, the10 kg. rock weighs 98 N.. On the moon, the same rock only weighs 16 N.
5.1 Calculating weight5.1 Calculating weight
Solving ProblemsSolving Problems
Calculate the weight of a 60-kilogram person (in newtons) on Earth and on Mars.
1. Looking for: …weight of person in newtons on both planetsGiven: …mass = 60 kg; g = 3.7 N/kg on Mars; …implied g = 9.8 N/kg on Earth
2. Relationships: W = m x g
3. Solution: 60 kg x 9.8 N/kg = 588 N60 kg x 3.7 N/kg = 222 N
Sig. fig. = 600 NSig. fig. = 200 N
Chapter 5.3 Learning GoalsChapter 5.3 Learning Goals
Determine the net force acting on an object.Define equilibrium.Draw free-body diagrams to represent all forces acting on a body.
5.3 Forces and Equilibrium5.3 Forces and EquilibriumThe sum of all the forces on an object is called the net force.The word net means total but also means the direction of the forces has been taken into account.
In what direction will this plane go?
5.3 Adding forces5.3 Adding forcesTo figure out if or how an object will move, we look at ALL of the forces acting on it.Four forces act on a plane:
1. weight2. drag (air friction)3. the thrust of the engines, and 4. the lift force caused by the flow of air over
the wings.
5.3 Equilibrium5.3 EquilibriumWhen several forcesact on the same object:1. The net force is
zero, or2. The net force is NOT
zero.+
+
5.3 Normal forces5.3 Normal forcesWhen the forces are balanced, the net force is zero.When the net force on an object is zero, we say the object is in equilibrium.
5.3 Equilibrium and normal 5.3 Equilibrium and normal forcesforcesA normal force is
created whenever an object is in contact with a surface. The normal force has equal strength to the force pressing the object into the surface, which is often the object’s weight.
The normal force is sometimes called the support force.
5.3 The free body diagram5.3 The free body diagram
How do you keep track of many forces with different directions? Draw a free-body diagram that contains the objects, like a book on a table.
5.3 Solving equilibrium 5.3 Solving equilibrium problemsproblemsFor an object to be in equilibrium, all
the forces acting on the object must add up to zero.
Is this object in equilibrium?
Solving ProblemsSolving Problems
Two chains are used to support a small boat weighing 1,200 newtons.
One chain has a tension of 600 newtons.
What is the force exerted by the other chain?
Solving ProblemsSolving Problems
1. Looking for: …tension on chain 2
2. Given…weightboat = 1,200N; tension1 = 600 NImplied: weight and tension are forces
3. Relationships: Net force on boat = zero
Solving ProblemsSolving Problems
4. Solution: Draw free body diagram
Upward force of chains = weight of boat 600 N + tension2 = 1,200 N tension2 = 900 N
Balanced ForcesBalanced ForcesForces opposite in direction and equal in size.Net result: no change in motion.
Equilibrium Means "Zero Equilibrium Means "Zero Acceleration"Acceleration"
Forces in balance: Equilibrium
P ic tu re s fro m : P h y s ic a l S c ie n c e – H e w itt, S u c h o c k i, H e w itt
No change in motion!No change in motion!Balanced forces will keep an object moving at a constant velocityZero acceleration does not mean zero velocity
ENGINEFRICTION
Unbalanced forces = Net forceUnbalanced forces = acceleration
Assign 132-135 Concepts 3-7, 11, 20-25Problems 1, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18Applying What you Know 2 and 6