Freescale PowerPoint Template - NXP Semiconductors · −What is LTE? −Cellular deployment −Network architecture −4G market and perspectives • Lecture 2 −LTE radio interface

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Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, ColdFire+, C-Ware, the Energy Efficient Solutions logo, Kinetis,

mobileGT, PowerQUICC, Processor Expert, QorIQ, Qorivva, StarCore, Symphony and VortiQa are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.,

Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. Airfast, BeeKit, BeeStack, CoreNet, Flexis, Layerscape, MagniV, MXC, Platform in a Package, QorIQ Qonverge, QUICC

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• Course is addressed to students in 3rd grade or above

− Students will not have “to choke” on deeply technical notions

• Students get to know about the field of designing and

engineering in DSP for Telecom

• Introduce ETTI students into the magic world of 4G, from

the engineer perspective, not just as a consumer

• Freescale is setting up future sessions for you with

Telecom experts

− Courses, free discussions, research projects etc.

− Your feedback is highly welcome!

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• You will understand what 4G means and what makes it so

special.

• You will become familiar with LTE terminology.

• You will have an overview of LTE physical layer (Layer 1)

and understand what kind of operations and activities are

going on inside a system on-chip at L1 level.

• You will learn essentials of optimizing the system

throughput.

• You will understand that implementing a base station

requires a lot of engineering talent.

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• Andrei Alexandru Enescu

• Academic

− Professor at University (2003-2010)

− Ph D degree in the field of MIMO in Modern Wireless Communication Systems

− Currently invited professor for CSIC master program, with two courses:

Software Defined Radio

DSP for HDL

• Industry

− Past

PHY Team lead at Redline Communication

• Cross-layer optimization and DSP

Team manager at Freescale Semiconductors for L1

− Currently

Wireless Access System Engineer at Freescale Semiconductors for LTE and WCDMA projects

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• Nice to meet you!

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• Lecture 1

− What is LTE?

− Cellular deployment

− Network architecture

− 4G market and perspectives

• Lecture 2

− LTE radio interface

TDD vs. TDD

Flexible bandwidth

Frame structure

− Performance figures

− QoS impact on L1

• Lecture 3

− Processing chain

− Block diagram of a NodeB

− Small vs. Macro cells

− Key hardware accelerators

− Multi-standard terminal

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• LTE represents the migration from voice-centric

transportation infrastructures to a fully packet switched,

flat IP network model

• Next generation communication standard

− Following the traces of GSM, EDGE, UMTS

• LTE addresses mobile market needs in terms of services

(capacity, latency, flexible network)

− Encourages evolving of new services (e.g. collaborative real-

time video games, video sharing, video conferences etc.)

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0

2

4

6

8

Mobile traffic

0.6

1.2

2.2

3.8

6.3

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Mobile traffic will reach 6.3 exa bytes (1 EB = 1018B) in 2015*

One word: VIDEO

*Source: Cisco VNI Mobile 2012

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Interactive TV

Mobile video blogging

Advanced video games

Video apps

Professional services

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• Mobile traffic by 2015

− 6.3 EB

− 108% annual increase

− Average smartphone will generate monthly traffic of 1.3GB

− 65% of all traffic is video

− It’s all about mobility

*Source: Cisco VNI Mobile 2012

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• What does the mobile market want?

− More throughput

Larger bandwidth

• Up to 100MHz

Enhanced technologies

• OFDM, MIMO, SC-FDMA

− Smaller latency

− Increased security

• Traffic-revenue gap becomes larger and larger

− Limit the traffic

− Optimize costs

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3G - UMTS How is it Performance Possible

improvement

Network Hierarchical

Slow, expensive

Shift to flat

network (all IP)

Throughput 300Mbps on DL

and 75Mbps on UL

We need much more

than that

More bandwidth

Better

technologies

DL/UL

balance 4:1

Very unbalanced – not

suitable for Interactive

video, advanced gaming

and other video services

Enhance

technology over

UL

Latency 2 sec on first

connection

50ms afterwards

Way too slow!

Shift to flat

network (all IP)

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• All-IP flat network

− No more hierarchical aggregation of user data

− User core router is linked to the central core router

− We benefit from:

Smaller latency

Reduced number of elements in the network

• Reduced OPEX (OPerational EXpenses)

More decoupling between radio access network from core network

• New technologies at L1 level

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RNC

RNC

SGSN

EPC

NodeB

eNodeB

eNodeB

UMTS

LTE

X2

S1

Iub

Iur

Iu-PS

Circuit switched

zone

Packet switched

zone

Packet switched

zone

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improvement


Slow, expensive

Shift to flat

network (all IP)


and 75Mbps on UL

We need much more

than that

More bandwidth

Better

technologies

DL/UL

balance 4:1





Enhance

technology over

UL


connection

50ms afterwards

Way too slow!

Shift to flat

network (all IP)

Smaller latency

Reduced cost along with increasing traffic

Flexible network

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• Modulation

− Mapping bits onto symbols from a predefined set

• MIMO

− Using multiple antennas to transmit independent streams

Streams may be used to better “encode” the signal and gain more

robustness

• Carrier aggregation

− Achieving higher bandwidth

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• Group several bits into a symbol

− QPSK: 2 bits/symbol

− 16QAM: 4 bits/symbol

− 64QAM: 6 bits/symbol

• Radio channel alters the transmitted symbol

− Receiver decides which is the most likely symbol transmitted based on proximity

• Increasing rate means choosing over a denser constellation

• This comes at the price of being less robust on the radio channel

00 01

11 10

0 1

b0 b1

-1+j

s0

QPSK example

16QAM

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• Transmitter has multiple antennas

• It can transmit independent streams over each antenna

• Make sure each antenna has a different propagation path than the others

− Paths must be decorrelated

• Receiver must have the same number of antennas or larger

• Complex decoding algorithms

Tx Rx Channel

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• In LTE-A, bandwidth will go up to 100MHz

• Aggregates bands

• UE (Mobile terminal) is unaware

− Backwards compatibility with Rel 8/9 terminals

5MHz

10MHz

20MHz

100MHz

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• Technology

• MIMO

− Using multiple antennas to transmit independent streams

− Streams may be used to better “encode” the signal and gain

more robustness

• CoMP (Coordinated MultiPoint Diversity)

− Mobile terminal at the cell edge may receive signal from two

different base stations

• HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repetition Request)

− Retransmission at the L1 level using different transmit patterns

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• HSPA+ still struggles to keep in the game (Nokia Siemens)

• Import the same technologies as in LTE

Standard HSPA Rel 5 HSPA Rel 11+ LTE Rel 8 LTE A Rel 11

Max bandwidth 5MHz DL: 40MHz

UL: 10MHz

20MHz 100MHz

MIMO - DL: 2x2

UL: 2x2

DL: 4x4

UL: 1x2

DL: 8x8

UL: 4x4

Max

modulation

DL: 16QAM

UL: QPSK

DL: 64QAM

UL: 64QAM

64QAM 64QAM

Peak rate DL: 14.4Mbps

UL: 5.76Mbps

DL: 672Mbps

UL: 70Mbps

DL: 300Mbps

UL: 75Mbps

DL: 3Gbps

UL: 1.5Gbps

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improvement


Slow, expensive

Shift to flat

network (all IP)


and 75Mbps on UL

We need much more

than that

More bandwidth

Better

technologies

DL/UL

balance 4:1





Enhance

technology over

UL


connection

50ms afterwards

Way too slow!

Shift to flat

network (all IP)

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• Small cells is an emerging market

• Mini base stations covering smaller range

• Two scenarios

− Extended coverage

− Capacity offload

Cell type Capacity Coverage Mobility

Macro > 256 users Wide coverage High

Metro 128 – 256

users Outdoor Medium

Pico 32 users Enterprise Low

Femto 8 users Domestic/Office Low

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Users at cell edge experience

smaller throughput or sub-par

QoS

Femtocells at coverage holes

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- Offload capacity from the

main base station

- Separate backhaul

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• WiFi hot-spots + 4G femto

• WiFi

− We already have small cells in our homes

− They have issues related to coverage

Require many small cells

Large costs

− Limited capacity

• 4G femto

− Boosts up coverage

− Deals with more users

• A lot of business cases relying on the answer

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• Lecture 2

− More insight on radio interface and L1

− FDD/TDD

− OFDMA

− SC-FDMA

− Frame formats

− MIMO

− We will do some math and derive max peak rate

− We will fantasize about what could come next

Towards 5G

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Documents

Freescale PowerPoint Template - NXP Semiconductors · −What is LTE? −Cellular deployment −Network architecture −4G market and perspectives • Lecture 2 −LTE radio interface