Forest Treesof Maine

Twelfth EditionMaine Forest Service

Department of Conservation1995

THE MAINE FORESTSERVICE

The Maine Forest Service was established in 1891 toensure for Maine's citizens the greatest economic andsocial benefits from trees and forest lands of the State.

Part of the Department of Conservation since 1973, theprimary responsibilities of the Maine Forest Serviceinclude:

!to protect the forest resource from fire, insects,diseases, and other natural enemies;

!to provide advice and assistance in forest managementto woodland owners;

!to maintain and improve the scenic beauty, wildlifehabitat, and recreational values of Maine;

!to encourage and promote appropriate forest landmanagement practices; and

!to develop through information, education, and formalpublications a greater public awareness and appreciation of forests as Maine's basic economy and renewableresource.

Maine Forest Service:Protecting and Enhancing Maine's forests.

Forest Trees of MaineFirst published in 1908

Revised 1995(Twelfth Edition)

Maine Forest ServiceDepartment of Conservation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Back CoverState Map.....................................................

110Field Notes...................................................

109Poems...........................................................

107Index............................................................

106Appendix Seven: Properties of Wood...................................

104Appendix Six: Firewood and Wildlife..............................

102Appendix Five: Summer Key.............................................

101Appendix Four: Selected References..................................

100Appendix Three: How to Nominate a Potential Champ......

omittedAppendix Two: Maine Register of Big Trees....................

omittedAppendix One: National Register of Big Trees.................

123094

Individual Tree Descriptions Conifer....................................................... Broadleaf...................................................Shrubs and Poisonous Plants.......................

9Glossary.....................................................

8Maine's Arbor Week...................................

7Autumn Coloration......................................

6Utilization of Forest Products......................

4Tree Parts and Functions.............................

3List of Trees and Shrubs Included...............

2Introduction..................................................

1Table of Contents.........................................

Front CoverThe Maine Forest Service............................

INTRODUCTION

First published in 1908, Forest Trees of Mainedevoted only 16 pages to Maine's native trees.The second edition, 1917, was completelyrevised and became an integral part of Botanyclasses in public schools. Not until the 1960's,(the seventh and eighth editions) were additionssuch as the Glossary, Tree Parts and Functions,Summer Key, "Big Trees," and SelectedReferences included.

Now in its' twelfth edition, Forest Trees ofMaine is the Maine Forest Service most popularpublication. It is available in paper or, for use inthe field, waterproof Tyvek.

No attempt was made in the twelfth edition ofForest Trees of Maine, to include all the speciesin difficult groups such as willows andhawthorns. This publication is limited to Maine'ssignificant or most common trees. Forinformation on more complete keys or referencessee Appendix Four: Selected References.

For the novice, Appendix Five: Summer Key iseasy to use, although it is limited to the treeslisted in this publication.

Scientific names in this publication followKartesz (1994).

Since 1908, all editions of Forest Trees of Mainehave had the same objective: to relate accurateinformation and to keep pace with new findings.

For more information about thispublication or the Maine Forest

Service, call 207-287-2791.

SmoothShiningMountainLaurel:PoisonSumac:Low (Swamp)RosebayRhododendron:Dwarf Paper

Poison IvyDwarfBirchBeachPlum:White-bark QuakingAspen (Poplar):Bear (Scrub)Oak:SpeckledGroundJuniper:HazelCommon ChokeCherry:Downy GreenAlder:

17 NATIVE SHRUBS, HYBRIDS AND VARIETIES

NorwayJapaneseCutleaf SilverHeart-nutAshleaf (Boxelder)Maple:BlackWalnut:Clammy

TuliptreeBlackLocust:NorwayLittle-leafBlueSpruce:EuropeanLinden:White (Silver)HorsechestnutLombardyHoneylocustEastern CottonwoodSiberianBalm-of-GileadPoplar (Aspen):ScotchScots (Scotch)EnglishMugoChinese

Austrian (EuropeanBlack)

Pine:Purple (Copper)CamperdownElm:

EuropeanMountain Ash:EuropeanBeech:31 EXOTIC SPECIES AND VARIETIES

Witch-HazelEastern (Ironwood)Hop-Hornbeam:BlackWillow:BitternutBlack (Blackgum)Tupelo:ShagbarkHickoryAmerican (Buttonwood)Sycamore:(Thorn-Apple)HawthornStaghornSumac:Slippery (Red)AlleghenyAmericanElm:Downy (Shad Bush)Serviceberry:Flowering

SassafrasAlternate-LeafDogwood:Canada (Red)Plum:AmericanChestnut:WhitePin (Fire)Swamp WhiteBlackCherry:ScarletButternutNorthern RedYellowChestnutSweetBurPaper (White)Black (Yellow)Oak:Mountain Paper

NannyberryGrayShowyBlueleafBirch:AmericanMountain-Ash:AmericanBeech:Sugar (Hard or Rock)AmericanBasswood:Striped (Moosewood)QuakingSilver (Soft)BigtoothRed (Swamp)BalsamAspen (Poplar):MountainWhiteBlackMaple:Green (Red)AmericanHornbeam:Black (Brown)Ash:

52 NATIVE BROADLEAF TREES

White (Cat)(Tamarack)Larch:RedCommonJuniper:BlackSpruce:EasternHemlock:Red (Norway)BalsamFir:PitchNorthern WhiteJack (Gray)Eastern RedEastern WhitePine:Atlantic WhiteCedar:

14 NATIVE CONIFERS

LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS INCLUDED

TREE PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

A tree has three major parts: roots, trunk, and crown.

Large roots anchor the tree and store foods which aremanufactured in the leaves. Small roots and root hairsabsorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil.These raw materials are conducted upward to the leaveswhere they are utilized in the synthesis of necessary plantfood. Air must be present in the soil for the roots to live.

The trunk is the main body of the tree. In the center ofthe trunk is the pith. Next to the pith is the heartwoodwhich is composed of dead cells and serves as support.On the outer side of the heartwood is the sapwood whichcontains the sap conducting tubes. Sapwood is usuallylighter in color, but it darkens with age and becomes

heartwood. Heartwood and sapwood together comprisethe xylem. Outside the sapwood is the cambium, a thinlayer of cells, which annually produces new sapwoodinwardly and new inner bark outwardly. The cambiumproduces diameter growth, and callus growth around openwounds. The inner bark or phloem is outside thecambium and carries food from the leaves downward tonourish the cambium and growing parts. The outer barkis the outer-most part of the tree. Essentially, it iscomposed of dead cork cells and protects the inner barkfrom mechanical injury, drying, or disease; it alsoinsulates it from extremes of heat and cold. Damage tothe inner bark (phloem) causes interference with foodmovement to growing parts below the injury. Girdling ofa tree through its inner bark will kill the tree. Wood ormedullary rays radiate out from the center, and serve inlateral conduction and as food storage areas. They aremost conspicuous in a cross-sectional view.

The crown is composed of branches, twigs, buds, leaves,flowers and fruit. The process of photosynthesis occursin the leaves. From energy produced by sunlight, theleaves combine carbon dioxide from the air and waterfrom the soil to produce carbohydrates. Oxygen isreleased in the process. Carbohydrates plus fats andproteins are the plant foods necessary for growth andrespiration of the tree. Flowers and fruit are importantin reproduction.

ANNUAL RINGS

The yearly growth of a tree can be compared to theannual placement of hollow wooden cones one on top ofthe other. Each cone would represent a single year'sgrowth over the entire stem. At the beginning of each newgrowth period, new wood cells are at first large andthin-walled and form the springwood or earlywood. Asthe growing season progresses, the smaller,thicker-walled cells of the summerwood or latewoodare produced. The darker appearance of the latewooddelineates the annual ring of growth put on by a tree. Theage of a tree, at any desired point along the trunk, can bedetermined by counting these annual rings.

UTILIZATION OF FORESTPRODUCTS

One of the first industries in Maine, beginning in the early1600's, was the sawing of white pine lumber. Since thattime, nearly every tree species found in the state has beenused for a wide variety of wood and paper products, andthe forest products industry has been a very important partof Maine's economy. This booklet includes forestproduct uses for each species listed individually.

For the first 250 years of Maine's forest industry, lumberand poles were the products coming from the woods. Inthe late 1800's, processes were perfected for makingpaper out of wood (formerly it was made largely fromcloth rags) and by early in the twentieth century pulp andpaper were the major products, as they are today. Lumberis still important in forest industry, as are other solidwood products like tool handles, pallets, tonguedepressors, shingles, and veneer products.

In recent years, formerly low value species such as aspenhave increased in importance and use. Wood is alsoextensively used for energy, as firewood in many Mainehomes or chipped to fuel the numerous wood-poweredelectricity generation facilities in our state.

In general, the larger and straighter a tree grows, the morevaluable it is for forest products, though some species areinherently worth more than others. Small, defective,and/or crooked trees, and the tops of larger trees, arelimited to use as pulp, firewood, or biomass fuel. Largerstraight and sound trees may be used for lumber and othersolid wood products, and large trees which have grownwith no lower limbs for many years may be suitable forveneer, the highest valued of all forest products.

AUTUMN COLORATION

Autumn foliage coloration, one of Maine's greatestaesthetic assets, is enjoyed every year with littleappreciation for the processes responsible for it. Mosthardwoods produce dramatic leaf coloration if climaticconditions are favorable, while conifers usually produceonly weak coloration of yellow and brown.

Hardwoods contain green, yellow and orange pigments intheir leaves. Chlorophyll allows the green pigment to bethe most prominent of the pigments, however the greenpigment is also the least stable. It is repeatedly producedand destroyed throughout the summer and masks thecarotinoid pigments (xanthophyll and carotene) whichgive the yellow and orange shades. As autumn approaches,chlorophyll is destroyed faster than it is produced. As thechlorophyll disappears, the carotinoid pigments begin toshow. The purple and brilliant red shades become visiblefrom the production of anthocyanin pigments which arealso capable of masking the carotinoids. Tannins causebrown shades in some species.

Certain conditions favor maximum autumn coloration.They include adequate summer rainfall, adequate sugaraccumulations in the leaves, and prolonged periods ofcool, bright, sunny weather without severe frosts. Frost isnot an essential element for leaf coloration. In fact,weakened trees occasionally color in mid-summer.

Although variations are numerous, a general guide line toautumn tree coloration is listed below.

Yellows:green ash, black ash, basswood, beech, birch, butternut,elm, boxelder, mountain maple, silver maple, striped

maple, sugar maple, mountain-ash, poplar, serviceberry,willow, witch-hazel.

Red/Scarlet:hornbeam, red maple, mountain maple, sugar maple,

black oak, red oak, scarlet oak, white oak, sumac, tupelo.

Browns:black oak, white oak.

Purples:white ash, witch-hazel.

ARBOR WEEK

This is a time to celebrate the importance and benefitsthat are derived from trees. It should be observed as anideal time to promote planting, care, and management ofboth shade and forest trees.

Title 1 M.R.S.A. Section 111-A as revised in 1977 directsthe Governor to "annually issue a proclamation settingapart the third full week in May as Arbor Week,recommending its observance by the public in the plantingof trees, shrubs and vines, and in the promotion of forestgrowth and culture, in the adornment of public and privategrounds, places and ways, and in such other efforts andundertakings as shall harmonize with the general characterof the week. He shall recommend that such week beobserved in rural and suburban schools by exercisesappropriate to Arbor Week."

Nationally, the last Friday in April is observed as NationalArbor Day. Arbor Day is purely American in origin withthe first celebration taking place in Nebraska on April 10,1872, led by J. Sterling Morton. It is estimated that overone million trees were planted on that day. Arbor Day isnow observed in every state and in many foreigncountries.

In Maine, Arbor Week is the third full week in May.There are numerous activities that take place throughoutMaine including celebrations, tree plantings, postercontests, and educational workshops. Youth in ourschools are encouraged and given the opportunity toparticipate through conservation education to learn moreabout trees and Arbor Week. These are just a few thingsthat occur every year throughout Maine. Moreinformation on Arbor Week can be obtained from theMaine Forest Service at (207) 287-2791.

GLOSSARYStructure in brackets indicates part to which the term applies.

Abortive [fruit] Not developed completely.Alternate [arrangement of leaves or buds] Not opposite onsides of twig.Awl-shaped [leaf] Narrow and tapering to a sharp point.Basal disc [fruit] A plate-like structure on the base of afruit.Bloom A whitish covering; usually on new shoot growth orfruit.Bract A leaf-like structure which is attached to a flower, afruit, or to its stalk.Branchlet Shoot growth of the latest growing season.Bur [fruit] A prickly or spiny husk enclosing the seed.Capsule [fruit] A dry fruit enclosing more than one seedand splitting freely at maturity.Catkin A compact, cylindrical cluster of flowers of thesame sex.Chambered [pith] With hollow cavities separated by discsor plates.Compound [leaf] A leaf composed of smaller leaf units orleaflets.Conical Wide at the base and gradually tapering to a point;circular in cross section.Conifer Cone bearing trees; the "evergreens."Cordate [leaf] Heart-shaped at the petiole end or base.Cup [fruit] The scaled, concave basal portion of oak fruit.Cyme A flattened flowering structure, center flowersbloom earliest.Deciduous [leaves] All leaves drop in the autumn; notevergreen.Diaphragmed [pith] Solid but divided into sections byfirmer discs.Drupe [fruit] Fleshy outside, hard and stone-like inside.Ellipsoid Tapers equally at both ends; more than twice aslong as broad.Elliptical Like an ellipse; flat and tapering equally at bothends.Entire [leaf] Margin of leaf without teeth, lobes, ordivisions.Fascicle [leaf] A cluster of conifer leaves.Fluted [stem] With alternating, rounded depressions andridges; sinuate.Fruit The seed-bearing part of a tree.

Glands Generally raised structures at the tips of hairs, oron a leaf, petiole, or twig.Globose Spherical or globe-shaped.

Habitat The place where a plant usually grows, e.g. rocky,moist, well-drained, etc.Hardwood - Term used to describe all broadleaved trees.These tree species are deciduous, retaining their leavesonly one growing season. Despite the term, some"hardwoods," such as the aspens, have wood that isrelatively soft.Head A compact aggregate of flowers or fruit on acommon stalk.Husk [fruit] The somewhat leathery, outer covering of afruit sometimes capable of splitting along well-definedlines.Lance-shaped Long and tapering; several times longerthan broad; broadest at the base.Leaf Stalk and blade of hardwoods; needles and scales ofconifers.Leaflets Smaller leaf units or leaflets which togetherform a compound leaf.Lenticel [bark] Corky, raised pores on woody parts withopenings for air-gas exchange.Linear [leaf] Much longer than broad with parallelmargins.Lobed [leaf] With large, rounded or pointed projectionsalong the leaf-margin. Projection formed by indentationsof the leaf margin.Margin [leaf] The edge, perimeter, or portion formingthe outline.Midrib [leaf] The large central vein.Oblong Longer than wide with nearly parallel sides.Obovate Egg-shaped in outline; broadest above themiddle.Opposite [arrangement of leaves or buds] Directly acrossfrom one another on a common axis, or twig.Oval Somewhat elliptical; less than twice as long as broad.Ovate Egg-shaped in outline- broadest below the middle.Ovoid An egg-shaped solid.Palmate [leaf or veins] Compound, with leafletsoriginating at the same point on a common stalk. Veinsoriginating at a common point at base of leaf blade.Petiole [leaf] The stalk that supports the leaf blade.Pinnate [leaf or vein] Compound, with leaflets along acommon rachis or stalk. Veins originating along acommon mid-vein.

Pistillate Containing female portions of flowers, or thepistils.Pith The central, soft part of the stem.Raceme Numerous stalked flowers or fruit along acommon axis.

Rachis The common stalk in a compound leaf to whichthe leaflets are attached.Ranked [leaves] Arranged in rows or files.Samara A winged fruit, e.g. ash, maple.Scales [bud] Small, modified leaves on the outer surfaceof buds.Scales [cone] The basic structures that enclose the seeds.Scale-like [leaf] Small, generally overlapping,triangular-shaped leaves of some conifers.Seed That part of the fruit capable of germinating andproducing a new plant.Serrate [leaf] Margins with a saw-tooth outline. Doublyserrate, with small teeth on the larger teeth.Shrub A woody, many-stemmed plant, usually under 15feet in height at maturity, which branches from its base.Simple [leaf] A single leaf composed of a single blade.Not compound.Smooth Without hairs, glands, or any roughness.Softwood - Term used to describe all needle-leaved trees.These species are typically evergreen, retaining theirleaves through two or more growing seasons. Larches,including tamarack, are exceptions, being deciduous"softwoods."Solid [pith] Without cavities or sections separated bydiscs.Spur A short, extremely slow-growing, woody twigprojection.Staminate Containing male portions of flowers, or thestamens.Stipule A tiny, leafy, sometimes spiny projection arisingat the base of a petiole.Stone The "bony" or stoney pit of drupes.Toothed [leaf] With moderate projections along themargin.Tree A woodyplant, generally single-stemmed, thatreaches a height of more than 15 feet at maturity.Umbel A group of flowers or fruit whose stalks have acommon point of attachment.Unequal [leaf base] Base parts of blade on either side ofmidrib are uneven.Valve-like [bud scales] Meet at their margins and do notoverlap.Wavy [leaf margin] Undulating but smooth; not toothednor lobed.Whorl [leaves or branches] More than two originating atthe same level on a common axis.

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EASTERN WHITE PINEPinus strobus L.

The abundance and value of eastern white pine in Mainehas caused it to be known as the Pine Tree State. Thedesignation has also resulted from Legislative action.Title 1 MRSA Sec. 211 originated with Resolves 1895Chap. 3, approved Feb. 1, 1895, which stated "Resolved,That the Pine Cone and Tassel is hereby declared to be thefloral emblem for Maine, in the National Garland ofFlowers." Title 1 MRSA Sec. 208 originated withResolves 1945 Chap. 8, effective July 21, 1945, whichstated "Resolved: That the white pine tree be, and herebyis, designated the official tree of the State of Maine."

The availability and high quality of white pine lumberplayed an important part in the development and economyof Maine since 1605, when Captain George Weymouth ofthe British Royal Navy collectedsamples here and brought them backto England for display. Shortage ofship masts in Europe led to England'sBroad Arrow Policy in 1691,whereby pines 24 inches or more indiameter within 3 miles of water wereblazed with the mark of the broadarrow; such trees to be reserved foruse in the Royal Navy. The termKing's Pine originated from thispolicy. Most of the accessible virginpine was cut by 1850. Lumberproduction reached its peak in 1909but white pine is still a principallumber species and continues tocontribute greatly to the economy ofthe state.

White pine occurs in all localities in the state in moistsituations, on uplands, and on sandy soil, but develops beston fertile, well-drained soils. On sandy soil it oftenbecomes established in pure, or nearly pure forests orgroves. It is one of the major species planted in the state.The tree grows rapidly both in height and diameter,making an average height growth of one foot or more eachyear.

When growing in the open, the young tree is symmetricaland conical in outline except when deformed by white pine weevil.White pine weevil is an insect that kills the topmost shoot and often causes the tree to have multiple stems and a round profile. In the forest,a white pine tree has a narrow head, and the trunk is commonly free of branches for a considerable portion of its length.

Old forest trees have a broad and somewhat irregular head. Thebranches are horizontal, and in regular whorls, usually of 5each. Very old trees often become very irregular andpicturesque. The trunk tapers gradually, and the tree oftenattains a height of 100 feet. Commonly it is from 70-80feet tall, and has a diameter of 1-3 feet.

The bark of young trees is smooth and thin, green with areddish brown tinge over-all, or brown in spots. On old

trees, it isfrom 1-2inches thick,very dark, anddivided intobroad, flatridges byshallowfissures.

Leaves are inclusters of 5,flexible, from3-5 incheslong, bluishgreen butwhitish onone side. Thepapery sheath

at the base of the new needle clusters falls in late August.The cones are 4-8 inches long, cylindrical and borne on along stalk. They take 2 years to mature and open todischarge the seed shortly after ripening in late Augustthrough September of the second season.

The wood is light in color, and durable except when incontact with the soil. It is soft, not heavy, and is easilyworked. The wood is used extensively for interior trim,doors, windows, cabinet making, sash and doormanufacture, pattern making, furniture, small buildingconstruction, interior and exterior finish, and boatplanking.

The sale of pine furniture is always active somewhere inNorth America. Lumber is sold from Newfoundland toWashington state and south into Mexico. Lower gradeboards have clear sections cut to size for sale. Theseclear short pieces may also be finger-jointed to createlonger lengths of clear wood. Pine shingles are alsosawed. Any part of a pine not making log grade is used forpulp. Ceiling Tiles as well as paper are made from thispulp.

RED PINEPinus resinosa Ait.

Red or Norway pine, though common, is found onlylocally throughout the state, growing on dry, rocky ridges,or light, sandy soil. Groves are usually scattered throughforests of other species. The beautiful "Cathedral Pines"occur near Eustis.

The young trees have the branches extending to the groundand form a conical outline. Later, the head is rounded andpicturesque. Branches are generally horizontal. It attains aheight of 60-80 feet, and a diameter of 2-3 feet. The trunkis straight and tapers slowly. Red pine is intolerant toshade.

The bark is divided into broad, flat ridgesby shallow fissures.

The leaves are arranged in clusters of 2,and are 4-6 inches long, dark green, softand flexible. They break cleanly, at asharp angle, when doubled between thefingers.

The cones are much like an egg in shape,about 2 inches long, and borne on shortstalks. The base of fallen cones ishollow. They mature in the fall of thesecond season and usually remain on thebranches until the following summer.Cones may be collected for seeds fromSeptember throughout the fall and winter,due to their gradual release of seed.

The wood is a little heavier and harder than white pine,close grained, hard and fairly strong. It is used for lumber,poles, piles, building construction, and pulp. It treatsreadily with wood preservatives and therefore is a locallyproduced alternative to southern yellow pine. Anexpanding pole market allows for use of shorter stemsremoved in thinning. Older stands produce large,high-value poles.

Owing to the reddish bark, and the pale red heart wood, thename "red pine" is appropriate. The name "Norway pine"refers to its original finding near Norway, Maine. Since itinfers that the tree is foreign in origin, use of this name isnot encouraged.

JACK PINEPinus banksiana Lamb.

Jack or gray pine grows on sandy, rocky, shallow acidsoils. It is known to occur naturally at Alamoosook Lakein Orland, Schoodic Point in Winter Harbor, Great WassIsland in Beals, Matagamon Lake, Cliff Lake, LobsterLake, and in the areas south and west of Jackman.

The spreading branches are long and flexible and form anopen head of symmetrical outline. At maturity the tree isabout 50-60 feet tall, and 8-10 inches in diameter. Conesare often produced when the trees are only a few yearsold.

The bark is thin with irregular rounded ridges. It is darkbrown in color, with a slight tinge of red. The leaves arein clusters of 2, and are ¾ to 1½ inches long. They arestout, yellow-green at first, dark green later, rather flat,and twisted at the base. The cones require 2 years tomature, are rather slender, 1½ - 2 inches long, and withouta stalk. They are very much curved. The scales have minuteprickles which are often deciduous. The cones usuallyremain closed for several years (unless exposed toextreme heat), and often do not fall for 12-15 years.

The wood is moderately hard, heavy, and close grained. Itis used mostly for pulp.

PITCH PINE Pinus rigida Mill.

Pitch pine grows on sandy barrens or plains, and ongravely soil of the uplands. It is quite common in thesouthern part of the state, on the sand plains nearBrunswick and Oxford, and on Mt. Desert Island. It is notfound in Piscataquis, Aroostook, Somerset andWashington Counties.

Branches are horizontal, rigid, contorted, and form anopen crown. Pitch pine attains a diameter of 1-2 feet, anda height of only 30-40 feet. The trunk tapers rapidly andgenerally is straight. Often the tree produces cones whensmall. It is the only native pine that will produce "sprout"growth when apparently killed by such factors as fire.

The bark is rough, even on young stems and branches. Onold trees, it is irregularly divided into continuous broadflat ridges, and is deep gray or reddish brown in color.

The leaves are in clusters of 3, and are from3-5 inches long. They are dark yellow-green,stiff, standing at right angles to the branch.

The cones require 2 years to mature, are 1½ -3½ inches long, borne on short stalks, hardlynoticeable, and are often produced in clusters.A sharp, rigid curved prickle is produced onthe tip of each scale. The cones open graduallyduring mid-winter. Seeds are released over aperiod of several years. Cones often remainon the trees 10-12 years. Fresh cones areused in wreath decorations.

The wood ismoderately heavy,strong, hard and stiff. Itis used for constructionlumber and pulp. At onetime considerablequantities of tar andturpentine wereobtained from this tree.

Introduced Pines

SCOTS (SCOTCH) PINEPinus sylvestris L.

Scots pine is a native of northern Europe, and there growsto a tall timber tree in dense stands. It will grow on verypoor soils. There are many strains of this species, someproducing poor growth habits. This plus itssusceptibility to snow, porcupine, and birdinjury makes it undesirable to plant for timberproduction. Some strains are planted forChristmas trees.

The foliage is usually a dull blue - green.Needles are short, stiff, twisted, 1½ - 3inches long and borne in fascicles of 2.Cones are 1½ - 2 inches long and numerous, even oncomparatively young trees. The bark in the crown regionof medium to large trees is of a conspicuous orange -brown coloration.

AUSTRIAN PINEPinus nigra Arnold

Austrian or European black pine is a native of Europe, hasbeen planted as a decorative tree. It makes rapid growtheven on very poor soils, and will flourish on limestonesoils, or in the smoke of cities and factories. It alsogrows well near the sea because of its tolerance to saltspray.

The foliage is very dense and dark green, almostblack in color. The long, sharp - pointed leavesare borne in fascicles of 2 and do not breakcleanly when doubled between the fingers.

It closely resembles our native red pine, but thebark is darker brown to black and buds are pitchcovered. Cones are 2 - 3½ inches long, armedwith sharp prickles.

MUGO PINEPinus mugo Turra

Mugo pine is a native of the mountainous regions ofEurope. It has a dwarf, spreading form. Leaves are darkyellow - green, usually not twisted, 1 - 3 inches long andin clusters of 2. Cones are 1 - 2 inches long. It is plantedfor ornament and on dry, gravely slopes, for roadsidebeautification.

TAMARACKLarix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch

Tamarack, eastern larch, or hackmatack is mostcommonly found in cool, swampy places although it alsogrows on well drained soil. It is found in scattered standsthroughout the state.

In the forest, the tree grows to a height of 50 - 60 feet anda diameter of 20 inches. It has a regular, narrow,pyramidal head with small, stiff and horizontal branches.

In northern Maine, the name "juniper" is quite commonlyapplied to this tree, but since juniper is the true name ofanother tree, its use for tamarack is discouraged.

The bark separates on the surface into small, thin,irregular scales of a reddish brown color.

The leaves are linear, about one inch long, triangular incross section, and borne in clusters of 8 or more on spurs,but leaves on elongating new shoots occur singly. Theyare bright green and turn yellow in September just beforethey fall. It is our only conifer that sheds all its leavesevery fall.

The cones are small, nearly spherical, about ¾ inch long,light brown, and borne erect on stout stems. They open inthe fall to liberate the small winged seeds and usuallyremain on the tree until the following year.

The wood is rather coarse-grained, hard, heavy, strong,and with a durable heartwood. It is used for planking,timbers, ties, poles, pilings, sign posts and pulp.

Spruces - The Important Distinctions

Without hairs.Short rusty to

black hairs; tipslack glands.

Short rusty toblack harirs;

some hairs tippedwith globose

glands.

Hairs

Light gray toyellow- brown.

Reddish toorange-brown.

Yellow - brownto brown.

ColorTWIGS

Flexible atmarturity,

margin entire.

Stiff, withmargin entire orslightly notched.

Stiff and rigidwhen ripe; margin

irregularlynotched.

Scales

Cylindrical.Wide in middle.Spherical.Shape

Fall first year.Fall first year.Remain on treemany years.

Reten-tion

2 inches.1 ¼ - 2 inches.½ - 1 ½ inches.Length

CONES

Dull, strongodor whencrushed.

Very shiny.Dull with bloom.Descrip

-tion

1/3 - ¾ inches.½ - 5/8 inches.¼ - ½ inches.Length

Blue-green todark green.

Darkyellow-green.

Blue - green.ColorNEEDLES

Picea glaucaPicea rubensPicea mariana

White SpruceRed SpruceBlack Spruce

Seed of all spruce is winged; cones are pendent; bare twigs are roughened by persistent

leaf bases.

Norway SprucePicea abies (L.) Karst.

Norway spruce is a native of Europe and is of great economicimportance in its natural range. Here it is commonly plantedboth in forest plantations and as an ornamental tree. It rarelyreproduces in the wild. It is very symmetrical and graceful inits growth habit, open grown trees often carrying branches clearto the ground. The tips of branches on larger trees have anupward sweep and lateral branchlets are long and pendent.Twigs are without hairs. Norway Spruce is a more rapid growerthan any of our native species of spruce, and is a speciesfrequently planted for pulpwood. It is occasionally used forlumber and as an ornamental. The leaves are about one inchlong, sharp-pointed, glossy and dark green in color. Theneedles lack the tendency to bend upward on the twigs as inwhite spruce. Cones are cylindrical, 4-7 inches long with stiff,notched scales. They ripen from September to November butmay be collected from September to April.

BLACK SPRUCEPicea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.

Black spruce occurs in every county except Sagadahoc. It growson cool upland soils, but is more commonly found along streams, onthe borders of swamps and in sphagnum bogs. It grows to a heightof 70-90 feet and a diameter of 6 - 18 inches. On a good site, it willgrow rapidly. It is the most commonly planted spruce. Insphagnum bogs, trees 50 - 80 years old may be only 6 - 8 feet talland about one inch in diameter. The branches are short, pendulousand have a tendency to curve up at the ends. It forms an open,irregular crown. The lower branches often touch the ground andform new trees by the natural layering method. The bark on thetrunk is grayish brown and the surface is broken into thin scales.The leaves are ¼ - 1½ inches long, dull blue-green in color,

blunt-pointed, flexible, and soft to the touch.The cones are ½ - 1 ½ inches long, ovoid, and become nearlyspherical when open. The cone scales are stiff, and have toothedmargins. The cones usually stay on the trees for many years. Thetwigs have many hairs, some of which are tipped with glands. Theinner bark is olive-green.The wood is soft and light, but strong. It is used for themanufacture of pulp, framing and construction lumber, planking andChristmas trees. Spruce beer is made by boiling the branches.

BLUE SPRUCEPicea pungens Engelm.

Blue spruce is a native of the Rocky Mountain region, and isfrequently planted in the East as a decorative tree. Foliagecoloration varies from silvery-blue to blue-green; the intensity ofblue varying between individual specimens. The leaves are aboutone inch long, stiff, very sharp-pointed, and strongly incurved.Cones are oblong, 2 ½-¼ inches long, with thin, flexible, notchedscales. Selected specimens are usually planted singly, on lawns orin landscape effects, where the color of the foliage and the shapeof the tree are of primary importance. Blue spruce will grow on avariety of sites and tolerates a wide range of growing conditions.These factors contribute to its popularity as a favored ornamentalspecies.

RED SPRUCEPicea rubens Sarg.

Red spruce is commonly found throughout the state. Itgrows on well-drained, rocky upland soils, and particularlyon the north side of mountain slopes where it may be themajor species present. The spreading branches form asomewhat conical, narrow head in young trees. The trunkis long, with a slight taper. It grows to considerable size,and is capable of attaining a height of 60 - 80 feet and adiameter of 1 - 2 feet, but occasionally exceeds thesemeasurements. Red spruce is shade tolerant and willbecome established in the understory of mixed stands.

The bark on mature trees is thick and is broken into thin,reddish brown scales of irregular shape. The leaves aredark green often with a yellow tinge and are very shiny.They are about ½inch long,sharp-pointed, stiff,and prickly to thetouch. The conesare oblong in shapeand usually from 1½ - 2 inches long.When ripe, theyhave a reddish browncolor and are quiteshiny. The conescales are stiff likethe black spruce, butthe margins are generally without conspicuous notches.The cones begin to drop in the autumn or early winter andare all gone from the branches by the next summer.

The twigs have hairs none of which have a gland at the tipas in black spruce. The inner bark is reddish brown. Thewood is fairly soft, light, close-grained, and strong, but isnot as durable as pine when exposed to the weather.

Red spruce is one of our most valuable trees for theproduction of building lumber. It is used for joists, sills,rafters and heavy construction timbers, and is a principalwood used in the manufacture of paper pulp. It is also usedfor weir poles, piling, and Christmas trees, and is valuablefor the sounding boards of musical instruments. Sprucegum is obtained largely from this tree.

WHITE SPRUCEPicea glauca (Moench) Voss

White or cat spruce occurs statewide except in Sagadahocand York counties. It is widely distributed, but not asabundant as the red spruce. It grows on shallow, rockysites from the coast to the tree line in the mountains andis also commonly found in old pastures or cleared land. Itdoes not tolerate shade and does not grow as anunderstory tree. The long and rather thick branches,densely clothed with stout, rigid lateral branches, arecurved upward and form a somewhat open, irregular headhaving a broad base. It commonly grows to a height of60-90 feet and to a diameter of two feet.

The bark on old trees has light gray, plate-like scaleswhich are thin, irregular, and with a somewhat brownishsurface, light grayand smooth onyounger trees.The leaves on thelower side of thebranches are oftenbent upward insuch a manner asto bring them allon the upper side.They are paleblue-green at first,later becoming a dark blue-green. The foliage emits apeculiar and characteristic odor which offers a readymeans of distinguishing it from the other species and isthe reason for the alternate name. The cones are slender,cylindrical in shape, pale brown and shiny when ripe, andusually about two inches long. They ripen in August andSeptember, and may be collected for seed until October.Cones usually fall off the first year. The cone scales arethin and flexible so that they give easily when the cone isclasped in the hand. The twigs are without hairs. Theinner bark is silvery and glistens.

The wood is fairly light, soft, finishes well, and ismoderately strong. It is used for pulp, paddles, oars, pianosounding boards, dimension lumber, and in limitedamounts for Christmas trees. White and black spruceproduce long, tough, pliable roots which were used by theIndians for tying together pieces of birch bark for canoes,and for various other purposes.

EASTERN HEMLOCKTsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

Eastern hemlock is found in scattered stands in nearlyevery part of the state. Best growth is attained on moist,cool sites. It generally attains a height of 60 - 70 feet, anda diameter of 2 - 3 feet. The terminal shoot is pendulousand bends away from the prevailing winds, quite oftentoward the east. The trunk usually tapers rapidly from thebase. This species can withstand considerable shading.

The bark is divided into narrow, rounded ridges coveredwith thick scales, and varies in color from cinnamon-redto gray. Bark exposed by cuts or bruises shows a purplishtinge.

The leaves are flat, tapering, generally rounded at theapex, from 1/3 - 2/3 inch long, with a distinct shortpetiole and so arranged that the twig appears flat. Leavesbecome progressively shorter towards the tip of the twig.They are dark yellow - green in color with a lustrous uppersurface, and a whitish under surface.

The cones are about ¾ inch in length, oblong in shape,light brown, pendant, and suspended on short, slenderstalks. Cones mature during the first autumn and generallyremain on the branches until the next spring. Seeds arewinged and fall during the winter. The twigs are veryfine, limber, and are not pitchy.

The wood is coarse, brittle when very dry, light, strong,difficult to work (as it is likely to separate at one or moreof the annual growth rings). It is used for framing,sheathing, roof boards, timbers, and pulp. The bark oncewas valuable for tanning but has been replaced bychemicals.

BALSAM FIRAbies balsamea (L.) Mill.

Balsam fir occurs statewide and is the most abundantconifer in the state. It is frequent in damp woods, and onwell drained hillsides, often occurring in thickets. Thetree normally forms a sharp spire to a height of 60 - 70feet and grows to 12 - 20 inches in diameter. On youngtrees the branches are horizontal, slender, and produced inregular whorls to form a strikingly symmetrical crown. Inold age, the top is often slim, regular and spire-like.

The bark on young trees is pale gray, smooth, thin, andhas prominent blisters which are filled with a resinousliquid known as "Canada balsam". On old trees the barkgets slightly rougher.

The aromatic leaves are about one inch long, prone topitch, dark greenand shiny above,silvery whitebelow, and withthe tipsoccasionallynotched. On topbranches leavesturn up, but onlower branchesthey spread outat right angles tothe branch,giving it a flattened appearance. The cones are 2 - 4inches long, erect and dark purple in color beforematurity. Cones ripen in August and September of thefirst year, disintegrate shortly thereafter, leaving only thecentral spike-like stalks.The twigs are smooth after theleaves have shed. Winter buds are covered with clearresin.

The wood is soft, light, and moderately limber. It is sawedinto dimension lumber chiefly for light and mediumbuilding construction and is used in a large degree forpulp. Balsam fir is favored for Christmas trees andgreens. Small trees are cut in great numbers primarily forthe northeastern Christmas tree market. The branches canbe steamed in a retort to produce oil of balsam. In thepast, the clear pitch formed in the blisters of relativelyyoung bark was used to mount microscope slides and toattach theatrical costumes to bare skin.

ATLANTIC WHITE-CEDARChamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.

Atlantic or coast white-cedar is found in bogs or low areasalong ponds or streams at Newbert Pond in Appleton,Knight Pond in Northport, and from Cape Elizabeth souththrough York County. In Maine it rarely reaches a heightof over 40 feet. The short branches come out from agradually tapering trunk, giving the tree a conicalappearance. The twigs are only slightly flattened.

The bark is fibrous, grayish to reddish brown, often withtwisted spirals, and on young trees is easily pulled off instrips.

The leaves are bluish-green, scale-like, and arranged insomewhat fan-shaped clusters. When crushed, they giveoff an aromatic odor.

The cones are small, round, smooth and purplish in colorbefore maturity, about ¼ inch in diameter with tack-likescales. They persist through the winter, but are veryinconspicuous.

The wood is light, close-grained, strongly fragrant, andlight brown in color tinged with red. It is brittle andtherefore of limited use. The shavings are used fordog-bedding.

NORTHERN WHITE-CEDARThuja occidentalis L.

Northern white-cedar or eastern arborvitae is generallyfound in swamps, along streams, mountain slopes and oldpastures where the soil is moist. Dense stands are widelydistributed statewide. It is most abundant in the northernand eastern sections, and grows best on alkaline soils. It iswidely used as an ornamental.

The head is compact, narrow and pyramidal in shape. Thebranches are horizontal, short and turned upward. Treesgrow to 60 feet in height and to 3 feet in diameter. Thetrunk is often very strongly buttressed.

The bark has shallow fissures, which divide it into flatnarrow ridges. It is reddish brown in color, tinged veryoften with orange.The leaves are opposite or two-ranked, usually only about

1/8 inch long, scale-like, blunt, and so arranged as to makethe small branches flat in shape. They have a pleasant,aromatic odor, and a rather pleasing taste.

The cones are erect, small, about ½ inch long, with only afew pairs of scales. They mature in one season. The seedis small and winged.

The wood is soft and light, coarse-grained, brittle, hasvery durable heartwood and a fragrant odor. It is usedprimarily for shingles, slack cooperage, poles, posts,rustic fencing, and is sawed into lumber for boxes, crates,siding, and boats. More recently, cedar has emerged as aviable alternative to pressure-treated wood. Cedar,naturally weather-resistant, is used for decks and outdoorfurniture.

EASTERN REDCEDARJuniperus virginiana L.

Eastern redcedar is not a common species in this state. Itgrows on poor soils, gravely slopes, rocky ridges, and onmoist, sandy ground. It is found intermittently in southernMaine and locally in Bridgton, Porter, Denmark, and WestGardiner. It gets the name "redcedar" from the red colorof the heartwood.

It is very variable in its habit. Young trees have slenderhorizontal branches, and a narrow, compact, conical head.The crown of old trees becomes broad and much rounded.In this state, trees attain a diameter of 8 - 12 inches, and aheight of 30 feet.

The bark on the trunk is light brown, tinged with red, andseparating into long, narrow shreds on old trees.

The leaves are scale-like, overlapping, about 1/16 inchlong, dark green, and remain on the tree 5 - 6 years,growing hard and woody the third season. Branchletsappear square in cross section. Current growth andvigorous shoots contain sharp-pointed, awl-shaped leaves;the so-called "juvenile" growth.

The fruit is berry-like, globose, 1 - 2 seeded, pale greenat first, dark blue when ripe, and is about the size of a pea.

The wood is brittle, fine-grained, light, easily worked,durable, and very aromatic. The heartwood has a dull redcolor. It is valuable for fence posts and cabinet making,but in Maine it is not sufficiently plentiful to be ofcommercial importance. The shavings of this species areused as bedding for pets.

COMMON JUNIPERJuniperus communis L.

Common juniper is found primarily as a shrub in pasturesand open spaces on shallow, rocky soil. It occursinfrequently and locally in Penobscot, Somerset, Franklin,Oxford, Cumberland and York counties. It is occasionallyfound as a tree. Specimens up to 25 feet in height havebeen recorded, but are extremely rare.

The bark is grayish brownin color and occurs inthin, longitudinal,shredded layers. The innerportion has a reddishtinge. The leaves occurin whorls of three. Theyare sharp, stiff,dagger-like, and persistfor several seasons. Theyare from ¼ - ¾ inch inlength. The upper surfaceis concave and markedwith a broad, white line.The underside, which dueto the bending of thetwigs usually appearsuppermost, is dark green.The leaves persist forseveral seasons. Thefruit is dark blue, coveredwith a thin bloom, slightlysmaller than a pea, remains on the trees during the winter,and has a strong resinous taste. The fruit is usually foundonly on select trees since male and female flowers aregenerally produced on separate trees. This trait iscommon to most junipers.

The wood is hard, close-grained, and very durable. Theheartwood is light brown. Large stems make long-lastingfence posts if the bark is removed.

GROUND JUNIPERJuniperus communis var. depressa Pursh

Ground, common or Otisfield juniper is the flat-lyingform common in pastures and poor sandy, gravely, rockysoils throughout Maine.

Poplars - Aspens The Important Distinctions

Sweet.Not fragrant.Not fragrant.Odor

No hairs.Covered withwhite hairs.

No hairs.Scales

Egg - shaped.Broad egg-shaped.Conical.Shape

Very sticky;shiny.

Not sticky.Not sticky,shiny.

TextureBUDS

Rounded.Flattened.Flattened.Petiole

Shiny upper,rusty beneath.

Not shiny upper,not rusty beneath.

Shiny upper, notrusty beneath.

Surface

Finely toothed. Coarsely toothed.Finely toothed.Margin

Egg - shaped.Broad egg-shaped.Circular.Shape

3" - 5"3" - 4" 1 ½" - 3"LengthLEAVES

Not bitter.Not bitter.Very bitter.Taste

Reddish brownon younger

trees.

Dark or olivegreen.

Light or grayishgreen.

Color

Smooth orroughened

by darkoutgrowths.

Smooth inyoung trees.Furrowed inolder trees.

Smooth inyoung trees.Often with

horizontal bandsof circularwart-like

outgrowths.

TextureBARK

Populusbalsamifera

Populusgrandidentata

Populus tremuloides

BalsamPoplar

Bigtooth AspenQuakingAspen

Poplar twigs have a pith that is star-shaped in cross section.The poplars belong to the willow family and resemblewillows in flower and fruit characters. The nodding, "woollybear" caterpiller-like staminate and pistillate catkins areborne upon different trees. They open before the leaves areout and are conspicuous in the early spring. Poplars, likewillows, have a transcontinental range, and can be propagatedvery easily from cuttings.

QUAKING ASPEN Populus tremuloides Michx.

Quaking aspen, popple or trembling aspen is foundstatewide and is an abundant, rapid growing tree occurringin either pure stands or in mixture with other species. It isfound on many different kinds of soil, but makes the bestgrowth on sandy, moist soils. Frequently it is the firstspecies, with paper birch, to become establishedfollowing heavy cuttings or burns. It does not persist indense woods because it is intolerant of shade. It is agraceful tree with slender branches far apart and often

contorted. Headround andnarrow. It growsto a height of 60- 75 feet and adiameter of 10 -16 inches.

The bark issmooth, oftenroughened byhorizontal lines

of wart-like outgrowths. It is a pale green with dark brownpatches. Bark on old trees is ash gray, dark at the basewhere it is divided into broad, flat ridges. It has a verybitter taste similar to quinine.

The leaves are alternate, rounded, short-pointed, withfinely rounded teeth; dark green and shiny above, 1½ - 3inches long. The flattened petiole causes the leaves totremble in a breeze.

The flowers are in catkins which appear before the leaves.The fruit is a capsule which ripens about June. The seedsare very small, light and cottony, and are carried longdistances by the wind. The buds are dark brown, have avarnished appearance, and may be slightly sticky. Flowerbuds are usually larger than the leaf buds.

The wood is close-grained, soft, and rots very easily. It isused increasingly for trim, lumber, pallets, and for themanufacture of wafer board, landscape ties, plywood, corestock, and expendable turnery items. It is usedextensively for pulp.

BIGTOOTH ASPENPopulus grandidentata Michx.

Bigtooth aspen, poplar, or popple occurs statewide andcommonly grows with quaking aspen. It is a rapid growerin various soils and in different situations. It grows bestin a rich, sandy and fairly moist soil. It is more shadetolerant and therefore more competitive than quakingaspen and grows with other species in either scattered orin small groves. It attains a height of 60 - 80 feet and adiameter of 10 - 20 inches.

The bark is smooth, olive to gray-green in color. At thebase of old trees, it is dark and divided into broad,irregular, flat ridges.

The leaves are alternate, 3 - 4 inches long, broadlyegg-shaped in outline, and have a dark green uppersurface. When first emeging in spring, they are adistinctive silvery green. The edges are coarsely andirregularly toothed. The petiole, or leaf stalk, is flat.

The flowers are in catkins, and appear before the leaves.

The fruit ripens in May about the time the leaves begin tocome out. The seeds are small and light and are carriedlong distances by the wind. The buds are dull gray,slightly hairy, and not sticky.

The wood is like that of the quaking aspen and is used forthe same purposes.

BALSAM POPLARPopulus balsamifera L.

Balsam poplar inhabits the borders of swamps and the lowbottom lands along rivers throughout the state except inYork County. It gets its name from the fragrance of theresinous, sticky buds.

In habit, the tree is somewhat different from the twopreceding poplars. The branches are stout, erect, more orless contorted at the ends, and form an open, rathernarrow head. It reaches a height of 30 - 70 feet, and adiameter of 15 - 30 inches.

The bark on young trees is smooth, or sometimesroughened by dark outgrowths and is greenish toreddish-brown. On the trunk of old trees it is gray andseparated into broad, rough ridges.

The leaves arealternate, ovate, 3 - 5inches long, and 2 - 3inches wide. They aredeep dark green andshiny on the uppersurface, light greenand usually with rustyblotches on the underside. The edges arelined closely withsmall, rounded teeth.The petioles are roundin cross section.

The flowers are in catkins which appear early in thespring just before the leaves.

The fruit ripens the last of May or early in June. Eachseed is attached to a cottony mass so that it is oftencarried long distances by the wind.

The wood is somewhat like quaking and bigtooth, but it isnot as strong. The wood is prone to decay while growing.The larger logs are sawed into landscaping ties.

White-Barked Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides var.magnifica Vict.). Primarily found in Northern Maine and much likequaking aspen, but with white (ash-gray) bark. Bark may look likewhite birch from a distance, but does not peel off.

White (Silver) Poplar (Populus alba L.) is an introducedspecies planted to some extent. It is easily recognized by itsrhomboid leaves which are green above and white, felt-likebeneath.

Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) has beencommonly planted as a street and yard tree but is native furtherwest and south. Leaves are somewhat similar to bigtooth aspenbut are much more triangular in outline and are shiny.

Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra var. italica Muenchh.) is anative of Europe and is easily recognized by its narrow, spire-likeform. It has been planted commonly but often after a varyingnumber of years dies back due to disease.

Balm-of-Gilead Poplar (Populus balsamifera var.subcordata Hylander). Probably not native. Somewhat morespreading than the balsam poplar, but with leaves ovate and withbase of leaf margin heartshaped. It produces only pistillate flowers,so propagation is only by cuttings or root sprouts. Also has fragrantbuds like the balsam poplar.

BLACK WALNUTJuglans nigra L.

Black walnut is planted occasionally throughout the state.It differs from butternut in that it has a diaphragmed pith,rather than a chambered pith.

Both Japanese Walnut (Juglans sieboldiana Maxim.)and Japanese Heart-nut (Juglans sieboldiana var.cordiformis Maxim) are hardy and have spread readilyaround Brunswick.

BUTTERNUTJuglans cinerea L.

Butternut occurs naturally or in cultivation to some extentstatewide. It grows on rich, moist soil and on rocky hills,especially along fence rows. It frequently has stout,spreading limbs, extending horizontally from the trunk toform a low, broad, rounded head. It is a tree 30 - 40 feethigh and has a diameter of 1 - 2 feet.

The bark of young trees and of the branches is gray. Onold trees, it is broadly ridged on the trunk and of a lightbrown color.

The leaves arecompound,alternate, 15 -30 inches long,and consist of11 to 17leaflets. Leafletmargins areserrate.

The fruit iscomposed of anut enclosed bya fleshy husk

covered with sticky hairs. It is about 2½ inches long andellipsoid in shape. Fruit is produced in drooping clustersof 3 - 5. The nut is thick-shelled with sharp ridges on thesurface. Indians used the oil from the nuts for makingbutter.

The twigs are stout, greenish and hairy,with chocolate-brown, chambered pith.The large leaf scars have a conspicuous,buff-colored, hairy pad at the top. Budsare also hairy.

The wood is coarse-grained, light, soft,and weak. It is sometimes used forfurniture and cabinet work, and takes ahigh polish.

SHAGBARK HICKORY Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch

Shagbark hickory occurs naturally or in cultivationstatewide except in the north and downeast. It is mostcommonly found in southern Maine on moist, butwell-drained soil. It has a cylindrical head and a straight,gradually tapering trunk. It reaches a height of 70 feet anda diameter of two feet.

The bark is light gray on the trunk and separates intolong, loose plates,giving it a shaggyappearance.

The leaves arecompound, alternate,8 - 14 inches long;leaflets most often 5in number, rarely 7,with the 3 terminalleaflets being thelargest. Leafletmargins are serrate.

The fruit has the thick outer husk deeplygrooved at the seams. The husk separatesalong these grooves when ripe. The fruitis globose and is borne singly or in pairs.The kernel is sweet. The twigs are hairyor smooth and olive gray to darkred-brown in color. Pith is star-shaped incross section. Bud scales are hairy.

The wood is very strong, close-grained,heavy, hard, tough and flexible. It wasformerly used in the manufacture ofagricultural implements, for makingcarriages and wagons, especially thespokes and rims of the wheels, and foraxe and tool handles. Its principal use nowis for pallets.

BITTERNUT HICKORYCarya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Bitternut hickory is found in the extreme southwesterncorner of the state.

EASTERN HOP-HORNBEAMOstrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch

Eastern hop-hornbeam or ironwood is a small tree witheither an open or rounded crown. It reaches a height of20 - 30 feet, and a diameter of 6 - 10 inches. The branchesare long and slender, and the ends are somewhat drooping.

It is a fairly rapid grower, especially in good soil. It growson slopes and ridges having a dry, gravelly soil, and isoften found in the shade of other species.

The bark is gray,separates easily intothin, narrow scales,becoming finer andstringy on older trees.

The leaves are eitheregg-shaped in outlineor nearly oblong,widest in the middle,hairy on both surfaces,alternate, sharplytoothed, and 2 - 3inches long. They aresomewhat like those ofyellow birch.

The flowers occur in catkins which open with the leafbuds. The male catkins are pre-formed in the fall and areusually in clusters of 3.

The fruit is bladder-like, encloses a ribbed nutlet, andoccurs in clusters. It ripens in September. The name"hop-hornbeam" refers to the fruit which closelyresembles the true hops.

The twigs are light brown, fine, tough and wiry, and have asmall green pith.

The wood is very close-grained, heavy, very strong, and isexceedingly hard when seasoned. It is used for toolhandles and wedges for directional felling of trees.

AMERICAN HORNBEAMCarpinus caroliniana Walt.

American hornbeam or blue-beech occurs west of thePenobscot River in the southern third of the state. Thehornbeam is most commonly found in southern andcentral Maine, inhabiting wet woods and the borders ofswamp and streams. It is a small, slow growing tree 10 -25 feet tall and 4 - 10 inches in diameter. The branchesare crooked. The trunk is characteristically ridged, orfluted longitudinally.

The bark issmooth, andgrayish-blue. Theleaves arealternate,egg-shaped oroval, 2 - 3 incheslong, sharplytoothed, smoothabove and hairybelow. They turna brilliantscarlet in theautumn.

The flowers are produced in catkins which open in thespring before the leaves.

The fruit is a ribbed nutletwhich is attached to the base ofa three-lobed bract, and isborne in open clusters.

The twigs are reddish brown,slender and tough. Buds arereddish brown, slender, andsharp pointed.

The wood is close-grained,compact, strong, tough anddurable. It is used for levers,handles, and wedges.

WILLOWS

Maine has many willows, but this is a large and difficultgroup to identify. The Revised Checklist of the VascularPlants of Maine, 1995 (see Appendix Four, p. 105) shows58 native and exotic species, varieties, and hybrids to bepresent in the State.

All willows have the following characteristics incommon: Buds are covered with a single, cap-like scalewith silky, gray hairs beneath the scale. Leaves arealternate, mostly narrow, and the petioles are short orlacking. Flowers occur in catkins. Fruits consist of small,usually two-valved capsules filled with silky hairs whichare attached to the seeds.

BLACK WILLOWSalix nigra Marsh.

Black willow occurs throughout the State, but may be rareor absent in Aroostook, Piscataquis and WashingtonCounties. It grows to a height of 45-65 feet, and is foundnear streams and ponds. The stout, upright, spreadingbranches give the tree a broad, irregular outline. It isprobably our largest native willow. The bark on old treesis shaggy anddark brown.The verynarrow,sometimessickle-shaped,finely-toothedleaves are 3-6inches long.The wood issoft, light,weak, and isusedoccasionallyfor farmlumber.

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ull;

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ace

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long

poi

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ase

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Out

line

2 -

4 in

ches

.2½

- 3

inch

es.

3 -

4½ in

ches

.3

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inch

es.

Len

gth

L E A V E S

No

Odo

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olor

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Tex

ture

B A R K

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anie

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irch

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chSw

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Bir

ches

- T

he I

mpo

rtan

t D

isti

ncti

ons

(co

ntin

ued)

No

win

terg

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ode

r.N

o w

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Dep

ends

on

age.

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or

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Tex

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T W I G S

Red

dish

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men

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atki

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FL

OW

ER

Bet

ula

papy

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low

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A n

umbe

r of

min

or s

peci

es o

r va

riti

es o

f bi

rch

occu

r in

Mai

ne.

SWEET BIRCHBetula lenta L.

Sweet, black, or cherry birch is found, thoughuncommonly, in the southern one-third of the state. Itinhabits the banks of streams or moist, rich upland soil.It is a handsome tree with a tall dark stem, spreading,slender, horizontal branches, pendulous at the ends. It hasa graceful, open, narrow head, which in full sun becomesround and symmetrical. It grows to a height of 60 - 70feet and a diameter of 1 - 2 feet.

The bark on the trunk of old trees is dark to almost black,and separates into large, thick, irregular plates. On youngtrees and branches it is smooth, shiny, dark brown tingedwith red, aromatic,and has a verypronouncedwintergreen flavor.

The leaves arealternate, 3 - 5inches long,aromatic, ovate orsomewhat oblong,sharply toothed;upper surface darkgreen, dull; lower surface light yellow-green.

The flowers are produced incatkins. The winter shoots supportthree to four staminate catkins. Theyopen just before the leaves unfold inthe spring.

The wood is hard, heavy, strong, andcan be beautifully polished. It is verymuch prized for use in themanufacture of furniture. Limitedamounts are used as pulpwood. Anoil having some medicinal value canbe obtained from the branches andbark by distillation, and is generallyknown as wintergreen oil.

The name "cherry birch" is applied tothis tree because of the resemblanceof the bark on old trunks to that ofthe black cherry.

YELLOW BIRCH Betula alleghaniensis Britt.

Yellow birch is the largest of the native birches, growingto a diameter of three feet and a height of 70-85 feet. Thespreading branches are somewhat pendulous, and form abroad, round-topped head in the open, but irregular in thewoods. It grows well statewide on cool, moist sites, andis frequently mixed with beech and sugar maple, or withhemlock.

The bark on the branches and on the stems of young treesis very shiny, silvery gray or yellowish brown in color,separating into loose, thin, often ribbon-like layers. Onold trees it is divided into large thin plates and is coloreda dull gray or black. The young twigs are aromatic like theblack birch, although to a lesser degree. Both the buds andtwigs have a pronounced wintergreen taste.

The leaves are ovate or nearly oblong, alternate, the edgesdoubly toothed, the upper side dull, dark green, hairy and 3- 4½ inches long.The flowers are in catkins. In winter there are 3 - 4

pre-formedstaminate catkins onthe shoots, but not inclusters. They openin the early spring.

The twigs areyellowish to darkbrown, with awintergreen tasteand are somewhathairy.

The wood is hard,strong, heavy, and will take a good polish. It is closegrained and evenly textured. The heartwood, which makesup the bulk of the wood, has a very pleasing reddish color.It takes stains easily, makes excellent veneer wood, anddoes not easily warp. It is also used for furniture,flooring, woodenware, lumber for interior finish,plywood, railroad ties, pallets, pulp, gunstocks, anddowels. The yellow birch is one of our most valuabletimber trees.

GRAY BIRCH Betula populifolia Marsh.

Gray birch is a short-lived and not a particularly valuabletree. It occurs to some extent statewide, but is onlyabundant in the southern and eastern sections of the state.

It is frequentlyfound in oldfields, burns, andheavily cut areas.This is a smalltree whichcommonlyreaches 20 - 30feet in height and4 - 8 inches indiameter. Itusually occurs inclumps and oftenleans. Thebranches aresho-

rt, slender, and frequently pendulous andcontorted. These bend toward the groundwhen the tree is not crowded. The head islong, narrow, pointed and open.

The bark is close and firm and does noteasily separate into thin layers. The outerpart is dull grayish white or chalky. Theinner portion is orange.

The leaves are 2½ - 3 inches in length, thin,long-pointed, triangular, alternate, anddoubly toothed. The upper surface is darkgreen and glossy. The slightest breezecauses them to flutter like those of thepoplars, hence the scientific name Betulapopulifolia which means "birch with poplarleaves."

The flowers are produced in catkins. Thosewhich appear in the fall are of the male sexand are usually solitary. They open in earlyspring before the leaves. The twigs are thefinest of our native hardwoods. They aretough and wiry, dull gray or brown, hairless,and have a rough, warty surface. The woodis light, soft, often coarse-grained, anddecays rapidly when exposed. It is used primarily forpulpwood.

PAPER BIRCH Betula papyrifera Marsh.

Paper, white or canoe birch is a common tree in all partsof the state and occurs in pure stands or in mixture withother species. It reaches 60 - 70 feet in height, and 1 - 2feet in diameter. It grows along streams and on theborders of lakes and ponds, thriving best in a rich, moistsoil.

When young,the branchesare short,slender, andspreading,somewhatdrooping, andforming anarrow,regular head.In the forestthe trunk isfree frombranches wellup from theground, andthe tree formsan open, narrow and round-topped head.

The bark on the trunk and limbs separatesfreely and easily into thin, papery sheets. Theouter surface is white, the inner part brightorange. Seedlings or very young trees have adarker colored bark, which gradually changesto a creamy-white. The bark is a protectivelayer and should never be removed fromliving trees.

The leaves are alternate, ovate, short-pointed,2 - 4 inches long, thicker than those of graybirch, doubly-toothed, with the upper surfacedark green and dull.

The flowers are in catkins. Those appearingin the fall are dormant, staminate catkins andoccur mostly in clusters of 3. They open inearly spring before the leaves.

The twigs are usually hairy, and unlike yellow birch,without a wintergreen taste. The buds are slightly sticky.

The wood is close-grained, moderately hard, and strong. Itis used for clothespins, woodenware, flatware, turnedproducts, including spools, toys, toothpicks, dowels,furniture parts, paper-roll plugs; plywood, and for pulp.

This is one of the most valuable tree species in Maine.The tree gets the name of "paper birch" because of the useto which the bark was put by the early settlers, and that of"canoe birch" because the bark was used to make canoes.Paper birch sap in the early spring contains considerablesugar.

HYBRID BIRCHESIt is known that natural hybrids often occur betweencertain closely related species of birches, especiallybetween gray and mountain paper birch. The offspring areoften intermediate between the parents, or in some cases,resemble one parent much more than the other. In suchhybrids, it would require the experience of a specialist inorder to determine the exact parentage.

Minor Species or Varieties of Birch in Maine:

Mountain Paper Birch (B. cordifolia Regal) is knownfrom many points in Maine, particularly on mountainslopes and coastal headlands and islands east of MountDesert Island. The leaves are heart-shaped, abruptlypointed, coarsely doubly serrate. The bark separates intothin layers and is reddish-brown or white.

Dwarf Paper Birch (B. minor (Tuckerm.) Fern.) is foundnear the summit of Mt. Katahdin.

Blueleaf Birch (B. x caerulea Blanchard) is widelydistributed on exposed mountain slopes. Leaves are dullbluish-green above doubly serrate, ovate, long-pointed.Trees reach a considerable height.

Dwarf Birch (B. glandulosa Michx.) is a dwarf speciesfound on Mt. Katahdin.

Low or Swamp Birch (B. pumila L.) is another dwarfspecies. Found infrequently through the central part of thestate in open bogs.

SPECKLED ALDER Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) Clausen

Speckled alder commonly occurs statewide, usuallygrowing in wet areas along brooks, in swamps, and inpastures. It sprouts very readily and is a nuisance onpasture land. Alder usually occurs as a shrub, rarely as asmall tree. It is seldom more than four inches in diameterand 20 feet in height.

The bark is smooth, dark chocolate brown, and markedwith white elongated spots called lenticels.

The leaves are alternate, 2 - 3 inches long, usually broadlyovate, and the texture is rough or rugose as the scientificname implies.The edges areunevenly ordoublytoothed.

The flowersare in catkins,and openbefore theleaves in thespring. Thepurplish, wax-like, male catkins are pre-formed theprevious fall. The fruit is woody and cone-like, with avery short stalk.

The winter buds are short-stalked, maroon in color, withfew scales showing. The twigs are reddish brown; thepith is triangular in cross section.

The wood is light and soft, and has very little commercialuse. The wood discolors very rapidly on exposure to theair. Baskets for the florist industry are made from smalldiameter stems. In the past the wood was used in handforges because of the intense heat it produced whenburned.

Two other species, Downy Green Alder (Alnus viridis(Vill.) Lam. & DC. spp. crispa (ait.) Tirrill) and HazelAlder (Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.) occur as shrubs.

TULIPTREELiriodendron tulipifera L.

Tuliptree or yellow poplar is found from westernMassachusetts to southern Michigan and southward buthas been introduced as an ornamental statewide except inWashington, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset, andLincoln Counties. The bark is at first smooth and greenwith white streaks. Older bark is fissured and ridged.

Leaves are alternate, lobed, and squarish at the tip. Theflowers are tulip-like and yellow-green in color. The fruitis contained in a conelike structure about 3 inches long.Winter buds are smooth with two duckbill-like scales.The pith is white and diaphragmed. This is reported to bethe tallest native American hardwood species. In its nativerange, it is used extensively for lumber and pulp. It is alsoused for furniture-making and carving.

AMERICAN BEECH Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.

American beech occurs statewide, grows up to 70 feet inheight and 13 feet in diameter. Shoots often spring upfrom the roots. Beech is common and sometimes formsnearly pure stands. It grows best on rich upland soil.

The bark is of a light gray color and smooth unlessaffected bybeech barkdisease.

The leaves arealternate, from3-5 inches long,elliptic, acutelypointed, withcoarse, andhooked teeth.The marginbetween the teethis nearly straight.Dead leaves tendto remain ontrees into thewinter.

The fruit consists of a bur, which usually contains 2triangular edible nuts. These are sweetand are utilized for food by wildlife.The winter buds are long, slender,many scaled, and sharp-pointed.

The wood is strong, hard and tough butnot durable. It is used for clothespins,furniture, handles, woodenware,railroad ties, pulp, dowels, flooring, andpallets.

European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)and Purple or Copper Beech (Fagussylvatica var. atropunicea,West) aretwo species of European origin plantedin southern and central Maine asornamentals.

AMERICAN CHESTNUTCastanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

Most of the chestnut trees in Maine have been destroyedby the chestnut blight fungus, Endothia parasitica. Thereare national efforts underway to develop blight resistanttrees ofthis onceveryimportanttreespecies.The naturalrange ofAmericanchestnutonlyextendedintosouthernand centralportions ofthe stateand now

occurs infrequently, usually as sproutgrowth, in the southern half of the state onrich, well-drained soil. It has been plantedoccasionally as far north as Bangor. The treegrows rapidly. In the forest, it has a tall,straight trunk free of limbs, and a small head.When not crowded, the trunk divides intothree or four limbs and forms a low, broadtop. It reachs a height of 60-70 feet and adiameter of 15-30 inches. The bark on thetrunk of old trees is dark brown and dividedinto broad, flat ridges by shallow, irregularfissures. On young stems, it is smooth anddark gray with a green tinge. The leaves arecoarsely toothed and hooked, with the leafmargin between the teeth rounded. Leavesare alternate, 5-8 inches long, yellow-green,and smooth on both surfaces. The fruit is a

prickly bur, containing 2-3 nuts tipped with hairs. Theinner lining of the bur is plush-like. The nuts contain asweet meat and were once gathered in large quantities forthe market. The wood is soft, very durable, strong andsplits easily. It is used for interior finishing and was (priorto the blight) in much demand for telephone poles,railroad ties and fence posts. The durability of the wood isdue to the tannic acid which it contains.

HORSECHESTNUTAesculus hippocastanum L.

Horsechestnut is not related to the native chestnut. Itcomes from Asia and the Balkan Peninsula and isgenerally planted as a shade and ornamental tree.

It is symmetrically round or oval in outlinewith a stiff branch habit. The tips of thebranches curve slightly when mature. It has aheavy, luxuriant foliage of deep green whichchanges to bronze in early autumn. The large,opposite leaves with 5-7 leaflets, arrangedpalmately on a single stalk, distinguish it fromany of Maine's native trees. Taken togetherwith the pyramids of white flowersblossoming in the early spring and the largebur-like, leathery husk enclosing one or moresmooth, mahogany- colored nuts, it is noteasily confused with any other species. Itmakes a good shade tree but requires rich soilfor best development. It is prone to a leafblight. The fruit is poisonous when takeninternally.

The buds are large, sticky, and nearly black. The wood issoft, light, and close grained. In Europe it is used forwood carving and veneer.

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gth

L E A V E S

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NORTHERN RED OAK Quercus rubra L.

Northern red oak occurs statewide and is the mostcommon species of oak in Maine. It is found mainly inthe southern half of the state. Best growth is attained onrich upland soils.

It grows to a height of 60-80 feet and a diameter of 2-3feet, forming either a narrow or broad head. The branchesare stout, horizontal or upright.

The bark on the trunk ofold trees is dark gray ornearly black, and is dividedinto rounded ridges. Onyounger trees and branchesit is smooth and greenish -brown or gray. The innerbark is reddish. The leavesvary in shape, are 5-8inches long, alternate; dull,dark green above,yellow-green below, andhave bristle-tipped lobes.

The flowers appear in May, while the leaves are onlypartly grown. The fruit ripens the second year. The acornis broad, large, 1-1 1/4 inches long, and up to 4times longer than the shallow cup. The insidelining of the acorn is densely hairy. Its tannicacid content makes it bitter. The twigs aresmooth, greenish- to reddish brown, and have astar-shaped pith.

The wood is hard, strong and heavy. It is usedfor furniture, interior finish, shipbuilding,planks and frames, lobster traps, flooring,implements, piling, cross-ties, timbers, pallets,and dowels.

Q. rubra var. borealisIt has a smaller acorn, ¾ - 1 inch long, and onlythree times longer than the cup.

SCARLET OAK Quercus coccinea Muenchh.

Scarlet oak occurs locally and rarely in the southern tip ofMaine. It grows on the dry soil of ridges and uplands inYork, Cumberland and Androscoggin Counties.

Scarlet oak in Maine is a smaller sized tree than red oak,growing to a height of 30-50 feet and 1-2 feet indiameter. The branches are slender and form an open,

narrow head.The bark on the trunk of old trees isseparated into irregular ridges byshallow fissures and is dark gray with areddish inner bark.

The leaves are alternate, 3-6 incheslong with a variable outline. The uppersurface is bright green and shiny, thelower is paler and less shiny. Lobes aresharp-tipped. In the fall the leaves turna deep scarlet, which accounts for the

common name of the tree.

The flowers appear in May when the leaves are only partlydeveloped.

The fruit ripens the second year. The acorn is about ½inch long, about twice as long as the cup, and is from l/3 -½ enclosed by the cup. It is quite bitter.

The wood is hard, strong, heavy, but coarse grained. It isused to a limited extent for interior finish, shipbuilding,planks and frames, flooring, piling, cross-ties, timbers,pallets, and dowels.

BLACK OAKQuercus velutina Lam.

Black or yellow oak is found in southern Maine fromLincoln and southern Oxford Counties southward. Itgrows on dry ridges and gravel uplands. It is common nearFryeburg. The branches are slender and the head is narrowand open. It grows to a height of 50-60 feet and adiameter of 1-2 feet.

The bark is smoothand dark gray orbrown on youngstems. On old treesit is divided by deepfissures into broad,rounded ridges andis dark, almostblack. It is rougherthan red oak. Theinner bark ischaracteristicallybright orange orbright yellow. It isused for tanning.

The leaves are alternate, 5-6 inches long, the uppersurface glossy, dark green, varying much in shape andgeneral outline, usually 7 lobed with bristle points. Undersurface generally hairy with more obvious, rusty hairs inaxils of veins. The flowers appear in May when the leavesare only partly grown. The bitter fruit matures the secondseason. The acorn is ½ - ¾ inch long, almost twice as longas the cup and one-half enclosed by it.

The twigs are smooth; buds are densely hairy, angled andyellowish-gray. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, andcoarse grained. It is used for the same purposes as scarletoak.

BEAR OAKQuercus ilicifolia Wangenh.

Bear or scrub oak is found from Hancock County southward alongthe coast and in southern Maine. It is a small, shrubby tree, lessthan 20 feet high. It is common on the sand barrens of southernMaine, eastern Hancock County, and on rocky ridges and barrenledge sites along the coast. Its principal distinguishing feature isleaf shape. The 2nd lobes from the base are much larger thanothers.

WHITE OAK Quercus alba L.

White oak, which gets its name from the color of the bark,occurs naturally in southern and central Maine as far northas Oakland in northern Kennebec County. It isspecifically found in coastal Knox County and southernFranklin and Oxford Counties. It grows on sandy land,gravely ridges, and moist bottom lands, but makes the bestgrowth on rich, heavy, upland soils.

In good situations,height of 60-70 feet anda diameter of 3-4 feet.When not crowded byother trees the bole isshort, the limbs arelarge and diverging, andthe head is broad androunded. In the forest ithas a long bole and anarrow head.

The bark on the trunk isseparated into thin,irregular flakes and varies from light to ashy-gray.

The leaves are usually 9 lobed, round-lobed, slightly cleft,or cleft nearly to the mid-rib, alternate, 4-7 inches long,bright green above, pale green or whitish beneath. Theysometimes remain on the tree during thewinter.

The flowers come out in May when the leavesare half grown.

The fruit ripens in September of the first year.The acorn is about ¾ inch long, from 2-4times longer than the cup, and about ¼enclosed by it. The fruit is edible. Indianspounded it into a flour and bleached out thetannin with hot water. The twigs are gray topurple; buds are blunt pointed and scales arewithout hairs.

The wood is strong, heavy, hard, and durable. Itis used for ship and boat building, ties, tightcooperage, posts, poles, piling, agriculturalimplements, interior finish, furniture, flooring, and inlimited quantities for pulp.

BUR OAK Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

Bur oak is found in the southern two-thirds of the stateand is locally plentiful in central Maine. It is quitecommon along the Sebasticook River, the lowerPenobscot basin, and east into Hancock county. It growsin low, rich bottom lands, and is rarely found on dry soil.It has a broad top of wide spreading branches. The trunk isoften clear of limbs for 2/3 or more of its length. It attainsa height of 60-70 feet, and a diameter of 2-3 feet. Thebark is grayish, deeply furrowed, and broken intoplate-like irregular scales. The leaves are roughlyviolin-shaped in outline,have rounded lobes, butmostly not as deeply cutas the white oak. Theupper end of the leaf iswidest. They are alternate,dark green and shiny onthe upper surface; thelower, pale green orsilvery white. Theflowers appear in Maywhen the leaves are partlyformed. The fruitmatures the first year andis usually solitary. Itvaries much in size andshape. The acorn is about¾ inch long, and about ½enclosed by the cup. The margin of the cup is fringed withlong, hairlike scales. The fruit is edible. The twigs havecorky wings or ridges. The wood is very durable, hard,heavy, and strong. It is used for the same purpose as whiteoak, except for plywood, furniture, flooring andimplements.

CHESTNUT OAKQuercus prinus L.

Chestnut oak only occurs in the southern tip of Maine. Itis found on Mt. Agamenticus in the town of York and hasbeen reported from Oxford County. Trees grow 12 inchesor more in diameter and about 40 feet in height. Theleaves are similar to those of chestnut, narrowly elliptical,with shallow rounded lobes, yellow-green above, hairybelow. The large fruit is edible, ellipsoid, and the cupencloses ½ the acorn.

SWAMP WHITE OAKQuercus bicolor Willd.

Swamp white oak is not abundant, but occurs in small,widely scattered groves in York and AndroscogginCounties. It grows in moist, fertile soil on the borders ofswamps and along streams.

Swamp white oak grows to a height of about 50 feet and adiameter of 2-3 feet. The limbs are small, usuallypendulous. The head is narrow, open, and round-topped.

The bark on old trees is deeply furrowed, divided intobroad, flat ridges, flaky,and grayish brown incolor. On young treesand branches it issmooth and separatesinto papery scaleswhich hang loosely.

The leaves arealternate, 4-6 incheslong, slightly lobed.The upper surface isdark green, shiny. Thelower, pale white ortawny.

The flowers appear in May when theleaves are not more than half grown.

The fruit matures the first season. Theacorn has a long stalk, is about one inchlong, three times as long as the cup andabout 1/3 enclosed by it.

The twigs have a yellowish or a lightorange to reddish-brown bark.

The wood is strong, heavy and hard and isused for the same purposes as the whiteoak.

Elms - The ImportantDistinctions

Dark reddish brown andcovered with rusty hairs.

Brown and smooth. Theterminal bud is cocked at a45°angle from the tip of

the twig.

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Very rough on uppersurface; hairy and nearlyas rough on lower. Long

pointed tip.

Somewhat rough on uppersurface and smooth on thelower. Short pointed tip.

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Dark brown tinged withred. Inner bark contains

sticky substance.

Ashy gray. Inner bark notcontaining sticky

substance.

Bark

Medium height. Headbroad and almost flat.

Tall and variable in outline,yet typically vase-shaped.Profile

Ulmus rubraUlmus americana

Slippery ElmAmerican Elm

INTRODUCED ELMS

English Elm (Ulmus procera) a native of Europe, ismore compact, stiffer, and has a less spreading form thanour native species. At a distance, it resembles oak ratherthan elm. It has denser foliage and a longer leafing periodthan our native elms, and it is less susceptible to insecttroubles. Leaves are similar to those of American elm butare smaller and more hairy below. The rough, coarse barkis divided by fissures into rather large plates on old trees.The almost black buds and twigs are densely hairy.

Chinese or lacebark Elm (Ulmus parvifolia) and theSiberian Elm (Ulmus pumila) have been occasionallyplanted along our highways. Siberian elm trees are brittle.Leaves are quite small, generally only singly serrate.Chinese elm fruits in the autumn, unlike most otherspecies of elm.

Scotch Elm (Ulmus glabra) is a native of Europeoccasionally planted as a street tree in central andsouthern Maine, often mistaken for Slippery Elm. Leavesare simple to bear-paw shaped, and sandpapery to thetouch on the upper surface.

Camperdown Elm (Ulmus glabra var. camperdowni) isa short, spreading tree with pendulous branchlets and around-topped head, thus its name also as the umbrella elm.

AMERICAN ELMUlmus americana L.

American elm is one of our largest and most gracefultrees and often occurrs throughout the state. Its numbersare severely decimated by the Dutch elm disease. It isfound more often on rich bottom lands and moist soilalong streams, but sometimes grows on higher ground.

The trunk often divides into numerous limbs which form avase-shaped or spreading round-topped head withgraceful, drooping branches. It attains a height of 60-70feet and a diameter of 2-4 feet.

The bark onthe trunk isseparatedinto broadridges bydeepfissures andis anashy-graycolor on thesurface. Itshowsalternatelayers of chocolate brown and buff coloration beneath.

The leaves are alternate, 3-6 inches long, with coarselydoubly-toothed margins and uneven bases. The uppersurface is dark green and somewhat rough.

The flowers appear in Aprilbefore the leaves.

The fruit consists of a small,winged seed which ripens aboutthe last of May before the leaveshave fully developed. It has a wide,open notch at the apex, and a hairymargin.

The wood is spiral andcoarse-grained, hard, heavy,strong, tough and hard to split. Itis used for flooring, railroad ties,hoops, farm lumber and pulp.

SLIPPERY ELMUlmus rubra Muhl.

Slippery or red elm is extremely rare in the state. The1995 Revised Checklist of Vascular Plants of Maine byCampbell et al. shows this species occurring naturally inscattered locations in York and Franklin Counties. Itgrows best on low, rich soil though it sometimes occurson higher ground. It grows up to 50 feet in height and 2feet in diameter.

The bark is thick, dark brown tinged with red, divided byshallow fissures into flat ridges and covered with flat

scales. Inner bark is sticky when chewed.The leaves are simple, alternate, 4-6 inches long, sharplytoothed, dark green and very rough on the upper surfaceand hairy on the under surface. The flowers appearbefore the leaves in the middle of April. The fruit issmall, flattened and winged without hairs on the margin. Itripens in late spring. The winter buds are obtuse, darkbrown in color and covered with rusty hairs.

The wood is heavy, strong and durable. The inner bark isgathered for medicinal purposes.

SASSAFRASSassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees

Sassafras occurs in southern Maine in easternCumberland, southern Oxford and York Counties, and issometimes planted for ornament.

The bark on young stems is thin and reddish brown. Onolder stems it becomes thick and scaly. The inner bark isvery fragrant and sometimes chewed.

The leaves are alternate, very hairy when they first appear,losing the hair at maturity except on the midrib. They arelight green and of 3 shapes: entire, mitten-shape, andthree-lobed.

The flowers open in early spring with the first leaves, inracemes containing about 10-15 flowers.

The fruit ripens in September and October and is a blue,lustrous drupe which is supported on a fleshy, red stalk.

The wood is soft, weak, brittle, very aromatic, light brownand very durable in the soil. The roots and bark aredistilled for oil of sassafras, used to perfume toiletarticles.

AMERICAN SYCAMORE Platanus occidentalis L.

American sycamore, buttonwood, or planetree occursrarely on the borders of streams and rich bottom lands inYork, Cumberland and southern Franklin Counties. InMaine it does not attain great size. The trunk may spreadnear the ground into several large, secondary limbs, or itmay rise without branching for a considerable distanceand then have large, spreading branches.

The bark on the trunk and large limbs is greenish-gray incolor and flakes off in broad scales exposing whitepatches beneath.

The leaves aresimple, alternate,3 - 5 lobed andlight green. Thebase of theleaf-stalk is hollowand swollen andcovers the winterbud.

The fruit head generally occurs singlyand is in the shape of a ball about aninch in diameter. It contains very manysmall wedge or shoenail-shaped nutlets,and usually remains on the tree untilspring.

The twigs are zigzag in shape and areencircled by conspicuous stipules. Thewinter buds have a single, wrinkled,cap-like scale.

The wood is hard, firm, very perishablewhen exposed to the weather, and liableto warp. It is used for furniture andinterior finish of houses.

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASHSorbus americana Marsh.

American mountain-ash or roundwood occurs statewideand is not a true ash, but is closely related to the apple. Itrarely reaches over 20 feet in height. It is particularlycommon in mountainous regions and along the coast. Theleaves are alternate, compound 13-17 inches long,tapered, finely toothed leaflets. The leaflets are 2-4

inches long, 5/8-1 inch wide, andwithout hairs.The small creamy-white flowersare borne in cymes. The fruit isbright red, berry-like, about ¼inch in diameter. These remainon the tree late into the winterand are sometimes used as anastringent in medicine. The budscales are hairless and sticky.The pale brown wood has little

value because it is soft and weak.

SHOWY MOUNTAIN-ASHSorbus decora (Sarg.) Schneid.

Showy mountain-ash is most commonly found in northernand western parts of the state. It is not found in Lincolnand Kennebec Counties southward. It is usually betterbalanced in outline than the American mountain-ash andhas a well-rounded crown. The leaves are alternate,compound, and differ from the preceding species inhaving leaflets which are only 1½ - 3 inches long, and 5/8 -11/8 inches wide. The fruit is larger, up to ½ inch indiameter, and matures later in the season. The outer budscales are sticky; the inner scales are hairy.

EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH Sorbus aucuparia I.

The European mountain-ash or rowan tree is native toEurasia and is superior to the native species in thebrilliancy of its fruit. The buds are silky and the leafletssomewhat hairy beneath. The fruit is large and abundant.The leaves are similar although more blunt than those ofthe American mountain-ash.

HAWTHORNCrataegus spp.

Hawthorn or thorn-apple occurs in Maine as a lowspreading tree or shrub, rarely reaching a height of morethan 15-18 feet. There are 31 different species found inthe state. Hawthorns can usually be recognized by thesmall apple-like fruits and the thorns on the branches.

The bark is dark brown to ashy gray, somewhat scaly.

The leaves are alternate, doubly toothed, and usuallysomewhat lobed, thin and dark green.

The flowers appear about the first of June in flat, showywhite clusters.

The fruit which is ¾ inch in diameter resembles a smallapple. The flesh is thin and mealy and encloses from 1-5rounded nutlets. It is used for jellies.

The twigs are slender, rigid, and usually armed with longthorns. They form a compact crown due to their zigzagmethod of growth.

The wood is heavy, hard, and close grained. It is used to someextent for handles and other small articles.

ALLEGHENY SERVICEBERRYAmelanchier laevis Wieg.

Allegheny serviceberry, the most common species,occurs as a medium-sized tree or shrub on acid soils inopen hardwood stands or along margins of open areasthroughout Maine.

The bark is smooth, light violet-brown with a purplishcast, slightly fissured longitudinally and twisted on olderstems.

The leaves are half grown at flowering time and have areddish or purplish tinge. Mature leaves are dark greenabove and lighter green below, 2-2½ inches long, 1-1½inches wide, elliptic to ovate in shape with a rounded orheart-shaped base. Leaves are alternate and smooth in allstages.

The fruit is berry-like, dark purple or almost black whenmature, juicy and sweet to the taste.

Serviceberry winter buds are slender and reddish orpinkish, and are filled with silky hairs.

About seven other species and numerous interspecifichybrids occur as small trees or shrubs in Maine.

DOWNY SERVICEBERRYAmelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.

Downy serviceberry or shad bush is usually found as ashrub, but sometimes reaches a height of 25-30 feet.Although not common, it occurs throughout the Stateexcept in Lincoln, Piscataquis, Somerset, Franklin,Waldo, and Sagadahoc Counties.

The bark is pale red-brown, streaked longitudinally withdarker lines, and from ¼ - ½ inch in thickness on largetrees. It is smooth and glossy.

The leaves are alternate, heart-shaped or rounded at thebase, finely serrate, and ovate or ovate-oblong in outline.When just unfolding they are green and densely hairybeneath. When mature they are dark green and dull above,pale below, 3-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, and downyon the petioles and underside of veins. They turn a brightclear yellow before falling in the autumn.

The flowers are characteristically the first tree flowers toappear in the spring, borne on slender stalks ½ - 1 inchlong, in graceful, nodding, white, sweet-smelling racemeswhen the leaves are still folded.

The fruit is globose, berry-like, ripening early summer,and 1/3 - l/2 inch in diameter. It turns from bright red to adark purple with a white bloom when ripe. It is dry andtasteless, but may be eaten raw or cooked.

The wood is occasionally used for tool handles, smallimplements, and fish rods. It is heavy, hard, strong,close-grained, and dark brown tinged with red.

BLACK TUPELONyssa sylvatica Marsh.

Black tupelo or blackgum is found in Sagadahoc,Androscoggin, Cumberland and York Counties and as farnorth as Southern Oxford county and Waterville inKennebec County. However it is not commonly foundexcept in very wet areas. Trees two feet in diameter arefound in the Town of Casco on an island in Sebago Lake.Large specimens have also been reported on the southside of Pleasant Mt. in Denmark on a flat, open, wet area.It is easily distinguished at a distance by its numerousslender horizontal branches. The tree rarely reaches morethan 50 feet in height. It occurs in rich moist soils, suchas swamps or borders of rivers.

The bark on young trees is smooth, grayish and flaky,laterbecomingreddish tograyishbrown. Onold trees itforms coarseblocks orridges.

The leavesare alternate,oval toobovate inshape, 2-5inches long, wedge-shaped at the base and pointed at thetip. The edges are usually entire. The leaves are darkgreen, shiny above, occasionally hairy below, turningbright crimson in the autumn.

The fruit is dark blue, fleshy, approximately ½ inch inlength and is borne in clusters of 1-3 on long, slenderstems. The fruit has an acid taste, but is edible.

The twigs are moderately stout with a diaphragmed pith.

The wood is heavy, fine grained, very tough, but notdurable. It was formerly used for the hubs of wheels, andfor soles of shoes. It is now used principally for pulp.

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PIN CHERRYPrunus pensylvanica L. f.

Pin or fire cherry is a small tree, seldom growing tallerthan 25-30 feet in height and 6-10 inches in diameter. Ithas slender, horizontal branches and a narrow, somewhatrounded head.

It is common throughout the state, but has little valueexcept as a protection and cover for the soil on recentclearings or burned areas.

The bark on the trunk of old trees is dark red-brown andbroken into thin plates. Bark on young trees is smooth andreddish brown. The inner bark is slightly aromatic and verybitter. The large lenticels show orange when rubbed.

The leaves are alternate, narrow to oblong, widest in thelower third, rather sharp pointed, finely and sharplytoothed on the edges, bright green and shiny above,without hairs below, 3-4 inches long, bitter and aromatic,with glands on petiole.

The flowers are white, in clusters of 4 or 5, and appear inMay when the leaves are only half grown. The fruit isbright red, almost translucent, pea-sized, globular inshape, and ripens from the first of July to August. Thetwigs are shiny, reddish-brown and very slender. Thebuds are small, ovoid, reddish-brown and clustered at theend of twigs. They are commonly distorted by a black,warty, fungus growth called "black knot."

The wood is coarse-grained, soft and light. It is not usedcommercially. The gum is edible.

BLACK CHERRYPrunus serotina Ehrh.

Black cherry is widely distributed throughout the state andis one of our most valuable timber trees, although notabundant in sufficient size. It grows on a variety of soils,but makes rapid and best growth on rich, moist land. It hasa narrow head, small horizontal branches, and attains aheight of 40-50 feet and a diameter of 10-20 inches.

The bark on thetrunk is red-brownto black and rathershiny withprominent whitelenticels on youngtrees. On oldertrees, the bark isbroken into smallirregular plates.

The leaves arealternate, elliptic,oblong, widest atthe center, finelytoothed, dark green, shiny, thick, somewhat leathery, and2-5 inches long. The underside of the mid-rib near thestalk end is covered with rusty brown hairs.

The flowers are produced in many floweredracemes 4-5 inches long which appear the lastof May or early June when the leaves are halfgrown.

The fruit is in drooping racemes, dark purple oralmost black when ripe, pea-sized, and globularin shape. It ripens from June to October.

The twigs give off a pungent odor when brokenand the bark has a bitter taste. They arecommonly distorted by a black, warty, fungusgrowth called "black knot."

The wood is rather hard, close-grained, light,strong, and is easily polished. It is used forfurniture and cabinet making, interior finishing,woodenware, veneer, and plywood.

COMMON CHOKECHERRY Prunus virginiana L.

Common chokecherry, a shrub or small tree, occursthroughout the state especially along fence rows infarming communities. It occasionally is 25 feet high and 6inches in diameter.

The bark is smooth, grayish brown, and disagreeablyscented. It is usually marked by long, light coloredfissures.

The leaves are alternate, dull, widest at the terminalone-third, 2-4 inches long, finely toothed on the edges,and at maturity are without hairs and medium-leathery intexture.

The flowers appear from the first of May to June onslender stalks in racemes.

The fruit ripens from July to September and is about 1/4 -l/3 inch in diameter, at first bright red, turning at maturityto a dark red or nearly black. Fruit slightly astringent, butedible.

The winter buds are strictly cone-shaped, slender andpointed with a definite purple and tan pattern on thescales. Side buds are not flattened as in black cherry.

The twigs have a strong, pungent, skunk-like odor whenbroken and are frequently distorted by a black, warty,fungus growth called "black knot."

The wood is heavy, hard, but not strong and is not usedcommercially.

CANADA PLUM Prunus nigra Ait.

Canada or red plum, although not native, is a common treethroughout the state except in Washington, Lincoln andSagadahoc Counties or in densely forested areas. Itusually occurs in thickets and is seldom found over 8inches in diameter and 30 feet high. The twigs andbranches of cherry and plum trees are distorted by the

black knot fungus, Apiosporina morbosa. The barkis thin, dull reddish brown to black, peeling in thin paperyscales, and exposing the shiny reddish brown, inner bark.The leaves are alternate, egg-shaped in outline, and taperat the apex to a long sharp point. Dark green on the uppersurface, lighter below; margin with glandular, roundedteeth. The flowers are white and appear early in thespring before the leaves in groups of three or four onslender stalks. The fruit ripens the latter part of August,is football-shaped and furrowed along one side, has anorange-red skin and yellow flesh. The single stone isflattened and slightly grooved on the edges. Fruit isedible. The twigs and branches often have thorns. Thebuds are brown to gray and are without hairs. The wood isnot used commercially except as an ornamental tree.

BEACH PLUMPrunus maritima Marsh.

Beach plum is a low shrub commonly found east to KnoxCounty in localized coastal areas on sea beaches anddunes. The leaves are ovate to elliptic, acute or obtuse atthe tip, teeth without glands, smooth above and hairybelow. The flowers are white. The fruit is globose, ½ to¾ inch in diameter, purple or red, with a bloom, andmakes a delicious jelly. The fruit stone is round. Thetwigs and buds have velvet-like hairs.

HONEYLOCUSTGleditsia triacanthos L.

Honeylocust is not native in Maine, but has beenfrequently planted in urban areas in the southern andcentral portions of the state. It has spread readily in thetown of Paris.

It has somewhat pendulous slender spreading branchesthat form an open, broad, flat-topped head. Simple orusually 3 forked spines, 1½ -3 inches long or longeroccur on the branches and trunk. A thornless form, G.triacanthos f. inermis (L.) Zabel, is preferred inplantings. It attains a height of 75 feet and a diameter of20 inches.

The bark is divided into long, narrow ridges by deepfissures and the surface is broken into small scales that

are persistent.The leaves are alternate,both once and twicecompound, 4-8 inches longand have from 18-28leaflets. The margins of theleaflets are finelyblunt-toothed.

The flowers are borne inslender clusters from 2-2½ inches long. They appearin June when the leaves areabout fully grown.Staminate and pistillateflowers are producedseparately on the same tree.

The fruit is a shiny, reddishbrown, flattened pod 8" or more in length. The pod iscurved, with irregular wavy edges, often twisted. Thewalls are thin and tough.

The twigs are smooth and distinctly zigzag in shape.Winter buds barely protrude from the leaf scar.

The wood is coarse grained, hard, strong, and very durablein contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts and boatdecking in Maine.

BLACK LOCUSTRobinia pseudoacacia L.

Black locust is not a native of this state, but is extensivelyplanted. It is abundant in some localities and is foundmostly near dwellings or on abandoned farmlands, whereit often becomes naturalized. The locust is a rapidgrower, frequently attaining a height of 20 feet in 10years, but increasingmuch more slowlythereafter. Itreaches a height ofabout 50 feet and adiameter of 8-20inches. The branchesare small, brittle,occasionallymulti-angled, and atfirst are armed withstipular spines. Thetop is narrow andoblong. It is one ofthe last trees to sendout foliage in thespring. The bark onold trees is darkbrown, deeplyfurrowed and brokeninto small scales.The leaves arealternate, oncecompound, 8-14 inches long; have 7-19 leaflets which areabout two inches long with an entire margin and a slightlynotched tip. The flowers are borne in loose racemes 4-5inches long and appear in June. They are showy and veryfragrant. The fruit is a smooth, flat, dark purplish brownpod about 3 inches long, containing from 1-8 beanlikeseeds. The wood is heavy close-grained, strong, and verydurable in contact with the soil. It is used for fence posts,small building construction, and planking for boats.

CLAMMY LOCUSTRobinia viscosa Vent.

Clammy locust is another species not native to Maine. Itis found near dwellings and is distinguished from otherlocusts by the sticky material covering the twigs. It hasbeen planted extensively for erosion control.

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SUGAR MAPLEAcer saccharum Marsh.

Sugar, rock, or hard maple is found abundantly throughoutthe state on moist, rocky slopes, but grows best on moist,upland soils. In the forest it grows to 60-70 feet and to adiameter of 20-30 inches. The top is short and spreading.In the open, the branches begin 8-10 feet up, forming anegg-shaped head when the tree is young and a broadrounded top when older. It makes an attractive street orornamental tree, but it is sensitive to road salt. Globe andcolumnar shapes are available at nurseries. Maple sugarand syrup are made largely from the sap of this tree,although sugar is present in the sap of all maples. Barkon young trees and large branches is smooth or slightlyfissured and pale. Older trees are deeply furrowed andlight to darker gray. Leaves are opposite, 3-5 lobed,

sparingly toothed,3-5 inches long,dark green above,pale green below.Sides of theterminal lobe areparallel ordivergent andnotches betweenlobes are rounded.In autumn, leavesturn various shadesof red, scarlet,orange or yellow.Flowers arependulous, on long,slender, hairy

stalks, in clusters, greenish yellow, and appear with theleaves. Fruit is paired, baseball-shaped with wings aboutone inch long, slightly divergent. It ripens in the fall.Wood is heavy, close-grained, strong, and hard. It is usedfor furniture, flooring, tool handles, veneer, railroad ties,novelties, dowels, woodenware, canoe paddles and pulp."Birds-eye" and curly patterned wood is in high demand inthe furniture industry.

BLACK MAPLE Acer nigrum Michx. f.

Black Maple is found in southern Maine, leaves aresimilar to sugar maple, but three-lobed and pubescent.

SILVER MAPLEAcer saccharinum L.

Silver maple is a common tree found throughout the stateexcept along the coast and is abundant in some localities.It grows largely on sandy banks along streams. It usuallygrows to a height of 60-80 feet and a diameter of 2-3 feet.The trunk normally separates into 3 or 4 upright,secondary stems, destitute of branches for some distance.The branches are long and slender, often pendulous. Thebark on young trees is smooth, gray, slightly tinged withred. On old trees it is furrowed, separated into large thinscales, and is reddish brown in color. Twigs are chestnutbrown and shiny. The leaves are opposite, deeply 5 lobedand the edges are irregular and sharply toothed. The uppersurface is pale green, the lower, silvery white. They turn apale yellow in the fall. The flowers are on very shortstalks and inclusters. Theyare greenishyellow orsometimespinkish,opening early,long before theleaves appear.The fruit ispaired, wingedand ripens inthe spring.Frequently, oneof the pair doesnot fullydevelop. The twigs are curved upward at the tip, orangeor red-brown above and green below, slender, with a bittertaste and a rank odor when broken. The wood is softerthan that of the hard maple, close-grained, not durable, andeasily worked. It is used to a limited extent for pulp.

CUTLEAF SILVER MAPLEAcer saccharinum var. laciniatum (Carr.) Pax

Cutleaf silver maple varieties are very similiar to thesilver maple, but have a more deeply-lobed leaf and thebranches and twigs are more droopy. These varieties areutilized mainly for ornamental and shade tree planting.

RED MAPLEAcer rubrum L.

Red, soft, or swamp maple occurs throughout the state. Itis a rapid grower and the most abundant of the maples. It istypically found in swamps, and poorly drained sites, butalso occurs elsewhere. The red maple is a medium sized,slender tree that becomes 50-60 feet high, and 1-2 feet indiameter. Thebranches areupright, forming asomewhat narrowhead. Usually thetrunk is not divided.The bark on youngtrees is smooth andlight gray. On oldtrunks, it isdark-gray, ridgedand broken intoplate-like scales.The leaves areopposite, 3-5 lobed,margins irregularlydouble-toothed, 3-5inches long, upper surface light green; lower surface is

white. The sides of the terminal lobeconverge toward the tip, and thenotches between lobes are V-shaped. Inthe fall, they turn scarlet and orange.The flowers are produced in clusterson stalks before leaf buds open. Malesare yellowish-red while females arebright scarlet. The fruit is winged,ripens in the spring or early summer,and germinates as soon as it falls.Wings are only slightly divergent, about¾ inch long. The seed body lacks adepression. The twigs are straight,stiff, do not have a rank odor whenbroken, and are red in color on bothsurfaces. Buds are red and oftenclustered.

The wood is close-grained, heavy,moderately strong, and easily worked,not durable although it will take a goodpolish. It is used mainly for pulp, but

also for pallets, furniture stock, canoe paddles, andturnery products. As sugar maple becomes moreexpensive, more mills are using red maple.

STRIPED MAPLEAcer pensylvanicum L.

Striped maple or moosewood is common throughout thestate. It is a shade-loving tree that is found growing withother hardwoods or occasioinally with conifers on rich,moist soils or rocky slopes. It is of little value except forits beauty. It rarely exceeds a height of 25 feet and adiameter of 8 inches. The branches are slender and uprightand the top narrow and often short.

The bark on thetrunk is reddishbrown or dark greenand marked bywhitish lines runninglengthwise whichturn brown after atime. The leaves arethree-lobed towardthe apex, resemblinga goose foot,opposite, finelytoothed, pale green,5-6 inches long andabout as broad. Inthe fall they becomelight yellow in color.

The flowers are bright yellow in slender droopingracemes opening the end of May or early June when theleaves are fully grown. The fruit is paired, with wingsmoderately divergent, fully grown in late summer. It has a

smooth, oval depression in theseed body. The twigs aresmooth, reddish or greenish; thebuds are valve-like, stout,stalked, and without hairs.

The wood is close-grained, lightand soft. During the springwhen the cambium layer isactive, it is easy to make awhistle from the smaller branchsections.

MOUNTAIN MAPLEAcer spicatum Lam.

Mountain maple occurs throughout Maine and isespecially common in the northern part of the state. Itgrows as a small bushy tree seldom over 30 feet in height.The tree at times forms fairly dense thickets due to itshabit of growing in clumps. It grows best in a wet habitator on damp, northern slopes. The slender twigs grow in a

somewhat upright position.The bark is reddish brown to gray in color. It is thin andsomewhat furrowed. The leaves are opposite, 3 lobed,shiny above, somewhat hairy below. They have rathercoarse teeth and prominently sunken veins on the uppersurface. The flowers appear in June in long, hairy,yellow- green clusters after the leaves are full grown. Thefruit is paired, with wings slightly divergent, and occurs inascending clusters. It has a wrinkled depression on theseed body and ripens in early fall. The twigs are hairy,green, red, or reddish brown, not striped, and the pith isbrown. The buds are hairy, valve-like, green, and onlyslightly stalked, slender and pointed. The wood isclose-grained, soft, and light.

NORWAY MAPLEAcer platanoides L.

Norway Maple is an exotic from Europe and Asia and is becominga favorite for shade tree plantings. It resembles somewhat thesugar maple, but the leaves are larger, darker green, and the petiolegives off a milky juice when broken, which is not common to any ofour native maples. The terminal buds are usually of a largerdiameter than the end of the twigs. There are many varieties ofNorway maple.

SCHWEDLER MAPLEAcer platanoides

Schwedler or red-leaved maple is a cultivar also common as ashade tree in Maine. The leaves are dark reddish-green turning togreen later in the season.

BOXELDERAcer negundo L.

Boxelder or ashleaf maple is apparently not native toMaine, but is largely planted as an ornamental treethroughout the state and has escaped in localized areasnear habitation. It was introduced along the St. John Riverin Aroostook County. It reaches a maximum height of 50feet and diameter of about two feet in Maine. It is ashort-lived, fast growing, brittle tree, very prone to wind

and ice damage. The bark is light gray and smooth onyoung stems, becoming roughened and shallow-fissuredon older trees. The leaves are opposite, compound,usually 3-7 leaflets per leaf, rarely 9. The leaflets varygreatly in shape, often lobed and unlobed leaflets arefound on the same leaf. Leaflets are occasionally dividedinto individual blades. The flowers open just before theleaves in the spring and are yellow-green. They have nopetals. The fruit attains mature size in summer, ripeningin autumn, consisting of a double winged pair of seeds.Wings are only slightly divergent and the seed body iswrinkled, three times longer than broad. The twigs aresmooth, rather stout, green or maroon in color, andcovered with a white, chalky bloom. The bark yields apungent odor when bruised. The wood is light, soft,creamy white, often tinged with green, weak andclose-grained. Occasionally it is used for pulp.

AMERICAN BASSWOODTilia americana L.

American basswood or linden occurs as scatteredspecimens throughout the state. It grows to a height of50-70 feet and a diameter of 2-3 feet. The branches areslender, somewhat pendulous, comparatively small andnumerous, forming a broad and rounded head. The barkon the trunk of old trees is deeply and irregularlyfurrowed. On young trees, it is smooth or slightly fissuredand has a grayish appearance. The leaves are alternate,broadly egg-shaped to heart-shaped in outline, toothed,

upper surface darkgreen; lower,yellow-green and shiny,5-6 inches long. Theleaf base is uneven. The flowers aregreenish yellow, borneon a slender stalk whichis attached to a ratherlong, yellowish,leaf-like bract. They arefragrant, contain anabundance of nectar andopen in July.

The fruit is clustered, spherical, covered withshort buff-colored hairs, woody, and is about aslarge as a pea. It remains attached to theleaf-like bract when it falls.

The wood is light, soft, and easily worked. It isused for moldings, yardsticks, veneer, dowels,oars, furniture, pattern stock, carvings, and pulp.

Bees make an excellent grade of honey fromthe flowers. The young fruit and flowers groundinto a paste make an excellent substitute forchocolate.

The European Linden (Tilia europaea L.) andLittle-leaf Linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) arecommonly planted as shade trees. They aresmaller in height than our native species andwith smaller leaves. Baxter Boulevard in Portland is linedwith both of these species.

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BLACK ASHFraxinus nigra Marsh.

Black or brown ash occurs is common statewide except inSagadahoc County. It grows almost entirely on rich,moist ground or in cold, wet swamps and along the banksof streams.

It is a tall, slender tree, with slender branches and a short,narrow head. It grows to a height of 50-60 feet and adiameter of 10-20 inches. The trunk is often withoutbranches for a considerable distance from the ground.

The bark is gray to dark gray, corky and spongy, withmore or less parallel ridges. It rubs off freely with thehand.

The leavesare 12-15inches long,opposite, andhave 7-11leafletswhich are4-5 incheslong, andwithoutstalks exceptthe one atthe tip.Leaflets arelance-shapeand haveremotely-toothed margins. The upper surface is darkgreen. There are buff-colored hairs at the junction of theleaflets and rachis.

The fruit is a single samara occurring in clusters. Theseed is flattened and completely surrounded by the wing.

The twigs are smooth, gray to olive-green. The buds areblack or brown and pointed at the tip. The inner layer ofthe bark is dirty white.

The wood is coarse-grained, heavy, tough, durable, andpliable. It is used for interior finishing, cabinet work,barrel hoops, baskets, and, to a limited extent, pulp.

WHITE ASHFraxinus americana L.

White ash is one of Maine's valuable timber trees and isfound commonly throughout the state. Best growth occurson rich, rather moist soil of low hills. It grows to a heightof 60-70 feet and a diameter of 15-30 inches. Thebranches are upright or spreading, forming a narrow top inthe forest.

The bark is broken into broad, parallel ridges by deepfurrows and is a dark brown or deep gray in color.

The leaves are opposite, and consist of 5-9 leaflets, andare 8-12 inches long. The leaflets are 3-5 inches long,oval to lance-shape, borne on short stalks, edges remotelytoothed towards the tip, dark green and often shiny on theupper surface. In the fall they turn to a soft velvety purplecolor.

The fruit is a single samara occurring in clusters. Theseed body is cigar-shaped and has a terminal wing.

The twigs have a smooth, shiny bark which is grayish,greenish or maroon on the surface. The inner layer of thebark is brick red. The terminal buds are rounded ordome-shaped.

The wood is hard, strong, and tough. It is used foragricultural implements, tool handles, oars, furniture,interior finish, dowels, sporting goods and pulp.

GREEN ASHFraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.

Green or red ash occurs statewide except in Piscataquis,Franklin and Hancock Counties. It is not as abundant asthe white and black ash, but is fairly common in centralMaine. It is sometimes mistaken for black ash. It growsnear the banks of streams and lakes on rich, moist soil.

It has stout branches which bend downward on older trees.These form an irregular, compact head in the forest. Itseldom exceeds height of 50-60 feet and a diameter of16-20 inches.

The bark on thetrunk of old treesis firm andfurrowed like thatof the white ash.In color, it is darkgray, or brown.

The twigs of theseason aregreenish gray andcovered withnumerous hairs;sometimes withno hairs. Innerbark is cinnamonred in color.

The leaves are 10-12 inches long, opposite, 7-9 leafletsborne per stalk. Leaflets are 4 - 6 inches long, entire orwavy, or sometimes toothed, particularly on theupper-half of the leaflets, yellow-green on the uppersurface, hairy below and on the rachis, and oval toelliptical in shape.

The fruit has a funnel-shaped seed body graduallyblending into the terminal wing.

The wood is hard, heavy, fairly strong, coarse grained, andbrittle. It is used in the same way as white ash, but thequality is not as good.

NANNYBERRYViburnum lentago L.

Nannyberry occurs statewide as a shrub or small treereaching a height of 10-30 feet. It occurs frequently in thestate growing in moist soils often along the borders ofswamps or streams.

The leaves areopposite, ovate,abruptly pointed, withfine sharp teeth. Theupper surface is alustrous deep green.The under surface islighter. The petiole isconspicuously flangedwith a warty, wavymargin.

The dark blue fruitripens in the fall. It is about one-half inch long, ellipsoid,edible, sweet, tough-skinned, with a nipple-like tip. Thefruit occurs in small drooping clusters on red stemmedstalks and does not shrivel or shrink when ripe.

The terminal buds are shaped like a pair of rabbit ears andbulge at the base. The two large bud scales extend beyondthe end of the bud. They are nearly smooth and arepurplish brown to lead-colored. The smooth twigs of theseason are gray to gray-brown in color. The wood isorange-brown and emits an unpleasant odor.

WITCH-HAZELHamamelis virginiana L.

Witch-hazel occurs as a small tree or shrub in most partsof Maine except in the far north. It has scaly bark, zigzagbranchlets, and exposed, hairy, scalpel-shaped buds. Theleaves are alternate, broadly egg-shaped in outline,non-symmetrical at the base, and have a wavy margin.

It is found on borders of the forest in low rich soil, or onrocky banks of streams. It has bright yellow flowers in theautumn. The fruit is a woody capsule, usually two in acluster. The seeds are discharged fiercely when ripe. Anextract from the bark is mixed with alcohol and used as anastringent.

STAGHORN SUMACRhus hirta (L.) Sudworth

Staghorn sumac occurs mainly as a shrub throughout thestate. It has alternate, compound leaves with 11-31opposite, serrated leaflets. The twigs are very hairy. Theflowers form in early summer in large, compact, yellowpanicles 2-8 inches long. The fruit ripens in August as aspire of showy, red, velvety berries. The plant is notpoisonous.

Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra L.) and Shining Sumac(Rhus copallina L.) are not poisonous and are found asshrubs in Maine.

POISON-SUMACToxicodendron vernix (L.) Ktze.

Poison-sumac is found throughout the southern part of thestate and as far north as Penobscot County. It occurs as atree in low, wet swamps. It is particularly common aroundMt. Agamenticus in southern Maine.

The leaves are alternate, 7-14 inches long, consisting of7-13 leaflets along a smooth greenish red rachis. Leafletshave entire margins, short stalks, are dark green andlustrous above, with scarlet midribs; paler and glabrousbelow. Twigs are without hairs.

The fruit is a globose, slightly compressed, thin-fleshed,ivory white or tawny white berry, about 1/5 inch indiameter, borne in loose, pendent, axillary clusters,ripening in September, but persisting on the tree far intothe winter.

CAUTION: Severe dermatitis results when skin comes incontact with roots stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, or withimplements or clothing that have come in contact withplant parts of either posion-ivy or poison-sumac. Smokeresulting from the burning of plant parts of either speciesis also poisonous.

POISON-IVYToxicodendron radicans( L. ) Ktze.

Poison-ivy or mercury is widely distributed throughoutthe state and grows as an aerially-rooted climbing vine ontrees or as a smooth, trailing vine or erect shrub alongstonewalls, fencerows and roadsides.

The leaves are alternate, compound, with three very shiny,dark green leaflets. Leaflet margins are lobed, wavy,toothed or entire. The stalk of the terminal leaflet ismuch longer than those of the two lateral leaflets. Fallcolor is a fiery red.

The fruit is creamy-white, ribbed, globular, B.B.- sizeddrupes, occurring in axillary clusters.

CAUTION: Severe dermatitis results when skin comes incontact with roots stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, or withimplements or clothing that have come in contact withplant parts of either posion-ivy or poison-sumac. Smokeresulting from the burning of plant parts of either speciesis also poisonous.

ROSEBAY RHODODENDRONRhododendron maximum L.

Rosebay rhododendron or great-laurel is a shrub orstraggling tree up to 30 feet high. It is a very rare speciesfound locally in parts of Somerset, Franklin, Cumberlandand York Counties in damp woods or near pond margins.It is listed as an endangered species in Maine as there areless than five known occurences.

The leaves are evergreen, ovate to oblong, alternate,entire, 4-8 inches long, thick and leathery, with the marginfrequently rolled under. They are smooth and dark greenabove, pale below.The flowers arebell-shaped and occurin dense clusters.They are generallywhite with a pinkishtinge with othervariations possible.The fruit is anoblong, woodycapsule covered withsticky hairs. It isborne terminally in erect clusters on stalks several timeslonger than the capsule. The twigs are hairy.

FLOWERING DOGWOODCornus florida L.

Flowering dogwood is an unusually beautiful shrub orsmall tree and occurs naturally only in York County.Planted specimens generally are only hardy in thesouthern and coastal areas of the state. It reaches a heightof 12-20 feet. The leaves are opposite, entire, ovate toelliptic, bright green and smooth above, pale green andwith hairs on the veins beneath. They are 3-6 inches long.The flowers are conspicuous and appear early in thespring. They are greenish white or yellowish and arearranged in dense umbels surrounded by four large, white,petal-like bracts which give the appearance of largespreading flowers. The fruit is a bright red, ellipsoiddrupe about ½ inch long and occurs in clusters. Thetwigs are smooth, greenish, and angular. The buds arecovered by two valve-like scales.

MOUNTAIN-LAURELKalmia latifolia L.

Mountain-laurel is an erect-stemmed low shrub or smalltree that grows in rocky woods or low ground. It is widelydistributed, but local; absent in Somerset, Franklin,Kennebec and Androscoggin Counties. Mountain-laureloccurs rarely and is listed on the State 'watch' list.

The leaves are evergreen, green on both sides, elliptical,up to three inches long and one inch wide. They are flat,thick and leathery with an entire margin, and are narrowedat both ends. Arrangement is mostly alternate, sometimesopposite and rarely occurs in threes, grouped at the tip ofthe twig. The flowers are pink in color with variationspossible. They are borne in erect, terminal clusters. The

fruit areglobose, woodycapsules borneon erect, hairy,sticky stalks thatare many timeslonger than thediameter of thecapsules. Thecapsules havelong, persistentstyles. Thetwigs are

rounded and sticky at first, but later becoming smooth.

ALTERNATE-LEAF DOGWOOD

Cornus alternifolia L. f.

Alternate-leaf or blue dogwood occurs throughout thestate as a shrub or small tree up to 20 feet tall. The leavesare alternate, entire, elliptic-ovate, and tend to be crowdedat the ends of the twigs. They are 2½ - 4½ inches long,yellowish green, smooth above, and have appressedhairiness beneath. The creamy white flower clustersappear in June after the leaves have developed. The fruitis a bluish black drupe, somewhat round, about 1/3 inch indiameter which ripens in September and October. Thetwigs are often lustrous and greenish-brown. Dead twigsbecome bright yellow-green in color.

HOW TO NOMINATE A POTENTIAL CHAMPFor each nomination, we need the following information:1. Correct name of the species or variety. If you need helpwith identification, call your local Forest Service orExtension office.2. Circumference of the tree in inches at 4 1/2 feet abovethe ground. If there is a growth or branch at this point,measure the narrowest point below 4 1/2 feet.3. Vertical height of the tree to the nearest foot. Themost reliable tools for this purpose are on Abney handlevel, a hypsometer, or a transit. Lacking such a tool, youcan use a straight stick. Hold the stick at its base verticallyat arm's length, making sure its length above your handequals the distance from your hand to your eye. Walk

backward away from the tree, staying approximately levelwith the tree's base. Stop when the stick above your handappears to be the same length as the tree. You should besighting over your hand to the base of the tree and, withoutmoving anything but your eye, sighting over the tip of thestick to the top of the tree. Measure how far you havebacked away from the tree, and that measurement, in feet,is the tree's height.4. Average diameter of the crown to the nearest foot.Measure the widest spread of the crown and thenarrowest, then add them together and divide by two.5. Location.6. Date measured, and by whom.7. Name and address of owner.8. Clear photograph with date taken.9. Description of the tree's physical condition and stateof preservation.10. Name and address of nominator.Send to: Department of Conservation, Maine ForestService, Big Tree of Maine Nomination, 22 State HouseStation, Augusta, Maine 04333-0022.

APPENDIX THREE

SELECTED REFERENCES TO TREES AND SHRUBS

GeneralDwelley, Marilyn J., Trees and Shrubs of New England, Down East Books,

printed by Twin City Printery, Lewiston, Maine, 1980.

Elias, Thomas S., The Field Guide to North American Trees, VanNostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1991.

Fernald, Merritt L., Gray's Manual of Botany. (Illus.) 8th ed. (1950)American Book Co., 1987.

Graves, Arthur H., Illustrated Guide to Trees and Shrubs, Harper & RowPublishers, New York, 1956. (Revised by Dover Publ.)

Harlow, William M., J. W. Hardin, F. M. White, Textbook of Dendrology.(Illus.) 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1991.

Hyland, Fay, Conifers of Maine, (Illus.) U. of Maine Ext. Ser. Bull. 345.(Revised) 1961.

Hyland, Fay and Ferdinand H. Steinmetz, Trees and Other Woody Plantsof Maine, Orono. University of Maine Press, 1978.

Kartesz, J.T., A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Timber Press, Portland,Oregon, 1994.

Little, Elbert, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees:Eastern Region, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1980.

McMahon, Janet S, G.L. Jacobson and Fay Hyland, An Atlas of the NativeWoody Plants of Maine; A Revision of the Hyland Maps. MaineAgriculture Expt. Sta. Bul. 830. 1990.

Petrides, George A., A Field Guide To Eastern Trees, The Peterson FieldGuide Series: Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1988.

Symonds, George, W.D., The Tree Indentification Book, William Morrow& Co., Inc, 1958.

SpecializedCampbell, C.S. et al. Revised Checklist of Vascular Plants of Maine.

Orono. Maine Agriculture and Forestry. Expt. Sta. Bul. 844. 1995.

Hyland, Fay and Barbara Hoisington, The Woody Plants of SphagnousBogs of Northern New England and Adjacent Canada. Illustrated byLaurel Smith. Orono, University of Maine Press, 1981.

Keys and Check ListsCampbell, C.S., Fay Hyland, and M.L.F. Campbell. Winter Keys to Woody

Plants of Maine, Orono. University of Maine Press. Revised Ed. 1978.

Dearborn, Richard G., Key to the Woody Alpine and Subalpine Flora ofMount Katahdin. Me. Field. Nat. 19 (6): 83-90, 1963.

APPENDIX FOUR

² Larch leaves are borne singly on elongating shoots.¹ Papery sheath on white pine drops in late August

Leaves 4-8 inches long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhododendron p. 98 20.Leaves to 3 inches long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mountain-Laurel p. 99 20.

20Pith not diaphragmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.Pith diaphragmed; leaves 2-5 inches long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tupelo p. 71 19.

19Leaves thick and leathery, net-veined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.Leaves thin, veins parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dogwood p. 98 18.

21Leaf margin wavy or lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.18Leaf margin entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.25Leaf margin toothed or serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.17Leaf margin entire, wavy, or lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.37Leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.16Leaves simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.

Leaflets 5-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ash p. 89 14.Leaflets 3-5, lobed, coarse teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boxelder p. 87 14.

14Leaves pinnate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.Leaves palmate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horsechestnut p. 51 13.Leaf margin entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dogwood p. 98 12.Leaf margin lobed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maple p. 80 12.

12Leaf margin lobed or entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.Leaf margin serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nannyberry p. 94 11.

13Leaves compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.11Leaves simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.15Leaves alternate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.10Leaves opposite, trees only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.

Twigs slightly flattened; cones ¼ inch, rounded, leathery; wood stronglyaromatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlantic White-Cedar p. 26

8.

Twigs flat; cones ablong, woody, up to ½ inch; wood slightly aromatic . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Northern White-Cedar p . 27

8.

8Branchlets with scale-like leaves; leaves not prickly; cones un-berry-like 7.

Branchlets with prickly, awl-shaped leaves; cones are berry-like . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juniper, Redcedar p. 28

7.

Leaves in clusters² of 8 or more on spurs; papery sheath lacking . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tamarack p. 19

6.Leaves in clusters of 2 to 5 with papery sheath at base¹ . . . . . . . Pine p. 12 6.

6Leaves occur in clusters, also singly in larch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.Leaves occur singly, never clustered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spruce p . 20 5.Leaves parallel-sided, twigs stiff; cones over 2 inches . . . . . . . . . . . Fir p. 25 4.Leaves taper, twigs limber; cones shorter than 1 inch . . . . Hemlock p. 24 4.

5Leaves angular in cross section, tips pointed .................. 3.4Leaves flat, tips blunt, and occur singly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7Leaves awl- or scale-like, or both . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3Leaves needle-like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.

9Leaves are broad and veined, not as above; hard-woods or broad-leaftrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2Leaves are needle-,awl- or scale-like; conifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.

Numbers at left are paired and give opposing characteristics to look for. Starting withnumbers 1, select the description that fits your specimen and proceed to the numbergiven on the right until the common group name (e.g. maple) is reached. Turn to the

given page number for species keys. Use average material for analysis. See Glossary - page 9. Key

SUMMER KEY

APPENDIX FIVE

** See also poison-ivy, page 97.Twigs densely hairy; leaflets 11-31; buds small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sumac p. 95 42.Twigs smooth; leaflets 11-17; buds large . . . . . . . . . . . Mountain-Ash p. 67 42.

42Leaflets 11-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.Leaflets 5-7; pith star-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hickory p. 36 41.

41Pith solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.Pith chambered or diaphragmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Walnut/Butternut p. 34-35 40.

40Leaflets over 1 inch long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.Leaflets ½ inch long with fine, rounded teeth . . . . . . . . . Honeylocust p. 78 39.

**Twigs spineless; leaflets 7-13; poisonous . . . . . . . . . . Poison-Sumac p. 96 38.Twigs with paired spines; leaflets 7-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Locust p. 79 38.

39Leaflets with serrate margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.38Leaflets with margin entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.

Stem not fluted; bark white, yellow, or red to dark brown . . . . . Birch p. 40 36.Stem fluted; bark smooth, gun-metal gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hornbeam p. 38 36.

36Leaves if hairy only so on one surface; bark smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.Leaves hairy on both surfaces; pith green . . . . . . . . . Hop-Hornbeam p. 37 35.

35Pith not triangular; bud scales overlapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.Pith triangular; buds stalked, smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alder p. 47 34.

34Branches without thorns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.Branches with thorns 1 inch or more long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hawthorn p. 68 33.

33Leaf base even, surface smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.Leaf base one-sided, surface sand-papery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elm p. 62 32.

Twigs odorless; leaf petiole glandless; buds slender, twisted at tip, silkywithin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serviceberry p. 69

31.Twigs pungent when broken; glands on petiole . . . . . . Cherry, Plum p. 72 31.

31Leaf petiole short, not flat; pith round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.

Leaf petiole usually long, flat, except rounded in balsam poplar; pithstar-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Poplar p. 30

30.30

Leaves broad, or if narrow with glands on petiole; buds with severalscales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29.

Leaves long and narrow; petioles short without glands; buds with asingle, cap-like scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Willow p. 39

29.

29Leaf base even; pith symmetric in cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.Leaf base one-sided, leaf cordate; pith not symmetrical . Basswood p. 88 28.Pith round; buds long, pointed; bark gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beech p. 49 27.Pith star-shaped; buds blunt; bark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chestnut p. 50 27.

28Teeth not hooked, fruit not a bur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.27Teeth hooked, prominent; fruit a bur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.32Leaf margin doubly serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.26Leaf margin singly toothed or serrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.

Twigs round, spicy odor and taste; leaves 0-3 lobed . . . . . Sassafras p. 65 24.Twigs angular; pith star-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oak p. 52 24.

24Leaf tip not flat; pith solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.Leaf tip flat or notched; pith diaphragmed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tuliptree p. 48 23.

23Leaf petiole neither swollen nor hollow; leaves with one main vein . . . . . . . 22.

Leaf petiole hollow and covers bud; numerous main leaf veins radiate frombase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sycamore p. 66

22

22Leaf margin lobed or wavy throughout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.

Leaf margin wavy toward tip. Base of leaf one-sided . Witch-Hazel p. 94 21.

Key

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PROPERTIES OF WOOD

Wood, since the early recorded history of man, has servedfor building structures and for many other purposes usefulto man. It is one of the most versatile of raw materials.

1. Wood as it comes from the living, standing tree, and whenfirst sawn into boards is more or less saturated with water,and for most uses must be seasoned before furtherprocessing.

2. Wood that has been properly seasoned is light in weight,easily handled, and may be transported long distances atreasonable cost.

3. Wood expansion or contraction is little influenced bytemperature changes.

4. Wood is a poor transmitter of sound, heat and electricity.

5. Wood members can be easily and securely fastened togetherwith glues, nails, screws, and bolts.

6. Wood pores and fibers facilitate the holding of paint, lacquer,varnish and other finishing materials.

7. Wood may be worked into intricate shapes using simpletools.

8. Wood does not rust. Neither does it corrode in the presenceof sea water.

9. Wood neither crystallizes nor becomes brittle like manymetals subjected to repeated stress reversals.

10. Wood defects generally can be detected by visual means.

11. Wood is limited in its hardness.

12. Wood is an organic material and as such is often subject to decay and boring insects.

13. Wood is a combustible material.

APPENDIX SEVEN

85Maple, Striped 50Chestnut, American83Maple, Silver 74Cherry, Pin (Fire)86Maple, Schwedler76Cherry, Common Choke84Maple, Red (soft)75Cherry, Black86Maple, Norway26Chamaecyparis thyoides86Maple, Mountain27Cedar, Northern White83Maple, Cutleaf Silver28Cedar, Eastern Red82Maple, Black26Cedar, Atlantic White-87Maple, Ashleaf50Castanea dentata78Locust, (Honeylocust)36Carya ovata79Locust, Clammy38Carpinus caroliniana79Locust, Black66Buttonwood48Liriodendron tulipifera35Butternut88Linden, Little Leaf87Boxelder88Linden, European71Blackgum88Linden43Birch, Yellow99Laurel, Mountain42Birch, Sweet (Black or Cherry)19Larix laricina45Birch, Paper (White or Canoe)19Larch, Eastern-46Birch, Mountain Paper99Kalmia latifolia46Birch, Low (Swamp)28Juniperus virgiania L.44Birch, Gray29Juniperus communis var.46Birch, Dwarf Paper29Juniperus communis L.46Birch, Dwarf29Juniper, Ground46Birch, Blueleaf29Juniper, Common46Betula var.34Juglans sieboldiana var.44Betula populifolia34Juglans sieboldiana45Betula papyrifera34Juglans nigra42Betula lenta35Juglans cinerea43Betula alleghaniensis34Japanese heart-nut49Beech, Purple (Copper)97Ivy, Poison49Beech, European37Ironwood38Beech, Blue-Beech51Horsechestnut49Beech, American38Hornbean, American88Basswood, American37Hop-Hornbeam, Eastern33Balsam Poplar78Honeylocust25Balsam Fir36Hickory, Bitternut35Aspen , White-Barked Quaking36Hickory, Shagbark35Aspen, Balm-of-Gilead24Hemlock, Eastern31Aspen, Quaking (Trembling)68Hawthorn32Aspen, Bigtooth95Hamamelis virginianaAspen (See poplar)19Hackmatack92Ash, White71Gum, Black67Ash, Mountain-Ash78Gleditsia triacanthos93Ash, Green (Red)93Fraxinus pennsylvanica91Ash, Black (Brown)91Fraxinus nigra27Arborvitae, Eastern92Fraxinus americana69Amelanchier laevis25Fir, Balsam70Amelanchier arborea49Fagus sylvatica atrop47Alnus serrulata49Fagus sylvatica L.47Alnus crispa var.49Fagus grandifolia47Alnus rugosa64Elm, Slippery (Red)47Alder, Speckled62Elm, Siberian47Alder, Hazel62Elm, Scotch47Alder, Downy Green62Elm, English51Aesculus hippocastanum62Elm, Chinese86Acer spicatum62Elm, Camperdown82Acer saccharum63Elm, American83Acer saccharinum var.34Eastern Cottonwood83Acer saccharinum98Dogwood, Flowering84Acer rubrum99Dogwood, Alternate-Leaf86Acer platanoides68Crataegus spp.85Acer pensylvanicum34Cottonwood, Eastern82Acer nigrum98Cornus florida87Acer negundo99Cornus alternifolia25Abies balsamea

INDEX

76Prunus virginiana75Prunus serotina

51Yellow-Poplar74Prunus pensylvanica95Witch-Hazel77Prunus maritima39Willows77Prunus nigra34Walnut, Japenese Heart-Nut31 Populus tremuloides34Walnut, Japanese34 Populus subcordata34Walnut, Black34 Populus nigra var. 94Viburnum lentago32Populus grandidentata64Ulmus rubra34 Populus deltoides62Ulmus pumila34 Populus balsamifera var.62Ulmus procera33 Populus balsamiferra L.62Ulmus parvifolia34 Populus alba62Ulmus glabra var.51Poplar, Yellow (tuliptree)62Ulmus glabra34Poplar, White (Silver)63Ulmus americana34Poplar, Lombardy71Tupelo, Black34Poplar, Eastern Cottonwood48Tuliptree33Poplar, Balsam 24Tsuga canadensis34Poplar, Balm-of-Gilead96Toxicodendron vernixPoplar (see Aspen)97Toxicodendron radicans96Poison-Sumac88Tilia europaea97Poison-Ivy (Mercury)88Tilia cordata77Plum, Canada (Red)88Tilia americana77Plum, Beach27Thuja occidentalis66Planetree68Thorn-Apple66Platanus occidentalis19Tamarack13Pinus strobus66Sycamore, American18Pinus sylvestris95Sumac, Staghorn17Pinus rigida95Sumac, Smooth15Pinus resinosa95Sumac, Shining18Pinus nigra96Sumac, Poison18Pinus mugo23Spruce, White (Cat)16Pinus banksiana22Spruce, Red13Pine, EasternWhite20Spruce, Norway18Pine, Scots (Scotch)21Spruce, Blue15Pine, Red (Norway)

21Spruce, Black17Pine, Pitch67Sorbus decora18Pine, Mugo67Sorbus aucuparia16Pine, Jack (Gray)67Sorbus americana18Pine, Austrian (European Black)70Shad Bush22Picea rubens70Serviceberry, Downy21Picea pungens69Serviceberry, Allegheney21Picea mariana65 Sassafras albidum23Picea glauca65Sassafras20Picea abies39Salix37Ostrya virginiana67Roundwood (Rowan)59Oak,White79Robinia viscosa61Oak, Swamp White79Robinia pseudoacacia57Oak, Scarlet95Rhus typhina56Oak, Red var.95Rhus copallina56Oak, Northern Red95Rhus glabra60Oak, Chestnut98Rhododendron, Rosebay60Oak, Bur98 Rhododendron maximum58Oak, Black (Yellow)28Redcedar, Eastern58Oak, Bear (Scrub)58Quercus velutina71Nyssa sylvatica56Quercus rubra var.94Nannyberry56Quercus rubra99Mountain-Laurel60Quercus prinus67Mountain-Ash, Showy60Quercus macrocarpa67Mountain-Ash, European58Quercus ilicifolia67Mountain-Ash, American57Quercus coccinea85Moose Wood61Quercus bicolor97Mercury59Quercus alba82Maple, Sugar (Rock or Hard)

INDEX

TREES

I think that I shall never seeA poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prestAgainst the earth's sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all dayAnd lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in summer wearA nest of robins in her hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has lainWho intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like meBut only God can make a tree.

Joyce KilmerThe poem TREES is used by special permission of copyright owner, Jerry

Vogel Music Company, Inc., 112 West 44th St., N.Y., N.Y. 10036.

WHICH WOOD BURNS BEST?

Beech wood fires are bright and clear If the logs are kept a year.

Chestnut's only good, they say, If for long it's laid away.

Birch and fir logs burn too fast, Blaze up bright and do not last.

Elm wood burns like a churchyard mould;E'en the very flames are cold.Poplar gives a bitter smoke,

Fills your eyes and makes you choke.Apple wood will scent your rooms,

With an incense like perfume.Oak and maple, if dry and old, Keep away the winter cold.

But ash wood wet and ash wood dry, A King shall warm his slippers by.

C.P. AckersAdapted from "Practical British Forestry."

Field Notes

Leaf measurements do not includethe petiole of simple leaves.

Forest Trees of Maine waspublished under Appropriation number014-04A-1111-122.

State of Maine

To report a wild fire, call 1-888-900-3473To confidentially report an arsonist, call

1-800-987-0257.

Aroostook

Piscataquis

WashingtonHancock

Penobscot

Waldo

Somerset

Franklin

Oxford

York

CumberlandAndroscoggin

Sagadahoc

LincolnKnox

Kennebec