Formula One - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Category Single seater

Country orregion

Worldwide

Inaugural season 1950[1]

Drivers 24

Teams 12

Constructors 12

Engine suppliers Cosworth · Ferrari · Mercedes ·Renault

Tyre suppliers Pirelli

Drivers'champion

Sebastian Vettel(Red Bull Racing)

Constructors'champion

Red Bull Racing

Official website www.formula1.com(http://www.formula1.com/)

Current season

Formula One

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Formula One, also known as Formula 1 or F1 andreferred to officially as the FIA Formula OneWorld Championship,[2] is the highest class ofsingle-seater auto racing sanctioned by theFédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The"formula", designated in the name, refers to a set ofrules with which all participants' cars mustcomply.[3] The F1 season consists of a series ofraces, known as Grands Prix (from French, originallymeaning grand prizes), held on purpose-built circuitsand public roads. The results of each race arecombined with a points system to determine twoannual World Championships, one for the driversand one for the constructors. The racing drivers,constructor teams, track officials, organizers, andcircuits are required to be holders of valid SuperLicences, the highest class of racing licence issuedby the FIA.[4]

Formula One cars are among the fastest circuit-racing cars in the world, owing to very highcornering speeds achieved through the generation oflarge amounts of aerodynamic downforce. FormulaOne cars race at speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph)with engines limited in performance to a maximumof 18,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). The carsare capable of lateral acceleration in excess of 5 g incorners. The performance of the cars is verydependent on electronics – although traction controland other driving aids have been banned since2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension and tyres.The formula has had much evolution and changethrough the history of the sport. Europe, the sport'straditional base, is where about half of each year's races occur. That said, the sport's scope has expandedsignificantly during recent years and an increasing number of Grands Prix are held on other continents.

Formula One had a total global television audience of 527 million people during the course of the 2010 FIAFormula One World Championship.[5] Such racing began in 1906 and, in the second half of the 20th century,became the most popular kind of racing internationally. The Formula One Group is the legal holder of thecommercial rights.[6] With annual spending totalling billions of US dollars, Formula One's economic effectand creation of jobs is significant, and its financial and political battles are widely reported. Its high profileand popularity make it a merchandising environment, which results in great investments from sponsors andbudgets in the hundreds of millions for the constructors. However, mostly since 2000, due to the alwaysincreasing expenditures, several teams, including works teams from car makers and those teams with minimalsupport from the automotive industry, have become bankrupt or been bought out by companies wanting toestablish a team within the sport; these buyouts are also influenced by Formula One limiting the number ofparticipant teams.

Formula One - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One

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1 History1.1 Return of racing1.2 The Garagistes1.3 Big business1.4 Manufacturers' return1.5 Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers1.6 Political disputes

1.6.1 FISA–FOCA war1.6.2 FIA–FOTA dispute

1.7 Outside the World Championship1.7.1 European non-championship racing1.7.2 South African Formula One championship1.7.3 British Formula One Series

2 Racing and strategy2.1 Qualifying2.2 The race2.3 Points system

3 Constructors4 Drivers

4.1 Feeder series4.2 Beyond F1

5 Grands Prix6 Circuits7 Cars and technology8 Revenue and profits9 Future10 Media coverage11 Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races12 See also13 References14 Further reading15 External links

Main article: History of Formula One

The Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing (q.v. for pre-1947 history) ofthe 1920s and 1930s. The "formula" is a set of rules which all participants' cars must meet. Formula One wasa new formula agreed after World War II during 1946, with the first non-championship races being held thatyear. A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a World Championship before thewar, but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict, the World Drivers' Championship was notformalised until 1947. The first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. Achampionship for constructors followed in 1958. National championships existed in South Africa and the UKin the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for many years but, due to theincreasing cost of competition, the last of these occurred in 1983.[7]

Return of racing


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Juan Manuel Fangio's 1951 title-winning Alfa Romeo 159

Stirling Moss's Lotus 18 at theNürburgring during 1961

The first Formula One World Championship was won by ItalianGiuseppe Farina in his Alfa Romeo in 1950, barely defeating hisArgentine teammate Juan Manuel Fangio. However Fangio won thetitle in 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956 & 1957 (His record of five WorldChampionship titles stood for 45 years until German driver MichaelSchumacher took his sixth title in 2003), his streak interrupted (afteran injury) by two-time champion Alberto Ascari of Ferrari. Althoughthe UK's Stirling Moss was able to compete regularly, he was neverable to win the World Championship, and is now widely considered tobe the greatest driver never to have won the title.[8][9] Fangio,however, is remembered for dominating Formula One's first decadeand has long been considered the "grand master" of Formula One.

This period featured teams managed by road car manufacturers – Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz, andMaserati – all of whom had competed before the war. The first seasons were run using pre-war cars likeAlfa's 158. They were front-engined, with narrow tyres and 1.5-litre supercharged or 4.5-litre normallyaspirated engines. The 1952 and 1953 world championships were run to Formula Two regulations, forsmaller, less powerful cars, due to concerns over the paucity of Formula One cars available.[10] When a newFormula One, for engines limited to 2.5 litres, was reinstated to the world championship for 1954,Mercedes-Benz introduced the advanced W196, which featured innovations such as desmodromic valves andfuel injection as well as enclosed streamlined bodywork. Mercedes drivers won the championship for twoyears, before the team withdrew from all motorsport in the wake of the 1955 Le Mans disaster.[11]

The Garagistes

The first major technological development, Cooper's re-introductionof mid-engined cars (following Ferdinand Porsche's pioneering AutoUnions of the 1930s), which evolved from the company's successfulFormula 3 designs, occurred during the 1950s. Australian JackBrabham, World Champion during 1959, 1960, and 1966, soonproved the new design's superiority. By 1961, all regular competitorshad switched to mid-engined cars. The Ferguson P99, a four-wheeldrive design, was the last front-engined F1 car to enter a worldchampionship race. It was entered in the 1961 British Grand Prix, theonly front-engined car to compete that year.[12]

The first British World Champion was Mike Hawthorn, who drove aFerrari to the title during the 1958 season. However, when ColinChapman entered F1 as a chassis designer and later founder of Team Lotus, British racing green came todominate the field for the next decade. Between Brabham, Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart, John Surtees, GrahamHill, and Denny Hulme, British teams and Commonwealth drivers won twelve world championships between1962 and 1973.

During 1962, Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium-sheet monocoque chassis instead of the traditionalspace-frame design. This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since the introduction ofmid-engined cars. During 1968, Lotus painted Imperial Tobacco livery on their cars, thus introducingsponsorship to the sport.[13][14]

Aerodynamic downforce slowly gained importance in car design from the appearance of aerofoils during thelate 1960s. During the late 1970s, Lotus introduced ground-effect aerodynamics that provided enormousdownforce and greatly increased cornering speeds (previously used on Jim Hall's Chaparral 2J during 1970).So great were the aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to the track (up to 5 times the car's weight),extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant ride height, leaving the suspension virtually solid,


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Nigel Mansell's Williams FW10 from1985

Damon Hill's Williams FW18 from1996. The FW18 was one of the mostsuccessful cars of the era

depending entirely on the tyres for any small amount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities ofthe road surface.[15]

Big business

Beginning in the 1970s, Bernie Ecclestone rearranged themanagement of Formula One's commercial rights; he is widelycredited with transforming the sport into the billion-dollar business itis now.[16][17] When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team during1971 he gained a seat on the Formula One Constructors' Associationand during 1978 became its President. Previously the circuit ownerscontrolled the income of the teams and negotiated with eachindividually, however Ecclestone persuaded the teams to "hunt as apack" through FOCA.[17] He offered Formula One to circuit ownersas a package which they could take or leave. In return for thepackage almost all are required to surrender trackside advertising.[16]

The formation of the Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile(FISA) during 1979 set off the FISA–FOCA controversy, duringwhich FISA and its president Jean-Marie Balestre disputed repeatedlywith FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations.[18]

The Guardian said of FOCA that Ecclestone and Max Mosley "usedit to wage a guerrilla war with a very long-term aim in view." FOCAthreatened to establish a rival series, boycotted a Grand Prix andFISA withdrew its sanction from races.[16] The result was the 1981Concorde Agreement, which guaranteed technical stability, as teamswere to be given reasonable notice of new regulations.[19] AlthoughFISA asserted its right to the TV revenues, it handed theadministration of those rights to FOCA.[citation needed]

FISA imposed a ban on ground effect aerodynamics during 1983.[20] By then, however, turbochargedengines, which Renault had pioneered in 1977, were producing over 700 bhp (520 kW) and were essential tobe competitive. By 1986, a BMW turbocharged engine achieved a flash reading of 5.5 bar pressure,estimated to be over 1,300 bhp (970 kW) in qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. The next year power inrace trim reached around 1,100 bhp (820 kW), with boost pressure limited to only 4.0 bar.[21] These carswere the most powerful open-wheel circuit racing cars ever. To reduce engine power output and thus speeds,the FIA limited fuel tank capacity in 1984 and boost pressures in 1988 before banning turbocharged enginescompletely in 1989.[22]

The development of electronic driver aids began during the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a system of activesuspension which first appeared during 1982 on the F1 Lotus 91 and Lotus Esprit road car. By 1987, thissystem had been perfected and was driven to victory by Ayrton Senna in the Monaco Grand Prix that year. Inthe early 1990s, other teams followed suit and semi-automatic gearboxes and traction control were a naturalprogression. The FIA, due to complaints that technology was determining the outcome of races more thandriver skill, banned many such aids for 1994. This resulted in cars that were previously dependent onelectronic aids becoming very "twitchy" and difficult to drive (notably the Williams FW16), and manyobservers felt the ban on driver aids was in name only as they "have proved difficult to policeeffectively".[23]

The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement during 1992 and a third in 1997, which expired on the lastday of 2007.[24]


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Michael Schumacher won fiveconsecutive titles with Ferrari

On the track, the McLaren and Williams teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s, with Brabham also beingcompetitive during the early part of the 1980s, winning two drivers' championships with Nelson Piquet.Powered by Porsche, Honda, and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won sixteen championships (seven constructors',nine drivers') in that period, while Williams used engines from Ford, Honda, and Renault to also win sixteentitles (nine constructors', seven drivers'). The rivalry between racers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost becameF1's central focus during 1988, and continued until Prost retired at the end of 1993. Senna died at the 1994San Marino Grand Prix after crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello, having takenover Prost's lead drive at Williams that year. The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards sincethat weekend, during which Roland Ratzenberger also lost his life in an accident during Saturday qualifying.No driver has died on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car since, though two track marshals have losttheir lives, one at the 2000 Italian Grand Prix,[25] and the other at the 2001 Australian Grand Prix.[25]

Since the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, the FIA hasused safety as a reason to impose rule changes which otherwise, under the Concorde Agreement, would havehad to be agreed upon by all the teams — most notably the changes introduced for 1998. This so-called'narrow track' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a narrower track overall and the introduction of'grooved' tyres to reduce mechanical grip. There would be four grooves, on the front and rear — althoughinitially three on the front tyres in the first year — that ran through the entire circumference of the tyre. Theobjective was to reduce cornering speeds and to produce racing similar to rain conditions by enforcing asmaller contact patch between tyre and track. This, according to the FIA, was to promote driver skill andprovide a better spectacle.[citation needed]

Results have been mixed as the lack of mechanical grip has resulted in the more ingenious designers clawingback the deficit with aerodynamic grip — pushing more force onto the tyres through wings, aerodynamicdevices etc. — which in turn has resulted in less overtaking as these devices tend to make the wake behindthe car 'dirty' (turbulent), preventing other cars from following closely, due to their dependence on 'clean' airto make the car stick to the track. The grooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being ofa harder compound, to be able to hold the groove tread blocks, which resulted in spectacular accidents intimes of aerodynamic grip failure (e.g., rear wing failures), as the harder compound could not grip the trackas well.

Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton) and Ferrari, dubbed the "Big Four", wonevery World Championship from 1984 to 2008 and the teams themselves won every Constructors'Championship from 1979 to 2008. Due to the technological advances of the 1990s, the cost of competing inFormula One increased dramatically. This increased financial burden, combined with four teams' dominance(largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams tostruggle not only to remain competitive, but to stay in business. Financial troubles forced several teams towithdraw. Since 1990, twenty-eight teams have withdrawn from Formula One. This has prompted formerJordan owner Eddie Jordan to say the days of competitive privateers are over.[26]

Manufacturers' return

Michael Schumacher and Ferrari won an unprecedented fiveconsecutive drivers’ championships (2000–2004) and six consecutiveconstructors’ championships (1999–2004). Schumacher set many newrecords, including those for Grand Prix wins (91), wins in a season(13 of 18), and most drivers' championships (7).[27] Schumacher'schampionship streak ended on 25 September 2005 when Renaultdriver Fernando Alonso became Formula One’s youngest champion atthat time. During 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again.Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 after sixteen years in FormulaOne, but came out of retirement for the 2010 season, racing for thenewly formed Mercedes GP.


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During this period the championship rules were changed frequently by the FIA with the intention ofimproving the on-track action and cutting costs.[28] Team orders, legal since the championship started during1950, were banned during 2002 after several incidents in which teams openly manipulated race results,generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix. Other changesincluded the qualifying format, the points scoring system, the technical regulations, and rules specifying howlong engines and tyres must last. A 'tyre war' between suppliers Michelin and Bridgestone saw lap times fall,although at the 2005 United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis seven out of ten teams did not race when theirMichelin tyres were deemed unsafe for use. During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a ‘green’ future for FormulaOne, in which efficient use of energy would become an important factor.[29] And the tyre war ended, asBridgestone became the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season.

Since 1983, Formula One had been dominated by specialist race teams like Williams, McLaren, andBenetton, using engines supplied by large car manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Renault, and Ford.Starting in 2000, with Ford’s creation of the largely unsuccessful Jaguar team, new manufacturer-ownedteams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure of Alfa Romeo and Renault at the end of1985. By 2006, the manufacturer teams–Renault, BMW, Toyota, Honda, and Ferrari–dominated thechampionship, taking five of the first six places in the constructors' championship. The sole exception wasMcLaren, which at the time was part-owned by Mercedes Benz. Through the Grand Prix ManufacturersAssociation (GPMA) they negotiated a larger share of Formula One’s commercial profit and a greater say inthe running of the sport.[citation needed]

Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers

In 2008 and 2009 Honda, BMW, and Toyota all withdrew from Formula One racing within the space of ayear, blaming the economic recession. This resulted in the end of manufacturer dominance within the sport.The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to become Brawn GP with the notable F1 designerRoss Brawn and Nick Fry running and owning the majority of the organisation. Brawn GP went through apainful size reduction laying off hundreds of employees but eventually won the year's world championshipswith Jenson Button and Rubens Barrichello. BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the teamPeter Sauber. The Lotus F1 Team (of 2012 - NOTE: this is not the same team as Team Lotus of 2010-11) areanother, formerly manufacturer-owned team that has reverted to "privateer" ownership; with the buy-out ofthe Renault F1 Team, by Genii Capital investors in recent years. A link with their previous owners stillsurvives however; with their current car still powered by a Renault V8.

McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes Benz (McLaren'spartnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the McLaren Mercedes SLR road carproject and tough F1 championships which included McLaren being found guilty of spying on Ferrari).Hence, during the 2010 season Mercedes Benz re-entered the sport as a manufacturer after its purchase ofBrawn GP, and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with the team. This leaves Mercedes, McLaren andFerrari as the only car manufacturers in the sport.

AT&T Williams confirmed towards the end of 2009 their new engine deal with Cosworth, who also suppliedthe wave of new teams Virgin Racing, Hispania Racing F1, and the newly formed Lotus Racing team. Theexit of car manufacturers has also paved the way for teams representing their countries, with some having thefunding by their respective national governments (such as Lotus being funded by Malaysia, Lotus Cars beingowned by Proton, a Malaysian manufacturer, and Lotus Racing being run by Tony Fernandes, a Malaysianbusiness man known for his Asian low-cost airline). Williams later rejoined with Renault in 2012, rekindling apartnership that dates back to the early to mid 1990s.

Political disputes

FISA–FOCA war


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Bernie Ecclestone isknown as the "F1Supremo", and is the CEOof FOM and FOA

Main article: FISA–FOCA war

The battle for control of Formula One was contested between the Fédération Internationale du SportAutomobile (FISA), at the time an autonomous subcommittee of the FIA, and FOCA (the Formula OneConstructors' Association).

The beginnings of the dispute are numerous, and many of the underlying reasons may be lost in history. Theteams (excepting Ferrari and the other major manufacturers – Renault and Alfa Romeo in particular) were ofthe opinion that their rights and ability to compete against the larger and better funded teams were beingnegatively affected by a perceived bias on the part of the controlling organisation (FISA) toward the majormanufacturers.

In addition, the battle revolved around the commercial aspects of the sport (the FOCA teams were unhappywith the disbursement of proceeds from the races) and the technical regulations which, in FOCA's opinion,tended to be malleable according to the nature of the transgressor more than the nature of the transgression.

The war culminated in a FOCA boycott of the 1982 San Marino Grand Prix months later. In theory, all FOCAteams were supposed to boycott the Grand Prix as a sign of solidarity and complaint at the handling of theregulations and financial compensation (and extreme opposition to the accession of Balestre to the positionof FISA president: both Colin Chapman of Lotus and Frank Williams of Williams stated clearly that theywould not continue in Formula One with Balestre as its governor). In practice, several of the FOCA teamsbacked out of the boycott, citing "sponsor obligations". Notable among these were the Tyrrell and Tolemanteams.

FIA–FOTA dispute

Main article: FIA–FOTA dispute

During the 2009 season of Formula One, the sport was gripped in a governance crisis. The FIA PresidentMax Mosley proposed numerous cost cutting measures for the following season, including an optional budgetcap for the teams;[30] teams electing to take the budget cap would be granted greater technical freedom,adjustable front and rear wings and an engine not subject to a rev limiter.[30] The Formula One TeamsAssociation (FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to have such technical freedom would have created a‘two-tier’ championship, and thus requested urgent talks with the FIA. However talks broke down and FOTAteams announced, with the exception of Williams and Force India,[31][32] that ‘they had no choice’ but toform a breakaway championship series.[32]

On 24 June, an agreement was reached between Formula One's governing bodyand the teams to prevent a breakaway series. It was agreed teams must cutspending to the level of the early 1990s within two years; exact figures were notspecified,[33] and Max Mosley agreed he would not stand for re-election to theFIA presidency in October.[34] Following further disagreements after MaxMosley suggested he would stand for re-election,[35] FOTA made it clear thatbreakaway plans were still being pursued. On 8 July, FOTA issued a press releasestating they had been informed they were not entered for the 2010 season,[36]

and an FIA press release said the FOTA representatives had walked out of themeeting.[37] On 1 August, it was announced FIA and FOTA had signed a newConcorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's futureuntil 2012.[38]

Outside the World Championship


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The terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous; since 1984,every Formula One race has counted towards an official FIA World Championship, and every WorldChampionship race has been held to Formula One regulations.[39] In the earlier history of Formula One,many races took place outside the world championship, and local championships run to Formula Oneregulations also occurred. These events often took place on circuits that were not suitable for the WorldChampionship, and featured local cars and drivers as well as those competing in the Championship.[7]

European non-championship racing

In the early years of Formula One, before the world championship was established, there were around twentyraces held from late Spring to early Autumn in Europe, although not all of these were considered significant.Most competitive cars came from Italy, particularly Alfa Romeo. After the start of the world championship,these non-championship races continued. In the 1950s and 1960s, there were many Formula One races whichdid not count for the World Championship; in 1950 a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, ofwhich only six counted towards the World Championship.[39] In 1952 and 1953, when the worldchampionship was run for Formula Two cars, non-championship events were the only Formula One races thattook place. Some races, particularly in the UK, including the Race of Champions, Oulton Park InternationalGold Cup and the International Trophy, were attended by the majority of the world championshipcontenders. Other smaller events were regularly held in locations not part of the championship, such as theSyracuse and Danish Grands Prix, although these only attracted a small amount of the championship teamsand relied on private entries and lower Formula cars to make up the grid.[7] These became less commonthrough the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship Formula One race; the 1983 Race of Championsat Brands Hatch, won by reigning World Champion Keke Rosberg in a Williams-Cosworth in a close fightwith American Danny Sullivan.[7]

South African Formula One championship

Main article: South African Formula One Championship

South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975. Thefrontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship although there was also ahealthy selection of locally built or modified machines. Frontrunning drivers from the series usually contestedtheir local World Championship Grand Prix, as well as occasional European events, although they had littlesuccess at that level.[citation needed]

British Formula One Series

Main article: British Formula One Series

The DFV helped make the UK domestic Formula One series possible between 1978 and 1980. As in SouthAfrica a decade before, second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and Fittipaldi Automotive were theorder of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were built specifically for the series. In 1980, theseries saw South African Desiré Wilson become the only woman to win a Formula One race when shetriumphed at Brands Hatch in a Wolf WR3.[40]

Main articles: Formula One racing, Racing flags, and Formula One regulations

A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It begins with two free practice sessions on Friday(except in Monaco, where Friday practices are moved to Thursday), and one free practice on Saturday.Additional drivers (commonly known as third drivers) are allowed to run on Fridays, but only two cars may


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Nick Heidfeld and Nico Rosberg onthe street circuit of Albert Park in the2008 Australian Grand Prix.

A typical pitwall control centre, fromwhich the team managers andstrategists communicate with theirdrivers and engineers over the courseof a testing session or a race weekend.

be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up his seat. Aqualifying session is held after the last free practice session. Thissession determines the starting order for the race on Sunday.[41][42]

Qualifying

For much of the sport'shistory, qualifying sessionsdiffered little from practicesessions; drivers would haveone or more entire sessions inwhich to attempt to set theirfastest time, sometimes withina limited number of attempts, with the grid order determined by eachdriver's best single lap, fastest (on pole position) to slowest. Gridswere limited to the fastest 26 cars and drivers had to lap within 107%of the pole sitter's time to qualify for the race; the 107% rule wasre-introduced for 2011. Other formats have included Fridaypre-qualifying, and sessions in which each driver was allowed onlyone qualifying lap, run separately in a predetermined order.

The current qualifying system was adopted for the 2006 season. Known as "knock-out" qualifying, it is splitinto three periods (or rounds). In each period, drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to advance to the nextperiod, running as many laps as they wish, with the slowest drivers being "knocked out" at the end of theperiod and their grid positions set, based on their best lap times. Cars are eliminated in this manner until 10cars remain eligible to attempt to qualify for pole position in the third and final period. For each period, allprevious times are reset, and only a driver's fastest lap in that period (barring infractions) counts. For allperiods, any timed lap started before the chequered flag falls signalling the end of that period may becompleted, and will count toward that driver's placement, even if they cross the finish line after the periodhas ended.[41][43] In the first two periods, cars may run any tyre compound they wish, and drivers eliminatedin these periods are allowed to change their choice of tyres prior to the race. Cars taking part in the finalperiod, however, must start the race with the tyres used during their fastest lap (exactly the same tyres, notjust the same compound), barring changes in weather that require usage of wet-weather tyres. With refuellingnot allowed during races from 2010, the final session is run with low-fuel configuration and the cars arerefuelled after qualifying.

The knock-out format has received minor updates since its inception, such as adjustments to the number ofdrivers eliminated in each period as the total number of cars entered has changed.[44] Currently, for a 24-cargrid, all 24 cars take part in the first period. At the end of the period, the slowest seven cars are eliminatedand take up the last seven grid positions (18 to 24). In the second period, the remaining seventeen cars takepart, with seven more cars eliminated at the end, taking the next seven lowest grid positions (11 to 17). In thethird and final period, the remaining 10 cars compete for pole position, and fill grid positions 1 through10.[41]

The race

The race begins with a warm-up lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the order theyqualified. This lap is often referred to as the formation lap, as the cars lap in formation with no overtaking(although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground provided he has not fallen to the back of thefield). The warm-up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the track and their car, gives the tyres achance to warm up to increase traction, and gives the pit crews time to clear themselves and their equipmentfrom the grid.


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When required, the safety car (above,driven by Bernd Mayländer) will leadthe field around the circuit at reducedspeed, until race officials deem therace safe to continue.

Once all the cars have formed on the grid, a light system above the track indicates the start of the race: fivered lights are illuminated at intervals of one second; they are all then extinguished simultaneously after anunspecified time (typically less than 3 seconds) to signal the start of the race. The start procedure may beabandoned if a driver stalls on the grid, signalled by raising his arm. If this happens the procedure restarts: anew formation lap begins with the offending car removed from the grid. The race may also be restarted in theevent of a serious accident or dangerous conditions, with the original start voided. The race may be startedfrom behind the Safety Car if officials feel a racing start would be excessively dangerous, such as extremelyheavy rainfall. There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car.[45]

Under normal circumstances the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line having completeda set number of laps, which added together should give a distance of approximately 305 km (190 mi) (260 km(160 mi) for Monaco). Race officials may end the race early (putting out a red flag) due to unsafe conditionssuch as extreme rainfall, and it must finish within two hours, although races are only likely to last this long inthe case of extreme weather. Drivers may overtake one another for position over the course of the race andare 'Classified' in the order they finished the race. If a leader comes across a back marker (slower car) whohas completed fewer laps, the back marker is shown a blue flag[46] telling him he is obliged to allow theleader to overtake him. The slower car is said to be 'lapped' and, once the leader finishes the race, is classifiedas finishing the race 'one lap down'. A driver can be lapped numerous times, by any car in front of him. Adriver who fails to finish a race, through mechanical problems, accident, or any other reason is said to haveretired from the race and is 'Not Classified' in the results. However, if the driver has completed more than90% of the race distance, he will be classified.

Throughout the race drivers may make pit stops to change tyres andrepair damage (until the 2010 season they could also refuel). Differentteams and drivers employ different pit stop strategies in order tomaximise their car's potential. Two tyre compounds, with differentdurability and adhesion characteristics, are available to drivers. Overthe course of a race, drivers must use both. One compound will havea performance advantage over the other, and choosing when to usewhich compound is a key tactical decision to make. The prime andoption tyres have different colours on their sidewalls; this allowsspectators to understand the strategies. Under wet conditions driversmay switch to one of two specialised wet weather tyres withadditional grooves (one "intermediate", for mild wet conditions, suchas after recent rain, one "full wet", for racing in or immediately afterrain). If rain tyres are used, drivers are no longer obliged to use bothtypes of dry tyres. A driver must make at least one stop to use bothtyre compounds; up to three stops are typically made, althoughfurther stops may be necessary to fix damage or if weather conditionschange.

Race directorAs of 2012 the race director in Formula One is Charlie Whiting.This role involves him generally managing the logistics of eachF1 Grand Prix, inspecting cars in Parc fermé before a race,enforcing FIA rules and controlling the lights which start eachrace. As the head of the race officials he also plays a large rolein sorting disputes amongst teams and drivers. Penalties, suchas drive-through penalties (and stop-and-go penalties),demotions on a pre-race start grid, race disqualifications, andfines can all be handed out should parties break regulations.

Safety carIn the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside race marshals, race officialsmay choose to deploy the safety car. This in effect suspends the race, with drivers following the safety


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Position Points1st 252nd 183rd 154th 125th 106th 87th 68th 49th 210th 1

Points awardedfor finishing

car around the track at its speed in race order, with overtaking not permitted. The safety car circulatesuntil the danger is cleared; after it comes in the race restarts with a 'rolling start'. Pit stops are permittedunder the safety car. Mercedes-Benz supplies Mercedes-AMG models to Formula One to use as thesafety cars. Since 2000,[47] the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver BerndMayländer. On the lap in which the safety car returns back into the pits the leading car takes over therole of the safety car until the first safety car line, which is usually a white line after the pit laneentrance. After crossing this line drivers are allowed to start racing for track position once more.

Red flagIn the event of a major incident or unsafe weather conditions, the race may be red-flagged. Then:

If under 3 laps have been completed when the red flag is displayed, the race is restarted fromoriginal grid positions. All drivers may restart, provided their car is in a fit state to do so.If between 3 laps and 75% of the race distance have been completed, the race may be restartedonce it is safe to do so, maintaining the race order at the time of the red flag. The two-hour timelimit still applies however the clock stops when the race is suspended and restarts when itresumes.If more than 75% of the race distance has been completed then the race is (often but not always)terminated and the race result counted back to the second last completed lap before the red flag.

The format of the race has changed little through Formula One's history. The main changes have revolvedaround what is allowed at pit stops. In the early days of Grand Prix racing, a driver would be allowed tocontinue a race in his teammate's car should his develop a problem—currently cars are so carefully fitted todrivers that it became impossible. In recent years, the focus has been on changing refuelling and tyre changeregulations. From the 2010 season, refuelling—which was reintroduced in 1994—is not allowed, toencourage less tactical racing following safety concerns. The rule requiring both compounds of tyre to beused during the race was introduced in 2007, again to encourage racing on the track. The safety car isanother relatively recent innovation that reduced the need to deploy the red flag, allowing races to becompleted on time for a growing international live television audience.

Points system

Main article: List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems

Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. As of2010, the top ten cars are awarded points, the winner receiving 25 points. The totalnumber of points won at each race are added up, and the driver and constructor with themost points at the end of the season are World Champions. If both a team's cars finish inthe points, they both receive Constructors Championship points. Nevertheless, theDrivers and Constructors Championships often have different results.

To receive points, a driver must be classified. Strictly speaking, in order to be classified, adriver need not finish the race, but complete at least 90% of the winner's race distance.Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive some points even if he retired before theend of the race.

In the event that less than 75% of the race laps are completed by the winner, only half ofthe points listed in the table are awarded to the drivers and constructors for the listedpositions. This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship,and it has decided the championship winner on one occasion. The last occurrence was atthe 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix when the race was called off after 31 laps due totorrential rain.[48] This was the first time half points were awarded since the 1991Australian Grand Prix.

A driver can switch teams during the season and, for the Drivers Championship, keep all points gained at theprevious team.


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McLaren (pictured with Senna) won allbut one race in 1988 with enginepartner Honda, and remains achampionship contender in the presentday

Ferrari have competed in every season,and hold the record for the most titles

In 2010, Formula One modified its points system, giving points to the first ten drivers instead of eight or six inprevious years.

See also: List of Formula One constructors and List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions

Since 1981,[49] Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete, andconsequently the terms "team" and "constructor" became more or less interchangeable. This requirementdistinguishes the sport from series such as the IndyCar Series which allows teams to purchase chassis, and"spec series" such as GP2, which require all cars be kept to an identical specification. It also effectivelyprohibits privateers, which were common even in Formula One well into the 1970s.

The sport's debut season, 1950, saw eighteen teams compete, but dueto high costs many dropped out quickly. In fact, such was the scarcityof competitive cars for much of the first decade of Formula One thatFormula Two cars were admitted to fill the grids. Ferrari is the onlystill-active team which competed in 1950.

Early manufacturer involvement came in the form of a "factory team"or "works team" (that is, one owned and staffed by a major carcompany), such as those of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, or Renault. Afterhaving virtually disappeared by the early 1980s, factory teams made acomeback in the 1990s and 2000s and formed up to half the grid withFerrari, Jaguar, BMW, Renault, Toyota, and Honda either setting uptheir own teams or buying out existing ones. Mercedes-Benz owned40% of the McLaren team and manufactures the team's engines.Factory teams make up the top competitive teams; in 2008 whollyowned factory teams took four of the top five positions in the

Constructors' Championship, and McLaren the other. Ferrari holds the record for having won the mostConstructors' Championships (fifteen). However by the end of the 2000s factory teams were once again onthe decline with only Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and Renault lodging entries to the 2010 championship.

Companies such as Climax, Repco, Cosworth, Hart, Judd andSupertec, which had no direct team affiliation, often sold engines toteams that could not afford to manufacture them. In the early years,independently owned Formula One teams sometimes also built theirengines, though this became less common with the increasedinvolvement of major car manufacturers such as BMW, Ferrari,Honda, Mercedes-Benz, Renault, and Toyota, whose large budgetsrendered privately built engines less competitive. Cosworth are thelast independent engine supplier. Beginning in 2007, themanufacturers' deep pockets and engineering ability took over,eliminating the last of the independent engine manufacturers.[50] It is estimated the major teams spendbetween €100 and €200 million ($125–$225 million) per year per manufacturer on engines alone.[51]

In the 2007 season, for the first time since the 1984 rule, two teams used chassis built by other teams. SuperAguri started the season using a modified Honda Racing RA106 chassis (used by Honda in the 2006 season),while Scuderia Toro Rosso used a modified Red Bull Racing RB3 chassis (same as the one used by Red Bullin the 2007 season). This decision did not come as a surprise as costs were increasing, Super Aguri waspartially owned by Honda, and Toro Rosso half-owned by Red Bull. Formula One team Spyker raised acomplaint against this decision, and other teams such as McLaren and Ferrari have officially confirmed theysupport the campaign. Because of this use of other teams' chassis, the 2006 season could have been the last


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The Formula One Drivers' trophy,awarded to the driver finishing first inthe championship. The trophy isinscribed with the signature of everyFormula One world drivers championsince the championship's inception.

one in which the terms "team" and "constructor" were truly interchangeable. This attracted the Prodrive teamto F1 to the 2008 season, where it intended to run a customer car. After not being able to secure a packagefrom McLaren, Prodrive's intention to enter the 2008 season was dropped after Williams threatened legalaction against them. Now, it seems customer cars will be formally banned in 2010.[52]

Although teams rarely disclose information about their budgets, it is estimated they range from US$66 millionto US$400 million each.[53]

Entering a new team in the Formula One World Championship requires a £25 million (about US$47 million)up-front payment to the FIA, which is then repaid to the team over the course of the season. As aconsequence, constructors desiring to enter Formula One often prefer to buy an existing team: B.A.R.'spurchase of Tyrrell and Midland's purchase of Jordan allowed both of these teams to sidestep the largedeposit and secure the benefits the team already had, such as TV revenue.

See also: List of Formula One drivers and List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

Every team in Formula One must run two cars in every session in aGrand Prix weekend, and every team may use up to four drivers in aseason.[42] A team may also run two additional drivers in FreePractice sessions,[42] which are often used to test potential newdrivers for a career as a Formula One driver or gain experienceddrivers to evaluate the car.[54][55] Most modern drivers are contractedfor at least the duration of a season, with driver changes taking placein between season, in comparison to early years where drivers oftencompeted at an ad hoc basis from race to race. Each competitor mustbe in the possession of a FIA Super Licence to compete in a GrandPrix,[56] which is issued to drivers who have met the criteria ofsuccess in junior motorsport categories and having achieved 300kilometres (190 mi) of running in a Formula One car. Drivers mayalso be issued a Super License by the World Motor Sport Council ifthey fail to meet the criteria.[56] Teams also contract test and reservedrivers, to stand in for regular drivers when necessary and developthe teams car; although with the reduction on testing the reservedrivers role mainly takes places on a simulator.[57] Although mostdrivers earn their seat on ability, commercial considerations also comeinto play with teams having to satisfy sponsors and financial demands.

Each driver is assigned a number for the season. The previousseason's champion is designated number one, with his team-mategiven number 2. Numbers are then assigned in the previous season's constructors' championship order,[58]

with the exception of the number 13, unused since 1976.[59] Historically, before the 1996 Formula Oneseason, teams would hold their race numbers from season to season, with only the world champion and theirteam-mate changing numbers to accommodate the number one.[60] The numbers were based upon theconstructors standings from the 1973 season, which gave way to numbers being associated with a team, suchas Ferrari's 27 and 28.[58] If the reigning driver's champion retires from Formula One, leading driver has theoption of using the number 0 or 2; 0 was used in 1993 and 1994; with the retirement of Nigel Mansell andAlain Prost, Damon Hill used zero.[60] Jody Scheckter also used the number zero for two races toward theend of the 1973 season, though it is unclear why.


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GP2, the main F1 feeder series

DTM has become a populardestination for retired F1 drivers

A total of 32 separate drivers have won the world championship, with Michael Schumacher holding therecord for most championships with seven, as well as holding the race wins and pole position records. JuanManuel Fangio has won the next most, with five championships won during the 1950s, as well as having wonthe greatest percentage of wins, with 24 out of 52 entries. Jochen Rindt is the only posthumous WorldChampion, after his points total was not overhauled despite his fatal accident at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix.Drivers from the United Kingdom have been the most successful in the sport, with 14 championships from 10drivers, and 214 wins from 19 drivers.

Feeder series

Most F1 drivers start in kart racing competitions, and then come upthrough traditional European single seater series like Formula Fordand Formula Renault to Formula 3, and finally the GP2 Series. GP2started in 2005, replacing Formula 3000, which itself had replacedFormula Two as the last major "stepping stone" into F1. Mostchampions from this level graduate into F1, but 2006 GP2 championLewis Hamilton became the first F2, F3000 or GP2 champion to winthe Formula One driver's title in 2008.[61] Drivers are not required tohave competed at this level before entering Formula One. British F3has supplied many F1 drivers, with champions including NigelMansell, Ayrton Senna and Mika Häkkinen having moved straight

from that series to Formula One. More rarely a driver may be picked from an even lower level, as was thecase with 2007 World Champion Kimi Räikkönen, who went straight from Formula Renault to F1.

American Championship Car Racing has also contributed to the Formula One grid with mixed results. CARTChampions Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve became F1 World Champions, while Juan Pablo Montoyawon seven races in F1. Other CART (also known as ChampCar) Champions, like Michael Andretti andAlessandro Zanardi won no races in F1. Other drivers have taken different paths to F1; Damon Hill racedmotorbikes, and Michael Schumacher raced in sports cars, albeit after climbing through the junior singleseater ranks. To race, however, the driver must hold an FIA Super Licence–ensuring that the driver has therequisite skills, and will not therefore be a danger to others. Some drivers have not had the license when firstsigned to a F1 team; Räikkönen received the license despite having only 23 car races to his credit.

Beyond F1

Most F1 drivers retire in their mid to late 30s; however, many keepracing in disciplines which are less physically demanding. TheGerman touring car championship, the DTM, is a popular categoryinvolving ex-drivers such as two-time champion Mika Häkkinen andF1 race winners Jean Alesi, David Coulthard and Ralf Schumacher.Some F1 drivers have left to race in the United States—Nigel Manselland Emerson Fittipaldi duelled for the 1993 CART title, while JacquesVilleneuve, Juan Pablo Montoya, Nelson Piquet Jr and Scott Speedhave moved to NASCAR. Some drivers, such as Vitantonio Liuzzi,Narain Karthikeyan and Jos Verstappen went on to race in the A1Grand Prix series. Since its inaugural season in 2008, SuperleagueFormula has attracted such ex-Formula One drivers as SébastienBourdais, Antônio Pizzonia and Giorgio Pantano. A series for former Formula One drivers, called Grand PrixMasters, ran briefly in 2005 and 2006.[62] Others, like Jackie Stewart, Gerhard Berger and Alain Prost,returned to F1 as team owners while their former competitors have become colour commentators for TVcoverage such as James Hunt (BBC), Martin Brundle (BBC, ITV and Sky), David Coulthard (BBC), LucianoBurti for Globo (Brazil), and Jean Alesi for Italian national network RAI. Others, such as Damon Hill andJackie Stewart take active roles in running motorsport in their own countries. Carlos Reutemann became a


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Cars wind through the infield sectionof the Indianapolis Motor Speedway atthe 2003 United States Grand Prix.

politician and served as governor of his native state in Argentina.

See also: List of Formula One Grands Prix

The number of Grands Prix held in a season has varied over the years. Only seven races comprised theinaugural 1950 world championship season; over the years the calendar has almost tripled in size. Though thenumber of races had stayed at sixteen or seventeen since the 1980s, it peaked at nineteen in both 2005 &2010. The 2011 season was expected to have 20 races, however there were only 19 races as the BahrainGrand Prix was postponed, then later cancelled due to political disputes in the country.

Six of the original seven races took place in Europe; the only non-European race that counted towards theWorld Championship in 1950 was the Indianapolis 500, which, due to lack of participation by F1 teams, sinceit required cars with different specifications from the other races, was later replaced by the United StatesGrand Prix. The F1 championship gradually expanded to other non-European countries as well. Argentinahosted the first South American grand prix in 1953, and Morocco hosted the first African WorldChampionship race in 1958. Asia (Japan in 1976) and Oceania (Australia in 1985) followed. The nineteenraces are spread over the continents of Europe, Asia, Oceania, North America and South America.

Traditionally each nation has hosted a single Grand Prix, whichcarries the name of the country. If a single country hosts multipleGrands Prix in a year they receive different names. For instance, aEuropean country (such as Britain, Germany or Spain) which hashosted two Grands Prix has the second one known as the EuropeanGrand Prix, while Italy's second grand prix was named after nearbyrepublic of San Marino. Similarly, as two races were scheduled inJapan in 1994/1995, the second event was known as the PacificGrand Prix. In 1982, the United States hosted three Grands Prix.

The Grands Prix, some of which have a history that pre-dates theFormula One World Championship, are not always held on the samecircuit every year. The British Grand Prix, for example, though held

every year since 1950, alternated between Brands Hatch and Silverstone from 1963 to 1986. The only otherrace to have been included in every season is the Italian Grand Prix. The World Championship event hastaken place exclusively at Monza with just one exception: in 1980, it was held at Imola, host to the SanMarino Grand Prix until 2006.

One of the newer races on the Grand Prix calendar, held in Bahrain, represents Formula One's first foray intothe Middle East with a high-tech purpose-built desert track. The Bahrain Grand Prix, and other new races inChina and Turkey, present new opportunities for the growth and evolution of the Formula One Grand Prixfranchise while new facilities also raise the bar for other Formula One racing venues around the world. Inorder to make room on the schedule for the newer races, older or less successful events in Europe and theAmericas have been dropped from the calendar, such as those in Argentina, Austria, Mexico, France and SanMarino.

Even more recent additions to the calendar include the Singapore Grand Prix which, in September 2008,hosted the first night race ever held in Formula One,[63] the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, which hosted the firstday-to-night race in November 2009, the Korean Grand Prix, first held in October 2010 and the Indian GrandPrix, first held in October 2011.[64]

The United States Grand Prix may return in Austin, Texas from 2012 to 2021,[65] the Grand Prix of Americawill be held in New Jersey from 2013[66] and a Russian Grand Prix will be hosted in Sochi from 2014 to


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Autódromo José Carlos Pace in SãoPaulo hosts the Brazilian Grand Prix

The Autodromo Nazionale Monza,home to the Italian Grand Prix, is oneof the oldest circuits still in use inFormula One

2020.[67]

See also: List of Formula One circuits

A typical circuit usually features a stretch of straight road on whichthe starting grid is situated. The pit lane, where the drivers stop forfuel, tyres, or minor repairs (such as changing the car's nose due tofront wing damage) during the race, and where the teams work on thecars before the race, is normally located next to the starting grid. Thelayout of the rest of the circuit varies widely, although in most casesthe circuit runs in a clockwise direction. Those few circuits that runanticlockwise (and therefore have predominantly left-handed corners)can cause drivers neck problems due to the enormous lateral forcesgenerated by F1 cars pulling their heads in the opposite direction tonormal.

Most of the circuits currently in use are specially constructed forcompetition. The current street circuits are Monaco, Melbourne,Valencia, and Singapore, although races in other urban locations comeand go (Las Vegas and Detroit, for example) and proposals for suchraces are often discussed–most recently London and Paris. Severalcircuits have been completely or partially laid out on public roads,such as Spa-Francorchamps, although no course currently is. Theglamour and history of the Monaco race are the primary reasons whythe circuit is still in use, since it is thought not to meet the strict safetyrequirements imposed on other tracks. Three-time World championNelson Piquet famously described racing in Monaco as "like riding abicycle around your living room".[68]

Circuit design to protect the safety of drivers is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as exemplified by thenew Bahrain International Circuit, added in 2004 and designed—like most of F1's new circuits—by HermannTilke. Several of the new circuits in F1, especially those designed by Tilke, have been criticised as lacking the"flow" of such classics as Spa-Francorchamps and Imola. His redesign of the Hockenheim circuit in Germanyfor example, while providing more capacity for grandstands and eliminating extremely long and dangerousstraights, has been frowned upon by many who argue that part of the character of the Hockenheim circuitswas the long and blinding straights into dark forest sections. These newer circuits, however, are generallyagreed to meet the safety standards of modern Formula One better than the older ones.

The most recent additions to the F1 calendar are Valencia,[69] Singapore,[70] Abu Dhabi,[71] Korea and India.

A single race requires hotel rooms to accommodate at least 5000 visitors.[72]

Main articles: Formula One car, Formula One engines, and Formula One tyres

Modern Formula One cars are mid-engined open cockpit, open wheel single-seaters. The chassis is madelargely of carbon-fibre composites, rendering it light but extremely stiff and strong. The whole car, includingengine, fluids and driver, weighs only 640 kg (1411 lbs)—the minimum weight set by the regulations. Theconstruction of the cars is typically lighter than the minimum and so they are ballasted up to the minimum


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A topdown view of the rear of a 2006McLaren MP4-21

A BMW Sauber P86 V8 engine, whichpowered their 2006 F1.06.

weight. The race teams take advantage of this by placing this ballastat the extreme bottom of the chassis, thereby locating the centre ofgravity as low as possible in order to improve handling and weighttransfer.[73]

The cornering speed of Formula One cars is largely determined by theaerodynamic downforce that they generate, which pushes the cardown onto the track. This is provided by "wings" mounted at the frontand rear of the vehicle, and by ground effect created by low pressureair under the flat bottom of the car. The aerodynamic design of thecars is very heavily constrained to limit performance and the currentgeneration of cars sport a large number of small winglets, "bargeboards", and turning vanes designed to closely control the flow of theair over, under, and around the car.

The other major factor controlling the cornering speed of the cars isthe design of the tyres. From 1998 to 2008, the tyres in Formula Onewere not "slicks" (tyres with no tread pattern) as in most other circuitracing series. Instead, each tyre had four large circumferentialgrooves on its surface designed to limit the cornering speed of thecars.[74] Slick tyres returned to Formula One in the 2009 season.Suspension is double wishbone or multilink front and rear, withpushrod operated springs and dampers on the chassis. The only exception being that of the 2009 specificationRed Bull Racing car (RB5) which used pullrod suspension at the rear, the first car to do so since the MinardiPS01 in 2001. Ferrari will be using pullrod suspension at both the front and rear in their 2012 car.[75]

Carbon-Carbon disc brakes are used for reduced weight and increased frictional performance. These providea very high level of braking performance and are usually the element which provokes the greatest reactionfrom drivers new to the formula.

Engines must be 2.4-litre naturally aspirated V8s, with many otherconstraints on their design and the materials that may be used.Engines run on unleaded fuel closely resembling publicly availablepetrol.[76] The oil which lubricates and protects the engine fromoverheating is very similar in viscosity to water. The 2006 generationof engines spun up to 20,000 RPM and produced up to 780 bhp(580 kW).[77] For 2007 engines were restricted to 19,000 rpm withlimited development areas allowed, following the engine specificationfreeze from the end of 2006.[78] For the 2009 Formula One seasonthe engines have been further restricted to 18,000 rpm.[79]

A wide variety of technologies—including active suspension, groundeffect, and turbochargers—are banned under the current regulations. Despite this the current generation ofcars can reach speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph) at some circuits.[80] The highest straight line speed recordedduring a Grand Prix was 369.9 km/h (229.8 mph), set by Antônio Pizzonia during the 2004 Italian GrandPrix.[81] A Honda Formula One car, running with minimum downforce on a runway in the Mojave desertachieved a top speed of 415 km/h (258 mph) in 2006. According to Honda, the car fully met the FIA FormulaOne regulations.[82] Even with the limitations on aerodynamics, at 160 km/h (99 mph) aerodynamicallygenerated downforce is equal to the weight of the car, and the oft-repeated claim that Formula One carscreate enough downforce to "drive on the ceiling", while possible in principle, has never been put to the test.Downforce of 2.5 times the car's weight can be achieved at full speed. The downforce means that the carscan achieve a lateral force with a magnitude of up to 3.5 times that of the force of gravity (3.5g) in


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Estimated budget split of a Formula One team based on the 2006 season.

cornering.[83] Consequently, the driver's head is pulled sideways with a force equivalent to the weight of20 kg in corners. Such high lateral forces are enough to make breathing difficult and the drivers needsupreme concentration and fitness to maintain their focus for the one to two hours that it takes to completethe race. A high-performance road car like the Ferrari Enzo only achieves around 1g. [84]

As of 2010 each team may have no more than two cars available for use at any time. Each driver can use nomore than eight engines during a season; if more are used, he drops ten places on the starting grid of theevent at which an additional engine is used. Each driver may use no more than one gearbox for fourconsecutive events; every unscheduled gearbox change requires the driver to drop five places on the gridunless he failed to finish the previous race due to reasons beyond the team's control.[85]

Formula One is profitable formost parties involved—TVchannels make profits frombroadcasting the races, and teamsget a slice of the money from thesale of broadcasting rights andfrom the sponsor's logos on theircars.

The cost of building a brand newpermanent circuit like theChinese Shanghai InternationalCircuit can be up to hundreds ofmillions of dollars, while the costof converting a public road, suchas Albert Park, into a temporarycircuit is much less. Permanentcircuits, however, can generaterevenue all year round fromleasing the track for private racesand other races, such as MotoGP. The Shanghai circuit cost over $300 million.[86] The owners are hoping tobreak-even by 2014. The Istanbul Park circuit cost $150 million to build.[87]

In March 2007, F1 Racing published its annual estimates of spending by Formula One teams.[88] The totalspending of all eleven teams in 2006 was estimated at $2.9 billion US. This was broken down as follows:Toyota $418.5 million, Ferrari $406.5 m, McLaren $402 m, Honda $380.5 m, BMW Sauber $355 m, Renault$324 m, Red Bull $252 m, Williams $195.5 m, Midland F1/Spyker-MF1 $120 m, Toro Rosso $75 m, andSuper Aguri $57 million.

Costs vary greatly from team to team. Honda, Toyota, McLaren-Mercedes, and Ferrari are estimated to havespent approximately $200 million on engines in 2006, Renault spent approximately $125 million andCosworth's 2006 V8 was developed for $15 million.[89] In contrast to the 2006 season on which these figuresare based, the 2007 sporting regulations ban all performance related engine development.[90]

The FIA is responsible for making rules to combat the spiralling costs of Formula One racing (which affectsthe smaller teams the most) and for ensuring the sport remains as safe as possible, especially in the wake of


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A sign announcing that the safety car(SC) is deployed. Safety is ofparamount concern in F1 since 1994.

the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna in 1994. To thisend the FIA have instituted a number of rule changes, including newtyre restrictions, multi-race engines, and reductions on downforce.Safety and cost have traditionally been paramount in all rule-changediscussions. More recently the FIA has added efficiency to itspriorities. Currently the FIA and manufacturers are discussing addingbio-fuel engines and regenerative braking for the 2011 season or fromthe start of the 2014 season. Former FIA President Max Mosleybelieves Formula One must focus on efficiency to stay technologicallyrelevant in the automotive industry as well as keep the public excitedabout F1 technology.

In the interest of making the sport truer to its role as a WorldChampionship, FOM president Bernie Ecclestone has initiated andorganised a number of Grands Prix in new countries and continues todiscuss new future races. Confirmation for the 2011 Indian Grand Prix is only subject to the homologation ofthe circuit.[91] The United States Grand Prix will celebrate its return onto the Formula One calendar in2012,[92] and another American race, the Grand Prix of America in New Jersey will join the calendar in2013.[66] In October 2010, Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin signed an agreement with Ecclestoneestablishing the Russian Grand Prix in the Black Sea resort city of Sochi from 2014, with the circuit to be runin and around the site of the 2014 Winter Olympic Park.[93]

Formula One is also exploring the potential for a revival of the South African,[94] Argentine[95] and MexicanGrands Prix[96] while proposals for races to be held in Vietnam,[97] Ukraine[98] and Croatia[99] have alsobeen put forward. The sport's rapid expansion into new areas of the globe also leaves some question as towhich races will be cut.

In December 2010, reports emerged detailing new engine regulations set to take effect from 2013. The2.4-litre V8 engines used since 2006 will be reduced to 1.6-litre four-cylinder turbocharged enginesaugmented by the KERS device,[100] with projected power outputs predicting that the new engine formulawould remain constant from the 2006 design. The new engine regulations emphasise efficiency andeco-friendliness, and have been designed in an attempt to lure new engine suppliers back into the sport – withthe mass exodus of manufacturers Toyota, Honda and BMW ahead of the 2010 season, the number ofmanufacturers on the grid was at a thirty-year low, with just Ferrari, Mercedes, Renault and the independentCosworth supplying engines, the lowest since 1980. The new engines will reportedly consume 35% less fuelthan the pre-2013 engine formula.[101] However, after discussion among the teams, the FIA agreed topostpone the introduction of the new engine regulations until 2014 with a revised formula; rather than thepreviously agreed-upon four-cylinder turbocharged engines, the teams will instead use 1.6-litre turbochargedV6 engines limited to 15,000 rpm, with the power of energy recovery systems – such as KERS – to bedoubled.[102]

It has also been reported that ground effects – banned since 1983 – are being considered for a futurereturn.[103] In December 2010, a proposal created by Rory Byrne and Patrick Head emerged, which outlineddesign specifications that included the re-introduction of ground effects in addition to greatly reduceddownforce, and much smaller front and rear wings.[101] It had been estimated that the cars would becomeharder to drive – where drivers in 2010 can spend up to 70% of a lap at full throttle, they would have beenonly be able to spend 50% of the lap at full throttle from 2013.[101] Byrne and Head speculated that theirproposed regulations would make overtaking easier as a driver following another would lose less downforcewhen following closely courtesy of the car's shaped underside.[101] These proposals were abandoned infavour of only changing the aforementioned engine regulations in 2014.[104]


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Track photographers at the 2007British Grand Prix.

See also: List of Formula One broadcasters

Formula One can be seen live or tape delayed in almost every countryand territory around the world and attracts one of the largest globaltelevision audiences. The 2008 season attracted a global audience of600 million people per race.[105] It is a massive television event; thecumulative television audience was calculated to be 54 billion for the2001 season, broadcast to two hundred countries.[106]

During the early 2000s, Formula One Group created a number oftrademarks, an official logo, and an official website for the sport in anattempt to give it a corporate identity. Ecclestone experimented with a digital television package (knowncolloquially as Bernievision) which was launched at the 1996 German Grand Prix in cooperation withGerman digital television service "DF1", thirty years after the first GP colour TV broadcast, the 1967German Grand Prix. This service offered the viewer several simultaneous feeds (such as super signal, onboard, top of field, backfield, highlights, pit lane, timing) which were produced with cameras, technicalequipment and staff different from those used for the conventional coverage. It was introduced in manycountries over the years, but was shut down after the 2002 season for financial reasons.

TV stations all take what is known as the "World Feed", either produced by the FOM (Formula OneManagement) or occasionally, the "host broadcaster". The only station that originally differed from this was"Premiere"—a German channel which offers all sessions live and interactive, with features such as theonboard channel. This service was more widely available around Europe until the end of 2002, when the costof a whole different feed for the digital interactive services was thought too much. This was in large partbecause of the failure of the "F1 Digital +" Channel launched through Sky in the United Kingdom. Priceswere too high for viewers, considering they could watch both the qualifying and the races themselves free onITV.

However, upon the commencement of its coverage for the 2009 season, the BBC reintroducedcomplementary features such as the "red button" in-car camera angles, multiple soundtracks (broadcastcommentary, CBBC commentary for children, or ambient sound only) and a rolling highlights package.Different combinations of these features are available across the various digital platforms (Freeview, Freesat,Sky, Virgin Media cable and the BBC F1 web site) prior to, during, and after the race weekend. Not allservices are available across all the various platforms due to technical constraints. The BBC also broadcasts apost-race programme called "F1 Forum" on the digital terrestrial platforms' "red button" interactive services.

An announcement made on 12 January 2011, on the official Formula 1 website, announced that F1 wouldadopt the HD format for the 2011 season offering a world feed at a data rate of 42 Megabits/second (MPEG-2).[107] The BBC subsequently announced later that day that their 2011 F1 coverage would be broadcast inHD[108] which has been made immediately possible due to SIS LIVE, the provider of the BBC's F1 outsidebroadcast coverage, having already upgraded their technical facilities to HD as of the 2010 Belgian GrandPrix.[109]

It was announced on 29 July 2011 that Sky Sports and the BBC would team up to show the races in F1 in2012. In March 2012, Sky will launch a channel dedicated to F1, with an HD counterpart. Sky Sports F1 willcover all races live without commercial interruption as well as live practice and qualifying sessions, alongwith F1 programming, including interviews, archive action and magazine shows.[110] The current deal securesFormula 1 on Sky up to 2018.[111] The BBC in 2012 will continue to show live coverage of half of the racesin the season: China, Spain, Monaco, Europe, Britain, Belgium, Singapore, Korea, Abu Dhabi, andBrazil.[112] They will also show live coverage of practice and qualifying sessions from those races.[113] For


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the races that the BBC don't show live, they will show "extended highlights" of the race just a few hours afterit has been broadcast.[114]

Formula One has an extensive web following, with most major TV companies covering it such as the BBC.The official Formula One website has a live timing Java applet that can be used during the race to keep upwith the leaderboard in real time. Recently an official application has been made available in the iTunes AppStore that allows iPhone / iPod Touch users to see a real time feed of driver positions,[115] timing andcommentary. The same application is now available for Android phones and tablets from 2011.

Currently the terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous; since1984, every Formula One race has counted towards the World Championship, and every WorldChampionship race has been to Formula One regulations. But the two terms are not interchangeable.

the first Formula One race was held in 1947, whereas the World Championship did not start until 1950.in the 1950s and 1960s there were many Formula One races which did not count for the WorldChampionship (e.g., in 1950, a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only sixcounted towards the World Championship). The number of non-championship Formula One eventsdecreased throughout the 1970s and 1980s, to the point where the last non-championship Formula Onerace was held in 1983.the World Championship was not always exclusively composed of Formula One events:

The World Championship was originally established as the "World Championship for Drivers",i.e., without the term "Formula One" in the title. It only officially became the Formula OneWorld Championship in 1981.From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 counted towards the World Championship. This racewas run to AAA/USAC regulations, rather than to Formula One regulations. Only one of theworld championship regulars, Alberto Ascari in 1952, competed at Indianapolis during thisperiod.From 1952 to 1953, all races counting towards the World Championship (except the Indianapolis500) were run to Formula Two regulations. Formula One was not "changed to Formula Two"during this period; the Formula One regulations remained the same, and numerous Formula Oneraces were staged during this time.

The distinction is most relevant when considering career summaries and "all time lists". For example, in theList of Formula One drivers, Clemente Biondetti is shown with 1 race against his name. Biondetti actuallycompeted in four Formula One races in 1950, but only one of these counted for the World Championship.Similarly, several Indy 500 winners technically won their first world championship race, though most recordbooks choose to ignore this and instead only record regular participants.

Fédération Internationale de l'AutomobileGP2 (F1's main feeder series)F1 Racing (magazine)Fantasy F1Formula TwoFormula ThreeList of Formula One circuitsIndyCar SeriesRegenerative brakeList of Formula One fatal accidents


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^ The formula was defined during 1946; the first Formula One race was during 1947; the first WorldChampionship season was 1950.

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^ "APPENDIX L TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPORTING CODE" (http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1797101136__Appendix_L_a.pdf) . FIA. 28 March 2007. http://www.fia.com/resources/documents/1797101136__Appendix_L_a.pdf. Retrieved 30 August 2009.

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^ "Thrilling 2010 season boosts Formula One TV audiences" (http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/1/11660.html) . Formula1.com. 21 January 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/1/11660.html.Retrieved 5 February 2011.

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^ "Formula 1 Legal Notices" (http://www.formula1.com/termsandconditions.html) . Formula1.com.http://www.formula1.com/termsandconditions.html. Retrieved 16 February 2010.

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^ Henry, Alan (12 March 2007). "Hamilton's chance to hit the grid running" (http://sport.guardian.co.uk/formulaone/story/0,,2032039,00.html) . The Guardian (London). http://sport.guardian.co.uk/formulaone/story/0,,2032039,00.html. Retrieved 30 October 2007.

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^ "Decade seasons 1950–1959" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070807233339/http://www.autocoursegpa.com/season_decade~decade_id~1.htm) . Autocourse. Archived from the original (http://www.autocoursegpa.com/season_decade~decade_id~1.htm) on 7 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070807233339/http://www.autocoursegpa.com/season_decade~decade_id~1.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2007.

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^ Tuckey, Bill (28 January 1994). "Moss returns to scene of GP victory". The Age (Australia Company). "theall-conquering Mercedes-Benz cars... When the Germans withdrew from racing after the Le Mans 24-hourtragedy"

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^ "Ferguson P99" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080330231253/http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm) . gpracing.net. Archived from the original (http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm) on 30March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080330231253/http://www.gpracing.net192.com/cars/data/186.cfm.Retrieved 17 November 2007.

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^ Bamsey, Ian; Benzing, Enrico; Stanniforth, Allan; Lawrence, Mike (1988). The 1000 BHP Grand Prix cars.Guild Publishing. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-85429-617-4. BMW's performance at the Italian GP is the highest qualifyingfigure given in Bamsey. The estimate is from Heini Mader, who maintained the engines for the Benetton team. Itshould be noted that maximum power figures from this period are necessarily estimates; BMW's dynamometer,for example, was only capable of measuring up to 1,100 bhp (820 kW). Figures higher than this are estimatedfrom engine plenum pressure readings. Power in race trim at that time was lower than for qualifying due to the

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Official website (http://www.formula1.com)Formula One (http://www.driverdb.com/championships/Formula-1-World-Championship/) –championship summary at DriverDB.comCurrent regulations (http://www.fia.com/en-GB/sport/regulations/Pages/FIAFormulaOneWorldChampionship.aspx) —from the FIA website (http://www.fia.com/en-GB/Pages/HomePage.aspx)Drivers Hall of Fame (http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/) —A list of WorldChampions with links to short biographies from the official Formula 1 website(http://www.formula1.com/) .Latest Formula One news (http://www.grandprix.com/)

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